Nizamülmülk
Vikipedi, özgür ansiklopedi
Nizamülmülk, tam adı Ebu Ali el-Hasan et-Tusi Nizamülmülk (Arapça: نظام الملك، ابو علي الحسن الطوسي / Nizāmu'l-Mulk Abū ʿAli al-Hasan at-Tūsī; Farsça: خواجه نظامالملک طوسی / Hace Nizāmulmulk Tūsī; d. 1018 - ö. 14 Ekim 1092), Büyük Selçuklu Devleti'nin veziri ve Siyasetname adlı öğütler kitabı yazan Farsi[1] devlet adamı, siyaset bilimcisidir. Devlet yönetiminde hayli etkili olan Nizamülmülk'ün vezirliği Alparslan ve Melikşah dönemlerinde yayılmıştır.
Nizamülmülk,21 Zilkade 408/10 Nisan 1018 yılında İran'ın, Horasan şehrinde doğmuştur. Memleketin nizamlarının kurucusu anlamında olan Nizamülmülk ismi Abbasi halifesi Kâim bi Emrillah tarafından verildi.Nizamiye medreselerinin teşkili ve mevcut toprak sisteminin aksayan yönlerinin tadil edilmesi gibi Selçuklu devletinin müesseseleşme ve merkezileşmesi yönünde önemli sayılabilecek teşebüsslerin altına imzasını atmıştır. 1092 yılında Nizari (Haşhaşiler) tarafından öldürülmüştür.
Devlet işleriyle ilk olarak Gazne Devleti'nin Horasan valisinin yanında çalışarak başladı ve sonrasında Alparslan'ın Belh valisinin yanında devam etti. Sonrasında da 1064 yılında Büyük Selçuklu Devleti'ne vezir olarak atandı.
Bağdat, İsfahan, Nişapur, Belh, Herat, Basra, Musul ve Amul'da ki Nizamiye Medreselerini kurdurdu. Nizamiye Medreseleri adını Nizamülmülkden almıştır ve Bağdat'taki Medresenin başınaİmam-ı Gazali'yi getirdi.
Türk devlet yapısında ilk istihbarat teşkilatını oluşturup başına Ömer Hayyam'ı getirmek istemiştir.[kaynak belirtilmeli] Haşhaşiler'in tepkisini de bu yüzden üzerine çekmiştir.
Konu başlıkları[gizle] |
Notlar [değiştir]
- ^ Niẓām al-Mulk. Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 07 Ekim 2008. (İngilizce)
Kaynakça [değiştir]
Dış Bağlantılar [değiştir]
- Niẓām al-Mulk (İngilizce)
Ayrıca bakınız [değiştir]
 | Selçuklularla ilgili bu madde bir taslaktır. Maddenin içeriğini geliştirerek Vikipedi'ye katkıda bulunabilirsiniz. |
Nizam al-Mulk
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
- For info about rulers of Hyderabad state, see the page Nizam state of Hyderabad.
Abu Ali al-Hasan al-Tusi Nizam al-Mulk (خواجه نظامالملک طوسی in Persian; 1018 – 14 October 1092) was a celebrated Persian[1][2] scholar and vizier of the Seljuq Empire. He was also for a short time the sole ruler of the Seljuk Empire.
Contents[hide] |
[edit]His life
Born in Tus in Persia (Iran), and initially serving the Ghaznavid sultans, Nizam ul-Mulk became chief administrator of the entire Khorasan province by 1059 AD.
From 1063, he served the Seljuks as vizier and remained in that position throughout the reigns of Alp Arslan (1063-1072) and Malik Shah I (1072-1092). He left a great impact on organization of the Seljuk governmental bodies and hence the title Nizam al-Mulk which translates as "the order of state". He was pivotal figure who bridged the political gap between both the Abbasids and the Seljuks against their various rivals such as the Fatamids and the Buyids.
Aside from his extraordinary influence as vizier with full authority, he is also well-known for systematically founding a number of schools of higher education in several cities, the famousNizamiyyah schools, which were named after him. In many aspects, these schools turned out to be the predecessors and models of universities that were established in Europe.
Nizam ul-Mulk is also widely known for his voluminous treatise on kingship titled Siyasatnama (The Book of Government). He also wrote a book titled Dastur al-Wuzarā, written for his sonAbolfath Fakhr-ol-Malek, which is not dissimilar to the famous book of Qabus nama.
Nizam ul-Mulk was assassinated en route from Isfahan to Baghdad on the 10th of Ramadhan of 1092 AD. The mainstream literature says he was stabbed by the dagger of a member of theAssassins (Hashshashin) sent by the notorious Hassan-i Sabah near Nahavand, Persia, as he was being carried on his litter. The killer approached him disguised as a dervish.
This account is particularly interesting in light of a possibly apocryphal story recounted by Jorge Luis Borges. In this story a pact is formed between a young Nizam ul-Mulk (at that time known as Abdul Khassem) and his two friends, Omar Khayyam and Hassan-i-Sabah. Their agreement stated that if one should rise to prominence, that they would help the other two to do likewise. Nizam ul-Mulk was the first to do this when he was appointed vizier to the sultan Alp Arslan. To fulfil the pact he offered both friends positions of rank within the court. Omar refused the offer, asking instead to be given the means to continue his studies indefinitely. This Nizam did, as well as building him an observatory. Although Hassan, unlike Omar, decided to accept the appointment offered to him, he was forced to flee after plotting to dispose Nizam as vizier. Subsequently, Hassan came upon and conquered the fortress of Alamut, from where he established the Assassins.
Another report says he was killed in secret by Malik Shah I in an internal power struggle. Consequently, his murder was avenged by the vizier's loyal academics of the Nizamiyyah, by assassinating the Sultan[3] . The account is disputed and remains a controversy because of the long history of friendship between Malik Shah I and Nizam.
Another report says that he was assassinated with Malik Shah I in the same year, after a debate between Sunni and Shea scholars which was prepared by him by the orders of Malik Shah I and which resulted in converting him and the king to the Shea ideology. The story is reported by the son-in-law of Nizam al-Mulk, Muqatil bin Atiyyah who attended the debate.
It is highly unlikely that 72-year-old Nizam al-Mulk a powerful Grand Vizier upholding orthodox Islam would adopt the Shea ideology.
[edit]References
- ^ Gustave E. Von Grunebaum, Katherine Watson, "Classical Islam: A History, 600 A.D. to 1258 A.D.", Translated by Katherine Watson Published by Aldine Transaction, 2005. page 155
- ^ P. M. Holt, Ann K. S. Lambton, Bernard Lewis, The Cambridge History of Islam Volume 1, Published by Cambridge University Press, 1977. p. 150
- ^ (p. 17 of ISBN 964-303-008-3)
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