tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-29059185458449066972024-03-13T22:37:50.160+03:00Rumeli BeylerbeyliğiUnknownnoreply@blogger.comBlogger150125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2905918545844906697.post-59170720398377073272009-11-13T15:09:00.003+02:002009-11-13T15:41:18.124+02:00Kayalar ; Muhteşem görüntüler<div><br /></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" border-collapse: collapse; font-family:arial;font-size:13px;"><span style=" ;font-family:Arial;font-size:12px;"><a href="http://docs.google.com/present/view?id=dgvxftqd_154d7ffftfn&autoStart=true" target="_blank" style="color: rgb(17, 42, 187); font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px !important; ">http://docs.google.com/<wbr>present/view?id=dgvxftqd_<wbr>154d7ffftfn&autoStart=true</a></span><div><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style=" ;font-size:12px;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style=" ;font-size:12px;"><br /></span></span></div><div><a href="http://docs.google.com/present/view?id=dgvxftqd_154d7ffftfn&autoStart=true" target="_blank"></a><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style=" ;font-size:12px;"><span style=" white-space: pre-wrap; font-family:-webkit-monospace;font-size:13px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#0000CC;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: arial; font-size: 13px; white-space: normal; "><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px; "><a href="http://docs.google.com/present/view?id=dgvxftqd_154d7ffftfn&autoStart=true" target="_blank" style="color: rgb(17, 42, 187); font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px !important; ">http://docs.google.com/<wbr>present/view?id=dgvxftqd_<wbr>154d7ffftfn&autoStart=true</a></span><div><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="font-size: 12px; "><br /></span></span></div><div><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="font-size: 12px; "><br /></span></span></div><div><a href="http://docs.google.com/present/view?id=dgvxftqd_154d7ffftfn&autoStart=true" target="_blank" style="color: rgb(17, 42, 187); "></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:-webkit-monospace;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: separate; "><iframe src="http://docs.google.com/present/embed?id=dgvxftqd_154d7ffftfn&interval=5&autoStart=true&size=m" frameborder="0" width="555" height="451"></iframe></span></span></span></div></span></span></span></span></span></div></span></div>.<br />Rumeli Beylerbeyliği Arşivi<br /><br /><a class="a2a_dd" href="http://www.addtoany.com/share_save"><img border="0" width="171" alt="Share/Save/Bookmark" src="http://static.addtoany.com/buttons/share_save_171_16.png" height="16" /></a><script type="text/javascript">a2a_linkname="www.eyupsarikartal.com";a2a_linkurl=location.href;a2a_show_title=1;a2a_hide_embeds=0;a2a_num_services=22;</script><script charset="utf-8" src="http://static.addtoany.com/menu/locale/tr-TR.js" type="text/javascript"></script><script src="http://static.addtoany.com/menu/page.js" type="text/javascript"></script><br /><br />Urumeli vilayeti celilesi Osmanlının kalbidir.<div><br /></div><div>Türkçe:Manastır veya manas dır dediğimiz ve Yunanlarca, Sırplarca, Bulgarlarca adlı Bitola olarak değiştirilmiştir. </div><div><br /></div><div>Muhtemelen Manas tır manas'tan geliyor. Ahalinin şiir yeteneğinin olağanüstülüğü ve Kırgızlara fiziki benzerliği ilginç) ,</div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2905918545844906697.post-56135283795222466712009-10-23T21:19:00.002+03:002009-10-29T07:16:43.238+02:00Re: Yan: www.prizrenliyiz.biz * BALKAN KELİMESİ ANLAMIBalkan ' kelimesi ormanlık dağ anlamında TÜRKÇE bir kelimedir. Örnek cümle : 'Evimizin arkası hep balkandı.' = Evimizin arkasında ormanlık dağ vardı . Ayrıca ' Balkan ' aynı zamanda Türkmenistan ' da bir bölge adıdır.Zaten Bulgarların da kökeni bildiğiniz gibi Türkistan 'dır. Önderleri Asparuh adlı komutandır. Ne yazık ki sonradan slavlaşmışlardır.<br />--- On <b>Fri, 10/23/09, behl l eny rek <i><behlul_63@yahoo.<wbr>com></i></b> wrote:<br /><br />Bu yorum yapısal dilci olan Kaymakam Eyup Sabri Kartal'ın ortaya çıkardığı bir husus olup. kensisine teşekkür ederizUnknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2905918545844906697.post-21942586242324002142009-10-09T14:23:00.003+03:002009-10-29T07:20:53.883+02:00[Sürmene Haber Grubu] - KAYMAKAMIMIZ SAYIN EYÜP SABRİ KARTAL'ın IŞIKLARI<p class="mobile-photo">S<br /></p><p class="mobile-photo"><br /></p><p class="mobile-photo"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_7MOV35TVcQE/Ss8dK5yjtAI/AAAAAAAAN8M/RmPN_gfKCvw/s1600-h/1++-+Kopya-703434.jpg"><img src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_7MOV35TVcQE/Ss8dK5yjtAI/AAAAAAAAN8M/RmPN_gfKCvw/s400/1++-+Kopya-703434.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5390559352134546434" border="0" /></a></p><p class="mobile-photo"><a 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href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_7MOV35TVcQE/Ss8dcFUCRRI/AAAAAAAAOCc/NaCqsztPj2U/s1600-h/%3D%3FISO-8859-1%3FQ%3F27%3D2EG%3DFCltepe_Camii__%3D283%3D29%3D2Ejpg%3F%3D-772749"><img src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_7MOV35TVcQE/Ss8dcFUCRRI/AAAAAAAAOCc/NaCqsztPj2U/s400/%3D%3FISO-8859-1%3FQ%3F27%3D2EG%3DFCltepe_Camii__%3D283%3D29%3D2Ejpg%3F%3D-772749" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5390559647285527826" border="0" /></a></p><p class="mobile-photo"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_7MOV35TVcQE/Ss8dcwtnNPI/AAAAAAAAOCk/35ZZS-Rvad4/s1600-h/%3D%3FISO-8859-9%3FB%3FMjguQf5h8P0gQWtzdSBDYW1paSAoMik%3D%3F%3D%09%3D%3FISO-8859-9%3FB%3FLmpwZw%3D%3D%3F%3D-775000"><img src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_7MOV35TVcQE/Ss8dcwtnNPI/AAAAAAAAOCk/35ZZS-Rvad4/s400/%3D%3FISO-8859-9%3FB%3FMjguQf5h8P0gQWtzdSBDYW1paSAoMik%3D%3F%3D%09%3D%3FISO-8859-9%3FB%3FLmpwZw%3D%3D%3F%3D-775000" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5390559658935530738" border="0" /></a></p><p class="mobile-photo"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_7MOV35TVcQE/Ss8ddFt7B5I/AAAAAAAAOCs/HXiw1W3_HmA/s1600-h/%3D%3FISO-8859-1%3FB%3FMjkux2lmdGVzdSBDYW1paSAoMikuanBn%3F%3D-776647"><img src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_7MOV35TVcQE/Ss8ddFt7B5I/AAAAAAAAOCs/HXiw1W3_HmA/s400/%3D%3FISO-8859-1%3FB%3FMjkux2lmdGVzdSBDYW1paSAoMikuanBn%3F%3D-776647" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5390559664573974418" border="0" /></a></p><p class="mobile-photo"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_7MOV35TVcQE/Ss8ddrzxErI/AAAAAAAAOC0/G3hgSQH8XsA/s1600-h/DSC09467-778371.jpg"><img src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_7MOV35TVcQE/Ss8ddrzxErI/AAAAAAAAOC0/G3hgSQH8XsA/s400/DSC09467-778371.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5390559674799035058" border="0" /></a></p><p class="mobile-photo"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_7MOV35TVcQE/Ss8deFhv31I/AAAAAAAAOC8/dTyfG4N68f4/s1600-h/DSC09467-780123.jpg"><img src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_7MOV35TVcQE/Ss8deFhv31I/AAAAAAAAOC8/dTyfG4N68f4/s400/DSC09467-780123.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5390559681702780754" border="0" /></a></p><br /><br /><div class="gmail_quote">---------- Forwarded message ----------<br />From: <b class="gmail_sendername">ahmet salih alioğlu</b> <span dir="ltr"><<a href="mailto:a.s.alioglu@hotmail.com">a.s.alioglu@hotmail.com</a>></span><br />Date: 2009/10/9<br />Subject: [Sürmene Haber Grubu] - KAYMAKAMIMIZ SAYIN EYÜP SABRİ KARTAL’ın IŞIKLARI<br />To: <a href="mailto:surmenem@googlegroups.com">surmenem@googlegroups.com</a><br /><br /><br /><div> <table style="width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse;" width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="border: medium none rgb(240, 240, 240); padding: 0cm;color:transparent;" width="100%"> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; line-height: normal;" class="MsoNormal"><b><span style=";font-size:12pt;color:maroon;" >Nereye Gider? ...</span></b><span style="font-size:9pt;"></span></p> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: normal;" class="MsoNormal"><span style=";font-size:9pt;color:maroon;" >Ilık bir rüzgar eser yaz akşamlarında<br />Eser durur, sonrada ansızın diner.<br />Geride tozu ve izi kalır<br />Peki ya rüzgar,o nereye gider?<br /><br /><br />Fırtınalıdır deniz,dalgalar ritmik<br />Kaptırırsın kendini bu amansız yarışa<br />Bir de bakarsın </span><b><span style=";font-size:9pt;color:red;" >her yer</span></b><span style=";font-size:9pt;color:maroon;" > sütliman...<br />İyi de hani dalgalar? Onlar nereye gider?<br /><br /><br /><br />Bir sevda yaşanırken olanca coşkusuyla<br />Ayrı düşer gönüller,ayrı düşer bedenler...<br />Elde avuçta kalan anılardır bütün burukluğuyla<br />Ama anlamadığım şey,<br />o büyük aşklar nereye gider?</span><span style="font-size:9pt;"></span></p></td></tr> <tr> <td style="border: medium none rgb(240, 240, 240); padding: 0cm;color:transparent;" width="100%"> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: normal;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:9pt;"> </span></p></td></tr></tbody></table><b><span style="color:maroon;">Aydan Subaşı</span></b><b><span></span></b><br /><p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:9pt;color:maroon;" >O BÜYÜK SEVGİLER BİR YERE GİTMEZ KAYMAKAMIMIZ SAYIN </span><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:10pt;" ><span> </span>Eyüp Sabri KARTAL’ın ışıkları Ramazan ayında sürmene Camilerini aydınlattı ısıklarınız için teşekkürler kaymakamım</span></p> NOT:Sürmenenin güzellikleri göstermek için camileri yeşil ışıkla , okulları sarı ışıkla, hastaneleri ve diğer kamu binaları beyaz ışıkla aydınlatıldı.<br />--~--~---------~--~----~------------~-------~--~----~<br />Bu mesajı "Sürmene Haber" grubuna üye olduğunuz için aldınız.<br /><p>Sürmene haber grubuna haber , mesaj göndermek için , mail adresi:<br /></p><p><a href="mailto:surmenem@googlegroups.com" target="_blank">surmenem@googlegroups.com</a><br /></p><p>adresini kullanabilirsiniz.<br /></p><p>"Sürmene Haber" grubunu incelemek ve daha fazla bilgi almak için<br /></p><p><a href="http://groups.google.com.tr/group/surmenem?hl=tr" target="_blank">http://groups.google.com.tr/group/surmenem?hl=tr</a><br /></p><p>adresinden bu grubu ziyaret edin.<br /></p><p>"Sürmene 2012 Dünya Olimpiyatlarına hazırlanıyor..."<br /></p><p>"'Sürmene yok, Olimpiyat'da Türkiye'de yok"<br /></p><p>"Artık Sürmene var."<br /></p><p>"Sürmene... Sürünmeden..."<br /></p><p>"Kartallar gibi super hızla uçarak"<br /></p><p>"Sur" Fransızca'da "süper" demek.<br /></p><p>"Sur" edat olarakta "bir şeyin üstünde" "yukarısında" demek ,<br /></p><p>İspanyolca "güney"( karadenizin güneyi) demek<br /></p><p>Türkçede "kale duvarı", demek<br /></p><p>"Hayal etmek , yapmaktan önemlli"<br />-~----------~----~----~----~------~----~------~--~---</p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p></div></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2905918545844906697.post-4572206353700446662009-09-14T00:30:00.003+03:002009-10-29T08:06:14.199+02:00Kaçar hanedanı<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading"><span style="background-color: rgb(230, 236, 249);" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()">Kaçar Hanedanı</span> </h1><div id="bodyContent"><h3 id="siteSub"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</span> Vikipedi, özgür ansiklopedi</span> </h3><div id="jump-to-nav"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Jump to: <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qajar_dynasty&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjJrFCep2XKTx3720gwOc33VtQQ4A#column-one">navigation</a> , <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qajar_dynasty&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjJrFCep2XKTx3720gwOc33VtQQ4A#searchInput">search</a></span> Git ve: <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qajar_dynasty&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjJrFCep2XKTx3720gwOc33VtQQ4A#column-one">kullan,</a> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qajar_dynasty&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjJrFCep2XKTx3720gwOc33VtQQ4A#searchInput">ara</a></span> </div><!-- start content --><table class="infobox" style="border: medium none ; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; width: 22em; text-align: center; line-height: 1.4em; margin-right: 0pt;"><tbody><tr><td><table class="infobox geography vcard vevent" style="width: 290px;"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="mergedtoprow fn org summary" style="line-height: 1.2em;font-size:135%;" align="center"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><b>سلسله قاجاریه</b></span> <b>سلسله قاجاریه</b></span> <b><br /></b> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><b>Qajar Dynasty</b></span> <b>Kaçar Hanedanı</b></span> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="border-top: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em 0em; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;"><table style="margin: 0pt auto; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; text-align: center; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;" width="100%"><tbody><tr><td style="border: 0pt none ; vertical-align: middle; line-height: 105%;font-size:30%;" width="50"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size:300%;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zand_dynasty&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgaPUe0Id3yusJetKCoZJoD_tGh1Q" title="Zand hanedanı">←</a></span></span> <span style="font-size:300%;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zand_dynasty&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgaPUe0Id3yusJetKCoZJoD_tGh1Q" title="Zand hanedanı">←</a></span></span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Zand_Dynasty_Flag.png&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhilpthat44UAgHaVT_TQCqsSlWwIA" class="image" title="Zand Hanedanı Flag.png"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8e/Zand_Dynasty_Flag.png/30px-Zand_Dynasty_Flag.png" class="thumbborder" width="30" height="20" /></a><br /></td><td style="border: 0pt none ; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;font-size:115%;"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><b>1794–1925</b></span> <b>1794-1925</b></span> </td><td style="border: 0pt none ; vertical-align: middle; text-align: right; line-height: 105%; font-size: 30%;" width="50"> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:State_Flag_of_Iran_%281925%29.svg&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhj27JS29n-uySQtZJdXwZwRbKEZ4Q" class="image" title="Devlet İran (1925). Svg"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/04/State_Flag_of_Iran_%281925%29.svg/30px-State_Flag_of_Iran_%281925%29.svg.png" class="thumbborder" width="30" height="10" /></a> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pahlavi_dynasty&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgi7UWKcuGANfZnslS3zae8onEjJA" title="Pehlevi Hanedanı"><span style="font-size:300%;">→</span></a></span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pahlavi_dynasty&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgi7UWKcuGANfZnslS3zae8onEjJA" title="Pehlevi Hanedanı"><span style="font-size:300%;">→</span></a></span><br /></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="maptable" align="center"><p> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_Persia_%281910%29.svg&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjHuzsFtCWTf9Hk-2lJQwyDhXd2ig" class="image" title="Flag Pehlevi Hanedanı'nın"><img alt="Flag Pehlevi Hanedanı'nın" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_Persia_%281910%29.svg/125px-Flag_of_Persia_%281910%29.svg.png" class="thumbborder" width="125" height="42" /></a> </p><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Flag</span> Flag</span> </p></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center;font-size:95%;"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_anthem&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhi70u6fSXVM6fV3Uk488e7Hodg2Ig" title="Ulusal marş"><b>Anthem</b></a></span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_anthem&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhi70u6fSXVM6fV3Uk488e7Hodg2Ig" title="Ulusal marş"><b>Anthem</b></a></span><br /><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Iranian_national_anthem&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiaMWHtz8M43ickjrRHUcz06zbtrg" title="İlk İran milli marşı"><i>Salamati-ye Shah</i></a></span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Iranian_national_anthem&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiaMWHtz8M43ickjrRHUcz06zbtrg" title="İlk İran milli marşı"><i>Salamati-ye Şah</i></a></span><br /><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><i>(Well-being of the King)</i></span> <i>(Well-King) olmak</i></span> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="padding: 0.6em 0em; text-align: center; font-size: 95%;"><div class="center"><div class="floatnone"> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Map_Iran_1900-en.png&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiPwN5F7zkXnn-FRBV311oggbr7mg" class="image" title="Yer Pehlevi Hanedanı'nın"><img alt="Yer Pehlevi Hanedanı'nın" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Map_Iran_1900-en.png/250px-Map_Iran_1900-en.png" width="250" height="208" /></a> </div></div> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><small>Map of Iran under the Qajar dynasty in the 19th century.</small></span> <small>19. yüzyılda Kaçar hanedanı altında İran haritası.</small></span> </td></tr><tr><td width="50%"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_former_national_capitals&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjXCnHUZ1t4HX8Em86l2UPnzp2OEQ" title="Eski milli başkentleri listesi"><b>Capital</b></a></span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_former_national_capitals&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjXCnHUZ1t4HX8Em86l2UPnzp2OEQ" title="Eski milli başkentleri listesi"><b>Sermaye</b></a></span> </td><td width="50%"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tehran&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhir5uwRlM1eBFAqsNT_OegL1ChjJg" title="Tehran">Tehran</a></span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tehran&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhir5uwRlM1eBFAqsNT_OegL1ChjJg" title="Tehran">Tehran</a></span> </td></tr><tr><td> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><b>Language(s)</b></span> <b>Dil (ler)</b></span> </td><td> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_language&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiyD6fL0VpanjjHNWDoQHq4sQFwzA" title="Farsça">Persian</a> (court literature, administrative, cultural, official) <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qajar_dynasty&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjJrFCep2XKTx3720gwOc33VtQQ4A#cite_note-0"><sup id="cite_ref-0" class="reference"><span>[</span> 1 <span>]</span></sup></a> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qajar_dynasty&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjJrFCep2XKTx3720gwOc33VtQQ4A#cite_note-1"><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><span>[</span> 2 <span>]</span></sup></a> and <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijani_language&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhA32yVW4vRe8pln_2OLjJ0sqpmjw" title="Azerice">Azerbaijani</a> (principal court language) <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qajar_dynasty&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjJrFCep2XKTx3720gwOc33VtQQ4A#cite_note-2"><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><span>[</span> 3 <span>]</span></sup></a></span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_language&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiyD6fL0VpanjjHNWDoQHq4sQFwzA" title="Farsça">Farsça</a> (mahkeme edebiyat, idari, kültürel, resmi) <span><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qajar_dynasty&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjJrFCep2XKTx3720gwOc33VtQQ4A#cite_note-0"><sup id="cite_ref-0" class="reference">[1]</sup></a> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qajar_dynasty&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjJrFCep2XKTx3720gwOc33VtQQ4A#cite_note-1"><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference">[2]</sup></a></span> ve <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijani_language&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhA32yVW4vRe8pln_2OLjJ0sqpmjw" title="Azerice">Azeri</a> (ana mahkeme dili) <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qajar_dynasty&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjJrFCep2XKTx3720gwOc33VtQQ4A#cite_note-2"><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><span>[3]</span></sup></a></span> </td></tr><tr><td> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhBDaj85YrIyLaJYYqjE3WOeXEM5g" title="Hükümet"><b>Government</b></a></span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhBDaj85YrIyLaJYYqjE3WOeXEM5g" title="Hükümet"><b>Hükümet</b></a></span> </td><td> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarchy&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiIBclC5O--a8xTVsNFbO_vYt6olQ" title="Monarşi">Monarchy</a></span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarchy&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiIBclC5O--a8xTVsNFbO_vYt6olQ" title="Monarşi">Monarşi</a></span> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><b>History</b></span> <b>Tarih</b></span> </td><td><br /></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">- Qajar dynasty begins</span> - Kaçar Hanedanı başlar</span> </td><td> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">1794</span> 1.794</span> </td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">- Pahlavi dynasty begins</span> - Pehlevi Hanedanı başlar</span> </td><td> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">1925</span> 1.925</span> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table><table class="infobox" style="width: 18.5em; line-height: 11pt; text-align: center;" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr><td style="padding-top: 0.5em;"><div class="center"><div class="floatnone"> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Farvahar_background.jpg&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiBrF_BYoGL7CNzYVqBfgJoiS64iQ" class="image" title="Faravahar arka plan"><img alt="Faravahar arka plan" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ab/Farvahar_background.jpg/200px-Farvahar_background.jpg" width="200" height="110" /></a> </div></div></td></tr><tr><td><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Iran&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiTNqeOOX_YEqnMf6j1sSXdehREhA" title="Iran Tarihi"><span style="font-size:160%;"><b>History of Iran</b></span></a></span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Iran&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiTNqeOOX_YEqnMf6j1sSXdehREhA" title="Iran Tarihi"><span style="font-size:160%;"><b>Iran Tarihi</b></span></a></span> </p><center> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Persia&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhh4gvfyYiTouVlnEs8K8E-o5dgQUA" title="Persia kralları listesi"><b>Kings of Persia</b></a></span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Persia&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhh4gvfyYiTouVlnEs8K8E-o5dgQUA" title="Persia kralları listesi"><b>Kings of Persia</b></a></span> </center><table style="background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; width: 100%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><td><br /></td><td style="text-align: right;font-size:105%;"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anno_Domini&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgWd9om8UO7Jk1q0ZfltVrEb1D-Ug" title="Anno Domini"><b>BC</b></a></span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anno_Domini&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgWd9om8UO7Jk1q0ZfltVrEb1D-Ug" title="Anno Domini"><b>M.Ö.</b></a></span> </td></tr><tr><td> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prehistoric_Iran&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhi1RA9nsM1rT_a5D7kan2T6qAkNag" title="Tarih öncesi İran" class="mw-redirect">Prehistory</a></span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prehistoric_Iran&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhi1RA9nsM1rT_a5D7kan2T6qAkNag" title="Tarih öncesi İran" class="mw-redirect">Prehistorya</a></span> </td><td align="right"><br /></td></tr><tr><td> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Elamite&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhB5pPbQa6fuPQGckz30IbORlBEbg" title="Proto-Elam">Proto-Elamite civilization</a></span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Elamite&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhB5pPbQa6fuPQGckz30IbORlBEbg" title="Proto-Elam">Proto-Elam uygarlığı</a></span> </td><td align="right"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">3200–2800</span> 3200-2800</span> </td></tr><tr><td> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elam&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhikCGB8vYwzZQw2JbYTKW4A6nP-oA" title="Elam">Elamite dynasties</a></span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elam&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhikCGB8vYwzZQw2JbYTKW4A6nP-oA" title="Elam">Elam hanedanları</a></span> </td><td align="right"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">2800–550</span> 2800-550</span> </td></tr><tr><td> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitanni&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgGSS9Wff_tr0uZHMT3NkUK6FdbVw" title="Mitanni">Mitanni</a></span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitanni&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgGSS9Wff_tr0uZHMT3NkUK6FdbVw" title="Mitanni">Mitanni</a></span> </td><td align="right"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">1500–1200</span> 1500-1200</span> </td></tr><tr><td> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kassites&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiKyAz49PODTnFZKWFvHwwSGZW5wg" title="Kassites">Kassites</a></span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kassites&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiKyAz49PODTnFZKWFvHwwSGZW5wg" title="Kassites">Kassites</a></span> </td><td align="right"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">10th cent.</span> 10 Cent.</span> </td></tr><tr><td> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marlik&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhisNEOyfL3__PazAWVKTs3WVKJJ0g" title="Marlik">Marlik</a></span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marlik&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhisNEOyfL3__PazAWVKTs3WVKJJ0g" title="Marlik">Marlik</a></span> </td><td align="right"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">10th–7th cent.</span> 10-7th cent.</span> </td></tr><tr><td> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mannaeans&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgjCEiFWPYPz6tQ5Sr6eUS3DlgiPw" title="Mannaeans">Kingdom of Mannai</a></span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mannaeans&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgjCEiFWPYPz6tQ5Sr6eUS3DlgiPw" title="Mannaeans">Kingdom of Mannai</a></span> </td><td align="right"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">10th–7th cent.</span> 10-7th cent.</span> </td></tr><tr><td> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medes&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhh-U6v0s9nsmCjjYN2jB3bh4-F9uQ" title="Medler">Median Empire</a></span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medes&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhh-U6v0s9nsmCjjYN2jB3bh4-F9uQ" title="Medler">Median Empire</a></span> </td><td align="right"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">728–550</span> 728-550</span> </td></tr><tr><td> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiUeWV81fYR1fFMcHliCsBjzcl-bA" title="Ahameniş İmparatorluğu">Achaemenid Empire</a></span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiUeWV81fYR1fFMcHliCsBjzcl-bA" title="Ahameniş İmparatorluğu">Ahameniş İmparatorluğu</a></span> </td><td align="right"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">550–330</span> 550-330</span> </td></tr><tr><td> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seleucid_Empire&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhrmf9d3y8LtNJWR1W522Hms30r_g" title="Selevkos İmparatorluğu">Seleucid Empire</a></span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seleucid_Empire&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhrmf9d3y8LtNJWR1W522Hms30r_g" title="Selevkos İmparatorluğu">Selevkos İmparatorluğu</a></span> </td><td align="right"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">312–150</span> 312-150</span> </td></tr><tr><td> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parthian_Empire&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhihus1R6QVHCTch1sURxWm8jOjV6Q" title="Pers İmparatorluğu" class="mw-redirect">Parthian Empire</a></span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parthian_Empire&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhihus1R6QVHCTch1sURxWm8jOjV6Q" title="Pers İmparatorluğu" class="mw-redirect">Pers İmparatorluğu</a></span> </td><td align="right"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">247– <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anno_Domini&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgWd9om8UO7Jk1q0ZfltVrEb1D-Ug" title="Anno Domini">BC</a> 226</span> 247 - <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anno_Domini&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgWd9om8UO7Jk1q0ZfltVrEb1D-Ug" title="Anno Domini">M.Ö.</a> 226</span> </td></tr><tr><td><br /></td><td style="text-align: right;font-size:105%;"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anno_Domini&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgWd9om8UO7Jk1q0ZfltVrEb1D-Ug" title="Anno Domini"><b>AD</b></a></span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anno_Domini&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgWd9om8UO7Jk1q0ZfltVrEb1D-Ug" title="Anno Domini"><b>AD</b></a></span> </td></tr><tr><td> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sassanid_Empire&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhhL30kprPKG6tMAcs2sskpGEAw5w" title="Sasani İmparatorluğu">Sassanid Empire</a></span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sassanid_Empire&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhhL30kprPKG6tMAcs2sskpGEAw5w" title="Sasani İmparatorluğu">Sasani İmparatorluğu</a></span> </td><td align="right"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">226–651</span> 226-651</span> </td></tr><tr><td> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_conquest_of_Persia&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiV3QcAu00ad3i1--gX3vb1rv-s5w" title="İran'da İslam" class="mw-redirect">Patriarchal Caliphate</a></span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_conquest_of_Persia&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiV3QcAu00ad3i1--gX3vb1rv-s5w" title="İran'da İslam" class="mw-redirect">Ataerkil Hilafet</a></span> </td><td align="right"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">637–651</span> 637-651</span> </td></tr><tr><td> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umayyad&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiQSliUNQJYG-07zXiPy0Oa5WgfTQ" title="Emevi" class="mw-redirect">Umayyad Caliphate</a></span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umayyad&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiQSliUNQJYG-07zXiPy0Oa5WgfTQ" title="Emevi" class="mw-redirect">Emeviler</a></span> </td><td align="right"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">661–750</span> 661-750</span> </td></tr><tr><td> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbasid&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjeX_oc4uNXXT5T3YpKIXM2YGH8Hg" title="Abbasi" class="mw-redirect">Abbasid Caliphate</a></span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbasid&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjeX_oc4uNXXT5T3YpKIXM2YGH8Hg" title="Abbasi" class="mw-redirect">Abbasiler</a></span> </td><td align="right"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">750–1258</span> 750-1258</span> </td></tr><tr><td> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tahirid_dynasty&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiv5AAK0yblRDrjUAWSASSPGHxdAA" title="Tahirîler">Tahirid dynasty</a></span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tahirid_dynasty&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiv5AAK0yblRDrjUAWSASSPGHxdAA" title="Tahirîler">Tahirîler</a></span> </td><td align="right"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">821–873</span> 821-873</span> </td></tr><tr><td> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alavids&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhi0D0un4pzYAzz-RTmImBwSHJAYtg" title="Alavids">Alavid dynasty</a></span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alavids&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhi0D0un4pzYAzz-RTmImBwSHJAYtg" title="Alavids">Alavid hanedanı</a></span> </td><td align="right"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">864–928</span> 864-928</span> </td></tr><tr><td> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sajids&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhghWqpBiT2Y16vODlMfbWEJ9Bn2Rw" title="Sajids">Sajid dynasty</a></span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sajids&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhghWqpBiT2Y16vODlMfbWEJ9Bn2Rw" title="Sajids">Sajid hanedanı</a></span> </td><td align="right"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">889/890–929</span> 889/890-929</span> </td></tr><tr><td> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saffarid_dynasty&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjp1MSu8DydMKi1U1-5bEYCpXcQpQ" title="Seferîler">Saffarid dynasty</a></span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saffarid_dynasty&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjp1MSu8DydMKi1U1-5bEYCpXcQpQ" title="Seferîler">Seferîler</a></span> </td><td align="right"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">861–1003</span> 861-1003</span> </td></tr><tr><td> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samanid_dynasty&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhg9P-NwzdgrDSa8huEYHYB-GOfi6Q" title="Samani hanedanı" class="mw-redirect">Samanid dynasty</a></span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samanid_dynasty&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhg9P-NwzdgrDSa8huEYHYB-GOfi6Q" title="Samani hanedanı" class="mw-redirect">Samani hanedanı</a></span> </td><td align="right"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">875–999</span> 875-999</span> </td></tr><tr><td> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziyarid&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjQ5razn8iySj4epHSiRzevGGaOpw" title="Ziyarid" class="mw-redirect">Ziyarid dynasty</a></span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziyarid&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjQ5razn8iySj4epHSiRzevGGaOpw" title="Ziyarid" class="mw-redirect">Ziyarid hanedanı</a></span> </td><td align="right"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">928–1043</span> 928-1043</span> </td></tr><tr><td> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buyid_dynasty&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgythwn7iwn4IzJsEtbBRulQNtq-Q" title="Buyid hanedanı">Buyid dynasty</a></span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buyid_dynasty&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgythwn7iwn4IzJsEtbBRulQNtq-Q" title="Buyid hanedanı">Buyid hanedanı</a></span> </td><td align="right"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">934–1062</span> 934-1062</span> </td></tr><tr><td> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sallarid&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgkfwtN7krEaGViWRzdYvyWRdNs5g" title="Sallarid">Sallarid</a></span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sallarid&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgkfwtN7krEaGViWRzdYvyWRdNs5g" title="Sallarid">Sallarid</a></span> </td><td align="right"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">942–979</span> 942-979</span> </td></tr><tr><td> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma%27munids&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhguq0E5iMA6Oz7YnJXkc2w9Tauq4w" title="Ma'munids">Ma'munids</a></span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma%27munids&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhguq0E5iMA6Oz7YnJXkc2w9Tauq4w" title="Ma'munids">Ma'munids</a></span> </td><td align="right"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">995-1017</span> 995-1017</span> </td></tr><tr><td> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghaznavid_Empire&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhbKA1ZkIsCqmL7y5d1b6-1CkGIgQ" title="Gazneliler" class="mw-redirect">Ghaznavid Empire</a></span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghaznavid_Empire&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhbKA1ZkIsCqmL7y5d1b6-1CkGIgQ" title="Gazneliler" class="mw-redirect">Gazneliler</a></span> </td><td align="right"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">963–1187</span> 963-1187</span> </td></tr><tr><td> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghurids&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhj_pb_M7-znCCR8Hi_lloqcWeLZdw" title="Ghurids">Ghori dynasty</a></span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghurids&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhj_pb_M7-znCCR8Hi_lloqcWeLZdw" title="Ghurids">Ghori hanedanı</a></span> </td><td align="right"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">1149–1212</span> 1149-1212</span> </td></tr><tr><td> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seljuq_dynasty&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhi7T_rreRTsE348AT_tJI0ecpt_oQ" title="Selçuklu hanedanı">Seljukid Empire</a></span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seljuq_dynasty&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhi7T_rreRTsE348AT_tJI0ecpt_oQ" title="Selçuklu hanedanı">Selçuklu İmparatorluğu</a></span> </td><td align="right"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">1037–1194</span> 1037-1194</span> </td></tr><tr><td> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khwarezmian_Empire&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhM702nE3h99XWilNLCmu_3pqbAlQ" title="Khwarezmian İmparatorluğu" class="mw-redirect">Khwarezmid dynasty</a></span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khwarezmian_Empire&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhM702nE3h99XWilNLCmu_3pqbAlQ" title="Khwarezmian İmparatorluğu" class="mw-redirect">Khwarezmid hanedanı</a></span> </td><td align="right"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">1077–1231</span> 1077-1231</span> </td></tr><tr><td> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilkhanate&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhixVJAV-AmUQyuFe6p7gEuPH38n3Q" title="İlhanlılar">Ilkhanate</a></span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilkhanate&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhixVJAV-AmUQyuFe6p7gEuPH38n3Q" title="İlhanlılar">İlhanlılar</a></span> </td><td align="right"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">1256–1353</span> 1256-1353</span> </td></tr><tr><td> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muzaffarids&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhj9cnkvr8WJpg01ueEsGJ38BOYkEw" title="Muzaffarids" class="mw-redirect">Muzaffarid dynasty</a></span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muzaffarids&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhj9cnkvr8WJpg01ueEsGJ38BOYkEw" title="Muzaffarids" class="mw-redirect">Muzaffarid hanedanı</a></span> </td><td align="right"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">1314–1393</span> 1314-1393</span> </td></tr><tr><td> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chupanids&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiCYsrmEVD_onOF9W6D-CpkJtMO_A" title="Chupanids">Chupanid dyansty</a></span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chupanids&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiCYsrmEVD_onOF9W6D-CpkJtMO_A" title="Chupanids">Chupanid dyansty</a></span> </td><td align="right"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">1337–1357</span> 1337-1357</span> </td></tr><tr><td> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jalayirids&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhj2a863LGWyrrInHcNbyz2B4CNiTg" title="Celayirîler">Jalayerid dynasty</a></span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jalayirids&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhj2a863LGWyrrInHcNbyz2B4CNiTg" title="Celayirîler">Jalayerid hanedanı</a></span> </td><td align="right"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">1339–1432</span> 1339-1432</span> </td></tr><tr><td> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timurid_dynasty&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgKukIYuRcnKxeuJBywH1icL70hlg" title="Büyük Timur İmparatorluğu">Timurid Empire</a></span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timurid_dynasty&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgKukIYuRcnKxeuJBywH1icL70hlg" title="Büyük Timur İmparatorluğu">Timur İmparatorluğu</a></span> </td><td align="right"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">1370–1506</span> 1370-1506</span> </td></tr><tr><td> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kara_Koyunlu&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjGWgGXumquCDH_EAC-omvk7gXPKQ" title="Karakoyunlu Devleti">Qara Qoyunlu Turcomans</a></span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kara_Koyunlu&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjGWgGXumquCDH_EAC-omvk7gXPKQ" title="Karakoyunlu Devleti">Qara Qoyunlu Turcomans</a></span> </td><td align="right"><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">1407–1468</span> 1407-1468</span> </td></tr><tr><td> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ak_Koyunlu&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjrBiuXijaPSOGnx4C7BdPJIbAc7w" title="Akkoyunlular">Aq Qoyunlu Turcomans</a></span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ak_Koyunlu&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjrBiuXijaPSOGnx4C7BdPJIbAc7w" title="Akkoyunlular">Aq Qoyunlu Turcomans</a></span> </td><td align="right"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">1378–1508</span> 1378-1508</span> </td></tr><tr><td> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safavid_dynasty&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhKYJ1A_cvOZhshOnkupqL6Bc7FJQ" title="Safevi hanedanı">Safavid dynasty</a></span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safavid_dynasty&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhKYJ1A_cvOZhshOnkupqL6Bc7FJQ" title="Safevi hanedanı">Safevi hanedanı</a></span> </td><td align="right"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">1501–1722*</span> 1501-1722 *</span> </td></tr><tr><td> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hotaki_dynasty&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjkH7jUonDarDN6HbruslVCKW-0Wg" title="Hotakîler">Hotaki dynasty</a></span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hotaki_dynasty&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjkH7jUonDarDN6HbruslVCKW-0Wg" title="Hotakîler">Hotakîler</a></span> </td><td align="right"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">1722–1729</span> 1722-1729</span> </td></tr><tr><td> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afsharid_dynasty&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhj82boFAgJBj1qKXBDmNIIjvDkcmA" title="Afşar Hanedanı">Afsharid dynasty</a></span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afsharid_dynasty&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhj82boFAgJBj1qKXBDmNIIjvDkcmA" title="Afşar Hanedanı">Afşar Hanedanı</a></span> </td><td align="right"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">1736–1750</span> 1736-1750</span> </td></tr><tr><td> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zand_dynasty&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgaPUe0Id3yusJetKCoZJoD_tGh1Q" title="Zand hanedanı">Zand dynasty</a></span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zand_dynasty&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgaPUe0Id3yusJetKCoZJoD_tGh1Q" title="Zand hanedanı">Zand hanedanı</a></span> </td><td align="right"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">1750–1794</span> 1750-1794</span> </td></tr><tr><td> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><strong class="selflink">Qajar dynasty</strong></span> <strong class="selflink">Kaçar Hanedanı</strong></span> </td><td align="right"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">1781–1925</span> 1781-1925</span> </td></tr><tr><td> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pahlavi_dynasty&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgi7UWKcuGANfZnslS3zae8onEjJA" title="Pehlevi Hanedanı">Pahlavi dynasty</a></span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pahlavi_dynasty&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgi7UWKcuGANfZnslS3zae8onEjJA" title="Pehlevi Hanedanı">Pehlevi Hanedanı</a></span> </td><td align="right"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">1925–1979</span> 1925-1979</span> </td></tr><tr><td> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Islamic_Republic_of_Iran&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhg1PsKJRumu8b694cVIkNaLSHrZXg" title="İran İslam Cumhuriyeti Tarihi">Islamic Republic of Iran</a></span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Islamic_Republic_of_Iran&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhg1PsKJRumu8b694cVIkNaLSHrZXg" title="İran İslam Cumhuriyeti Tarihi">İran İslam Cumhuriyeti</a></span> </td><td align="right"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">since 1980</span> 1980 yılından bu yana</span> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align: right;font-size:80%;"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">* or 1736</span> * Veya 1.736</span> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" align="center"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Iranian_history&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhwyS2aJ-9TYOE4g5H24wHxuOgrhg" title="Timeline İran tarih">Timeline</a></span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Iranian_history&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhwyS2aJ-9TYOE4g5H24wHxuOgrhg" title="Timeline İran tarih">Zaman çizelgesi</a></span> </td></tr></tbody></table><hr /><center> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DTemplate:History_of_Iran%26action%3Dedit&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhho_CgJbmQglOVrD5NoTU2-5r7IWg" class="external text" title="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:History_of_Iran&action=edit" rel="nofollow"><small class="editlink noprint plainlinksneverexpand">edit</small></a></span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DTemplate:History_of_Iran%26action%3Dedit&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhho_CgJbmQglOVrD5NoTU2-5r7IWg" class="external text" title="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:History_of_Iran&action=edit" rel="nofollow"><small class="editlink noprint plainlinksneverexpand">değiştir</small></a></span> </center></td></tr></tbody></table><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The <b>Qajar dynasty</b></span> <b>Kaçar Hanedanı</b></span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Qajar.ogg&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiJDTp9LMp7epiGnpgfe8an0sZgtA" title="Qajar.ogg"><span class="unicode" style="white-space: nowrap;"><img alt="Qajar.ogg" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/11px-Loudspeaker.svg.png" width="11" height="11" /></span></a> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span class="unicode" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/58/Qajar.ogg" class="internal" title="Qajar.ogg">Qajar</a> <small class="metadata audiolinkinfo" style="cursor: help;">( <span style="cursor: help;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Media_help&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhg8wi2Otv6dKiDuGtqPIdPL-Jtxzg" title="Vikipedi: Medya yardım">help</a></span> · <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Qajar.ogg&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiJDTp9LMp7epiGnpgfe8an0sZgtA" title="File: Qajar.ogg"><span style="cursor: help;">info</span></a> )</small></span> ) ( <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_language&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiyD6fL0VpanjjHNWDoQHq4sQFwzA" title="Farsça">Persian</a> : <span lang="fa">سلسله قاجاریه</span> - or <b>دودمان قاجار</b> , also anglicized as <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghajar&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhJXbPitG27zt6Na8diYF8b5Ck1MA" title="Ghajar">Ghajar</a> or <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kadjar&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhaZi9AiT7Dg-ps4oGqud81e_IoDg" title="Kadjar" class="mw-redirect">Kadjar</a> , also turkicized as <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ka%25C3%25A7ar&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiSktpZEsqYzHK98cqhhu85GNwk1Q" title="Kaçar" class="mw-redirect">Kaçar</a> ) was a Turco-Persian Qajar (Kaçar) royal family who ruled <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persia&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgL1zv4O0vHRgcH-KCEbURBriHCog" title="Persia" class="mw-redirect">Persia</a> (the country now known as <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjUMNKDsg75ssYpfnhUtpPJ7eXz1g" title="Iran">Iran</a> ) from 1794 to 1925. <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qajar_dynasty&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjJrFCep2XKTx3720gwOc33VtQQ4A#cite_note-Abbas-3"><sup id="cite_ref-Abbas_3-0" class="reference"><span>[</span> 4 <span>]</span></sup></a> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qajar_dynasty&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjJrFCep2XKTx3720gwOc33VtQQ4A#cite_note-4"><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><span>[</span> 5 <span>]</span></sup></a> The Qajar family took full control of Iran in 1794, deposing <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lotf_%27Ali_Khan&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhuemJfTbM1uYf10HgZTgqOAxwaFg" title="Lotf 'Ali Khan" class="mw-redirect">Lotf 'Ali Khan</a> , the last of the <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zand_dynasty&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgaPUe0Id3yusJetKCoZJoD_tGh1Q" title="Zand hanedanı">Zand dynasty</a> , and re-asserted Persian sovereignty over parts of the <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caucasus&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjuSUDHcx5gGgeKtG1hp9ZpCA0mjA" title="Kafkasya">Caucasus</a> .</span> <span class="unicode" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/58/Qajar.ogg" class="internal" title="Qajar.ogg">Kaçar</a> <small class="metadata audiolinkinfo" style="cursor: help;">())</small></span> idi kim şimdi <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjUMNKDsg75ssYpfnhUtpPJ7eXz1g" title="Iran">İran</a> olarak bilinen (ülke <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persia&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgL1zv4O0vHRgcH-KCEbURBriHCog" title="Persia" class="mw-redirect">Persia</a> yöneten kraliyet ailesinin bir Türk-Farsça Kaçar (Kaçar) <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_language&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiyD6fL0VpanjjHNWDoQHq4sQFwzA" title="Farsça">(Farsça:</a> <span lang="fa">سلسله قاجاریه</span> - veya <b>دودمان قاجار</b> da <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghajar&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhJXbPitG27zt6Na8diYF8b5Ck1MA" title="Ghajar">Ghajar</a> veya <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kadjar&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhaZi9AiT7Dg-ps4oGqud81e_IoDg" title="Kadjar" class="mw-redirect">Kadjar</a> olarak anglicized da <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ka%25C3%25A7ar&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiSktpZEsqYzHK98cqhhu85GNwk1Q" title="Kaçar" class="mw-redirect">Kaçar</a> gibi turkicized) <small class="metadata audiolinkinfo" style="cursor: help;"><span class="unicode" style="white-space: nowrap;">· <span style="cursor: help;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Qajar.ogg&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiJDTp9LMp7epiGnpgfe8an0sZgtA" title="File: Qajar.ogg">bilgi</a> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Media_help&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhg8wi2Otv6dKiDuGtqPIdPL-Jtxzg" title="Vikipedi: Medya yardım">yardım</a></span></span></small> ) 1794-1925. <span><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qajar_dynasty&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjJrFCep2XKTx3720gwOc33VtQQ4A#cite_note-Abbas-3"><sup id="cite_ref-Abbas_3-0" class="reference">[4]</sup></a> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qajar_dynasty&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjJrFCep2XKTx3720gwOc33VtQQ4A#cite_note-4"><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference">[5]</sup></a></span> Kaçar ailesi 1794 yılında <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lotf_%27Ali_Khan&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhuemJfTbM1uYf10HgZTgqOAxwaFg" title="Lotf 'Ali Khan" class="mw-redirect">Lotf 'Ali Han,</a> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zand_dynasty&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgaPUe0Id3yusJetKCoZJoD_tGh1Q" title="Zand hanedanı">Zand hanedanı</a> ile, son ve yeniden <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caucasus&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjuSUDHcx5gGgeKtG1hp9ZpCA0mjA" title="Kafkasya">Kafkasya</a> parçaları üzerinde egemenlik iddia Farsça deposing İran tam denetime aldı.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">In 1796 <span class="Unicode">Āghā Moḥammad Khān</span> was formally crowned as <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shah&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhNWPgW_xN2P4yANX_fSmHdFysNOw" title="Shah">shah</a> . <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qajar_dynasty&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjJrFCep2XKTx3720gwOc33VtQQ4A#cite_note-5"><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><span>[</span> 6 <span>]</span></sup></a></span> 1.796 <span class="Unicode">Ağa Muhammed Han</span> resmen <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shah&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhNWPgW_xN2P4yANX_fSmHdFysNOw" title="Shah">şah</a> olarak taç giydirildi. <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qajar_dynasty&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjJrFCep2XKTx3720gwOc33VtQQ4A#cite_note-5"><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><span>[6]</span></sup></a></span> </p><table id="toc" class="toc" summary="Contents"><tbody><tr><td><div id="toctitle"><h2> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Contents</span> Içeriği</span> </h2> <span class="toctoggle">[<a href="javascript:toggleToc()" class="internal" id="togglelink">hide</a>]</span></div><ul><li class="toclevel-1"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qajar_dynasty&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjJrFCep2XKTx3720gwOc33VtQQ4A#Origins"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Origins</span></a></span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qajar_dynasty&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjJrFCep2XKTx3720gwOc33VtQQ4A#Origins"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Origins</span></a></span> </li><li class="toclevel-1"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qajar_dynasty&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjJrFCep2XKTx3720gwOc33VtQQ4A#Rise_to_power"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Rise to power</span></a></span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qajar_dynasty&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjJrFCep2XKTx3720gwOc33VtQQ4A#Rise_to_power"><span class="toctext">İktidara</span> <span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Rise</span></a></span> </li><li class="toclevel-1"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qajar_dynasty&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjJrFCep2XKTx3720gwOc33VtQQ4A#War_with_Russia"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">War with Russia</span></a></span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qajar_dynasty&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjJrFCep2XKTx3720gwOc33VtQQ4A#War_with_Russia"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Savaş Rusya ile</span></a></span> </li><li class="toclevel-1"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qajar_dynasty&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjJrFCep2XKTx3720gwOc33VtQQ4A#Development_and_decline"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Development and decline</span></a></span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qajar_dynasty&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjJrFCep2XKTx3720gwOc33VtQQ4A#Development_and_decline"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Geliştirme ve düşüş</span></a></span> </li><li class="toclevel-1"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qajar_dynasty&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjJrFCep2XKTx3720gwOc33VtQQ4A#Constitutional_Revolution"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Constitutional Revolution</span></a></span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qajar_dynasty&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjJrFCep2XKTx3720gwOc33VtQQ4A#Constitutional_Revolution"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Anayasa Devrimi</span></a></span> </li><li class="toclevel-1"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qajar_dynasty&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjJrFCep2XKTx3720gwOc33VtQQ4A#Fall_of_the_dynasty"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Fall of the dynasty</span></a></span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qajar_dynasty&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjJrFCep2XKTx3720gwOc33VtQQ4A#Fall_of_the_dynasty"><span class="toctext">Hanedanın</span> <span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Güz</span></a></span> </li><li class="toclevel-1"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qajar_dynasty&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjJrFCep2XKTx3720gwOc33VtQQ4A#Shahs_of_Persia.2C_1794-1925"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Shahs of Persia, 1794-1925</span></a></span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qajar_dynasty&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjJrFCep2XKTx3720gwOc33VtQQ4A#Shahs_of_Persia.2C_1794-1925"><span class="toctext">Persia, 1794-1925 <span class="tocnumber">7</span> Shahs</span></a></span> </li><li class="toclevel-1"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qajar_dynasty&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjJrFCep2XKTx3720gwOc33VtQQ4A#Qajar_Royal_Family"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">Qajar Royal Family</span></a></span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qajar_dynasty&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjJrFCep2XKTx3720gwOc33VtQQ4A#Qajar_Royal_Family"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">Kaçar Kraliyet Ailesi</span></a></span> <ul><li class="toclevel-2"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qajar_dynasty&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjJrFCep2XKTx3720gwOc33VtQQ4A#Qajar_dynasty_since_1925"><span class="tocnumber">8.1</span> <span class="toctext">Qajar dynasty since 1925</span></a></span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qajar_dynasty&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjJrFCep2XKTx3720gwOc33VtQQ4A#Qajar_dynasty_since_1925"><span class="tocnumber">8,1</span> <span class="toctext">Kaçar hanedanı 1925 tarihinden bugüne</span></a></span> </li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qajar_dynasty&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjJrFCep2XKTx3720gwOc33VtQQ4A#Notable_members_of_Qajar_family"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">Notable members of Qajar family</span></a></span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qajar_dynasty&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjJrFCep2XKTx3720gwOc33VtQQ4A#Notable_members_of_Qajar_family"><span class="toctext">Kaçar <span class="tocnumber">9</span> Önemli üye aile</span></a></span> </li><li class="toclevel-1"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qajar_dynasty&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjJrFCep2XKTx3720gwOc33VtQQ4A#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qajar_dynasty&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjJrFCep2XKTx3720gwOc33VtQQ4A#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">Ayrıca bakınız</span></a></span> </li><li class="toclevel-1"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qajar_dynasty&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjJrFCep2XKTx3720gwOc33VtQQ4A#References"><span class="tocnumber">11</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qajar_dynasty&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjJrFCep2XKTx3720gwOc33VtQQ4A#References"><span class="tocnumber">11</span> <span class="toctext">Referanslar</span></a></span> </li><li class="toclevel-1"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qajar_dynasty&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjJrFCep2XKTx3720gwOc33VtQQ4A#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">12</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qajar_dynasty&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjJrFCep2XKTx3720gwOc33VtQQ4A#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">12</span> <span class="toctext">Dış bağlantılar</span></a></span> </li></ul></td></tr></tbody></table><script type="text/javascript"> //<![CDATA[ if (window.showTocToggle) { var tocShowText = "show"; var tocHideText = "hide"; showTocToggle(); } //]]> </script><p><a name="Origins" id="Origins"></a></p><h2> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span class="editsection">[ <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DQajar_dynasty%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D1&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgJZX36ocHGYib8BXk26yBrsNW3kg" title="Değiştir bölüm: Origins">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Origins</span></span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DQajar_dynasty%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D1&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgJZX36ocHGYib8BXk26yBrsNW3kg" title="Değiştir bölüm: Origins"><span class="editsection">[Değiştir]</span></a> <span class="mw-headline">Kaynak</span></span> </h2><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The Qajar or ghajar rulers were members of the <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DGhovanloo_clan%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjoo8GCA3zux1ZBeZ4gdgtSDhX59g" class="new" title="Ghovanloo klan (sayfa) yok">Ghovanloo clan</a> (Turkish: <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DGevenl%25C3%25BC_a%25C5%259Fireti%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjZXnrpiW3JhEi6TcpfY-K_yqH7PA" class="new" title="Yok Gevenlü aşireti (sayfa)">Gevenlü aşireti</a> )of the Qajars, originally themselves members of the <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oghuz_Turks&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjkiRPns25VILNxiZ6Yy6v8AIYKAQ" title="Oğuz Türkleri">Oghuz branch</a> of the larger <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmen_people&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiGIMx6Ubrory9tZ2DwWA3zseQWYA" title="Türkmenler">Turkmen peoples</a> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qajar_dynasty&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjJrFCep2XKTx3720gwOc33VtQQ4A#cite_note-6"><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><span>[</span> 7 <span>]</span></sup></a> . <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qajar_dynasty&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjJrFCep2XKTx3720gwOc33VtQQ4A#cite_note-ghani1-7"><sup id="cite_ref-ghani1_7-0" class="reference"><span>[</span> 8 <span>]</span></sup></a> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qajar_dynasty&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjJrFCep2XKTx3720gwOc33VtQQ4A#cite_note-8"><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><span>[</span> 9 <span>]</span></sup></a> Qajars first settled during the Mongol period in the vicinity of <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenia&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjhG-r-aCKi6bvhzUpTIIn_VLuDpg" title="Ermenistan">Armenia</a> and were among the seven <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qizilbash&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhJ703BnXtRKipBa4lOJSJJcvCeCA" title="Qizilbash">Qizilbash</a> tribes that supported the <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safavid_dynasty&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhKYJ1A_cvOZhshOnkupqL6Bc7FJQ" title="Safevi hanedanı">Safavids</a> . <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qajar_dynasty&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjJrFCep2XKTx3720gwOc33VtQQ4A#cite_note-iranicaqajar-9"><sup id="cite_ref-iranicaqajar_9-0" class="reference"><span>[</span> 10 <span>]</span></sup></a> The <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safavid_dynasty&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhKYJ1A_cvOZhshOnkupqL6Bc7FJQ" title="Safevi hanedanı">Safavids</a> "left <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arran_%28Azerbaijan%29&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjfrcHx5XGelYRTvftEx7K6_i_2nA" title="Arran (Azerbaycan)" class="mw-redirect">Arran</a> (present-day <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijan&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjmSy3m-OCMEeqiNYNi8Jg5C6giLw" title="Azerbaycan">Republic of Azerbaijan</a> ) to local <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oghuz_Turks&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjkiRPns25VILNxiZ6Yy6v8AIYKAQ" title="Oğuz Türkleri">Turkic speaking</a> khans", <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qajar_dynasty&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjJrFCep2XKTx3720gwOc33VtQQ4A#cite_note-rohborn-10"><sup id="cite_ref-rohborn_10-0" class="reference"><span>[</span> 11 <span>]</span></sup></a> and, "in 1554 <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganja_%28city%29&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhRfh5G9pwuZl_2H6Sj20u47KJvAw" title="Ganja (şehir)" class="mw-redirect">Ganja</a> was governed by Shahverdi Soltan Ziyadoglu Qajar, whose family came to govern <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karabakh&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhg9uxmHfGlLzEIvg_WNgvQGr9liXg" title="Karabağ">Karabakh</a> in southern Arran". <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qajar_dynasty&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjJrFCep2XKTx3720gwOc33VtQQ4A#cite_note-iranicaganja-11"><sup id="cite_ref-iranicaganja_11-0" class="reference"><span>[</span> 12 <span>]</span></sup></a></span> Kaçar veya ghajar hükümdarlar <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DGhovanloo_clan%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjoo8GCA3zux1ZBeZ4gdgtSDhX59g" class="new" title="Ghovanloo klan (sayfa) yok">Ghovanloo klan</a> üyeleri (Türkçe: <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DGevenl%25C3%25BC_a%25C5%259Fireti%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjZXnrpiW3JhEi6TcpfY-K_yqH7PA" class="new" title="Yok Gevenlü aşireti (sayfa)">Gevenlü aşireti)</a> Qajars ile, büyük <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmen_people&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiGIMx6Ubrory9tZ2DwWA3zseQWYA" title="Türkmenler">Türkmen halklarının</a> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qajar_dynasty&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjJrFCep2XKTx3720gwOc33VtQQ4A#cite_note-6"><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><span>[7</span></sup></a> ile <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oghuz_Turks&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjkiRPns25VILNxiZ6Yy6v8AIYKAQ" title="Oğuz Türkleri">Oğuz şube</a> ve aslında kendilerini <span><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qajar_dynasty&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjJrFCep2XKTx3720gwOc33VtQQ4A#cite_note-6"><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference">üye].</sup></a> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qajar_dynasty&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjJrFCep2XKTx3720gwOc33VtQQ4A#cite_note-ghani1-7"><sup id="cite_ref-ghani1_7-0" class="reference">[8]</sup></a> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qajar_dynasty&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjJrFCep2XKTx3720gwOc33VtQQ4A#cite_note-8"><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference">[9]</sup></a></span> Qajars ilk Moğol döneminde yerleşmiş edildi <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenia&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjhG-r-aCKi6bvhzUpTIIn_VLuDpg" title="Ermenistan">Ermenistan</a> çevresinde ve içinde bu <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safavid_dynasty&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhKYJ1A_cvOZhshOnkupqL6Bc7FJQ" title="Safevi hanedanı">Safeviler</a> desteklenen yedi <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qizilbash&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhJ703BnXtRKipBa4lOJSJJcvCeCA" title="Qizilbash">Qizilbash</a> kabileleri arasında yer aldı. <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qajar_dynasty&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjJrFCep2XKTx3720gwOc33VtQQ4A#cite_note-iranicaqajar-9"><sup id="cite_ref-iranicaqajar_9-0" class="reference"><span>[10]</span></sup></a> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safavid_dynasty&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhKYJ1A_cvOZhshOnkupqL6Bc7FJQ" title="Safevi hanedanı">Safevi</a> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arran_%28Azerbaijan%29&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjfrcHx5XGelYRTvftEx7K6_i_2nA" title="Arran (Azerbaycan)" class="mw-redirect">"Arran</a> sol (bugünkü <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijan&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjmSy3m-OCMEeqiNYNi8Jg5C6giLw" title="Azerbaycan">Azerbaycan Cumhuriyeti)</a> yerel <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oghuz_Turks&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjkiRPns25VILNxiZ6Yy6v8AIYKAQ" title="Oğuz Türkleri">Türki</a> hanları için", <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qajar_dynasty&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjJrFCep2XKTx3720gwOc33VtQQ4A#cite_note-rohborn-10"><sup id="cite_ref-rohborn_10-0" class="reference"><span>[11]</span></sup></a> ve "1554 <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganja_%28city%29&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhRfh5G9pwuZl_2H6Sj20u47KJvAw" title="Ganja (şehir)" class="mw-redirect">Gence</a> de oldu Shahverdi Soltan Ziyadoglu Kaçar, ailesi tarafından yönetilen güney Arran ". <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qajar_dynasty&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjJrFCep2XKTx3720gwOc33VtQQ4A#cite_note-iranicaganja-11"><sup id="cite_ref-iranicaganja_11-0" class="reference"><span>[12</span></sup></a> yılında <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karabakh&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhg9uxmHfGlLzEIvg_WNgvQGr9liXg" title="Karabağ">Karabağ</a> iktidar <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qajar_dynasty&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjJrFCep2XKTx3720gwOc33VtQQ4A#cite_note-iranicaganja-11"><sup id="cite_ref-iranicaganja_11-0" class="reference"><span>geldi]</span></sup></a></span> </p><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Qajars filled a number of diplomatic missions and governorships in the 16-17th centuries for the <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safavids&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhivDvTBwP1uca-XXRFhrk_8Dm0Gtw" title="Safevi" class="mw-redirect">Safavids</a> .</span> Qajars <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safavids&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhivDvTBwP1uca-XXRFhrk_8Dm0Gtw" title="Safevi" class="mw-redirect">Safeviler</a> için 17. yüzyıllarda 16 diplomatik misyon ve valilik bir dizi doldurdu.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The Qajars were resettled by <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shah_Abbas_I&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhgSSnOFGGnlWO9Bhe3fNSboBG6pA" title="Şah Abbas I" class="mw-redirect">Shah Abbas I</a> throughout Persia.</span> Qajars <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shah_Abbas_I&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhgSSnOFGGnlWO9Bhe3fNSboBG6pA" title="Şah Abbas I" class="mw-redirect">Şah Abbas I</a> tarafından Persia boyunca yerleşim vardı.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The great number of them also settled in Astarabad (present-day <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorgan&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhju4SNRRxcHGaT5Ko2CQuB54aFoyQ" title="Gorgan">Gorgan</a> , <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjUMNKDsg75ssYpfnhUtpPJ7eXz1g" title="Iran">Iran</a> ) near the south-eastern corner of the <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caspian_Sea&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhj8gUPyhhC4PNOvmxdy-8BvviSSMQ" title="Hazar Denizi">Caspian Sea</a> , <sup id="cite_ref-ghani1_7-1" class="reference"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qajar_dynasty&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjJrFCep2XKTx3720gwOc33VtQQ4A#cite_note-ghani1-7"><span>[</span> 8 <span>]</span></a></sup> and it would be this branch of Qajars that would rise to power.</span> Bunlardan çok sayıda da Astarabad içinde (bugünkü <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caspian_Sea&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhj8gUPyhhC4PNOvmxdy-8BvviSSMQ" title="Hazar Denizi">Hazar Denizi</a> ve <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorgan&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhju4SNRRxcHGaT5Ko2CQuB54aFoyQ" title="Gorgan">Gorgan,</a> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjUMNKDsg75ssYpfnhUtpPJ7eXz1g" title="Iran">İran)</a> yakınında güney-doğu köşesinde, <sup id="cite_ref-ghani1_7-1" class="reference"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qajar_dynasty&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjJrFCep2XKTx3720gwOc33VtQQ4A#cite_note-ghani1-7"><span>[8]</span></a></sup> ve Qajars bu Yükselişi istiyorsunuz bu dalda olurdu yerleşti.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The immediate ancestor of Qajars, <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DShah_Qoli_Khan%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhjjyLCkUxBVCVMCbJ2WykD28CpnQ" class="new" title="Yoksa Şah Qoli Karaca (sayfa)">Shah Qoli Khan</a> Qajar Ghovanloo of the <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DGhovanloos_of_Ganja%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhKhfVkkjQOZ8YbCsx1iv8Smk8ppA" class="new" title="Ghovanloos Gence (sayfa yok)">Ghovanloos of Ganja</a> , married into the Ghovanloo Qajars of Astarabad.</span> Qajars, <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DShah_Qoli_Khan%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhjjyLCkUxBVCVMCbJ2WykD28CpnQ" class="new" title="Yoksa Şah Qoli Karaca (sayfa)">Şah Qoli Karaca</a> Kaçar Ghovanloo <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DGhovanloos_of_Ganja%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhKhfVkkjQOZ8YbCsx1iv8Smk8ppA" class="new" title="Ghovanloos Gence (sayfa yok)">Ghovanloos Gence ile,</a> Ghovanloo Qajars Astarabad birine evli ve bir acil atası.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">His son, <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fath_Ali_Khan&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjTX78daMrduI83dU5w7HGiMs1Taw" title="Fath Ali Han">Fath Ali Khan</a> Qajar, born circa 1685-1693, was a renowned military commander during the rule of the Safavid shahs <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Husayn_%28Safavid%29&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgPA8PZszCXilEE_ADpkOpdnRRURQ" title="Hüseyin (Safevi)" class="mw-redirect">Husayn</a> and <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tahmasp_II&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjWQiAko-VDI78xuOLzuNs_jPuZwg" title="Tahmasp II">Tahmasp II</a> .</span> Oğlu, <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fath_Ali_Khan&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjTX78daMrduI83dU5w7HGiMs1Taw" title="Fath Ali Han">Fath Ali Han</a> Kaçar, yaklaşık 1685-1693 doğumlu, Safevi shahs yönetimi sırasında tanınmış bir ordu komutanı olarak <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Husayn_%28Safavid%29&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgPA8PZszCXilEE_ADpkOpdnRRURQ" title="Hüseyin (Safevi)" class="mw-redirect">Hüseyin</a> ve <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tahmasp_II&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjWQiAko-VDI78xuOLzuNs_jPuZwg" title="Tahmasp II">Tahmasp II.</a></span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">He was killed on the orders of Tahmasp Qoli Khan Afshar ( <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nader_Shah&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgTDGIyLtXwE5KIwoo_OdrspTNcVw" title="Nadir Şah">Nader Shah</a> ) in 1726.</span> O 1726 yılında Tahmasp Qoli Karaca Afşar <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nader_Shah&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgTDGIyLtXwE5KIwoo_OdrspTNcVw" title="Nadir Şah">(Nadir Şah)</a> emri ile öldürüldü.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Fath Ali Khan's son <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DMohammad_Hassan_Khan_Qajar%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiPrHEQBBOz9dX8CXB1m3lz2AwUWg" class="new" title="Yoksa Muhammed Hasan Han Kaçar (sayfa)">Mohammad Hassan Khan Qajar</a> (1722-1758) was killed at the behest of <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karim_Khan_Zand&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhji79XD1NCUGHjxdT2numHGdz0aDA" title="Karim Khan Zand" class="mw-redirect">Karim Khan Zand</a> , and was the father of <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agha_Mohammad_Khan&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhrKW61WvEAzTEqX6-s9gFhBVQSMg" title="Ağa Muhammed Han" class="mw-redirect">Agha Mohammad Khan</a> and Hossein Qoli Khan (Jahansouz Shah) Qajar (father of "Baba Khan," the future <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fath_Ali_Shah_Qajar&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiLdRoZBHZL5-qzMNBX5vZsoqiAGg" title="Fath Ali Şah" class="mw-redirect">Fath Ali Shah Qajar</a> ).</span> Fath Ali Han oğlu <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DMohammad_Hassan_Khan_Qajar%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiPrHEQBBOz9dX8CXB1m3lz2AwUWg" class="new" title="Yoksa Muhammed Hasan Han Kaçar (sayfa)">Muhammed Hasan Han Kaçar</a> (1722-1758) <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karim_Khan_Zand&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhji79XD1NCUGHjxdT2numHGdz0aDA" title="Karim Khan Zand" class="mw-redirect">Karim Khan Zand</a> buyruğuyla, öldürüldü ve <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agha_Mohammad_Khan&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhrKW61WvEAzTEqX6-s9gFhBVQSMg" title="Ağa Muhammed Han" class="mw-redirect">Ağa Muhammed Han</a> ve Hossein Qoli Karaca (Jahansouz Şah) Kaçar ve babası ile (babası "Baba Karaca," gelecekte oldu <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fath_Ali_Shah_Qajar&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiLdRoZBHZL5-qzMNBX5vZsoqiAGg" title="Fath Ali Şah" class="mw-redirect">Fath Ali Şah).</a></span> </p><p><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Within 126 years between the demise of the Safavid state and the rise of <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasir_al-Din_Shah&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhbo-CDYiIBftp2FuAbZozckqbsTg" title="Nasir al-Din Shah" class="mw-redirect">Nasir al-Din Shah</a> , the Qajars evolved from a shepherd-warrior tribe with strongholds in northern Persia into a Persian dynasty with all the trappings of a Perso-Islamic monarchy. <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qajar_dynasty&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjJrFCep2XKTx3720gwOc33VtQQ4A#cite_note-Abbas-3"><sup id="cite_ref-Abbas_3-1" class="reference"><span>[</span> 4 <span>]</span></sup></a></span> Kuzey İran'daki kaleleri ile Safevi devletinin ölümü ve <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasir_al-Din_Shah&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhbo-CDYiIBftp2FuAbZozckqbsTg" title="Nasir al-Din Shah" class="mw-redirect">Nasir El yükselişi-Din Şah,</a> Qajars bir çoban evrimleştiği-savaşçı kabile arasında 126 yıllık bir Perso tüm ziynet-İslam monarşi ile Farsça hanedanının içine içinde. <span><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qajar_dynasty&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjJrFCep2XKTx3720gwOc33VtQQ4A#cite_note-Abbas-3"><sup id="cite_ref-Abbas_3-1" class="reference">[ 4]</sup></a></span></span> </p><p><a name="Rise_to_power" id="Rise_to_power"></a></p><h2> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span class="editsection">[ <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DQajar_dynasty%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D2&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjZzFl-SsaUr4nI3lAINcsnLq83Ag" title="Değiştir bölüm: Rise to Power">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Rise to power</span></span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DQajar_dynasty%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D2&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjZzFl-SsaUr4nI3lAINcsnLq83Ag" title="Değiştir bölüm: Rise to Power"><span class="editsection">[Değiştir]</span></a> <span class="mw-headline">Yükselişi</span></span> </h2><div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Main article: <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agha_Mohammad_Khan_Qajar&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjokFa1cCgS9-BYzQhbeWttiiffIw" title="Ağa Muhammed Han Kaçar" class="mw-redirect">Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar</a></span> Ana madde: <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agha_Mohammad_Khan_Qajar&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjokFa1cCgS9-BYzQhbeWttiiffIw" title="Ağa Muhammed Han Kaçar" class="mw-redirect">Ağa Muhammed Han Kaçar</a></span> </div><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">"Like virtually every dynasty that ruled Persia since the 11th century, the Qajars came to power with the backing of <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkic_peoples&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhGzMr9HC51JJJiOL5PLrWF0dmnDA" title="Türk halkları">Turkic</a> tribal forces, while using educated Persians in their bureaucracy". <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qajar_dynasty&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjJrFCep2XKTx3720gwOc33VtQQ4A#cite_note-keddie-12"><sup id="cite_ref-keddie_12-0" class="reference"><span>[</span> 13 <span>]</span></sup></a> In 1779, after brutally murdering <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karim_Khan&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhVFD4dOv35sd1XzGCEr5kCb4tA8g" title="Karim Khan">Mohammad Karim Khan Zand</a> , the <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zand_dynasty&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgaPUe0Id3yusJetKCoZJoD_tGh1Q" title="Zand hanedanı">Zand dynasty</a> ruler of southern <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persia&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgL1zv4O0vHRgcH-KCEbURBriHCog" title="Persia" class="mw-redirect">Persia</a> , <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agha_Mohammad_Khan&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhrKW61WvEAzTEqX6-s9gFhBVQSMg" title="Ağa Muhammed Han" class="mw-redirect">Agha Mohammad Khan</a> , the leader of the Qajar tribe, set out to reunify <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjUMNKDsg75ssYpfnhUtpPJ7eXz1g" title="Iran">Iran</a> . <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agha_Mohammad_Khan&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhrKW61WvEAzTEqX6-s9gFhBVQSMg" title="Ağa Muhammed Han" class="mw-redirect">Agha Mohammad Khan</a> was known as one of the cruelest kings, even by the 18th century Iranian standards. <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qajar_dynasty&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjJrFCep2XKTx3720gwOc33VtQQ4A#cite_note-ghani1-7"><sup id="cite_ref-ghani1_7-2" class="reference"><span>[</span> 8 <span>]</span></sup></a> In his quest for power, he razed cities, massacred entire populations, and blinded some 20,000 men in the city of <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerman&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgoMX4Z2czSEhoUEJ_oAPEVI06VJQ" title="Kerman">Kerman</a> because the local populace had chosen to defend the city against his siege. <sup id="cite_ref-ghani1_7-3" class="reference"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qajar_dynasty&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjJrFCep2XKTx3720gwOc33VtQQ4A#cite_note-ghani1-7"><span>[</span> 8 <span>]</span></a></sup></span> Etmelerine rağmen bürokrasinin "Persler eğitimli kullanarak" Bu 11. yüzyıldan beri İran'da hüküm hemen hemen her hanedanı gibi, Qajars güç <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkic_peoples&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhGzMr9HC51JJJiOL5PLrWF0dmnDA" title="Türk halkları">Türk</a> aşiret kuvvetleri ve desteğiyle, geldi. <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qajar_dynasty&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjJrFCep2XKTx3720gwOc33VtQQ4A#cite_note-keddie-12"><sup id="cite_ref-keddie_12-0" class="reference"><span>[13]</span></sup></a> In 1779, acımasızca <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karim_Khan&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhVFD4dOv35sd1XzGCEr5kCb4tA8g" title="Karim Khan">Muhammed Kerim Karaca Zand,</a> öldürmesinden sonra Güney <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persia&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgL1zv4O0vHRgcH-KCEbURBriHCog" title="Persia" class="mw-redirect">Pers,</a> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agha_Mohammad_Khan&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhrKW61WvEAzTEqX6-s9gFhBVQSMg" title="Ağa Muhammed Han" class="mw-redirect">Ağa Muhammed Han,</a> Kaçar kabilesinin lideri. <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agha_Mohammad_Khan&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhrKW61WvEAzTEqX6-s9gFhBVQSMg" title="Ağa Muhammed Han" class="mw-redirect">Ağa Muhammed Han</a> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjUMNKDsg75ssYpfnhUtpPJ7eXz1g" title="Iran">İran</a> yeniden birleştirmek için yola bir <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zand_dynasty&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgaPUe0Id3yusJetKCoZJoD_tGh1Q" title="Zand hanedanı">Zand hanedanı</a> hükümdarı bir cruelest kralları olarak, İran standartları 18. yüzyılın tarafından bile biliniyordu. <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qajar_dynasty&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjJrFCep2XKTx3720gwOc33VtQQ4A#cite_note-ghani1-7"><sup id="cite_ref-ghani1_7-2" class="reference"><span>[8]</span></sup></a> onun arayışında güç, o, katledilen tüm nüfus ve <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerman&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgoMX4Z2czSEhoUEJ_oAPEVI06VJQ" title="Kerman">Kerman</a> şehrinde yaklaşık 20.000 erkek, çünkü yerel halk onun kuşatması karşı kenti savunmak için seçmişti kör şehirler yerle. <sup id="cite_ref-ghani1_7-3" class="reference"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qajar_dynasty&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjJrFCep2XKTx3720gwOc33VtQQ4A#cite_note-ghani1-7"><span>[8]</span></a></sup></span> </p><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The Qajar armies were composed of a small Turkoman bodyguard and Georgian slaves. <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qajar_dynasty&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjJrFCep2XKTx3720gwOc33VtQQ4A#cite_note-13"><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><span>[</span> 14 <span>]</span></sup></a> By 1794, <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agha_Mohammad_Khan&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhrKW61WvEAzTEqX6-s9gFhBVQSMg" title="Ağa Muhammed Han" class="mw-redirect">Agha Mohammad Khan</a> had eliminated all his rivals, including <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lotf_%27Ali_Khan&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhuemJfTbM1uYf10HgZTgqOAxwaFg" title="Lotf 'Ali Khan" class="mw-redirect">Lotf 'Ali Khan</a> , the last of the Zand dynasty.</span> Kaçar orduları küçük bir Türkmen koruması ve Gürcü kölelerin oluşturuldu. <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qajar_dynasty&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjJrFCep2XKTx3720gwOc33VtQQ4A#cite_note-13"><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><span>[14]</span></sup></a> By 1794, <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agha_Mohammad_Khan&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhrKW61WvEAzTEqX6-s9gFhBVQSMg" title="Ağa Muhammed Han" class="mw-redirect">Ağa Muhammed Han</a> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lotf_%27Ali_Khan&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhuemJfTbM1uYf10HgZTgqOAxwaFg" title="Lotf 'Ali Khan" class="mw-redirect">Lotf 'Ali Karaca,</a> dahil olmak üzere bütün rakipleri, ortadan vardı Zand hanedanı son.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">He reestablished Persian control over the territories in the <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caucasus&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjuSUDHcx5gGgeKtG1hp9ZpCA0mjA" title="Kafkasya">Caucasus</a> .</span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caucasus&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjuSUDHcx5gGgeKtG1hp9ZpCA0mjA" title="Kafkasya">Kafkasya</a> içinde toprakları üzerinde O reestablished Farsça kontrolü.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Agha Mohammad established his capital at <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tehran&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhir5uwRlM1eBFAqsNT_OegL1ChjJg" title="Tehran">Tehran</a> , a village near the ruins of the ancient city of <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rayy&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiQ5gqMCqhFvKhy0FeZ30xkbzkR2A" title="Rayy" class="mw-redirect">Rayy</a> .</span> Ağa Muhammed <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tehran&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhir5uwRlM1eBFAqsNT_OegL1ChjJg" title="Tehran">Tahran,</a> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rayy&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiQ5gqMCqhFvKhy0FeZ30xkbzkR2A" title="Rayy" class="mw-redirect">Rayy</a> antik kentin kalıntıları yakınlarındaki bir kasabada geçirdiği sermaye kurulmuştur.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">In 1796 he was formally crowned as <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shah&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhNWPgW_xN2P4yANX_fSmHdFysNOw" title="Shah">shah</a> .</span> 1796 yılında resmen <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shah&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhNWPgW_xN2P4yANX_fSmHdFysNOw" title="Shah">şah</a> olarak taç giydirildi.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">In 1797 Agha Mohammad was assassinated in <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shusha&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiscuMyIu_ulefgkUClD83vMLwp8w" title="Şuşa">Shusha</a> , the capital of <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karabakh_khanate&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjcPoJInVbYYGTGwtupPNOsahyqUA" title="Karabağ Hanlığı" class="mw-redirect">Karabakh khanate</a> , and was succeeded by his nephew, <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fath_Ali_Shah_Qajar&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiLdRoZBHZL5-qzMNBX5vZsoqiAGg" title="Fath Ali Şah" class="mw-redirect">Fath Ali Shah Qajar</a> .</span> 1.797 Ağa Muhammed yılında <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shusha&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiscuMyIu_ulefgkUClD83vMLwp8w" title="Şuşa">Şuşa</a> katledildi, <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karabakh_khanate&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjcPoJInVbYYGTGwtupPNOsahyqUA" title="Karabağ Hanlığı" class="mw-redirect">Karabağ Hanlığı</a> başkenti ve yeğeni, <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fath_Ali_Shah_Qajar&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiLdRoZBHZL5-qzMNBX5vZsoqiAGg" title="Fath Ali Şah" class="mw-redirect">Fath Ali Şah</a> geçti.</span> </p><p><a name="War_with_Russia" id="War_with_Russia"></a></p><h2> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span class="editsection">[ <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DQajar_dynasty%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D3&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgczBX3L9dGa-VCoOBAdVJ-xXeuiQ" title="Değiştir bölüm: Savaş Rusya ile">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">War with Russia</span></span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DQajar_dynasty%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D3&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgczBX3L9dGa-VCoOBAdVJ-xXeuiQ" title="Değiştir bölüm: Savaş Rusya ile"><span class="editsection">[Değiştir]</span></a> <span class="mw-headline">Savaş Rusya ile</span></span> </h2><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">In 1803, under Fath Ali Shah, Qajars set out to fight against <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Empire&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhihvh06-8IAqb_swHBax4woMrQeOA" title="Rusya İmparatorluğu">Russian Empire</a> , in what was known as <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russo-Persian_War_%281804-1813%29&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhi1Ag-ty5TLVg37qQxXTYAtAz-UOg" title="Rus-Farsça Savaşı (1804-1813)" class="mw-redirect">Russo-Persian War of 1804-1813</a> , due to concerns about the Russian expansion into Caucasus which was an Iranian domain, although some of the <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khanates_of_the_Caucasus&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiVxQarr1aa2SB0R6QzNq5ZGSi3xQ" title="Kafkas Khanates">Khanates of the Caucasus</a> were considered independent or semi-independent by the time of Russian expansion in 19th century <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qajar_dynasty&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjJrFCep2XKTx3720gwOc33VtQQ4A#cite_note-14"><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><span>[</span> 15 <span>]</span></sup></a> , this period marked the first major economic and military encroachments on Iranian interests during the <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonialism&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgpdj0rCPEkctxDkhXh7GGoQ9oOlg" title="Sömürgecilik">colonial</a> era.</span> 1803 yılında, Fath Ali Şah altında Qajars <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Empire&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhihvh06-8IAqb_swHBax4woMrQeOA" title="Rusya İmparatorluğu">Rus İmparatorluğu,</a> karşı ne <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russo-Persian_War_%281804-1813%29&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhi1Ag-ty5TLVg37qQxXTYAtAz-UOg" title="Rus-Farsça Savaşı (1804-1813)" class="mw-redirect">Rus</a> olarak <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russo-Persian_War_%281804-1813%29&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhi1Ag-ty5TLVg37qQxXTYAtAz-UOg" title="Rus-Farsça Savaşı (1804-1813)" class="mw-redirect">bilinen-Farsça War of 1804-1813,</a> Kafkasya içine hangi bir etki alanı olarak İran Rus genişleme kaygıları nedeniyle de savaşmak için, yola bazı of rağmen <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khanates_of_the_Caucasus&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiVxQarr1aa2SB0R6QzNq5ZGSi3xQ" title="Kafkas Khanates">Kafkas Khanates</a> bağımsız veya yarı kabul edildi 19. yüzyıl <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qajar_dynasty&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjJrFCep2XKTx3720gwOc33VtQQ4A#cite_note-14"><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><span>[15]</span></sup></a> Rus genişleme zaman bağımsız, bu dönem <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonialism&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgpdj0rCPEkctxDkhXh7GGoQ9oOlg" title="Sömürgecilik">sömürge</a> dönemi sırasında İran çıkarlarına ilk büyük ekonomik ve askeri encroachments işaretlenmiş.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Qajar army suffered a major military defeat in the war and under the terms of the <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Gulistan&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgH5YvhFTuApnLMEAQhw17v4YIaLA" title="Gülistan Antlaşması">Treaty of Gulistan</a> in 1813, Iran recognized Russian annexation of Georgia and most of the Caucasus region.</span> Kaçar ordusu savaşta büyük bir askeri yenilgiye uğradı ve 1813 yılında <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Gulistan&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgH5YvhFTuApnLMEAQhw17v4YIaLA" title="Gülistan Antlaşması">Gülistan Antlaşması</a> şartları altında, İran Gürcistan ve Rusya ilhakı tanıdı ve Kafkasya bölgesinin en.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russo-Persian_War_%281826-1828%29&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhraJJ96n672l4aVkKD_528eWjxAg" title="Rus-Farsça Savaşı (1826-1828)" class="mw-redirect">second Russo-Persian War</a> of the late 1820s ended even more disastrously for Qajar Iran with temporary occupation of <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabriz&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgCCE5UlaGz9TVcwxmDv7ay9om3SQ" title="Tebriz">Tabriz</a> and the signing of <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Turkmenchay&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjyHAEGDmjVd0g2ntywM2y6MaGBsQ" title="Türkmençay Antlaşması ile">Treaty of Turkmenchay</a> in 1828, acknowledging <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Empire&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhihvh06-8IAqb_swHBax4woMrQeOA" title="Rusya İmparatorluğu">Russian</a> sovereignty over the entire <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Caucasus&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhilkHRIVNz9xKFg1kk2cGfy5rpwDg" title="Güney Kafkasya">South Caucasus</a> , the area north of the <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aras_River&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjyOad8EZ5aRIBWz0FMAaxxlLxB7w" title="Aras Nehri">Aras River</a> .</span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russo-Persian_War_%281826-1828%29&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhraJJ96n672l4aVkKD_528eWjxAg" title="Rus-Farsça Savaşı (1826-1828)" class="mw-redirect">İkinci Rus-Farsça Savaşı</a> sonlarında 1820'lerde hatta daha disastrously Kaçar Türkiye için 1828 yılında <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabriz&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgCCE5UlaGz9TVcwxmDv7ay9om3SQ" title="Tebriz">Tebriz</a> geçici işgali ve <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Turkmenchay&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjyHAEGDmjVd0g2ntywM2y6MaGBsQ" title="Türkmençay Antlaşması ile">Türkmençay Antlaşması ile</a> imzalanması ile birlikte, tüm <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Caucasus&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhilkHRIVNz9xKFg1kk2cGfy5rpwDg" title="Güney Kafkasya">Güney Kafkasya</a> üzerindeki <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Empire&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhihvh06-8IAqb_swHBax4woMrQeOA" title="Rusya İmparatorluğu">Rus</a> egemenliğini kabul sona erdi, <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aras_River&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjyOad8EZ5aRIBWz0FMAaxxlLxB7w" title="Aras Nehri">Aras Nehri</a> kuzeyindeki bölgede.</span> </p><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Fath Ali Shah's reign saw increased diplomatic contacts with the West and the beginning of intense European diplomatic rivalries over Iran.</span> Batı ve İran üzerinden Avrupa yoğun diplomatik rekabet başlangıcı ile Fath Ali Şah'ın saltanatı gördü artan diplomatik temas.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">His grandson <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammad_Shah_Qajar&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhi4QCJjpy3n4bld2VawWXLUbGDbuQ" title="Muhammed Şah">Mohammad Shah</a> , who fell under the Russian influence and made two unsuccessful attempts to capture <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herat&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgLWmPLsu39F_4i0j50_lsi6UwkYQ" title="Herat">Herat</a> , succeeded him in 1834.</span> Torunu <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammad_Shah_Qajar&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhi4QCJjpy3n4bld2VawWXLUbGDbuQ" title="Muhammed Şah">Muhammed Şah</a> olan Rus etkisi altına düştü ve yapılan iki başarısız <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herat&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgLWmPLsu39F_4i0j50_lsi6UwkYQ" title="Herat">Herat</a> yakalamak için, 1834 yılında onu başardı.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">When Mohammad Shah died in 1848 the succession passed to his son Nasser-e-Din, who proved to be the ablest and most successful of the Qajar sovereigns.</span> Zaman Muhammed Şah 1848 yılında arkaya oğlu Nasır-e-Din, kim olduğunu kanıtladı geçti öldü ve en Kaçar sovereigns başarılı ablest.</span> </p><p><a name="Development_and_decline" id="Development_and_decline"></a></p><h2> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span class="editsection">[ <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DQajar_dynasty%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D4&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjTu77x1Npz0HOuxL6oEHcjR9LskQ" title="Değiştir bölüm: Kalkınma ve düşüş">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Development and decline</span></span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DQajar_dynasty%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D4&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjTu77x1Npz0HOuxL6oEHcjR9LskQ" title="Değiştir bölüm: Kalkınma ve düşüş"><span class="editsection">[Değiştir]</span></a> <span class="mw-headline">Geliştirme ve düşüş</span></span> </h2><div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width: 182px;"> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Molla2.jpg&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhh8k5mYVWtywKW6iNaUTieW9OYR9Q" class="image" title="Kraliyet huzurunda mollaların. Resim tarzı belirgin Qajari olduğunu."><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Molla2.jpg/180px-Molla2.jpg" class="thumbimage" width="180" height="97" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Molla2.jpg&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhh8k5mYVWtywKW6iNaUTieW9OYR9Q" class="internal" title="Ayrıntı"><img src="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" width="15" height="11" /></a> </div> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mullah&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhn_TcM-Uo9-x4lcZC3NNtMrRJWAA" title="Molla">Mullahs</a> in the royal presence.</span> Kraliyet huzurunda <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mullah&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhn_TcM-Uo9-x4lcZC3NNtMrRJWAA" title="Molla">mollaların.</a></span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The painting style is markedly Qajari.</span> Resim tarzı belirgin Qajari olduğunu.</span> </div></div></div><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">During <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasser-al-Din_Shah&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhnmfBQUaL43m53HX24Uw4LDpapug" title="Nasır-al-Din Shah" class="mw-redirect">Nasser-e-Din Shah</a> 's reign, Western science, technology, and educational methods were introduced into Persia and the country's modernization was begun.</span> Sırasında <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasser-al-Din_Shah&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhnmfBQUaL43m53HX24Uw4LDpapug" title="Nasır-al-Din Shah" class="mw-redirect">Nasır-e-Din Şah</a> saltanatının, Batı bilim, teknoloji ve eğitim yöntemleri Pers içine ve uygulamaya konmuştur ülkenin modernleşme başladı var.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Nasser ed-Din Shah tried to exploit the mutual distrust between Great Britain and Russia to preserve Persia's independence, but foreign interference and territorial encroachment increased under his rule.</span> Nasır ed-Din Shah of Persia bağımsızlığını korumak için İngiltere ve Rusya arasındaki karşılıklı güvensizliği istismar çalıştı, ama yabancı girişim ve toprak ihlali onun yönetimi altında arttı.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">He contracted foreign loans to finance expensive trips to Europe.</span> O Avrupa pahalı geziler finansmanı için dış kredi anlaşmalı.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">These trips were part of a strategy to put Persia on the map as an independent, ancient but civilized state <sup class="noprint Template-Fact" title="Bu iddia Mayıs 2008 güvenilir kaynaklara ihtiyaç referanslar" style="white-space: nowrap;">[ <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjqwfWs5-QMb2gPV3Y0r4fBpY6U5A" title="Vikipedi: değiştir"><i>citation needed</i></a> ]</sup> .</span> Bu geziler bir antik ama uygar bağımsız bir devlet olarak harita üzerinde <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjqwfWs5-QMb2gPV3Y0r4fBpY6U5A" title="Vikipedi: değiştir"><i><sup class="noprint Template-Fact" title="Bu iddia Mayıs 2008 güvenilir kaynaklara ihtiyaç referanslar" style="white-space: nowrap;">gerekli [citation</sup></i></a> Persia koymak için bir stratejinin parçası <sup class="noprint Template-Fact" title="Bu iddia Mayıs 2008 güvenilir kaynaklara ihtiyaç referanslar" style="white-space: nowrap;">idi].</sup></span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Although the trips in this field were rather successful, he was not able to prevent <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhh4CEQdIqIfyhnd_seCDTKO1Dur9Q" title="Birleşik Krallık ve İrlanda">Britain</a> and Russia from encroaching into regions of traditional Persian influence.</span> Ancak bu alanda gezileri oldukça başarılı geleneksel Farsça etkisinin bölgeye tecavüz gelen <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhh4CEQdIqIfyhnd_seCDTKO1Dur9Q" title="Birleşik Krallık ve İrlanda">İngiltere</a> ve Rusya önlemek mümkün değil, o idi.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">In 1856, during the <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Persian_War&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhi7yuTXHNBJPq84-pqT0mm6WN8B0Q" title="Anglo-Farsça Savaşı">Anglo-Persian War</a> , Britain prevented Persia from reasserting control over <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herat&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgLWmPLsu39F_4i0j50_lsi6UwkYQ" title="Herat">Herat</a> .</span> 1856 yılında, sırasında <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Persian_War&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhi7yuTXHNBJPq84-pqT0mm6WN8B0Q" title="Anglo-Farsça Savaşı">Anglo-Farsça Savaşı,</a> İngiltere <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herat&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgLWmPLsu39F_4i0j50_lsi6UwkYQ" title="Herat">Herat</a> kontrol reasserting gelen Persia engelledi.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The city had been part of Persia in Safavid times, but Herat had been under non-Persian rule since the mid-18th century.</span> Şehir Safevi zamanlarda Persia parçası olmuştu, ama Herat olmayan altında bulunuyordu-Farsça kuralı 18. yüzyıl ortalarından beri.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Britain supported the city's incorporation into Afghanistan and, when the war ended in 1857, it was.</span> İngiltere Afganistan içine kentin birleşme desteklenen ve zaman savaş 1857 yılında sona erdi, öyleydi.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">In large part, Afghanistan was created by Britain in order to extend eastward the buffer between its Indian territories and Russia's expanding empire.</span> Amacıyla doğuya doğru olan Hint toprakları ve Rusya'nın genişleyen imparatorluk arasında tampon genişletmek için büyük bir kısmı, Afganistan İngiltere tarafından oluşturuldu.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Britain also extended its control to other areas of the <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_Gulf&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgFOPtFaCG0tj1bzx6U5ajtm6bDtA" title="Fars Körfezi">Persian Gulf</a> during the 19th century.</span> İngiltere ayrıca <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_Gulf&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgFOPtFaCG0tj1bzx6U5ajtm6bDtA" title="Fars Körfezi">Fars Körfezi</a> diğer alanlarına 19. yüzyıl boyunca kendi kontrolü genişletilmiş.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Meanwhile, by 1881, Russia had completed its conquest of present-day <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhh9S1-ORlnOKOxCyxWUR6YqS2564Q" title="Türkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a> and <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzbekistan&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhj-ILdEmIQVYXXxyo6SjUeH7CHwMQ" title="Özbekistan">Uzbekistan</a> , bringing Russia's frontier to Persia's northeastern borders and severing historic Persian ties to the cities of <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bukhara&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjQRkTRO7603akRTZuEeuaa6OsgtA" title="Buhara">Bukhara</a> and <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samarqand&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhHmU3Rdyg2hapoQwQ9VAr7v1txjA" title="Semerkand" class="mw-redirect">Samarqand</a> .</span> Bu arada, 1881 tarafından, Rusya bugünkü <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhh9S1-ORlnOKOxCyxWUR6YqS2564Q" title="Türkmenistan">Türkmenistan</a> ve <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzbekistan&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhj-ILdEmIQVYXXxyo6SjUeH7CHwMQ" title="Özbekistan">Özbekistan,</a> İran sınır's kuzeydoğu sınırları Rusya'nın getiren ve <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bukhara&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjQRkTRO7603akRTZuEeuaa6OsgtA" title="Buhara">Buhara</a> ve <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samarqand&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhHmU3Rdyg2hapoQwQ9VAr7v1txjA" title="Semerkand" class="mw-redirect">Semerkand</a> ve şehirlere tarihi Farsça bağları Severing ve onun fethi tamamlanmış oldu.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Several trade concessions by the Persian government put economic affairs largely under <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Britain&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiPJQSVSYt1w-atYDDM1h15Z9C1kQ" title="İngiltere">British</a> control.</span> Farsça hükümeti <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Britain&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiPJQSVSYt1w-atYDDM1h15Z9C1kQ" title="İngiltere">İngiliz</a> kontrolü altında büyük ölçüde ekonomik işlerden koymak tarafından çeşitli ticaret imtiyazları.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">By the late 19th century, many Persians believed that their rulers were beholden to foreign interests.</span> 19. yüzyılda, birçok Persler kendi yöneticiler yabancı çıkarlarına borçlu olduğuna inanıyordu.</span> </p><div class="thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width: 182px;"> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:A_Zoroastrian_Family_Teheran_1910.JPG&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhimrHhs0pOZYrCvYOJXAd-ECLkAXA" class="image" title="Kaçar İran'da Zerdüşt bir aile"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e3/A_Zoroastrian_Family_Teheran_1910.JPG/180px-A_Zoroastrian_Family_Teheran_1910.JPG" class="thumbimage" width="180" height="132" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:A_Zoroastrian_Family_Teheran_1910.JPG&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhimrHhs0pOZYrCvYOJXAd-ECLkAXA" class="internal" title="Ayrıntı"><img src="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" width="15" height="11" /></a> </div> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">A <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoroastrianism&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhjFcu8pz4snyHGglpNqZQFVgz6eg" title="Zerdüştçülük">Zoroastrian</a> family in Qajar Iran</span> Kaçar İran'da bir <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoroastrianism&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhjFcu8pz4snyHGglpNqZQFVgz6eg" title="Zerdüştçülük">Zerdüşt</a> aile</span> </div></div></div><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirza_Taghi_Khan_Amir_Kabir&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgyRQ4mdXkDDN04TJwcANCduPq3JA" title="Mirza Taghi Karaca, Amir Kabir" class="mw-redirect">Mirza Taghi Khan Amir Kabir</a> , was the young prince Nasser-e-Din's advisor and constable.</span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirza_Taghi_Khan_Amir_Kabir&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgyRQ4mdXkDDN04TJwcANCduPq3JA" title="Mirza Taghi Karaca, Amir Kabir" class="mw-redirect">Mirza Taghi Karaca, Amir Kabir,</a> genç prens Nasır oldu-e-Din danışmanı ve Constable.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">With the death of Mohammad Shah in 1848, Mirza Taqi was largely responsible for ensuring the crown prince's succession to the throne.</span> 1848 yılında Muhammed Şah'ın ölümünden sonra, Mirza Taqi büyük ölçüde tahtının veliahtı's arkaya sağlamaktan sorumlu olmuştur.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">When Nasser ed-Din succeeded to the throne, Amir Nezam was awarded the position of prime minister and the title of <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amir_Kabir&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhj22rZ9i2nNgvpqZufzbuVnndPfkg" title="Amir Kabir">Amir Kabir</a> , the Great Ruler.</span> Zaman Nasır ed-Din tahta başarılı Amir Nezam ve <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amir_Kabir&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhj22rZ9i2nNgvpqZufzbuVnndPfkg" title="Amir Kabir">Amir Kabir,</a> Büyük Cetvel başlığını başbakanlık pozisyonu verildi.</span> </p><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">At that time, Persia was nearly bankrupt.</span> O zamanlar neredeyse iflas, İran oldu.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">During the next two and a half years <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amir_Kabir&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhj22rZ9i2nNgvpqZufzbuVnndPfkg" title="Amir Kabir">Amir Kabir</a> initiated important reforms in virtually all sectors of society.</span> Sonraki iki buçuk yıl <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amir_Kabir&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhj22rZ9i2nNgvpqZufzbuVnndPfkg" title="Amir Kabir">Amir Kabir</a> toplumun hemen hemen tüm sektörlerinde önemli reformlar başlattı sırasında.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Government expenditure was slashed, and a distinction was made between the private and public purses.</span> Hükümet harcamaları ve indirim yaptı bir ayrım özel ve kamu cüzdanlar arasında yapıldı.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The instruments of central administration were overhauled, and Amir Kabir assumed responsibility for all areas of the bureaucracy.</span> Merkezi yönetim araçları ve elden edildi Amir Kabir bürokrasinin tüm alanlarında sorumluluk üstlendi.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Foreign interference in Persia's domestic affairs was curtailed, and foreign trade was encouraged.</span> Persia içişlerine yabancı girişim ve kısıtlandığını dış ticaret teşvik edildi.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Public works such as the bazaar in Tehran were undertaken. <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amir_Kabir&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhj22rZ9i2nNgvpqZufzbuVnndPfkg" title="Amir Kabir">Amir Kabir</a> issued an edict banning ornate and excessively formal writing in government documents; the beginning of a modern Persian prose style dates from this time.</span> Kamu Tahran'da çarşı gibi. <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amir_Kabir&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhj22rZ9i2nNgvpqZufzbuVnndPfkg" title="Amir Kabir">Amir Kabir</a> yapılmıştır bir ferman hükümet belgeleri ve aşırı resmi süslü yazılı yasaklayan çıkarılan eserler, bu kez modern Farsça düzyazı tarzı tarihleri başında.</span> </p><div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width: 182px;"> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1800_19th_Street_NW.JPG&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhS6fGVn2t4OYEkryWEXH22HnDAlA" class="image" title="Eski Farsça Legation Washington D.C. içinde"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/1800_19th_Street_NW.JPG/180px-1800_19th_Street_NW.JPG" class="thumbimage" width="180" height="124" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1800_19th_Street_NW.JPG&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhS6fGVn2t4OYEkryWEXH22HnDAlA" class="internal" title="Ayrıntı"><img src="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" width="15" height="11" /></a> </div> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">A former Persian <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legation&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhi5FdYwR35p-Yz0YdDnWWtIjGl6Hg" title="Elçilik">Legation</a> in <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C.&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhj5Od6lc5D7i3WwCbpFVtrhkO-tOA" title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, DC</a></span> Eski Farsça <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legation&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhi5FdYwR35p-Yz0YdDnWWtIjGl6Hg" title="Elçilik">Legation</a> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C.&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhj5Od6lc5D7i3WwCbpFVtrhkO-tOA" title="Washington, D.C.">Washington DC</a> de</span> </div></div></div><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">One of the greatest achievements of Amir Kabir was the building of <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dar_ol_Fonoon&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhNPqL40B-vMNlGjF480qzQQGytpw" title="Dar ol Fonoon" class="mw-redirect">Dar ol Fonoon</a> , the first modern university in Persia and the Middle East.</span> Bir Amir Kabir en büyük başarılarının <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dar_ol_Fonoon&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhNPqL40B-vMNlGjF480qzQQGytpw" title="Dar ol Fonoon" class="mw-redirect">Dar ol Fonoon,</a> İran'da ilk modern üniversite ve Orta Doğu ile inşa edilmiştir.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Dar-ol-Fonoon was established for training a new cadre of administrators and acquainting them with Western techniques.</span> Dar-ol-Fonoon yöneticilerinin yeni bir kadro eğitim ve Batı teknikleri ile onları BH'li için kurulmuştur.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Amir Kabir ordered the school to be built on the edge of the city so it could be expanded as needed.</span> Amir Kabir o kadar gerekli genişletilebilir okul şehrin kıyısında inşa edilecek emretti.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">He hired French and Russian instructors as well as Persians to teach subjects as different as Language, Medicine, Law, Geography, History, Economics, and Engineering.</span> O da Persler gibi konuları öğretmek için öğretmenleri Fransızca ve Rusça kiralık Dil, Tıp, Hukuk, Coğrafya, Tarih, İktisat olarak, farklı ve Mühendislik.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Unfortunately, Amir Kabir did not live long enough to see his greatest monument completed, but it still stands in Tehran as a sign of a great man's ideas for the future of his country.</span> Ne yazık ki, Amir Kabir uzun onun en büyük anıt tamamlandı görecek kadar canlı değildi, ama yine de Tahran'da ülkesinin geleceği için büyük bir adam fikirlerini bir işareti olarak duruyor.</span> </p><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">These reforms antagonized various notables who had been excluded from the government.</span> Bu reformlar yapan hükümet dahil edilmiş çeşitli seçkinler antagonize.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">They regarded the <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amir_Kabir&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhj22rZ9i2nNgvpqZufzbuVnndPfkg" title="Amir Kabir">Amir Kabir</a> as a social upstart and a threat to their interests, and they formed a coalition against him, in which the queen mother was active.</span> Onlar bir sosyal sonradan görme ve onların çıkarları için bir tehdit olarak <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amir_Kabir&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhj22rZ9i2nNgvpqZufzbuVnndPfkg" title="Amir Kabir">Amir Kabir</a> bakmak ve ona karşı bir koalisyon olan kraliçe aktif olarak kurdu.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">She convinced the young shah that <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amir_Kabir&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhj22rZ9i2nNgvpqZufzbuVnndPfkg" title="Amir Kabir">Amir Kabir</a> wanted to usurp the throne.</span> O <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amir_Kabir&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhj22rZ9i2nNgvpqZufzbuVnndPfkg" title="Amir Kabir">Amir Kabir</a> tahtı ele geçirmektir istiyordu genç şah ikna etti.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">In October 1851 the shah dismissed him and exiled him to <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashan&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgXtAG24f7cq0BXqVGZXGKM8CO0fg" title="Keşan">Kashan</a> , where he was murdered on the shah's orders.</span> Ekim 1851 yılında Şah ve onu görevden <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashan&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgXtAG24f7cq0BXqVGZXGKM8CO0fg" title="Keşan">Keşan,</a> burada Şah'ın emriyle öldürüldü onu sürgüne.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Through his marriage to Ezzat od-Doleh, Amir Kabir had been the brother-in-law of the shah.</span> Evlendikten Through od Ezzat için Doleh Amir Kabir-in-Şah hukuku kardeşi olmuştu.</span> </p><p><a name="Constitutional_Revolution" id="Constitutional_Revolution"></a></p><h2> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span class="editsection">[ <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DQajar_dynasty%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D5&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhibvDni14fV4FHBAdiLFeGtD7lVZg" title="Değiştir bölüm: Anayasa Devrimi">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Constitutional Revolution</span></span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DQajar_dynasty%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D5&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhibvDni14fV4FHBAdiLFeGtD7lVZg" title="Değiştir bölüm: Anayasa Devrimi"><span class="editsection">[Değiştir]</span></a> <span class="mw-headline">Anayasa Devrimi</span></span> </h2><div class="thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width: 252px;"> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Map_Iran_1900-en.png&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiPwN5F7zkXnn-FRBV311oggbr7mg" class="image" title="Persia 19. ve 20. yüzyıllarda."><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Map_Iran_1900-en.png/250px-Map_Iran_1900-en.png" class="thumbimage" width="250" height="208" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Map_Iran_1900-en.png&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiPwN5F7zkXnn-FRBV311oggbr7mg" class="internal" title="Ayrıntı"><img src="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" width="15" height="11" /></a> </div> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Persia in 19th and 20th centuries.</span> Persia 19. ve 20. yüzyıllarda.</span> </div></div></div><div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width: 282px;"> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Yek_toman_qajar.jpg&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgNN-5COcCT5SRSeH3N-VNpkAjuYw" class="image" title="Kaçar dönemi kambiyo senedi Nasser al-Din bir tasviri Şah featuring."><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/eb/Yek_toman_qajar.jpg/280px-Yek_toman_qajar.jpg" class="thumbimage" width="280" height="149" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Yek_toman_qajar.jpg&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgNN-5COcCT5SRSeH3N-VNpkAjuYw" class="internal" title="Ayrıntı"><img src="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" width="15" height="11" /></a> </div> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Qajar-era currency bill featuring a depiction of <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasser_al-Din_Shah_Qajar&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiiCzYTqoZem93Y0OJgcC3tuISACw" title="Nasser Al-Din Şah" class="mw-redirect">Nasser al-Din Shah Qajar</a> .</span> Kaçar dönemi kambiyo senedi <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasser_al-Din_Shah_Qajar&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiiCzYTqoZem93Y0OJgcC3tuISACw" title="Nasser Al-Din Şah" class="mw-redirect">Nasser al</a> bir <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasser_al-Din_Shah_Qajar&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiiCzYTqoZem93Y0OJgcC3tuISACw" title="Nasser Al-Din Şah" class="mw-redirect">tasviri-Din Şah</a> featuring.</span> </div></div></div><div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Main article: <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_Constitutional_Revolution&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhbZjYCSxAt8-QtsrTfd3S2mFjXJQ" title="İran Anayasa Devrimi">Iranian Constitutional Revolution</a></span> Ana madde: <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_Constitutional_Revolution&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhbZjYCSxAt8-QtsrTfd3S2mFjXJQ" title="İran Anayasa Devrimi">İran Anayasa Devrimi</a></span> </div><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">When <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasser_al-Din_Shah_Qajar&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiiCzYTqoZem93Y0OJgcC3tuISACw" title="Nasser Al-Din Şah" class="mw-redirect">Nasser al-Din Shah Qajar</a> was assassinated by <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirza_Reza_Kermani&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiAfkvZZQymPZwzFeQED87Eln6RJA" title="Mirza Rıza Kermani">Mirza Reza Kermani</a> in 1896, the crown passed to his son <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozzafar-al-Din_Shah&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhghA6D4I0q23rMS4rUXSVgex-pn_w" title="Mozzafar-al-Din Shah" class="mw-redirect">Mozaffar-e-din</a> .</span> Zaman <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasser_al-Din_Shah_Qajar&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiiCzYTqoZem93Y0OJgcC3tuISACw" title="Nasser Al-Din Şah" class="mw-redirect">Nasser al-Din Şah</a> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirza_Reza_Kermani&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiAfkvZZQymPZwzFeQED87Eln6RJA" title="Mirza Rıza Kermani">Mirza Rıza Kermani</a> tarafından 1896 yılında öldürüldü, taç oğlu <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozzafar-al-Din_Shah&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhghA6D4I0q23rMS4rUXSVgex-pn_w" title="Mozzafar-al-Din Shah" class="mw-redirect">Mozaffar geçti-e-din.</a></span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Mozaffar-e-din Shah was a moderate and kind, but also not a very effective ruler.</span> Mozaffar-e-din Şah ılımlı ve nazik, değil aynı zamanda çok etkili bir hükümdarı.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Royal extravagance and the absence of incoming revenues exacerbated financial problems.</span> Royal savurganlık ve gelen gelirlerinin olmaması mali sorunları artırdı.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The shah quickly spent two large loans from Russia, partly on trips to Europe.</span> Şah hızla Rusya, Avrupa geziler kısmen iki büyük kredi geçirdi.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Public anger fed on the shah's propensity for granting concessions to Europeans in return for generous payments to him and his officials.</span> Kamu öfke Şah'ın eğilimi üzerine Avrupalılar onu ve onun yetkililerine cömert ödemeler karşılığında taviz verilmesi için beslenir.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">People began to demand a curb on royal authority and the establishment of the rule of law as their concern over foreign, and especially Russian, influence grew.</span> İnsanlar kraliyet otoritesi bir frenlemek ve yabancı üzerindeki kaygıları olduğu hukukun üstünlüğü kurulmasını talep ve özellikle Rusya başladı etkisi büyüdü.</span> </p><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The shah's failure to respond to protests by the religious establishment, the merchants, and other classes led the merchants and clerical leaders in January 1906 to take sanctuary from probable arrest in mosques in Tehran and outside the capital.</span> Şah başarısız protestoları dini kuruluş, tüccarlar tarafından tepki ve diğer sınıflar Ocak 1906 Tahran'da cami olası tutuklama ve sermaye dışarıdan sığınmak için tüccar ve dini liderler yol açtı.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">When the shah reneged on a promise to permit the establishment of a "house of justice", or consultative assembly, 10,000 people, led by the merchants, took sanctuary in June in the compound of the British legation in Tehran.</span> Zaman Şah adalet bir "ev" nin kurulması veya danışma meclisi, 10.000 kişi, tüccarlar önderliğinde, Haziran ayında Tahran'daki İngiliz elçilik ve karışımın kutsal aldı izin verecek bir sözü reneged.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">In August the shah, through the issue of a decree promised a constitution.</span> Ağustos bir kararnamenin sorunu ile Şah olarak, bir anayasa sözü verdi.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">In October an elected assembly convened and drew up a constitution that provided for strict limitations on royal power, an elected parliament, or <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majlis&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhKQNei141xO1ZybP0U9zpxAsHX3Q" title="Meclis">Majlis</a> , with wide powers to represent the people, and a government with a cabinet subject to confirmation by the Majles.</span> Ekim ayında seçilmiş bir meclis toplandı ve bir anayasaya göre kraliyet güç katı sınırlamalar, seçilmiş bir parlamento, ya da <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majlis&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhKQNei141xO1ZybP0U9zpxAsHX3Q" title="Meclis">Meclis</a> için sağlanan hazırladı, geniş yetkilere sahip insanları temsil etmek ve bir hükümet tarafından onay Majles bir kabine konu ile.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The shah signed the constitution on <span class="mw-formatted-date" title="1906/12/30"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/December_30&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiwVBoBXS7cU2Jl-mlogGKUfqqiOA" title="Aralık 30"><span class="mw-formatted-date" title="12-30">December 30</span></a> , <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1906&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhSI5uIqctEvsrc5sSdtHKc4QwJng" title="1.906">1906</a></span> , but refusing to forfeit all of his power to the Majles, attached a caveat that made his signature on all laws required for their enactment.</span> Şah <span class="mw-formatted-date" title="1906/12/30"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/December_30&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiwVBoBXS7cU2Jl-mlogGKUfqqiOA" title="Aralık 30"><span class="mw-formatted-date" title="12-30">Aralık 30,</span></a> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1906&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhSI5uIqctEvsrc5sSdtHKc4QwJng" title="1.906">1906</a></span> tarihinde, anayasayı imzaladı ama Majles için bütün gücü kaybetmek reddederek, tüm yasaları kendi yürürlüğe girmesi için gerekli imza yapılmış bir ihtar bağlı.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">He died five days later.</span> Beş gün sonra öldü.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The Supplementary Fundamental Laws approved in 1907 provided, within limits, for freedom of press, speech, and association, and for security of life and property.</span> Tamamlayıcı Temel Kanunları 1907 yılında sağladığı sınırlar içinde onaylanan, basın, ifade özgürlüğü, ve dernek ve can ve mal güvenliği için.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The Constitutional Revolution marked the end of the medieval period in Persia.</span> Anayasa Devrimi İran'daki Ortaçağ döneminin sonunu.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The hopes for constitutional rule were not realized, however.</span> Anayasal kural için umut Ancak fark değildi.</span> </p><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Mozaffar-e-din Shah's son <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammad_Ali_Shah&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiUsFri2h1ddfUMQqnRlV8fRj5ldg" title="Muhammed Ali Şah" class="mw-redirect">Mohammad Ali Shah</a> (reigned 1907-09), who, through his mother, was also the grandson of Prime-Minister Amir Kabir (see before), with the aid of Russia, attempted to rescind the constitution and abolish parliamentary government.</span> Mozaffar-e-din Şah'ın oğlu <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammad_Ali_Shah&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiUsFri2h1ddfUMQqnRlV8fRj5ldg" title="Muhammed Ali Şah" class="mw-redirect">Muhammed Ali Şah</a> (), kim, annesi ile de Başbakan ve torunu-Bakanı Amir Kabir idi (daha önce) bakın, Rusya'nın yardımıyla, 1.907-09 hüküm anayasa ve kaldırmaya çalıştı kaldıracağını parlamenter hükümet.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">After several disputes with the members of the Majlis, in June 1908 he used his Russian-officered <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_Cossack_Brigade&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhib0jfljLkKu5L317oAiz0IPHsRCQ" title="Farsça Kazak Tugayı">Persian Cossacks Brigade</a> to bomb the Majlis building, arrest many of the deputies, and close down the assembly.</span> Meclis üyeleri ile çeşitli anlaşmazlıklar, Haziran 1908 yılında sonra o Meclis binası bomba için tutuklama milletvekillerinin, birçok Rus-officered <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_Cossack_Brigade&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhib0jfljLkKu5L317oAiz0IPHsRCQ" title="Farsça Kazak Tugayı">Farsça Kazak Tugayı</a> kullanılan ve montaj kapatma.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Resistance to the shah, however, coalesced in <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabriz&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgCCE5UlaGz9TVcwxmDv7ay9om3SQ" title="Tebriz">Tabriz</a> , <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isfahan_%28city%29&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhjMy3ims2L2xDtmemzEyvGa_EH4A" title="İsfahan (şehir)" class="mw-redirect">Isfahan</a> , <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rasht&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhWYDIeuuD9ulmln6fcGfoUulDBUg" title="Rasht">Rasht</a> , and elsewhere.</span> Şah Direnci Ancak, <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabriz&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgCCE5UlaGz9TVcwxmDv7ay9om3SQ" title="Tebriz">Tebriz,</a> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isfahan_%28city%29&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhjMy3ims2L2xDtmemzEyvGa_EH4A" title="İsfahan (şehir)" class="mw-redirect">İsfahan,</a> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rasht&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhWYDIeuuD9ulmln6fcGfoUulDBUg" title="Rasht">Rasht,</a> ve diğer yerlerde de birleşti.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">In July 1909, constitutional forces marched from Rasht and Isfahan to Tehran, deposed the shah, and re-established the constitution.</span> Temmuz 1909 yılında, anayasal kuvvetler Rasht İsfahan ve Tahran, Şah Devrik kadar, yürüdü ve yeniden anayasa kurdu.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The ex-shah went into exile in Russia.</span> Eski Rusya Şah sürgüne gitti.</span> </p><p><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Although the constitutional forces had triumphed, they faced serious difficulties.</span> Her ne kadar anayasal kuvvetler vardı zafer, onlar ciddi zorluklarla karşı karşıya.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The upheavals of the Constitutional Revolution and civil war had undermined stability and trade.</span> Anayasa Devrimi ayaklanmalar ve iç savaş istikrar ve ticaret zarar vardı.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">In addition, the ex-shah, with Russian support, attempted to regain his throne, landing troops in July 1910.</span> Ayrıca, Rus desteği ile eski Şah, Temmuz 1910'da tahtını, açılış asker yeniden denedi.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Most serious of all, the hope that the Constitutional Revolution would inaugurate a new era of independence from the great powers ended when, under the <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Russian_Entente&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhge3QSAbDK5E_0thw19P2tlIPbJvw" title="Anglo-Rus İtilaf">Anglo-Russian Agreement of 1907</a> , Britain and Russia agreed to divide Persia into spheres of influence.</span> En önemlisi de umut Anayasa Devrimi'nin büyük güçlerin sona erdi zaman altında <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Russian_Entente&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhge3QSAbDK5E_0thw19P2tlIPbJvw" title="Anglo-Rus İtilaf">İngiliz-Rus Anlaşması 1.907,</a> İngiltere ve Rusya <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Russian_Entente&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhge3QSAbDK5E_0thw19P2tlIPbJvw" title="Anglo-Rus İtilaf">ile</a> etki alanlarını içine Persia bölmek için kabul bağımsızlık yeni bir dönem başlatıyoruz Ciddi.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The Russians were to enjoy exclusive right to pursue their interests in the northern sphere, the British in the south and east; both powers would be free to compete for economic and political advantage in a neutral sphere in the center.</span> Ruslar hakkının kuzey alanda kendi ilgi alanlarına yönelme zevk olsaydı, İngiliz güney ve doğusunda; hem güçlerin ekonomik ve siyasi avantaj için merkezi bir tarafsız alanda rekabet edebilmek için ücretsiz olacaktır.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Matters came to a head when <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morgan_Shuster&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjfDVyL6_Esh_ySji6bSREQ-F1b0A" title="Morgan Shuster" class="mw-redirect">Morgan Shuster</a> (also spelled Schuster), a United States administrator hired as treasurer general by the Persian government to reform its finances, sought to collect taxes from powerful officials who were Russian protégés and to send members of the treasury gendarmerie, a tax department police force, into the Russian zone.</span> Konularda bir kafa zaman <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morgan_Shuster&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjfDVyL6_Esh_ySji6bSREQ-F1b0A" title="Morgan Shuster" class="mw-redirect">Morgan Shuster</a> (ayrıca Schuster yazıldığından için), bir Amerika Birleşik Devletleri yönetici genel saymanı olarak Farsça hükümet tarafından kendi mali reform olan Rus öğrencilerinin olduğunu ve hazine jandarma üyeleri göndermek için güçlü yetkilileri vergi toplamak için aranan işe geldi , bir vergi departmanı polis gücü, Rusya bölgesine.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">When in December 1911 the Majlis unanimously refused a Russian ultimatum demanding Shuster's dismissal, Russian troops, already in the country, moved to occupy the capital.</span> Zaman Aralık 1911 yılında Meclis oybirliğiyle, ülkenin zaten, bir Rus ültimatom Shuster görevden alınmasını, Rus askerlerinin talep reddedildi başkenti işgal taşındı.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">To prevent this, on <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/December_20&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhimn4ceRSOWNeFtza19LJotSg_JJA" title="Aralık 20"><span class="mw-formatted-date" title="12-20">December 20</span></a> Bakhtiari chiefs and their troops surrounded the Majles building, forced acceptance of the Russian ultimatum, and shut down the assembly, once again suspending the constitution.</span> , <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/December_20&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhimn4ceRSOWNeFtza19LJotSg_JJA" title="Aralık 20"><span class="mw-formatted-date" title="12-20">Aralık</span></a> tarihinde, <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/December_20&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhimn4ceRSOWNeFtza19LJotSg_JJA" title="Aralık 20"><span class="mw-formatted-date" title="12-20">20</span></a> Bahtiyari şefleri ve asker Majles bina çevrili, Rus ültimatom kabul zorla Bunu önlemek için ve montaj kapatılması, bir kez daha anayasayı askıya.</span> </p><p><a name="Fall_of_the_dynasty" id="Fall_of_the_dynasty"></a></p><h2> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span class="editsection">[ <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DQajar_dynasty%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D6&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjk41mDNlK4wYUZpbSe6p6Qul1xLA" title="Değiştir bölüm: hanedanı Güz">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Fall of the dynasty</span></span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DQajar_dynasty%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D6&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjk41mDNlK4wYUZpbSe6p6Qul1xLA" title="Değiştir bölüm: hanedanı Güz"><span class="editsection">[Değiştir]</span></a> <span class="mw-headline">hanedanı Güz</span></span> </h2><div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width: 172px;"> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%25D8%25B4%25D8%25A7%25D9%2587%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586_%25D9%2582%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AC%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B1.JPG&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhitdmdcNVwTx1z4eAl46HYbVKDp6A" class="image" title="Kaçar Shahs"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B1.JPG/170px-%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B1.JPG" class="thumbimage" width="170" height="453" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%25D8%25B4%25D8%25A7%25D9%2587%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586_%25D9%2582%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AC%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B1.JPG&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhitdmdcNVwTx1z4eAl46HYbVKDp6A" class="internal" title="Ayrıntı"><img src="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" width="15" height="11" /></a> </div> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Qajar Shahs</span> Kaçar Shahs</span> </div></div></div><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_Shah_Qajar&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjFuzTfiyGbEPa4YwJid-cyBoYLFw" title="Ahmet Şah Kaçar">Soltan Ahmad Shah</a> was born <span class="mw-formatted-date" title="1898/01/21"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/January_21&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjzDWdNHuWJQ_Ggcy5gFH_3_DmriQ" title="Ocak 21">21 January</a> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1898&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjAjMOV8dqXNPeYFAY92AuBMzfATg" title="1.898">1898</a></span> in <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabriz&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgCCE5UlaGz9TVcwxmDv7ay9om3SQ" title="Tebriz">Tabriz</a> , and succeeded to the throne at age 11.</span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_Shah_Qajar&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjFuzTfiyGbEPa4YwJid-cyBoYLFw" title="Ahmet Şah Kaçar">Soltan Ahmet Şah</a> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabriz&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgCCE5UlaGz9TVcwxmDv7ay9om3SQ" title="Tebriz">Tebriz</a> de, <span class="mw-formatted-date" title="1898/01/21"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/January_21&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjzDWdNHuWJQ_Ggcy5gFH_3_DmriQ" title="Ocak 21">Ocak 21</a> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1898&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjAjMOV8dqXNPeYFAY92AuBMzfATg" title="1.898">1898</a></span> doğduğu ve tahta yaş 11 olarak başarılı.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">However, the occupation of Persia during <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiZIGR5WoCLu7W1di4_n8LPSiApJw" title="Dünya Savaşı">World War I</a> by <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Empire&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhihvh06-8IAqb_swHBax4woMrQeOA" title="Rusya İmparatorluğu">Russian</a> , British, and <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjj7kj4WCPIGWYvBAkNxrAqK0WTqg" title="Osmanlı İmparatorluğu">Ottoman</a> troops was a blow from which Ahmad Shah never effectively recovered.</span> Ancak, <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Empire&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhihvh06-8IAqb_swHBax4woMrQeOA" title="Rusya İmparatorluğu">Rus,</a> İngiliz ve <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjj7kj4WCPIGWYvBAkNxrAqK0WTqg" title="Osmanlı İmparatorluğu">Osmanlı</a> askerleri tarafından <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiZIGR5WoCLu7W1di4_n8LPSiApJw" title="Dünya Savaşı">Dünya Savaşı</a> sırasında Persia işgal hangi Ahmet Şah etkili kurtarıldı asla bir darbe oldu.</span> </p><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">In February 1921, <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reza_Shah&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgnpMavoBcBwgVSKNvmjMiu2_ylCw" title="Rıza Şah">Reza Khan</a> , commander of the <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_Cossack_Brigade&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhib0jfljLkKu5L317oAiz0IPHsRCQ" title="Farsça Kazak Tugayı">Persian Cossack Brigade</a> , staged a <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coup_d%27%25C3%25A9tat&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhub5qGhbIcouDVNr5gGKj7n9m_sQ" title="Darbe">coup d'état</a> , becoming the effective ruler of Iran.</span> Şubat 1921'de, <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reza_Shah&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgnpMavoBcBwgVSKNvmjMiu2_ylCw" title="Rıza Şah">Rıza Han,</a> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_Cossack_Brigade&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhib0jfljLkKu5L317oAiz0IPHsRCQ" title="Farsça Kazak Tugayı">Farsça Kazak Tugayı</a> komutanı, İran hükümdarı etkili olma bir <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coup_d%27%25C3%25A9tat&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhub5qGhbIcouDVNr5gGKj7n9m_sQ" title="Darbe">darbe</a> düzenlediler.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">In 1923, Ahmad Shah went into exile in Europe.</span> 1923 yılında Ahmed Şah Avrupa sürgüne gitti.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Reza Khan induced the <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majlis&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhKQNei141xO1ZybP0U9zpxAsHX3Q" title="Meclis">Majlis</a> to depose Ahmed Shah in October 1925, and to exclude the Qajar dynasty permanently.</span> Rıza Han'ın Ekim 1925 Ahmed Şah tahttan indirmek ve <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majlis&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhKQNei141xO1ZybP0U9zpxAsHX3Q" title="Meclis">Meclis</a> indüklenen kalıcı Kaçar Hanedanı dışlamak için.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Reza Khan was subsequently proclaimed Shah as <i>Reza Shah Pahlavi</i> , reigning from 1925 to 1941,</span> Rıza Han'ın sonradan <i>Rıza Şah Pehlevi</i> gibi, 1925 den 1941 için hükümdarlık, Şah ilan edildi</span> </p><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Ahmad Shah died on <span class="mw-formatted-date" title="1930/02/21"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/February_21&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgQ_RsRgikkem0I10X8VBj_jBQnFA" title="Şubat 21">21 February</a> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1930&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhh15ek3UAswTC2FCsp9w3O0XhdA4g" title="1.930">1930</a></span> in Neuilly-sur-Seine, <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhinMPVCxoGfxA6ctU3xa0HwNJ6MKw" title="Fransa">France</a> .</span> Ahmet Şah <span class="mw-formatted-date" title="1930/02/21"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/February_21&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgQ_RsRgikkem0I10X8VBj_jBQnFA" title="Şubat 21">Şubat 21</a> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1930&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhh15ek3UAswTC2FCsp9w3O0XhdA4g" title="1.930">1930</a></span> tarihinde Neuilly yılında öldü-sur-Seine, <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhinMPVCxoGfxA6ctU3xa0HwNJ6MKw" title="Fransa">Fransa.</a></span> </p><p><a name="Shahs_of_Persia.2C_1794-1925" id="Shahs_of_Persia.2C_1794-1925"></a></p><h2> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span class="editsection">[ <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DQajar_dynasty%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D7&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgN1npZoM7a6yGXV0h9NPjnLJNh6A" title="Değiştir bölüm: Shahs Pers, 1794-1925 ve">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Shahs of Persia, 1794-1925</span></span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DQajar_dynasty%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D7&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgN1npZoM7a6yGXV0h9NPjnLJNh6A" title="Değiştir bölüm: Shahs Pers, 1794-1925 ve"><span class="editsection">[Değiştir]</span></a> <span class="mw-headline">Shahs Pers, 1794-1925 ve</span></span> </h2><ul><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agha_Mohammad_Khan_Qajar&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjokFa1cCgS9-BYzQhbeWttiiffIw" title="Ağa Muhammed Han Kaçar" class="mw-redirect">Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar</a> (1794-1797)</span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agha_Mohammad_Khan_Qajar&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjokFa1cCgS9-BYzQhbeWttiiffIw" title="Ağa Muhammed Han Kaçar" class="mw-redirect">Ağa Muhammed Han Kaçar</a> (1794-1797)</span> </li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fath_Ali_Shah&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgZfHoAUFm1m_yh7swdnGHesZq7wA" title="Fath Ali Şah" class="mw-redirect">Fath Ali Shah</a> (1797-1834)</span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fath_Ali_Shah&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgZfHoAUFm1m_yh7swdnGHesZq7wA" title="Fath Ali Şah" class="mw-redirect">Fath Ali Şah</a> (1797-1834)</span> <ul><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DAdel_Ali_Shah%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhLfnR59a-NwrK1KUDIovuiYM5AZg" class="new" title="Yok Adel Ali Şah (sayfa)">Adel Ali Shah</a> ( <span class="mw-formatted-date" title="1834/11/16"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/November_16&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiaQg1KJPgi6VJ3kwTpPP3w6783sg" title="Kasım 16"><span class="mw-formatted-date" title="11-16">November 16</span></a> , <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1834&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhi9jP4n76Hg2TPQucWPi9RDNMSeLA" title="1.834">1834</a></span> - <span class="mw-formatted-date" title="1834/12/16"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/December_16&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgIoZfQD5igFz5Wpgmii8X2pczkbg" title="Aralık 16"><span class="mw-formatted-date" title="12-16">December 16</span></a> , <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1834&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhi9jP4n76Hg2TPQucWPi9RDNMSeLA" title="1.834">1834</a></span> ); Ruled in <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tehran&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhir5uwRlM1eBFAqsNT_OegL1ChjJg" title="Tehran">Tehran</a> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qajar_dynasty&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjJrFCep2XKTx3720gwOc33VtQQ4A#cite_note-15"><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><span>[</span> 16 <span>]</span></sup></a></span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DAdel_Ali_Shah%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhLfnR59a-NwrK1KUDIovuiYM5AZg" class="new" title="Yok Adel Ali Şah (sayfa)">Adel Ali Şah</a> <span class="mw-formatted-date" title="1834/11/16"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/November_16&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiaQg1KJPgi6VJ3kwTpPP3w6783sg" title="Kasım 16"><span class="mw-formatted-date" title="11-16">(Kasım 16,</span></a> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1834&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhi9jP4n76Hg2TPQucWPi9RDNMSeLA" title="1.834">1834</a></span> - <span class="mw-formatted-date" title="1834/12/16"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/December_16&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgIoZfQD5igFz5Wpgmii8X2pczkbg" title="Aralık 16"><span class="mw-formatted-date" title="12-16">Aralık 16,</span></a> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1834&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhi9jP4n76Hg2TPQucWPi9RDNMSeLA" title="1.834">1834);</a></span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tehran&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhir5uwRlM1eBFAqsNT_OegL1ChjJg" title="Tehran">Tahran</a> hüküm sürmüş <span><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qajar_dynasty&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjJrFCep2XKTx3720gwOc33VtQQ4A#cite_note-15"><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference">[16]</sup></a></span></span> </li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DHossein_Ali_Shah%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjjWFRAGmhh6LDoumPZYTadIJDnMQ" class="new" title="Yok Hossein Ali Şah (sayfa)">Hossein Ali Shah</a> ( <span class="mw-formatted-date" title="1834/12/05"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/December_5&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhgpGIcqa6Q06RlcS9AAEcq9IOdkQ" title="Aralık 5"><span class="mw-formatted-date" title="12-05">December 5</span></a> , <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1834&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhi9jP4n76Hg2TPQucWPi9RDNMSeLA" title="1.834">1834</a></span> -April 1835); Ruled in <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiraz&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhusH8rueby_y21caRPcbaa8NhO9w" title="Şiraz">Shiraz</a> , <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fars_Province&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjbqB9fPPX8rPuWf0mGXqJ_xTKiGg" title="Fars Eyaleti">Fars</a> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qajar_dynasty&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjJrFCep2XKTx3720gwOc33VtQQ4A#cite_note-16"><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><span>[</span> 17 <span>]</span></sup></a></span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DHossein_Ali_Shah%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjjWFRAGmhh6LDoumPZYTadIJDnMQ" class="new" title="Yok Hossein Ali Şah (sayfa)">Hossein Ali Şah</a> <span class="mw-formatted-date" title="1834/12/05"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/December_5&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhgpGIcqa6Q06RlcS9AAEcq9IOdkQ" title="Aralık 5"><span class="mw-formatted-date" title="12-05">(Aralık 5,</span></a> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1834&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhi9jP4n76Hg2TPQucWPi9RDNMSeLA" title="1.834">1834-Nisan</a></span> 1835); <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiraz&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhusH8rueby_y21caRPcbaa8NhO9w" title="Şiraz">Şiraz,</a> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fars_Province&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjbqB9fPPX8rPuWf0mGXqJ_xTKiGg" title="Fars Eyaleti">Fars</a> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qajar_dynasty&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjJrFCep2XKTx3720gwOc33VtQQ4A#cite_note-16"><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><span>[17</span></sup></a> hüküm <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qajar_dynasty&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjJrFCep2XKTx3720gwOc33VtQQ4A#cite_note-16"><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><span>sürmüş]</span></sup></a></span> </li></ul></li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammad_Shah_Qajar&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhi4QCJjpy3n4bld2VawWXLUbGDbuQ" title="Muhammed Şah">Mohammad Shah Qajar</a> ( <span class="mw-formatted-date" title="1834/11/08"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/November_8&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjqMBvnA59kZahOq0KJOoW76m1a3A" title="Kasım 8"><span class="mw-formatted-date" title="11-08">November 8</span></a> , <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1834&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhi9jP4n76Hg2TPQucWPi9RDNMSeLA" title="1.834">1834</a></span> -1848); Ruled in <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabriz&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgCCE5UlaGz9TVcwxmDv7ay9om3SQ" title="Tebriz">Tabriz</a> from <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/November_8&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjqMBvnA59kZahOq0KJOoW76m1a3A" title="Kasım 8"><span class="mw-formatted-date" title="11-08">November 8</span></a> to <span class="mw-formatted-date" title="1835/01/31"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/January_31&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiA06Ex2G8UKl-gmVD68tnWjH_XiA" title="Ocak 31"><span class="mw-formatted-date" title="01-31">January 31</span></a> , <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1835&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhg1VkgYrkiOQqq9s-CLwsU19LCwLg" title="1.835">1835</a></span> .</span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammad_Shah_Qajar&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhi4QCJjpy3n4bld2VawWXLUbGDbuQ" title="Muhammed Şah">Muhammed Şah</a> <span class="mw-formatted-date" title="1834/11/08"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/November_8&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjqMBvnA59kZahOq0KJOoW76m1a3A" title="Kasım 8"><span class="mw-formatted-date" title="11-08">(Kasım 8,</span></a> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1834&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhi9jP4n76Hg2TPQucWPi9RDNMSeLA" title="1.834">1.834</a></span> -1.848); <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabriz&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgCCE5UlaGz9TVcwxmDv7ay9om3SQ" title="Tebriz">Tebriz</a> de <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/November_8&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjqMBvnA59kZahOq0KJOoW76m1a3A" title="Kasım 8"><span class="mw-formatted-date" title="11-08">Kasım 8</span></a> <span class="mw-formatted-date" title="1835/01/31"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/January_31&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiA06Ex2G8UKl-gmVD68tnWjH_XiA" title="Ocak 31"><span class="mw-formatted-date" title="01-31">Ocak 31,</span></a> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1835&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhg1VkgYrkiOQqq9s-CLwsU19LCwLg" title="1.835">1835</a></span> için gelen Secrecy.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Crowned at <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tehran&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhir5uwRlM1eBFAqsNT_OegL1ChjJg" title="Tehran">Tehran</a> as <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shah_of_Persia&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhJTFaAAofEn7iGtxQtCj3lOO_Mjw" title="Shah of Persia" class="mw-redirect">Shah of Persia</a> on <span class="mw-formatted-date" title="1835/01/31"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/January_31&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiA06Ex2G8UKl-gmVD68tnWjH_XiA" title="Ocak 31"><span class="mw-formatted-date" title="01-31">January 31</span></a> , <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1835&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhg1VkgYrkiOQqq9s-CLwsU19LCwLg" title="1.835">1835</a></span> .</span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tehran&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhir5uwRlM1eBFAqsNT_OegL1ChjJg" title="Tehran">Tahran</a> de <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shah_of_Persia&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhJTFaAAofEn7iGtxQtCj3lOO_Mjw" title="Shah of Persia" class="mw-redirect">Şah Persia</a> olarak <span class="mw-formatted-date" title="1835/01/31"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/January_31&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiA06Ex2G8UKl-gmVD68tnWjH_XiA" title="Ocak 31"><span class="mw-formatted-date" title="01-31">Ocak 31</span></a> tarihinde, <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1835&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhg1VkgYrkiOQqq9s-CLwsU19LCwLg" title="1.835">1.835</a></span> Crowned.</span> </li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasser-al-Din_Shah&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhnmfBQUaL43m53HX24Uw4LDpapug" title="Nasır-al-Din Shah" class="mw-redirect">Nasser-al-Din Shah</a> (1848-1896)</span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasser-al-Din_Shah&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhnmfBQUaL43m53HX24Uw4LDpapug" title="Nasır-al-Din Shah" class="mw-redirect">Nasır-al-Din Şah</a> (1848-1896)</span> </li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozaffar_al-Din_Shah_Qajar&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjEohUtjRx1lZ0HJekQDwXjsoJufQ" title="Mozaffar al-Din Şah">Mozaffar al-Din Shah Qajar</a> (1896-1907)</span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozaffar_al-Din_Shah_Qajar&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjEohUtjRx1lZ0HJekQDwXjsoJufQ" title="Mozaffar al-Din Şah">Mozaffar al-Din Şah</a> (1896-1907)</span> </li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammad_Ali_Shah&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiUsFri2h1ddfUMQqnRlV8fRj5ldg" title="Muhammed Ali Şah" class="mw-redirect">Mohammad Ali Shah</a> (1907-1909)</span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammad_Ali_Shah&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiUsFri2h1ddfUMQqnRlV8fRj5ldg" title="Muhammed Ali Şah" class="mw-redirect">Muhammed Ali Şah</a> (1907-1909)</span> </li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_Shah_Qajar&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjFuzTfiyGbEPa4YwJid-cyBoYLFw" title="Ahmet Şah Kaçar">Soltan Ahmad Shah Qajar</a> (1909-1925)</span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_Shah_Qajar&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjFuzTfiyGbEPa4YwJid-cyBoYLFw" title="Ahmet Şah Kaçar">Soltan Ahmed Şah</a> (1909-1925)</span> </li></ul><p><a name="Qajar_Royal_Family" id="Qajar_Royal_Family"></a></p><h2> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span class="editsection">[ <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DQajar_dynasty%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D8&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgEdwkgxTZgp994GtuV3PFxDY-npQ" title="Değiştir bölüm: Kaçar Kraliyet Ailesi">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Qajar Royal Family</span></span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DQajar_dynasty%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D8&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgEdwkgxTZgp994GtuV3PFxDY-npQ" title="Değiştir bölüm: Kaçar Kraliyet Ailesi"><span class="editsection">[Değiştir]</span></a> <span class="mw-headline">Kaçar Kraliyet Ailesi</span></span> </h2><table class="vertical-navbox nowraplinks" style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); margin: 0pt 0pt 1em 1em; padding: 0.2em; background: rgb(249, 249, 249) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; float: right; clear: right; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; text-align: center; line-height: 1.4em; border-spacing: 0.2em 0pt;font-size:88%;color:black;" cellpadding=""><tbody><tr><td style="line-height: 1.2em; padding-top: 0.4em; padding-bottom: 0.6em;font-size:85%;"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Part of <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Inheritance&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgJDjKX3Ogk393Ct0a-h4G9IQ_6Cg" title="Kategori: Kalıtım">a series</a> on</span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Inheritance&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgJDjKX3Ogk393Ct0a-h4G9IQ_6Cg" title="Kategori: Kalıtım">Bir dizi</a> üzerinde bir kısmı</span><br /><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_succession&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhh3j7kjrLjJ6HrtdDTmYQAwrpjtxA" title="Sipariş Miras"><span style="font-size:115%;"><b>Orders of succession</b></span></a></span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_succession&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhh3j7kjrLjJ6HrtdDTmYQAwrpjtxA" title="Sipariş Miras"><span style="font-size:115%;"><b>Miras Siparişler</b></span></a></span> </td></tr><tr><td class="" style="border-top: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.4em; background: rgb(229, 229, 255) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; line-height: 1.15em; font-weight: bold; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;font-size:145%;"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abolished_monarchy&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgLRRJrrm-olF5MfLqf8OzslBtf4Q" title="Monarşi kaldırıldı">Former monarchies</a></span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abolished_monarchy&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgLRRJrrm-olF5MfLqf8OzslBtf4Q" title="Monarşi kaldırıldı">Eski monarşilerde</a></span> </td></tr><tr><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.4em;"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_of_succession_to_the_Albanian_throne&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgBlQ4UkMw0LXDBMYht6d2cFDLSow" title="Line Miras Arnavutluk tahtına">Albania</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_of_succession_to_the_Austro-Hungarian_throne&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgfWR_AhIu3cEIAStcBth8mlU0zlg" title="Line Miras Avusturya için Macar tahtına">Austria-Hungary</a></span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_of_succession_to_the_Albanian_throne&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgBlQ4UkMw0LXDBMYht6d2cFDLSow" title="Line Miras Arnavutluk tahtına">Arnavutluk</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_of_succession_to_the_Austro-Hungarian_throne&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgfWR_AhIu3cEIAStcBth8mlU0zlg" title="Line Miras Avusturya için Macar tahtına">Avusturya-Macaristan</a></span><br /><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_of_succession_to_the_throne_of_Baden&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjGSAYs09BrP9yqoFlgdkn6aeoE_g" title="Line Miras Baden tahta">Baden</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_of_succession_to_the_Bavarian_throne&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhh1V5b_RirNXBpHchWg40Zk9dcsjw" title="Line Miras Bavyera tahtına">Bavaria</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_of_succession_to_the_Brazilian_throne&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhilxPh6lUj5r16de-Tp_J3vl4elZw" title="Line Miras Brezilya tahta">Brazil</a></span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_of_succession_to_the_throne_of_Baden&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjGSAYs09BrP9yqoFlgdkn6aeoE_g" title="Line Miras Baden tahta">Baden</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_of_succession_to_the_Bavarian_throne&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhh1V5b_RirNXBpHchWg40Zk9dcsjw" title="Line Miras Bavyera tahtına">Bavyera</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_of_succession_to_the_Brazilian_throne&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhilxPh6lUj5r16de-Tp_J3vl4elZw" title="Line Miras Brezilya tahta">Brezilya</a></span><br /><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_of_succession_to_the_Bulgarian_throne&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhi_3ydCd2Pfg4c7O5bDwbMnop08vw" title="Line Miras Bulgar tahtına">Bulgaria</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_of_succession_to_the_Chinese_throne&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhxujGf1vCoXWGlM7940XKiJ1n4cQ" title="Line Miras Çince tahta">China</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_of_succession_to_the_Ethiopian_throne&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhZhV_6m-r7iA1NKXlixM5qKLFcQg" title="Line Miras Etiyopya tahtına">Ethiopia</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_of_succession_to_the_Hessian_throne&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgqg6YfMHh6sIlfC979tM4YKXlAWw" title="Line Miras Hessian tahta">Finland</a></span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_of_succession_to_the_Bulgarian_throne&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhi_3ydCd2Pfg4c7O5bDwbMnop08vw" title="Line Miras Bulgar tahtına">Bulgaristan</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_of_succession_to_the_Chinese_throne&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhxujGf1vCoXWGlM7940XKiJ1n4cQ" title="Line Miras Çince tahta">Çin</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_of_succession_to_the_Ethiopian_throne&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhZhV_6m-r7iA1NKXlixM5qKLFcQg" title="Line Miras Etiyopya tahtına">Etiyopya</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_of_succession_to_the_Hessian_throne&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgqg6YfMHh6sIlfC979tM4YKXlAWw" title="Line Miras Hessian tahta">Finlandiya</a></span> <div style="line-height: 1.2em;"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_French_line_of_succession&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhOgemSf7t3TXbptHZpdRU1rNSi4g" title="Miras Fransız çizgi Tarihçesi">France</a> <small>( <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_of_succession_to_the_French_throne_%28Napoleonic%29&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhIlXRTELVTt9DP5QBe8Idqc_lYLg" title="Line Miras Fransızca tahta (Napolyon) için">Bonapartist</a> •</small></span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_French_line_of_succession&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhOgemSf7t3TXbptHZpdRU1rNSi4g" title="Miras Fransız çizgi Tarihçesi">Fransa</a> <small><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_of_succession_to_the_French_throne_%28Napoleonic%29&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhIlXRTELVTt9DP5QBe8Idqc_lYLg" title="Line Miras Fransızca tahta (Napolyon) için">(Bonapartist</a> •</small></span> <small><br /></small> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><small><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_of_succession_to_the_French_throne_%28Legitimist%29&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhRLNOmIcJ81ANRG-Pk1-a6uUgjfA" title="Line Miras Fransızca tahta (Legitimist) ile">Legitimist</a> • <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_of_succession_to_the_French_throne_%28Orl%25C3%25A9anist%29&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgwwKgbYZrQedz-FZcS1JKXYuOwkQ" title="Line Miras Fransızca tahta (Orléanist) için">Orléanist</a> )</small> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_of_succession_to_the_Georgian_throne&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhjJ6LmZlSoYU54vatNz-_6cIK8FA" title="Line Miras Gürcü tahtına">Georgia</a></span> <small><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_of_succession_to_the_French_throne_%28Legitimist%29&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhRLNOmIcJ81ANRG-Pk1-a6uUgjfA" title="Line Miras Fransızca tahta (Legitimist) ile">Legitimist</a> • <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_of_succession_to_the_French_throne_%28Orl%25C3%25A9anist%29&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgwwKgbYZrQedz-FZcS1JKXYuOwkQ" title="Line Miras Fransızca tahta (Orléanist) için">Orléanist)</a></small> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_of_succession_to_the_Georgian_throne&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhjJ6LmZlSoYU54vatNz-_6cIK8FA" title="Line Miras Gürcü tahtına">Gürcistan</a></span> </div> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_of_succession_to_the_German_throne&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgM7twbxeyYdvED2_Og0hY1ZX8RtQ" title="Line Miras Almanca tahta">Germany</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Gl%25C3%25BCcksburg_line_of_succession&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiSPgl1VVlVgrs1wAuMVatSKvYz-Q" title="Ev Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Miras Glücksburg hattı">Glücksburg</a></span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_of_succession_to_the_German_throne&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgM7twbxeyYdvED2_Og0hY1ZX8RtQ" title="Line Miras Almanca tahta">Almanya</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Gl%25C3%25BCcksburg_line_of_succession&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiSPgl1VVlVgrs1wAuMVatSKvYz-Q" title="Ev Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Miras Glücksburg hattı">Glücksburg</a></span><br /><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_of_succession_to_the_Greek_throne&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjTnszKoAihIpAyvHJN0XMKTNggMA" title="Line Miras Yunan tahtına">Greece</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_of_succession_to_the_Hanoverian_throne&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjTdhueY8bGAMJDMBNiG5N3i_HNOg" title="Line Miras Hannoverli tahta">Hanover</a></span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_of_succession_to_the_Greek_throne&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjTnszKoAihIpAyvHJN0XMKTNggMA" title="Line Miras Yunan tahtına">Yunanistan</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_of_succession_to_the_Hanoverian_throne&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjTdhueY8bGAMJDMBNiG5N3i_HNOg" title="Line Miras Hannoverli tahta">Hanover</a></span><br /><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_of_succession_to_the_Hawaiian_throne&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhh4nsxgRpLv0_cmiv8l6gRgtI2TAw" title="Line Miras Hawaiian tahta">Hawai'i</a> <small>( <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_of_succession_to_the_Hawaiian_throne&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhh4nsxgRpLv0_cmiv8l6gRgtI2TAw#Kaw.C4.81nanakoa_lines_of_succession" title="Line Miras Hawaiian tahta">Kawānanakoa</a> • <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_of_succession_to_the_Hawaiian_throne&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhh4nsxgRpLv0_cmiv8l6gRgtI2TAw#Laanui_line_of_succession" title="Line Miras Hawaiian tahta">Laanui</a> )</small></span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_of_succession_to_the_Hawaiian_throne&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhh4nsxgRpLv0_cmiv8l6gRgtI2TAw" title="Line Miras Hawaiian tahta">Hawai'i</a> <small><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_of_succession_to_the_Hawaiian_throne&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhh4nsxgRpLv0_cmiv8l6gRgtI2TAw#Kaw.C4.81nanakoa_lines_of_succession" title="Line Miras Hawaiian tahta">(Kawānanakoa</a> • <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_of_succession_to_the_Hawaiian_throne&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhh4nsxgRpLv0_cmiv8l6gRgtI2TAw#Laanui_line_of_succession" title="Line Miras Hawaiian tahta">Laanui)</a></small></span> <div style="line-height: 1.2em;"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_of_succession_to_the_Hessian_throne&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgqg6YfMHh6sIlfC979tM4YKXlAWw" title="Line Miras Hessian tahta">Hesse</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_of_succession_to_the_Iranian_throne&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhh7XcO4PstU6CCBEEdyETGRgUUvOw" title="Line Miras İran tahtına">Iran / Persia</a> <small>( <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_of_succession_to_the_Iranian_throne&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhh7XcO4PstU6CCBEEdyETGRgUUvOw#Line_of_succession_to_the_Pahlavi_claim" title="Line Miras İran tahtına">Pahlavi</a> •</small></span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_of_succession_to_the_Hessian_throne&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgqg6YfMHh6sIlfC979tM4YKXlAWw" title="Line Miras Hessian tahta">Hessen</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_of_succession_to_the_Iranian_throne&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhh7XcO4PstU6CCBEEdyETGRgUUvOw" title="Line Miras İran tahtına">İran / Pers</a> <small><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_of_succession_to_the_Iranian_throne&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhh7XcO4PstU6CCBEEdyETGRgUUvOw#Line_of_succession_to_the_Pahlavi_claim" title="Line Miras İran tahtına">(Pehlevi</a> •</small></span> <small><br /></small> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><small><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_of_succession_to_the_Iranian_throne&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhh7XcO4PstU6CCBEEdyETGRgUUvOw#Line_of_succession_to_the_Qajar_claim" title="Line Miras İran tahtına">Qajar</a> )</small> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_of_succession_to_the_Iraqi_throne&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiEh0e14dOjNj8bWk2vbTpAGhLUPg" title="Line Miras Irak tahtına">Iraq</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_of_succession_to_the_Italian_throne&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiLz3zH7hWMnxfC59UsZfnsSFPTuw" title="Line Miras İtalyanca tahta">Italy</a></span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_of_succession_to_the_Iranian_throne&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhh7XcO4PstU6CCBEEdyETGRgUUvOw#Line_of_succession_to_the_Qajar_claim" title="Line Miras İran tahtına"><small>Kaçar)</small></a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_of_succession_to_the_Iraqi_throne&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiEh0e14dOjNj8bWk2vbTpAGhLUPg" title="Line Miras Irak tahtına">Irak</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_of_succession_to_the_Italian_throne&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiLz3zH7hWMnxfC59UsZfnsSFPTuw" title="Line Miras İtalyanca tahta">İtalya</a></span> </div> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_of_succession_to_the_Mecklenburg_thrones&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiN4Q_pmmxVL0GVVWrtLgt3DZVGww" title="Line Miras Mecklenburg tahtlar için">Mecklenburg-Strelitz</a></span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_of_succession_to_the_Mecklenburg_thrones&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiN4Q_pmmxVL0GVVWrtLgt3DZVGww" title="Line Miras Mecklenburg tahtlar için">Mecklenburg-Strelitz</a></span><br /><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican_Empire&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjRDiDwkImcGJ11rwzJ3Z_E8JHwig#Pretender_to_the_Imperial_Throne_of_Mexico" title="Mexican İmparatorluğu">Mexico</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_of_succession_to_the_Montenegrin_throne&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiynCGI4vJ921zoRdQzDw52uNFdnw" title="Line Miras Karadağ tahta">Montenegro</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_of_succession_to_the_Nepalese_throne&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjlH3Mdr6DaIn3pbB7ZEC9QCUFOBQ" title="Line Miras Nepal tahtına">Nepal</a></span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican_Empire&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjRDiDwkImcGJ11rwzJ3Z_E8JHwig#Pretender_to_the_Imperial_Throne_of_Mexico" title="Mexican İmparatorluğu">Meksika</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_of_succession_to_the_Montenegrin_throne&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiynCGI4vJ921zoRdQzDw52uNFdnw" title="Line Miras Karadağ tahta">Karadağ</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_of_succession_to_the_Nepalese_throne&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjlH3Mdr6DaIn3pbB7ZEC9QCUFOBQ" title="Line Miras Nepal tahtına">Nepal</a></span><br /><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_of_succession_to_the_Oldenburgian_throne&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhvFSYXAaP75dD9tCyV845bNHFy2Q" title="Line Miras Oldenburgian tahta">Oldenburg</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_of_succession_to_the_Ottoman_throne&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiJ2_t67p_SZ6JCnMXqp5y6Cz-6CQ" title="Line Miras Osmanlı tahtına">Ottoman</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_of_succession_to_the_Portuguese_throne&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhj_yuouBC9WPYehBXt5Xx1WGKRn5A" title="Line Miras Portekizce tahta">Portugal</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_of_succession_to_the_German_throne&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgM7twbxeyYdvED2_Og0hY1ZX8RtQ" title="Line Miras Almanca tahta">Prussia</a></span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_of_succession_to_the_Oldenburgian_throne&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhvFSYXAaP75dD9tCyV845bNHFy2Q" title="Line Miras Oldenburgian tahta">Oldenburg</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_of_succession_to_the_Ottoman_throne&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiJ2_t67p_SZ6JCnMXqp5y6Cz-6CQ" title="Line Miras Osmanlı tahtına">Osmanlı</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_of_succession_to_the_Portuguese_throne&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhj_yuouBC9WPYehBXt5Xx1WGKRn5A" title="Line Miras Portekizce tahta">Portekiz</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_of_succession_to_the_German_throne&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgM7twbxeyYdvED2_Og0hY1ZX8RtQ" title="Line Miras Almanca tahta">Prusya</a></span><br /><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_of_succession_to_the_Romanian_throne&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhu9KC1pInYnAUTz35re5HN0wbGjQ" title="Line Miras Romanya tahta">Romania</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_of_succession_to_the_Russian_throne&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgAVrAEAGOAQy4gXnjgVfGmn9rStw" title="Line Miras Rus tahtının">Russia</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_of_succession_to_the_Saxon_throne&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhi0NH1xg_ahlqF96LtpoZi_9QEiDQ" title="Line Miras Sakson tahta">Saxony</a> <sup><small>a</small></sup></span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_of_succession_to_the_Romanian_throne&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhu9KC1pInYnAUTz35re5HN0wbGjQ" title="Line Miras Romanya tahta">Romanya</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_of_succession_to_the_Russian_throne&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgAVrAEAGOAQy4gXnjgVfGmn9rStw" title="Line Miras Rus tahtının">Rusya</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_of_succession_to_the_Saxon_throne&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhi0NH1xg_ahlqF96LtpoZi_9QEiDQ" title="Line Miras Sakson tahta">Saksonya</a> <sup><small>bir</small></sup></span><br /><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Thurn_and_Taxis_line_of_succession&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhj-hzsU25Tjf-vth74ogVtxlL3FjA" title="House Thurn ve Miras Taxis hattı">Thurn and Taxis</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_of_succession_to_the_Tuscan_throne&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhib8VQKkZFgxFk2_Dg3YsnYTUWNRg" title="Line Miras Tuscan tahta">Tuscany</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_of_succession_to_the_throne_of_the_Two_Sicilies&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjD2obY8SUzXqiB1a7aQdSNw-9eAg" title="Line Miras İki Sicilies ve tahta">Two Sicilies</a></span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Thurn_and_Taxis_line_of_succession&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhj-hzsU25Tjf-vth74ogVtxlL3FjA" title="House Thurn ve Miras Taxis hattı">Thurn ve Taxis</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_of_succession_to_the_Tuscan_throne&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhib8VQKkZFgxFk2_Dg3YsnYTUWNRg" title="Line Miras Tuscan tahta">Toskana</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_of_succession_to_the_throne_of_the_Two_Sicilies&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjD2obY8SUzXqiB1a7aQdSNw-9eAg" title="Line Miras İki Sicilies ve tahta">İki Sicilies</a></span><br /><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_of_succession_to_the_W%25C3%25BCrttemberg_throne&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhh-nDYPtOMqiSvQz_BuDUfPLzLYaQ" title="Line Miras Württemberg tahta" class="mw-redirect">Württemberg</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_of_succession_to_the_Yugoslavian_throne&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhqT0VokWcfE1xyl5kxBRl3PC7GPw" title="Line Miras Yugoslavya tahta">Yugoslavia</a></span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_of_succession_to_the_W%25C3%25BCrttemberg_throne&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhh-nDYPtOMqiSvQz_BuDUfPLzLYaQ" title="Line Miras Württemberg tahta" class="mw-redirect">Württemberg</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_of_succession_to_the_Yugoslavian_throne&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhqT0VokWcfE1xyl5kxBRl3PC7GPw" title="Line Miras Yugoslavya tahta">Yugoslavya</a></span><br /></td></tr><tr><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.4em;font-size:80%;"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><sup>a</sup> Kingdom / Grand Duchy / Duchies.</span> <sup>Bir</sup> Türkiye / Büyük Dükalığı / Duchies.</span> </td></tr><tr><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.4em 0.4em 0.6em; background: rgb(229, 229, 255) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; font-weight: normal;"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><i>See also</i></span> <i>Ayrıca bakınız</i></span> <div style="padding: 0.2em 0.4em; line-height: 1.2em;"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Orders_of_succession_by_country&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhg3KqDYVNFum7CmYo8aq8LjjqIWBQ" title="Şablon: Ülkelerine göre Miras Siparişler">Template:Orders of succession</a></span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Orders_of_succession_by_country&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhg3KqDYVNFum7CmYo8aq8LjjqIWBQ" title="Şablon: Ülkelerine göre Miras Siparişler">Şablon: Miras Siparişler</a></span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Orders_of_succession_by_country&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhg3KqDYVNFum7CmYo8aq8LjjqIWBQ" title="Şablon: Ülkelerine göre Miras Siparişler"><br /></a> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Orders_of_succession_by_country&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhg3KqDYVNFum7CmYo8aq8LjjqIWBQ" title="Şablon: Ülkelerine göre Miras Siparişler">by country</a> <small>for current monarchs</small></span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Orders_of_succession_by_country&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhg3KqDYVNFum7CmYo8aq8LjjqIWBQ" title="Şablon: Ülkelerine göre Miras Siparişler">ülke</a> <small>için geçerli hükümdarları</small> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Orders_of_succession_by_country&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhg3KqDYVNFum7CmYo8aq8LjjqIWBQ" title="Şablon: Ülkelerine göre Miras Siparişler">tarafından</a></span> </div><div style="padding: 0.2em 0.4em; line-height: 1.2em;"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Presidential_orders_of_succession&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhg0x9hj2KO80KL8e9unlTpBeznhvQ" title="Şablon: Miras Cumhurbaşkanlığı emir">Template:Presidential orders</a></span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Presidential_orders_of_succession&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhg0x9hj2KO80KL8e9unlTpBeznhvQ" title="Şablon: Miras Cumhurbaşkanlığı emir">Şablonu: Cumhurbaşkanlığı sipariş</a></span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Presidential_orders_of_succession&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhg0x9hj2KO80KL8e9unlTpBeznhvQ" title="Şablon: Miras Cumhurbaşkanlığı emir"><br /></a> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Presidential_orders_of_succession&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhg0x9hj2KO80KL8e9unlTpBeznhvQ" title="Şablon: Miras Cumhurbaşkanlığı emir">of succession</a></span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Presidential_orders_of_succession&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhg0x9hj2KO80KL8e9unlTpBeznhvQ" title="Şablon: Miras Cumhurbaşkanlığı emir">Miras</a></span> </div></td></tr><tr><td style="padding-top: 0.4em;"><div class="noprint plainlinks navbar" style="padding: 0pt; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; font-weight: normal;font-size:xx-small;"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span title="Görünümünde bu şablonu" style=""><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Former_monarchic_orders_of_succession&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhaKszKTaKFNNHWCU3DEqvLSOsKlw" title="Şablon: Miras Eski monarşik emir">v</a></span> <span style="font-size:80%;">•</span> <span title="Görüşmek Bu şablonu" style=""><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Former_monarchic_orders_of_succession&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjW885dV2X-5q_en4VUdl6yYczUqg" title="Şablon: Miras Eski monarşik emir">d</a></span> <span style="font-size:80%;">•</span> <span title="Bu şablonu düzenle" style=""><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DTemplate:Former_monarchic_orders_of_succession%26action%3Dedit&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgrsk8Ct4nUKCPzYyEo6jgMKXrmtg" class="external text" title="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Former_monarchic_orders_of_succession&action=edit" rel="nofollow">e</a></span></span> <span title="Görünümünde bu şablonu" style=""><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Former_monarchic_orders_of_succession&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhaKszKTaKFNNHWCU3DEqvLSOsKlw" title="Şablon: Miras Eski monarşik emir">v</a></span> <span style="font-size:80%;">•</span> <span title="Görüşmek Bu şablonu" style=""><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Former_monarchic_orders_of_succession&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjW885dV2X-5q_en4VUdl6yYczUqg" title="Şablon: Miras Eski monarşik emir">d</a></span> <span style="font-size:80%;">•</span> <span title="Bu şablonu düzenle" style=""><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DTemplate:Former_monarchic_orders_of_succession%26action%3Dedit&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgrsk8Ct4nUKCPzYyEo6jgMKXrmtg" class="external text" title="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Former_monarchic_orders_of_succession&action=edit" rel="nofollow">e</a></span></span> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The Qajar Imperial Family in exile is currently headed by the eldest descendant of Mohammad Ali Shah, <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_Mirza_Qajar&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhin55KvDksndAC3IPKqpB-AzIImkA" title="Ali Mirza Kaçar">Soltan Ali Mirza Qajar</a> , while the Heir Presumptive to the Qajar throne is <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammad_Hassan_Mirza_II&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhTb4wFGZMwTtE3j1GL65mLETWbYA" title="Mirza Muhammed Hassan II">Mohammad Hassan Mirza II</a> , the grandson of <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammad_Hassan_Mirza&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhyyyoGZ3cFpj1JS0jxucl6RmERGQ" title="Muhammed Hasan Mirza">Mohammad Hassan Mirza</a> , Soltan Ahmad Shah's brother and heir.</span> Süre Heir presumptive Kaçar tahtına <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammad_Hassan_Mirza_II&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhTb4wFGZMwTtE3j1GL65mLETWbYA" title="Mirza Muhammed Hassan II">Muhammed Hassan II Mirza,</a> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammad_Hassan_Mirza&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhyyyoGZ3cFpj1JS0jxucl6RmERGQ" title="Muhammed Hasan Mirza">Muhammed Hasan Mirza,</a> Soltan Ahmed Şah'ın kardeşi ve mirasçısı torunu olan Kaçar İmparatorluk Aile sürgünde şu Mohammad Ali Şah, <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_Mirza_Qajar&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhin55KvDksndAC3IPKqpB-AzIImkA" title="Ali Mirza Kaçar">Soltan Ali Mirza Kaçar,</a> bir büyüğü soyundan tarafından başkanlığında .</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Mohammad Hassan Mirza died in England in 1943, having proclaimed himself shah in exile in 1930 after the death of his brother in France.</span> Muhammed Hasan Mirza İngiltere'de 1943 yılında, sahip öldü kendini sürgünde 1930 yılında Fransa'da kardeşinin ölümünden sonra şah ilan etti.</span> </p><p> <span style="" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Today, the descendants of the Qajars often identify themselves as such and hold reunions to stay socially acquainted through the <i>Kadjar Family Association</i> . <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qajar_dynasty&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjJrFCep2XKTx3720gwOc33VtQQ4A#cite_note-17"><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><span>[</span> 18 <span>]</span></sup></a></span> Bugün, Qajars soyundan çoğu gibi tutun toplantıları gibi sosyal <i>Kadjar Aile Birliği</i> aracılığıyla tanışma kalmak için kendilerini tanımlamak. <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qajar_dynasty&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjJrFCep2XKTx3720gwOc33VtQQ4A#cite_note-17"><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><span>[18]</span></sup></a></span> </p><p><a name="Qajar_dynasty_since_1925" id="Qajar_dynasty_since_1925"></a></p><h3> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span class="editsection">[ <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DQajar_dynasty%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D9&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgldIWJwdqqRrfqdEFzUDZgUY4rWA" title="Değiştir bölüm: Kaçar hanedanı 1925 tarihinden bugüne">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Qajar dynasty since 1925</span></span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DQajar_dynasty%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D9&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgldIWJwdqqRrfqdEFzUDZgUY4rWA" title="Değiştir bölüm: Kaçar hanedanı 1925 tarihinden bugüne"><span class="editsection">[Değiştir]</span></a> <span class="mw-headline">Kaçar hanedanı 1925 tarihinden bugüne</span></span> </h3><dl><dt> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Heads of the Qajar Imperial Family</span> Kaçar İmparatorluk Aile Başkanları</span> </dt></dl><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The headship of the Imperial Family is inherited by the eldest male descendant of Mohammad Ali Shah.</span> İmparatorluk Aile müdürlük Mohammad Ali Şah en büyük erkek torunu tarafından devralınır.</span> </p><ul><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_Shah_Qajar&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjFuzTfiyGbEPa4YwJid-cyBoYLFw" title="Ahmet Şah Kaçar">Soltan Ahmad Shah Qajar</a> (1925-1930)</span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_Shah_Qajar&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjFuzTfiyGbEPa4YwJid-cyBoYLFw" title="Ahmet Şah Kaçar">Soltan Ahmed Şah</a> (1925-1930)</span> </li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fereydoun_Mirza&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhi2CnkjPiPNEUaV_RqYeD-n5rzGUw" title="Fereydoun Mirza">Fereydoun Mirza</a> (1930-1975)</span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fereydoun_Mirza&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhi2CnkjPiPNEUaV_RqYeD-n5rzGUw" title="Fereydoun Mirza">Fereydoun Mirza</a> (1930-1975)</span> </li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamid_Mirza&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhh_GV5I0lqvgISfv9npoegYqe0SSQ" title="Hamid Mirza">Soltan Hamid Mirza</a> (1975-1988)</span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamid_Mirza&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhh_GV5I0lqvgISfv9npoegYqe0SSQ" title="Hamid Mirza">Soltan Hamid Mirza</a> (1975-1988)</span> </li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahmoud_Mirza&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjQJeGZBOXd1tVso_FD9F_cbNQS1Q" title="Mahmud Mirza">Soltan Mahmoud Mirza</a> (1988)</span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahmoud_Mirza&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjQJeGZBOXd1tVso_FD9F_cbNQS1Q" title="Mahmud Mirza">Soltan Mahmud Mirza</a> (1988)</span> </li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_Mirza_Qajar&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhin55KvDksndAC3IPKqpB-AzIImkA" title="Ali Mirza Kaçar">Soltan Ali Mirza Qajar</a> (1988-present)</span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_Mirza_Qajar&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhin55KvDksndAC3IPKqpB-AzIImkA" title="Ali Mirza Kaçar">Soltan Ali Mirza Kaçar</a> (1988-günümüz)</span> </li></ul><dl><dt> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Heirs Presumptive of the Qajar dynasty</span> Mirasçılar presumptive Kaçar hanedanı</span> </dt></dl><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The Heir Presumptive is the Qajar heir to the Persian throne.</span> Heir presumptive Farsça tahtın Kaçar varisidir.</span> </p><ul><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_Shah_Qajar&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjFuzTfiyGbEPa4YwJid-cyBoYLFw" title="Ahmet Şah Kaçar">Soltan Ahmad Shah Qajar</a> (1925-1930)</span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_Shah_Qajar&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjFuzTfiyGbEPa4YwJid-cyBoYLFw" title="Ahmet Şah Kaçar">Soltan Ahmed Şah</a> (1925-1930)</span> </li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammad_Hassan_Mirza&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhyyyoGZ3cFpj1JS0jxucl6RmERGQ" title="Muhammed Hasan Mirza">Mohammad Hassan Mirza</a> (1930-1943)</span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammad_Hassan_Mirza&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhyyyoGZ3cFpj1JS0jxucl6RmERGQ" title="Muhammed Hasan Mirza">Muhammed Hasan Mirza</a> (1930-1943)</span> </li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Fereydoun Mirza (1943-1975)</span> Fereydoun Mirza (1943-1975)</span> </li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamid_Mirza&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhh_GV5I0lqvgISfv9npoegYqe0SSQ" title="Hamid Mirza">Soltan Hamid Mirza</a> (1975-1988)</span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamid_Mirza&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhh_GV5I0lqvgISfv9npoegYqe0SSQ" title="Hamid Mirza">Soltan Hamid Mirza</a> (1975-1988)</span> </li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammad_Hassan_Mirza_II&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhTb4wFGZMwTtE3j1GL65mLETWbYA" title="Mirza Muhammed Hassan II">Mohammad Hassan Mirza II</a> (1988-present)</span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammad_Hassan_Mirza_II&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhTb4wFGZMwTtE3j1GL65mLETWbYA" title="Mirza Muhammed Hassan II">Mirza Muhammed Hasan II</a> (1988-günümüz)</span> </li></ul><p><a name="Notable_members_of_Qajar_family" id="Notable_members_of_Qajar_family"></a></p><h2> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span class="editsection">[ <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DQajar_dynasty%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D10&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiCY-HGEM_yjzUdAMLVkt1IR9tKAQ" title="Değiştir bölüm: Tanınmış üye Kaçar ailesinin">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Notable members of Qajar family</span></span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DQajar_dynasty%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D10&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiCY-HGEM_yjzUdAMLVkt1IR9tKAQ" title="Değiştir bölüm: Tanınmış üye Kaçar ailesinin"><span class="editsection">[Değiştir]</span></a> <span class="mw-headline">Kaçar Önemli bir üye aile</span></span> </h2><dl><dt> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Politics</span> Politika</span> </dt></dl><ul><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdol_Hossein_Mirza_Farmanfarma&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhghu5PsHdQ7ZIk1nV3CAHnl6ZaJsA" title="Abdol Hüseyin Mirza Farmanfarma" class="mw-redirect">Abdol Hossein Mirza Farmanfarma</a> , Persian prime minister, grandson of <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbas_Mirza&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgdF03HPvC8-aUQVfGnUUkXPAlpWg" title="Abbas Mirza">Abbas Mirza</a> .</span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdol_Hossein_Mirza_Farmanfarma&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhghu5PsHdQ7ZIk1nV3CAHnl6ZaJsA" title="Abdol Hüseyin Mirza Farmanfarma" class="mw-redirect">Abdol Hossein Mirza Farmanfarma,</a> Farsça başbakanı <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbas_Mirza&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgdF03HPvC8-aUQVfGnUUkXPAlpWg" title="Abbas Mirza">Abbas Mirza</a> torunu.</span> </li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass%27oud_Mirza_Zell-e_Soltan&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjnIog-S7mZ1GHxilZQBGLifwI_Gg" title="Mass'oud Mirza Zell-e Soltan">Mass'oud Mirza Zell-e Soltan</a> , Governor of <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isfahan_Province&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjYwcYB_mS9Y_2ssZDRdfpxQtQqig" title="İsfahan Eyaleti">Isfahan</a> province, son of <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasser_al-Din_Shah&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhLSZdOS76DJ2ZQxfu-R3SAeTManA" title="Nasser Al-Din Shah" class="mw-redirect">Nasser al-Din Shah</a> .</span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass%27oud_Mirza_Zell-e_Soltan&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjnIog-S7mZ1GHxilZQBGLifwI_Gg" title="Mass'oud Mirza Zell-e Soltan">Mass'oud Mirza Zell-e Soltan</a> Valisi <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isfahan_Province&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjYwcYB_mS9Y_2ssZDRdfpxQtQqig" title="İsfahan Eyaleti">İsfahan</a> il, <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasser_al-Din_Shah&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhLSZdOS76DJ2ZQxfu-R3SAeTManA" title="Nasser Al-Din Shah" class="mw-redirect">Nasır el-Din Şah</a> oğlu ile.</span> </li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbas_Mirza&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgdF03HPvC8-aUQVfGnUUkXPAlpWg" title="Abbas Mirza">Abbas Mirza</a> , <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fath_Ali_Shah&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgZfHoAUFm1m_yh7swdnGHesZq7wA" title="Fath Ali Şah" class="mw-redirect">Fath Ali Shah</a> 's crown prince and military leader.</span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbas_Mirza&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgdF03HPvC8-aUQVfGnUUkXPAlpWg" title="Abbas Mirza">Abbas Mirza,</a> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fath_Ali_Shah&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgZfHoAUFm1m_yh7swdnGHesZq7wA" title="Fath Ali Şah" class="mw-redirect">Fath Ali Şah</a> 'taç prensi ve askeri lideri var.</span> </li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firouz_Mirza_Nosrat-ed-Dowleh_Farman_Farmaian_III&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgvhbOrdDOBhIrxvjypiXWvc8nYGQ" title="Firouz Mirza Nosrat-ed-Dowleh Farman Farmaian III">Firouz Mirza Nosrat-ed-Dowleh Farman Farmaian III</a> , renowned politician and diplomat, great grandson of <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbas_Mirza&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgdF03HPvC8-aUQVfGnUUkXPAlpWg" title="Abbas Mirza">Abbas Mirza</a> .</span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firouz_Mirza_Nosrat-ed-Dowleh_Farman_Farmaian_III&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgvhbOrdDOBhIrxvjypiXWvc8nYGQ" title="Firouz Mirza Nosrat-ed-Dowleh Farman Farmaian III">Firouz Mirza Nosrat-ed-Dowleh Farman Farmaian III,</a> tanınmış politikacı ve diplomat <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbas_Mirza&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgdF03HPvC8-aUQVfGnUUkXPAlpWg" title="Abbas Mirza">Abbas Mirza</a> büyük torunu.</span> </li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammed_Mosaddeq&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhik5H8mfxfKEdLKpL2SlMM9vLcU1g" title="Mohammed Mosaddeq">Mohammed Mosaddeq</a> , Persian Prime Minister, great grandchild of <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbas_Mirza&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgdF03HPvC8-aUQVfGnUUkXPAlpWg" title="Abbas Mirza">Abbas Mirza</a> .</span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammed_Mosaddeq&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhik5H8mfxfKEdLKpL2SlMM9vLcU1g" title="Mohammed Mosaddeq">Mohammed Mosaddeq,</a> Farsça Başbakan, <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbas_Mirza&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgdF03HPvC8-aUQVfGnUUkXPAlpWg" title="Abbas Mirza">Abbas Mirza</a> büyük torunu.</span> </li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_Amini&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgtuVJx-4EPYDS0NnT_BTSBvxBdVw" title="Ali Amini">Ali Amini</a> , Persian Prime Minister, grandson of <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozzafar_al-Din_Shah&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjxGhCGw-gPZSqeKqKxhHkD72X7HQ" title="Mozzafar al-Din Shah" class="mw-redirect">Mozzafar al-Din Shah</a> .</span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_Amini&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgtuVJx-4EPYDS0NnT_BTSBvxBdVw" title="Ali Amini">Ali Amini,</a> Farsça Başbakan, <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozzafar_al-Din_Shah&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjxGhCGw-gPZSqeKqKxhHkD72X7HQ" title="Mozzafar al-Din Shah" class="mw-redirect">Mozzafar al-Din Şah'ın</a> torunu.</span> </li></ul><dl><dt> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Business</span> Iş</span> </dt></dl><ul><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fakhr_ol_dowleh&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjzYM8wmHwgRKz_OloxKaCIumcDdQ" title="Fakhr ol dowleh">Fakhr ol dowleh</a> , one of the most prominent daughters of <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozzafar_al-Din_Shah&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjxGhCGw-gPZSqeKqKxhHkD72X7HQ" title="Mozzafar al-Din Shah" class="mw-redirect">Mozzafar al-Din Shah</a> .</span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fakhr_ol_dowleh&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjzYM8wmHwgRKz_OloxKaCIumcDdQ" title="Fakhr ol dowleh">Fakhr ol dowleh,</a> bir <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozzafar_al-Din_Shah&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjxGhCGw-gPZSqeKqKxhHkD72X7HQ" title="Mozzafar al-Din Shah" class="mw-redirect">Mozzafar al-Din Şah</a> en önemli ve kızları.</span> </li></ul><dl><dt> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Literature</span> Edebiyat</span> </dt></dl><ul><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraj_Mirza&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjnpuwszWWF4kJFSwR3UR8itXBY6g" title="Iraj Mirza">Iraj Mirza</a> , Iranian poet, great grandson of <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fath_Ali_Shah&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgZfHoAUFm1m_yh7swdnGHesZq7wA" title="Fath Ali Şah" class="mw-redirect">Fath Ali Shah</a> .</span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraj_Mirza&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjnpuwszWWF4kJFSwR3UR8itXBY6g" title="Iraj Mirza">Iraj Mirza,</a> İranlı şair, <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fath_Ali_Shah&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgZfHoAUFm1m_yh7swdnGHesZq7wA" title="Fath Ali Şah" class="mw-redirect">Fath Ali Şah</a> büyük torunu.</span> </li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shahrnush_Parsipur&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhd96sinPFb4sGUZSN-By4Cfx1KCw" title="Shahrnush Parsipur">Shahrnush Parsipur</a> , Iranian novelist, great great-grandchild of <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbas_Mirza&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgdF03HPvC8-aUQVfGnUUkXPAlpWg" title="Abbas Mirza">Abbas Mirza</a> .</span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shahrnush_Parsipur&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhd96sinPFb4sGUZSN-By4Cfx1KCw" title="Shahrnush Parsipur">Shahrnush Parsipur,</a> İranlı yazar, <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbas_Mirza&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgdF03HPvC8-aUQVfGnUUkXPAlpWg" title="Abbas Mirza">Abbas Mirza</a> büyük torun çocuğu.</span> </li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nader_Naderpour&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgui2zL8pdmVOvn0gMiDgLh1rZCdA" title="Nadir Naderpour">Nader Naderpour</a> , Iranian poet, descendant of <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dowlatshahi&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiU0stf7HOOkXVhbBOtAjDlOfVYsA" title="Dowlatshahi" class="mw-redirect">Mohammad Ali Mirza Dolatshah</a> .</span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nader_Naderpour&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgui2zL8pdmVOvn0gMiDgLh1rZCdA" title="Nadir Naderpour">Nadir Naderpour,</a> İranlı şair <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dowlatshahi&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiU0stf7HOOkXVhbBOtAjDlOfVYsA" title="Dowlatshahi" class="mw-redirect">Muhammed Ali Mirza Dolatshah</a> ve soyundan.</span> </li></ul><dl><dt> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Music</span> Müzik</span> </dt></dl><ul><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gholam-Hossein_Banan&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhj8vXLeM5zQN2JTnGoLP7xUaNHx9g" title="Gholam-Hüseyin Banan">Gholam-Hossein Banan</a> , Iranian musician and singer, great grandchild of <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammad_Shah_Qajar&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhi4QCJjpy3n4bld2VawWXLUbGDbuQ" title="Muhammed Şah">Mohammad Shah Qajar</a> .</span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gholam-Hossein_Banan&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhj8vXLeM5zQN2JTnGoLP7xUaNHx9g" title="Gholam-Hüseyin Banan">Gholam-Hossein Banan,</a> İranlı müzisyen ve şarkıcı, <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammad_Shah_Qajar&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhi4QCJjpy3n4bld2VawWXLUbGDbuQ" title="Muhammed Şah">Muhammed Şah</a> büyük torunu.</span> </li></ul><dl><dt> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Painting</span> Resim</span> </dt></dl><ul><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nosrat_al-Din_Mirza_Salar_es-Saltaneh&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgIYuJm63aDLLDiiZ4y8WJCbQINFg" title="Nosrat al-Din Mirza Salar, es-Saltaneh">Nosrat al-Din Mirza Salar es-Saltaneh</a> , Iranian painter, son of <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasser_al-Din_Shah&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhLSZdOS76DJ2ZQxfu-R3SAeTManA" title="Nasser Al-Din Shah" class="mw-redirect">Nasser al-Din Shah</a> .</span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nosrat_al-Din_Mirza_Salar_es-Saltaneh&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgIYuJm63aDLLDiiZ4y8WJCbQINFg" title="Nosrat al-Din Mirza Salar, es-Saltaneh">Nosrat al-Din Mirza Salar, es-Saltaneh,</a> İranlı ressam, <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasser_al-Din_Shah&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhLSZdOS76DJ2ZQxfu-R3SAeTManA" title="Nasser Al-Din Shah" class="mw-redirect">Nasır el-Din Şah</a> oğlu.</span> </li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DAbbas_Moayeri%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiSguahlno2rIMdtONkcqwiOr1Nrw" class="new" title="Yok Abbas Moayeri (sayfa)">Abbas Moayeri</a> , Iranian painter great great-grandchild of <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasser_al-Din_Shah&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhLSZdOS76DJ2ZQxfu-R3SAeTManA" title="Nasser Al-Din Shah" class="mw-redirect">Nasser al-Din Shah</a></span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DAbbas_Moayeri%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiSguahlno2rIMdtONkcqwiOr1Nrw" class="new" title="Yok Abbas Moayeri (sayfa)">Abbas Moayeri,</a> İranlı ressam <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasser_al-Din_Shah&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhLSZdOS76DJ2ZQxfu-R3SAeTManA" title="Nasser Al-Din Shah" class="mw-redirect">Nasser Al</a> büyük torun <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasser_al-Din_Shah&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhLSZdOS76DJ2ZQxfu-R3SAeTManA" title="Nasser Al-Din Shah" class="mw-redirect">çocuğu-Din Şah</a></span> </li></ul><dl><dt> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Popular culture</span> Popüler kültür</span> </dt></dl><ul><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marjane_Satrapi&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhwzSgrNdmB3k9rCWCiBMHgatd5kw" title="Marjane Satrapi">Marjane Satrapi</a> , Iranian graphic novelist, great grandchild of <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasser_al-Din_Shah&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhLSZdOS76DJ2ZQxfu-R3SAeTManA" title="Nasser Al-Din Shah" class="mw-redirect">Nasser al-Din Shah</a></span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marjane_Satrapi&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhwzSgrNdmB3k9rCWCiBMHgatd5kw" title="Marjane Satrapi">Marjane Satrapi,</a> İranlı grafik romancı, <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasser_al-Din_Shah&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhLSZdOS76DJ2ZQxfu-R3SAeTManA" title="Nasser Al-Din Shah" class="mw-redirect">Nasser Al</a> büyük <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasser_al-Din_Shah&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhLSZdOS76DJ2ZQxfu-R3SAeTManA" title="Nasser Al-Din Shah" class="mw-redirect">torun-Din Şah</a></span> </li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarah_Shahi&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhif87j8o8fqYpqXt0x081_KrjBenQ" title="Sarah Shahi">Sarah Shahi</a> , American actress and cheerleader; descendant of <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fath_Ali_Shah&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgZfHoAUFm1m_yh7swdnGHesZq7wA" title="Fath Ali Şah" class="mw-redirect">Fath Ali Shah</a></span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarah_Shahi&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhif87j8o8fqYpqXt0x081_KrjBenQ" title="Sarah Shahi">Sarah Shahi,</a> Amerikalı oyuncu ve amigo; <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fath_Ali_Shah&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgZfHoAUFm1m_yh7swdnGHesZq7wA" title="Fath Ali Şah" class="mw-redirect">Fath Ali Şah</a> ve soyundan</span> </li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DShireen_Fathi%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhnJ0uN4m39xxhIKvDtapFA6RsIBA" class="new" title="Yok Shireen Fathi (sayfa)">Shireen Fathi</a> , Iranian-American actress; descendant of Iranian Qajar.</span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DShireen_Fathi%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhnJ0uN4m39xxhIKvDtapFA6RsIBA" class="new" title="Yok Shireen Fathi (sayfa)">Shireen Fathi,</a> İran-Amerikan aktris; İran Kaçar ve soyundan.</span> </li></ul><p><a name="See_also" id="See_also"></a></p><h2> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span class="editsection">[ <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DQajar_dynasty%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D11&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiDNxn62kEiBZLzh9XaojAA8fv8UQ" title="Değiştir bölümü: Ayrıca bakınız">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">See also</span></span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DQajar_dynasty%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D11&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiDNxn62kEiBZLzh9XaojAA8fv8UQ" title="Değiştir bölümü: Ayrıca bakınız"><span class="editsection">[Değiştir]</span></a> <span class="mw-headline">Ayrıca bakınız</span></span> </h2><ul><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjUMNKDsg75ssYpfnhUtpPJ7eXz1g" title="Iran">Persia</a></span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjUMNKDsg75ssYpfnhUtpPJ7eXz1g" title="Iran">Persia</a></span> </li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Persia&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhh43uO3qo5cs6mWhAxhqE5AUW8fgQ" title="Persia Tarihi" class="mw-redirect">History of Persia</a></span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Persia&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhh43uO3qo5cs6mWhAxhqE5AUW8fgQ" title="Persia Tarihi" class="mw-redirect">Persia Tarihi</a></span> </li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Iran&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiTNqeOOX_YEqnMf6j1sSXdehREhA" title="Iran Tarihi">History of Iran</a></span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Iran&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiTNqeOOX_YEqnMf6j1sSXdehREhA" title="Iran Tarihi">Iran Tarihi</a></span> </li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Persia&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhh4gvfyYiTouVlnEs8K8E-o5dgQUA" title="Persia kralları listesi">List of kings of Persia</a></span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Persia&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhh4gvfyYiTouVlnEs8K8E-o5dgQUA" title="Persia kralları listesi">Persia kralları listesi</a></span> </li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirza_Kouchek_Khan&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhcQmxoM49BcZLDPYcMcyuMFOjPAw" title="Mirza Kouchek Karaca" class="mw-redirect">Mirza Kouchek Khan</a></span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirza_Kouchek_Khan&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhcQmxoM49BcZLDPYcMcyuMFOjPAw" title="Mirza Kouchek Karaca" class="mw-redirect">Mirza Kouchek Karaca</a></span> </li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdolhossein_Teymourtash&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgFk-mEydPHarK5Y93KQLHCOg_lkw" title="Abdolhossein Teymourtash">Abdolhossein Teymourtash</a></span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdolhossein_Teymourtash&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgFk-mEydPHarK5Y93KQLHCOg_lkw" title="Abdolhossein Teymourtash">Abdolhossein Teymourtash</a></span> </li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qajar_art&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhLdlknPKOxyrmqcxV3cdscxNLnSQ" title="Kaçar sanat">Qajar art</a></span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qajar_art&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhLdlknPKOxyrmqcxV3cdscxNLnSQ" title="Kaçar sanat">Kaçar sanat</a></span> </li></ul><p><a name="References" id="References"></a></p><h2> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span class="editsection">[ <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DQajar_dynasty%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D12&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjUBf8HxqXQMyyUT5eLZfrdHkGcTA" title="Değiştir bölüm: Referanslar">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">References</span></span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DQajar_dynasty%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D12&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjUBf8HxqXQMyyUT5eLZfrdHkGcTA" title="Değiştir bölüm: Referanslar"><span class="editsection">[Değiştir]</span></a> <span class="mw-headline">Referanslar</span></span> </h2><div class="references-small"><ol class="references"><li id="cite_note-0"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qajar_dynasty&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjJrFCep2XKTx3720gwOc33VtQQ4A#cite_ref-0"><b>^</b></a> Homa Katouzian, "State and Society in Iran: The Eclipse of the Qajars and the Emergence of the Pahlavis", Published by IBTauris, 2006.</span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qajar_dynasty&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjJrFCep2XKTx3720gwOc33VtQQ4A#cite_ref-0"><b>^</b></a> Homa Katouzian, "Devlet ve Toplum İran: Eclipse Qajars ve Pahlavis" nin Doğuşu, IBTauris, 2006 Yayınlandı.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">pg 327: "In post-Islamic times, the mother-tongue of Iran's rulers was often Turkic, but Persian was almost invariably the cultural and administrative language"</span> 327 pg: "Post-İslam kez, anne-İran hükümdarlarının dil çoğu Türk, ama Farsça neredeyse kaçınılmaz kültürel ve idari dil oldu"</span> </li><li id="cite_note-1"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qajar_dynasty&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjJrFCep2XKTx3720gwOc33VtQQ4A#cite_ref-1"><b>^</b></a> Homa Katouzian, "Iranian history and politics", Published by Routledge, 2003.</span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qajar_dynasty&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjJrFCep2XKTx3720gwOc33VtQQ4A#cite_ref-1"><b>^</b></a> Homa Katouzian, "İran tarih ve siyaset", Routledge, 2003 Published by.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">pg 128: " <i>Indeed, since the formation of the Ghaznavids state in the tenth century until the fall of Qajars at the beginning of the twentieth century, most parts of the Iranian cultural regions were ruled by Turkic-speaking dynasties most of the time. At the same time, the official language was Persian, the court literature was in Persian, and most of the chancellors, ministers, and mandarins were Persian speakers of the highest learning and ability</i> "</span> 128 pg: <i>"Gerçekten de, yirminci yüzyılın başında Qajars sonbaharında kadar onuncu yüzyılda Gazneliler'e devletin oluşumu bu yana İran kültür bölgelerini birçok yerinde Türk tarafından idare edildi çoğu zaman hanedan konuşma. At Aynı zamanda, resmi dil Farsça, mahkeme edebiyat Farsça yılında oldu ve Başbakanları, bakanları, ve en mandalina vardı en yüksek öğrenme ve kabiliyetinin Farsça hoparlörleri</i> "</span> </li><li id="cite_note-2"><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qajar_dynasty&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjJrFCep2XKTx3720gwOc33VtQQ4A#cite_ref-2"><b>^</b></a> <span class="citation book" id="CITEREFLaw1984">Law, Henry DG (1984) " <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://books.google.com/books%3Fid%3D7PFjAAAAMAAJ&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhC28YIVKr7exZ5BRfufAj3Whg9oA" class="external text" title="http://books.google.com/books?id=7PFjAAAAMAAJ" rel="nofollow">Modern Persian Prose (1920s-1940s)</a> "in Ricks, Thomas M. <span><i>Critical perspectives on modern Persian literature</i></span> Washington, DC: Three Continents Pressp. 132 <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0914478958&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgHa3EC6u2cvQN8VO06YJYm1bgUdw" class="internal">ISBN 0914478958</a> , 9780914478959 <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://books.google.com/books%3Fid%3D7PFjAAAAMAAJ&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhC28YIVKr7exZ5BRfufAj3Whg9oA" class="external free" title="http://books.google.com/books?id=7PFjAAAAMAAJ" rel="nofollow"><span class="printonly">http://books.google.com/books?id=7PFjAAAAMAAJ</span></a> "cited in Babak, Vladimir; Vaisman, Demian; Wasserman, Aryeh. <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://books.google.com/books%3Fid%3DI8Ka7vS_BCQC%26pg%3DPA22&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhOX68TJpAZJzUu9ve65eWXR7mhsw" class="external text" title="http://books.google.com/books?id=I8Ka7vS_BCQC&pg=PA22" rel="nofollow">"Political Organization in Central Asia and Azerbaijan"</a> : <i>During most of the Qajar rule, Turkish was the principal language spoken at the court, while Persian was the predominantly literary language.</i> "</span></span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qajar_dynasty&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjJrFCep2XKTx3720gwOc33VtQQ4A#cite_ref-2"><b>^</b></a> <span class="citation book" id="CITEREFLaw1984">Hukuku, Henry DG (1984) <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://books.google.com/books%3Fid%3D7PFjAAAAMAAJ&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhC28YIVKr7exZ5BRfufAj3Whg9oA" class="external text" title="http://books.google.com/books?id=7PFjAAAAMAAJ" rel="nofollow">"Modern Farsça Nesir (1920s-1940)"</a> Ricks, <span><i>modern Fars edebiyatı,</i></span> Washington, DC: Üç Kıta Pressp <span><i>Doğum</i></span> Thomas M. <span><i>Eleştirel Yaklaşımlar.</i></span> 132 <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0914478958&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgHa3EC6u2cvQN8VO06YJYm1bgUdw" class="internal">ISBN 0914478958,</a> 9780914478959 <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://books.google.com/books%3Fid%3D7PFjAAAAMAAJ&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhC28YIVKr7exZ5BRfufAj3Whg9oA" class="external free" title="http://books.google.com/books?id=7PFjAAAAMAAJ" rel="nofollow"><span class="printonly">http://books.google .com / kitaplar? id = 7PFjAAAAMAAJ</span></a> "Babak Vladimir belirtilmiş; Vaisman, Demian; Wasserman <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://books.google.com/books%3Fid%3DI8Ka7vS_BCQC%26pg%3DPA22&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhOX68TJpAZJzUu9ve65eWXR7mhsw" class="external text" title="http://books.google.com/books?id=I8Ka7vS_BCQC&pg=PA22" rel="nofollow">Aryeh." Siyasi Teşkilat Orta Asya ve Azerbaycan'da ":</a> <i>Kaçar yönetiminin en sırasında, Türk temel dil Mahkemede konuşulan oldu Farsça ise ağırlıklı olarak edebi dili oldu.</i> "</span></span> <span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver = Z39.88-2004 & rft_val_fmt = bilgi% 3Aofi% 2Ffmt% 3Akev% 3Amtx% 3Abook & rft.genre = bookitem & rft.btitle = Modern + Farsça + Nesir +% 281920s-1940% 29 & = + + + perspektifler, modern + üzerine Farsça Kritik rft.atitle + edebiyat & rft.aulast = Hukuk & rft.aufirst = Henry + DG & rft.au = Hukuk% 2C + Henry + DG & rft.date = 1984 & rft.pages = s.% 26nbsp% 3B132 & rft.place = Washington% 2C + DC & rft.pub = Üç + kıtada + Basın & rft.isbn = 0914478958% 2C 9780914478959 & rft_id = http% 3A% 2F% 2Fbooks.google.com% 2Fbooks% 3Fid% 3D7PFjAAAAMAAJ & rfr_id = info: sid / en.wikipedia.org: Qajar_dynasty"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span> </li><li id="cite_note-Abbas-3"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">^ <sup><i><b><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qajar_dynasty&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjJrFCep2XKTx3720gwOc33VtQQ4A#cite_ref-Abbas_3-0">a</a> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qajar_dynasty&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjJrFCep2XKTx3720gwOc33VtQQ4A#cite_ref-Abbas_3-1">b</a></b></i></sup> Abbas Amanat, The Pivot of the Universe: Nasir Al-Din Shah Qajar and the Iranian Monarchy, 1831-1896, IBTauris, pp 2-3; " <i>In the 126 years between the fall of the Safavid state in 1722 and the accession of Nasir al-Din Shah, the Qajars evolved from a shepherd-warrior tribe with strongholds in northern Iran into a Persian dynasty..</i> "</span> ^ <sup><i><b><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qajar_dynasty&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjJrFCep2XKTx3720gwOc33VtQQ4A#cite_ref-Abbas_3-0">A</a> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qajar_dynasty&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjJrFCep2XKTx3720gwOc33VtQQ4A#cite_ref-Abbas_3-1">b</a></b></i></sup> Abbas Amanat, Evrenin Pivot: Nasir Al-Din Şah ve İran Monarşi, 1831-1896, IBTauris, s. 2-3; <i>"1722 yılında Safevi devletinin güz arasında 126 yıl içinde nasir al katılım-Din Shah, Qajars bir çoban evrimleştiği kuzey İran'da kaleleri ile savaşçı kabile Farsça bir hanedanı içine ..</i> "</span> </li><li id="cite_note-4"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qajar_dynasty&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjJrFCep2XKTx3720gwOc33VtQQ4A#cite_ref-4"><b>^</b></a> Rice, Edward, <i>Captain Sir Richard Francis Burton</i> , (Da Capo Press, 1990), 114.</span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qajar_dynasty&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjJrFCep2XKTx3720gwOc33VtQQ4A#cite_ref-4"><b>^</b></a> Rice, Edward, <i>Kaptan Sir Richard Francis Burton</i> (Da Capo Press, 1990), 114.</span> </li><li id="cite_note-5"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qajar_dynasty&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjJrFCep2XKTx3720gwOc33VtQQ4A#cite_ref-5"><b>^</b></a> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9062092/Qajar-Dynasty&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgzWB7KGhDsft4LWBSn7caf_3w7yw" class="external text" title="http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9062092/Qajar-Dynasty" rel="nofollow">Qajar Dynasty on Encyclopædia Britannica</a></span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qajar_dynasty&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjJrFCep2XKTx3720gwOc33VtQQ4A#cite_ref-5"><b>^</b></a> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9062092/Qajar-Dynasty&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgzWB7KGhDsft4LWBSn7caf_3w7yw" class="external text" title="http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9062092/Qajar-Dynasty" rel="nofollow">Kaçar Hanedanı Britannica Ansiklopedisi Doğum</a></span> </li><li id="cite_note-6"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qajar_dynasty&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjJrFCep2XKTx3720gwOc33VtQQ4A#cite_ref-6"><b>^</b></a> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://www.kadjarfamily.org/articles_11.cfm&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhbWMz3T5J2YIgcj6RbYuuHN0myIQ" class="external text" title="http://www.kadjarfamily.org/articles_11.cfm" rel="nofollow">Genealogy and History of Qajar (Kadjar) Rulers and Heads of the Imperial Kadjar House</a></span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qajar_dynasty&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjJrFCep2XKTx3720gwOc33VtQQ4A#cite_ref-6"><b>^</b></a> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://www.kadjarfamily.org/articles_11.cfm&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhbWMz3T5J2YIgcj6RbYuuHN0myIQ" class="external text" title="http://www.kadjarfamily.org/articles_11.cfm" rel="nofollow">Şecere ve Kaçar Tarihi (Kadjar) yöneticileri ve İmparatorluk Kadjar Evi Başkanları</a></span> </li><li id="cite_note-ghani1-7"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">^ <sup><i><b><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qajar_dynasty&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjJrFCep2XKTx3720gwOc33VtQQ4A#cite_ref-ghani1_7-0">a</a> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qajar_dynasty&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjJrFCep2XKTx3720gwOc33VtQQ4A#cite_ref-ghani1_7-1">b</a> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qajar_dynasty&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjJrFCep2XKTx3720gwOc33VtQQ4A#cite_ref-ghani1_7-2">c</a> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qajar_dynasty&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjJrFCep2XKTx3720gwOc33VtQQ4A#cite_ref-ghani1_7-3">d</a></b></i></sup> Cyrus Ghani. <i>Iran and the Rise of the Reza Shah: From Qajar Collapse to Pahlavi Power</i> , IB Tauris, 2000, <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1860646298&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjGFOXZSi5lsvAadKlZ_tM3iQ8FYA" class="internal">ISBN 1860646298</a> , p.</span> ^ <sup><i><b><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qajar_dynasty&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjJrFCep2XKTx3720gwOc33VtQQ4A#cite_ref-ghani1_7-0">A</a> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qajar_dynasty&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjJrFCep2XKTx3720gwOc33VtQQ4A#cite_ref-ghani1_7-1">b</a> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qajar_dynasty&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjJrFCep2XKTx3720gwOc33VtQQ4A#cite_ref-ghani1_7-2">c</a> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qajar_dynasty&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjJrFCep2XKTx3720gwOc33VtQQ4A#cite_ref-ghani1_7-3">d</a></b></i></sup> Cyrus Ghani. <i>İran ve Rıza Şah Rise: Gönderen Kaçar daralt Pehlevi Güç,</i> IB Tauris, 2000, <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1860646298&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjGFOXZSi5lsvAadKlZ_tM3iQ8FYA" class="internal">ISBN 1860646298,</a> s. <i>için</i></span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">1</span> 1</span> </li><li id="cite_note-8"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qajar_dynasty&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjJrFCep2XKTx3720gwOc33VtQQ4A#cite_ref-8"><b>^</b></a> William Bayne Fisher. <i>Cambridge History of Iran</i> , Cambridge University Press, 1993, p.</span> <i>Iran,</i> Cambridge University Press, 1993, s. <i>of</i> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qajar_dynasty&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjJrFCep2XKTx3720gwOc33VtQQ4A#cite_ref-8"><b>^</b></a> William Bayne Fisher. <i>Cambridge History</i></span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">344, <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521200946&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgyG4wKMTE9J6Y7_XYkCgO_-RiGeA" class="internal">ISBN 0521200946</a></span> 344, <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521200946&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgyG4wKMTE9J6Y7_XYkCgO_-RiGeA" class="internal">ISBN 0521200946</a></span> </li><li id="cite_note-iranicaqajar-9"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qajar_dynasty&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjJrFCep2XKTx3720gwOc33VtQQ4A#cite_ref-iranicaqajar_9-0"><b>^</b></a> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://www.iranica.com/newsite/articles/v13f3/v13f3001e.html&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhBtZGAvLUPQRTd_U2Pq6tmh-DcGQ" class="external text" title="http://www.iranica.com/newsite/articles/v13f3/v13f3001e.html" rel="nofollow">Encyclopedia Iranica.</a></span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qajar_dynasty&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjJrFCep2XKTx3720gwOc33VtQQ4A#cite_ref-iranicaqajar_9-0"><b>^</b></a> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://www.iranica.com/newsite/articles/v13f3/v13f3001e.html&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhBtZGAvLUPQRTd_U2Pq6tmh-DcGQ" class="external text" title="http://www.iranica.com/newsite/articles/v13f3/v13f3001e.html" rel="nofollow">Encyclopedia Iranica.</a></span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; 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text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qajar_dynasty&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjJrFCep2XKTx3720gwOc33VtQQ4A#cite_ref-rohborn_10-0"><b>^</b></a> KM Röhrborn, Provinzen und Zentralgewalt Persiens im 16.</span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qajar_dynasty&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjJrFCep2XKTx3720gwOc33VtQQ4A#cite_ref-rohborn_10-0"><b>^</b></a> KM Röhrborn, Provinzen Zentralgewalt Persiens im 16 und.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">und 17.</span> und 17.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Jahrhundert, Berlin, 1966, p.</span> Jahrhundert, Berlin, 1966, s.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">4</span> 4</span> </li><li id="cite_note-iranicaganja-11"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qajar_dynasty&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjJrFCep2XKTx3720gwOc33VtQQ4A#cite_ref-iranicaganja_11-0"><b>^</b></a> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://www.iranica.com/articles/v10f3/v10f372.html&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhh0k8pscwgX0XAPgMVR3hWtKoRMsw" class="external text" title="http://www.iranica.com/articles/v10f3/v10f372.html" rel="nofollow">Encyclopedia Iranica.</a></span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qajar_dynasty&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjJrFCep2XKTx3720gwOc33VtQQ4A#cite_ref-iranicaganja_11-0"><b>^</b></a> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://www.iranica.com/articles/v10f3/v10f372.html&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhh0k8pscwgX0XAPgMVR3hWtKoRMsw" class="external text" title="http://www.iranica.com/articles/v10f3/v10f372.html" rel="nofollow">Encyclopedia Iranica.</a></span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; 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text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qajar_dynasty&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjJrFCep2XKTx3720gwOc33VtQQ4A#cite_ref-keddie_12-0"><b>^</b></a> Nikki R. Keddie.</span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qajar_dynasty&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjJrFCep2XKTx3720gwOc33VtQQ4A#cite_ref-keddie_12-0"><b>^</b></a> Nikki R. Keddie.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">"The Iranian Power Structure and Social Change 1800-1969: An Overview", <i>International Journal of Middle East Studies</i> , Vol.</span> "İran Güç Yapı ve Sosyal Değişme 1800-1969 Genel Bir Bakış", <i>International Journal of Middle East Studies, Vol.</i></span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">2, No. 1.</span> 2, No 1.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">(Jan., 1971), p.</span> (Ocak, 1971), s.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">4</span> 4</span> </li><li id="cite_note-13"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qajar_dynasty&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjJrFCep2XKTx3720gwOc33VtQQ4A#cite_ref-13"><b>^</b></a> Ira Marvin Lapidus. <i>A History of Islamic Societies</i> , Cambridge University Press, 2002, <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521779332&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgLA5rJlyuXbJ9wX32w3LWc6ZyXEQ" class="internal">ISBN 0521779332</a> , p.</span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qajar_dynasty&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjJrFCep2XKTx3720gwOc33VtQQ4A#cite_ref-13"><b>^</b></a> Ira Marvin Lapidus. <i>İslam Toplumları,</i> Cambridge University Press, 2002, <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521779332&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgLA5rJlyuXbJ9wX32w3LWc6ZyXEQ" class="internal">ISBN 0521779332,</a> s. <i>A History of</i></span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">469.</span> 469.</span> </li><li id="cite_note-14"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qajar_dynasty&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjJrFCep2XKTx3720gwOc33VtQQ4A#cite_ref-14"><b>^</b></a></span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qajar_dynasty&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjJrFCep2XKTx3720gwOc33VtQQ4A#cite_ref-14"><b>^</b></a></span> <table style="border-style: none; margin: auto; border-collapse: collapse;color:transparent;" class="cquote"><tbody><tr><td style="padding: 10px; color: rgb(178, 183, 242); font-weight: bold; text-align: left;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:35px;" width="20" valign="top"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">“</span> "</span> </td><td style="padding: 4px 10px;" valign="top"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">" <i>Even when rulers on the plateau lacked the means to effect suzerainty beyond the Aras, the neighboring Khanates were still regarded as <b>Iranian dependencies</b> .</i> Naturally, it was those Khanates located closes to the province of Azarbaijan which most frequently experienced attempts to re-impose Iranian <b>suzerainty</b> : the Khanates of Erivan, Nakhchivan and Qarabagh across the Aras, and the cis-Aras Khanate of Talish, with its administrative headquarters located at Lankaran and therefore very vulnerable to pressure, either from the direction of Tabriz or Rasht. Beyond the Khanate of Qarabagh, <b>the Khan of Ganja</b> and the Vali of Gurjistan (ruler of the Kartli-Kakheti kingdom of south-east Georgia), although less accessible for purposes of coercion, <b>were also regarded as the Shah's vassals</b> , <b>as were the Khans of Shakki and Shirvan, north of the Kura river</b> . The contacts between Iran and the Khanates of Baku and Qubba, however, were more tenuous and consisted mainly of maritime commercial links with Anzali and Rasht. The effectiveness of these somewhat haphazard assertions of suzeiranty dependend on the ability of a particular Shah to make his will felt, and the determination of the local khans to evade obligations they regarded as onerous." <b>The Cambridge history of Iran By William Bayne Fisher, Published by Cambridge University Press, 1991, pp.</b></span> <i>"Bile yaylasında yöneticiler etkisi hükümdarlık için Aras, komşu Khanates hala <b>İran bağımlılık</b> olarak kabul edildi ötesinde anlamı yoktu.</i> Doğal olarak, bu o Khanates bulunduğu Azerbaycan olan en sık girişimlerine yeniden-İran empoze deneyimli eyalete kapatır <b>hükümdarlık:</b> Aras arasında Erivan, Nahçıvan ve Qarabagh ve Khanates ve cis-Aras Hanlığı Talish ile, idari merkez ile Lenkeran bulunan ve bu nedenle çok baskı açık, ya Tebriz veya Rasht yönünden. Hanlığı'nın Beyond Kartli Qarabagh, <b>Karaca Gence ve</b> Vali Gurjistan üzerinden (cetvel-güney-doğu Kaheti krallığı Gürcistan), ancak daha az zorlama amacıyla, erişilebilir <b>da Şah'ın vasalları olarak olarak Hanları Shakki ve Şirvan ile kabul edildi edildi , kuzey Kura nehrinin.</b> İran ve Khanates Bakü ve Qubba arasındaki kişiler, ancak daha ince olduğunu ve Anzali ve Rasht ile deniz ticari bağlantılar çoğunlukla oluşuyordu. yeteneği üzerinde suzeiranty dependend bu biraz gelişigüzel iddialarının etkinliği Belirli bir Şah vasiyeti hissetti ve yerel hanları belirlenmesi onlar gibi zahmetli kabul yükümlülükleri kurtulmak için yapmak. <b>"William Bayne Fisher tarafından İran Cambridge tarih, Cambridge University Press, 1991, s. tarafından yayınlanmıştır.</b></span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><b>145-146</b></span> <b>145-146</b></span> </td><td style="padding: 10px; color: rgb(178, 183, 242); font-weight: bold; text-align: right;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:36px;" width="20" valign="bottom"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">”</span> "</span> </td></tr></tbody></table></li><li id="cite_note-15"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qajar_dynasty&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjJrFCep2XKTx3720gwOc33VtQQ4A#cite_ref-15"><b>^</b></a> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://www.4dw.net/royalark/Persia/qajar13.htm&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhkPfw8KBoZ11Tw8zk_orxCSt4Zhw" class="external text" title="http://www.4dw.net/royalark/Persia/qajar13.htm" rel="nofollow">qajar13</a></span> <a 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href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Qajar_dynasty&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhh3EKUonfrZv8l_APqURPxPSePAwg" class="extiw" title="commons: Kategori: Kaçar Hanedanı"><i><b>Category:Qajar dynasty</b></i></a></span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjxewDDZckrBCs_Igo6tIvGBSazFA" title="Wikimedia Commons'da">Vikipedi</a> maddesi: <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Qajar_dynasty&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhh3EKUonfrZv8l_APqURPxPSePAwg" class="extiw" title="commons: Kategori: Kaçar Hanedanı"><i><b>Kategori: Kaçar Hanedanı</b></i></a></span> </td></tr></tbody></table><ul><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://www.qajarpages.org/&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhi60ljie1_46zUMErFbs4XoKtfEdA" class="external text" title="http://www.qajarpages.org/" rel="nofollow">The Qajar (Kadjar) Pages</a></span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://www.qajarpages.org/&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhi60ljie1_46zUMErFbs4XoKtfEdA" class="external text" title="http://www.qajarpages.org/" rel="nofollow">Kaçar (Kadjar) Maddeler</a></span> </li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://www.islamicarchitecture.org/dynasties/qajars.html&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiTaNfQQgx-TgWsVPvMXOUHPNoGEw" class="external text" title="http://www.islamicarchitecture.org/dynasties/qajars.html" rel="nofollow">Qajars Dynasty</a> Turkoman dynasty of the Shahs of Persia</span> Shahs of Persia <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://www.islamicarchitecture.org/dynasties/qajars.html&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiTaNfQQgx-TgWsVPvMXOUHPNoGEw" class="external text" title="http://www.islamicarchitecture.org/dynasties/qajars.html" rel="nofollow">Qajars Hanedanı</a> Türkmen hanedanı</span> </li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://www.kadjarfamily.org/&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhh_IEcPLVFhv-SqvL1KVSaB_UjHDQ" class="external text" title="http://www.kadjarfamily.org/" rel="nofollow">Qajar Family Website</a></span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://www.kadjarfamily.org/&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhh_IEcPLVFhv-SqvL1KVSaB_UjHDQ" class="external text" title="http://www.kadjarfamily.org/" rel="nofollow">Kaçar Aile Web Sitesi</a></span> </li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://www.4dw.net/royalark/Persia/qajar13.htm/&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjJxMQXz0EQw2_xTwy2bheInhX0zw" class="external text" title="http://www.4dw.net/royalark/Persia/qajar13.htm/" rel="nofollow">Royal Ark-Qajar Website</a> by Christopher Buyers</span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://www.4dw.net/royalark/Persia/qajar13.htm/&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjJxMQXz0EQw2_xTwy2bheInhX0zw" class="external text" title="http://www.4dw.net/royalark/Persia/qajar13.htm/" rel="nofollow">Royal Ark-Kaçar Web</a> Christopher Alıcılar tarafından</span> </li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://www.4dw.net/royalark/Persia/qajar11.htm&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjmtgLJuQ1DZiRSlr6xSgb7qCi6RQ" class="external text" title="http://www.4dw.net/royalark/Persia/qajar11.htm" rel="nofollow">Royal Ark-Qajar Website</a> by Christopher Buyers</span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://www.4dw.net/royalark/Persia/qajar11.htm&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjmtgLJuQ1DZiRSlr6xSgb7qCi6RQ" class="external text" title="http://www.4dw.net/royalark/Persia/qajar11.htm" rel="nofollow">Royal Ark-Kaçar Web</a> Christopher Alıcılar tarafından</span> </li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://www.worldisround.com/articles/255115/index.html&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhBKwQC-5-JKwafIJPKbop1sWvmlg" class="external text" title="http://www.worldisround.com/articles/255115/index.html" rel="nofollow">Some Photos of Qajar Family Members</a></span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://www.worldisround.com/articles/255115/index.html&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhBKwQC-5-JKwafIJPKbop1sWvmlg" class="external text" title="http://www.worldisround.com/articles/255115/index.html" rel="nofollow">Bazı Fotoğraflar Kaçar Aile üyeleri</a></span> </li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">A slide show of the Qajar Era, 1781-1925: <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://www.youtube.com/v/3bXC5SHB1CI%26hl%3Den%26rel%3D0%26border%3D1&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiDtqPU86XMXA_zm3m0N-_2EDuXsw" class="external text" title="http://www.youtube.com/v/3bXC5SHB1CI&hl=en&rel=0&border=1" rel="nofollow">YouTube</a></span> Kaçar Era, 1781-1925 bir slayt gösterisi: <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://www.youtube.com/v/3bXC5SHB1CI%26hl%3Den%26rel%3D0%26border%3D1&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiDtqPU86XMXA_zm3m0N-_2EDuXsw" class="external text" title="http://www.youtube.com/v/3bXC5SHB1CI&hl=en&rel=0&border=1" rel="nofollow">YouTube</a></span> </li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Mohammad-Reza Tahmasbpoor, <i>History of Iranian Photography: Early Photography in Iran</i> , Iranian Artists' site, <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://www.kargah.com/history_of_iranian_photography/early/index.php%3Fother%3D1&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjdLOf9aIs4vwpgYsALbgmPlxobgw" class="external text" title="http://www.kargah.com/history_of_iranian_photography/early/index.php?other=1" rel="nofollow"><i>Kargah</i></a></span> Mohammad-Reza Tahmasbpoor, <i>İran Fotoğraf Tarihi: Erken Fotoğrafçılık İran,</i> İran Sanatçı sitesi, <i><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://www.kargah.com/history_of_iranian_photography/early/index.php%3Fother%3D1&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjdLOf9aIs4vwpgYsALbgmPlxobgw" class="external text" title="http://www.kargah.com/history_of_iranian_photography/early/index.php?other=1" rel="nofollow">Kargah</a> içinde</i></span> </li></ul><!-- NewPP limit report Preprocessor node count: 2803/1000000 Post-expand include size: 51279/2048000 bytes Template argument size: 23369/2048000 bytes Expensive parser function count: 6/500 --><!-- Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:609535-0!1!0!default!!en!2 and timestamp 20090913111727 --><div class="printfooter"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Retrieved from " <a 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title="Kategori: Oğuz Türkleri"><span dir="ltr">Oğuzlar'ın</span></a> | <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Turkic_dynasties&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhv2dbgqBV22yKoHlKpGdCrI0dwaA" title="Kategori: Türk hanedanları"><span dir="ltr">Türk hanedanları</span></a> | <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Turkish_words_and_phrases&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgHW62dX0KjHd-5p3j6_LNxiAXyZQ" title="Kategori: Türk kelimeleri ve cümleleri"><span dir="ltr">Türkçe kelime ve deyimleri</span></a></span> </div></div></div><br /><br />------------------------------------<br />Rumeli Beylerbeyliği Arşivi<br /><br /><a class="a2a_dd" href="http://www.addtoany.com/share_save"><img alt="Share/Save/Bookmark" src="http://static.addtoany.com/buttons/share_save_171_16.png" width="171" border="0" height="16" /></a><script type="text/javascript">a2a_linkname="www.eyupsarikartal.com";a2a_linkurl=location.href;a2a_show_title=1;a2a_hide_embeds=0;a2a_num_services=22;</script><script charset="utf-8" src="http://static.addtoany.com/menu/locale/tr-TR.js" type="text/javascript"></script><script src="http://static.addtoany.com/menu/page.js" type="text/javascript"></script><br /><br />Urumeli vilayeti celilesi Osmanlının kalbidir.(Türkçe:Manastır/Yunanlar ve Sırplar ve Bulgarlar Bitola olarak değiştirilmiştir. Muhtemelen manas'tan geliyor. Ahalinin şiir yeteneğive kırgızlara fiziki benzerliği ilginç) ,Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2905918545844906697.post-46616336561073591132009-09-13T11:53:00.001+03:002009-09-13T11:56:05.074+03:00Ulahça, Aroumanian languge bize benzemiyor yaa..<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading"><span style="background-color: rgb(230, 236, 249);" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()">Ulahça</span> </h1><div id="bodyContent"><h3 id="siteSub"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</span> Vikipedi, özgür ansiklopedi</span> </h3><div id="jump-to-nav"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Jump to: <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromanian_language&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiecqK--lTT4A5HFfPAP8Y-3S06Ig#column-one">navigation</a> , <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromanian_language&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiecqK--lTT4A5HFfPAP8Y-3S06Ig#searchInput">search</a></span> Git ve: <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromanian_language&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiecqK--lTT4A5HFfPAP8Y-3S06Ig#column-one">kullan,</a> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromanian_language&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiecqK--lTT4A5HFfPAP8Y-3S06Ig#searchInput">ara</a></span> </div><!-- start content --><div class="dablink"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Not to be confused with <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian_language&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhk_9TfeiQ3Ej_zQVzeh-GmNx0ToQ" title="Ermeni dili">Armenian language</a> .</span> Değil <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian_language&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhk_9TfeiQ3Ej_zQVzeh-GmNx0ToQ" title="Ermeni dili">Ermeni dili</a> ile karıştırılmamalıdır.</span> </div><table class="infobox" style="width: 22em; text-align: left; font-size: 88%; line-height: 1.5em;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-size: 125%; font-weight: bold; color: black; background-color: lawngreen;"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Aromanian</span> Aromanca</span> </th></tr><tr><th colspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold; color: black; background-color: lawngreen;"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Armãneashce, Armãneashti, Limba armãneascã</span> Armãneashce, Armãneashti, Limba armãneascã</span> </th></tr><tr><th> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Spoken in</span> Sözlü olarak</span> </th><td colspan="2"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhqqS-Cfa6zoLvboE4jVPCYcvzIDA" title="Yunanistan">Greece</a> , <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albania&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhj-FS8vqY7MfqhINcgt4CrK6IUrqA" title="Arnavutluk">Albania</a> , <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhFJ8MySsse74AbeM3-EOOJoiwIlA" title="Romanya">Romania</a> , <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Macedonia&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjONzqgKrZsC-QIQ0jduTlbUloVeA" title="Makedonya Cumhuriyeti">Republic of Macedonia</a> , <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhju17ktqqUBnQxH4t_zxgaXb2SZHQ" title="Sırbistan">Serbia</a> , <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhg8l2KvVKr-f8XGy8E1DH9AenLKEg" title="Bulgaristan">Bulgaria</a></span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhqqS-Cfa6zoLvboE4jVPCYcvzIDA" title="Yunanistan">Yunanistan,</a> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albania&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhj-FS8vqY7MfqhINcgt4CrK6IUrqA" title="Arnavutluk">Arnavutluk,</a> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhFJ8MySsse74AbeM3-EOOJoiwIlA" title="Romanya">Romanya,</a> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Macedonia&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjONzqgKrZsC-QIQ0jduTlbUloVeA" title="Makedonya Cumhuriyeti">Makedonya Cumhuriyeti,</a> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhju17ktqqUBnQxH4t_zxgaXb2SZHQ" title="Sırbistan">Sırbistan,</a> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhg8l2KvVKr-f8XGy8E1DH9AenLKEg" title="Bulgaristan">Bulgaristan</a> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Macedonia&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjONzqgKrZsC-QIQ0jduTlbUloVeA" title="Makedonya Cumhuriyeti">ve</a></span> </td></tr><tr><th> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Region</span> Bölge</span> </th><td colspan="2"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeastern_Europe&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjlMyg8X-qWeT9_ceASjtEzmuvfKA" title="Güneydoğu Avrupa" class="mw-redirect">Southeastern Europe</a></span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeastern_Europe&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjlMyg8X-qWeT9_ceASjtEzmuvfKA" title="Güneydoğu Avrupa" class="mw-redirect">Güneydoğu Avrupa</a></span> </td></tr><tr><th> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Total speakers</span> Toplam hoparlörler</span> </th><td colspan="2"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">300,000 <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromanian_language&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiecqK--lTT4A5HFfPAP8Y-3S06Ig#cite_note-0"><sup id="cite_ref-0" class="reference"><span>[</span> 1 <span>]</span></sup></a></span> 300.000 <span><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromanian_language&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiecqK--lTT4A5HFfPAP8Y-3S06Ig#cite_note-0"><sup id="cite_ref-0" class="reference">[1]</sup></a></span></span> </td></tr><tr><th> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_family&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiwyVYhglkMUH8YyoFh6T7upKt6MQ" title="Dil ailesi">Language family</a></span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_family&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiwyVYhglkMUH8YyoFh6T7upKt6MQ" title="Dil ailesi">Dil ailesi</a></span> </th><td colspan="2" style="text-align: left; line-height: 100%;"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-European_languages&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgTrdNKmhCcd7HIs8YiYNfjeIxqVg" title="Hint-Avrupa dilleri">Indo-European</a></span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-European_languages&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgTrdNKmhCcd7HIs8YiYNfjeIxqVg" title="Hint-Avrupa dilleri">Hint-Avrupa</a></span> <ul style="line-height: 100%; margin-left: 15px; padding-left: 0pt;"><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italic_languages&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjV_JdRBb8_J4hG6dYHksnqaOjDFA" title="İtalik diller">Italic</a></span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italic_languages&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjV_JdRBb8_J4hG6dYHksnqaOjDFA" title="İtalik diller">Italik</a></span> <ul style="line-height: 100%; margin-left: 5px; padding-left: 0pt;"><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romance_languages&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiG3jUFSCWzFNEWz81hJorjr22GfQ" title="Roman dilleri">Romance</a></span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romance_languages&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiG3jUFSCWzFNEWz81hJorjr22GfQ" title="Roman dilleri">Romance</a></span> <ul style="line-height: 100%; margin-left: 5px; padding-left: 0pt;"><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Romance_languages&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhxJLf-unft36aWCC3Q1j7D9hM1iA" title="Doğu Roman dilleri">Eastern Romance</a></span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Romance_languages&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhxJLf-unft36aWCC3Q1j7D9hM1iA" title="Doğu Roman dilleri">Doğu Romance</a></span> <ul style="line-height: 100%; margin-left: 5px; padding-left: 0pt;"><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Aromanian</span> Aromanca</span> </li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></td></tr><tr><th> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Writing_system&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhj7eUHV62GYi4FEZ9DBTTyfDgFebA" title="Sistem Yazma">Writing system</a></span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Writing_system&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhj7eUHV62GYi4FEZ9DBTTyfDgFebA" title="Sistem Yazma">Sistem Yazma</a></span> </th><td colspan="2"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_alphabet&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjBTUw8hWjhd3ZqNTLAP8c14yzZiA" title="Latin alfabesi">Latin alphabet</a> ( <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromanian_alphabet&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhg3_7NPAbsha-SCYoj3PfRALKj5JA" title="Aromanian alfabesi">Aromanian variant</a> )</span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_alphabet&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjBTUw8hWjhd3ZqNTLAP8c14yzZiA" title="Latin alfabesi">Latin alfabesi</a> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromanian_alphabet&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhg3_7NPAbsha-SCYoj3PfRALKj5JA" title="Aromanian alfabesi">(Aromanian varyant)</a></span> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="3" style="text-align: center; color: black; background-color: lawngreen;"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Official status</span> Resmi durumu</span> </th></tr><tr><th> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Official language in</span> Resmi dil</span> </th><td colspan="2"><br /><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">recognised as minority language in parts of:</span> parçaları azınlık dil olarak tanınan:</span><br /><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Macedonia&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjONzqgKrZsC-QIQ0jduTlbUloVeA" title="Makedonya Cumhuriyeti Bayrağı"><span class="flagicon"><img alt="Makedonya Cumhuriyeti Bayrağı" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Flag_of_Macedonia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Macedonia.svg.png" class="thumbborder" width="22" height="11" /></span></a> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Macedonia&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjONzqgKrZsC-QIQ0jduTlbUloVeA" title="Makedonya Cumhuriyeti">Republic of Macedonia</a> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromanian_language&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiecqK--lTT4A5HFfPAP8Y-3S06Ig#endnote_hill1999" class="external autonumber" title="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromanian_language # endnote_hill1999" rel="nofollow"><sup class="reference plainlinks nourlexpansion" id="ref_hill1999">[2]</sup></a></span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Macedonia&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjONzqgKrZsC-QIQ0jduTlbUloVeA" title="Makedonya Cumhuriyeti">Makedonya Cumhuriyeti</a> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromanian_language&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiecqK--lTT4A5HFfPAP8Y-3S06Ig#endnote_hill1999" class="external autonumber" title="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromanian_language # endnote_hill1999" rel="nofollow"><sup class="reference plainlinks nourlexpansion" id="ref_hill1999">[2]</sup></a></span> </td></tr><tr><th> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_language_regulators&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhimvGp4__EFV0QZcVgcYOCznL8iNw" title="Dil regülatörleri Listesi">Regulated by</a></span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_language_regulators&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhimvGp4__EFV0QZcVgcYOCznL8iNw" title="Dil regülatörleri Listesi">Tarafından denetlenmektedir</a></span> </th><td colspan="2"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><i>No official regulation</i></span> <i>Herhangi bir resmi düzenleme</i></span> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="3" style="text-align: center; color: black; background-color: lawngreen;"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Language codes</span> Dil kodları</span> </th></tr><tr><th> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_639-1&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhir-U49MqM_UyhdkFUMFn3UcEG9KA" title="ISO 639-1">ISO 639-1</a></span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_639-1&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhir-U49MqM_UyhdkFUMFn3UcEG9KA" title="ISO 639-1">ISO 639-1</a></span> </th><td colspan="2"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><i>None</i></span> <i>Hiçbiri</i></span> </td></tr><tr><th> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_639-2&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhPpaaYcOTOkBL6unDZ8N6gKieu8g" title="ISO 639-2">ISO 639-2</a></span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_639-2&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhPpaaYcOTOkBL6unDZ8N6gKieu8g" title="ISO 639-2">ISO 639-2</a></span> </th><td colspan="2"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><tt>rup</tt></span> <tt>rup</tt></span> </td></tr><tr><th> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_639-3&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjaFEoJyCVV7Ec9TyTLXPP26LzPHg" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_639-3&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjaFEoJyCVV7Ec9TyTLXPP26LzPHg" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></span> </th><td colspan="2"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp%3Fcode%3Drup&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhcBefMdQLxV8jyZm0NXx66d-piEQ" class="external text" title="http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=rup" rel="nofollow"><tt>rup</tt></a></span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp%3Fcode%3Drup&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhcBefMdQLxV8jyZm0NXx66d-piEQ" class="external text" title="http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=rup" rel="nofollow"><tt>rup</tt></a></span> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" class="boilerplate metadata" style="padding: 0.5em; line-height: 10pt;"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><small><b>Note</b> : This page may contain <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhg9n0gc4jMmopiVSjgm2azVVf3v9w" title="Yardım: IPA" class="mw-redirect">IPA</a> phonetic symbols in <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicode&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiVcRkXN00nodlAivYWy8Ntq3QrIQ" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> .</small></span> <small><b>Not:</b> Bu sayfa <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicode&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiVcRkXN00nodlAivYWy8Ntq3QrIQ" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> yılında <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhg9n0gc4jMmopiVSjgm2azVVf3v9w" title="Yardım: IPA" class="mw-redirect">IPA</a> fonetik sembolleri içerebilir.</small></span> </td></tr></tbody></table><table class="vertical-navbox nowraplinks" style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); margin: 0pt 0pt 1em 1em; padding: 0.2em; background: rgb(249, 249, 249) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; float: right; clear: right; color: black; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; border-spacing: 0.4em 0pt; text-align: center; line-height: 1.4em; font-size: 88%;" cellpadding=""><tbody><tr><td style="font-size: 85%; line-height: 1.2em; padding-top: 0.4em;"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Part of a series on</span> Bir dizi Part of</span> </td></tr><tr><td class="" style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0pt 0.4em 0.4em; font-weight: bold; font-size: 175%; line-height: 1em;"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromanians&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhS5DsHInjN65K0ZfW3pggzRqFZLA" title="Aroman">Aromanians</a></span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromanians&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhS5DsHInjN65K0ZfW3pggzRqFZLA" title="Aroman">Aroman</a></span> </td></tr><tr><td class="" style="border: medium none ; padding: 0.6em 0.4em;"> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aromanian_flag.svg&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgLPxEnuEun70vmv5IwE4Hw1lXQuA" class="image" title="Aromanian flag.svg"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Aromanian_flag.svg/150px-Aromanian_flag.svg.png" width="150" height="75" /></a> </td></tr><tr><td style="border-top: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em 0.4em 0pt; font-weight: bold;"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromanians&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhS5DsHInjN65K0ZfW3pggzRqFZLA#Culture" title="Aroman">Culture</a></span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromanians&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhS5DsHInjN65K0ZfW3pggzRqFZLA#Culture" title="Aroman">Kültür</a></span> </td></tr><tr><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0pt 0.4em 0.6em;"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caloian&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhj9SMh4H-D0j_6fIRb05Xs1TTvzGQ" title="Caloian">Caloian</a></span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caloian&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhj9SMh4H-D0j_6fIRb05Xs1TTvzGQ" title="Caloian">Caloian</a></span><br /><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Aromanians&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgm1n62MtlKc13djERtxvWyzGOuqg" title="Aroman Listesi">List of Aromanians</a></span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Aromanians&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgm1n62MtlKc13djERtxvWyzGOuqg" title="Aroman Listesi">Aroman Listesi</a></span><br /><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Names_of_the_Aromanians&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhigGiss2gMEpp9aBeuLbbo7B9-LEg" title="Aroman isimleri">Etymology</a></span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Names_of_the_Aromanians&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhigGiss2gMEpp9aBeuLbbo7B9-LEg" title="Aroman isimleri">Kökeni</a></span> </td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 0.2em 0.4em 0pt; font-weight: bold;"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">By region or country</span> Bölge veya ülke ile</span> </td></tr><tr><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0pt 0.4em 0.6em;"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromanians&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhS5DsHInjN65K0ZfW3pggzRqFZLA#In_Greece" title="Aroman">Greece</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromanians&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhS5DsHInjN65K0ZfW3pggzRqFZLA#In_Albania" title="Aroman">Albania</a></span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromanians&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhS5DsHInjN65K0ZfW3pggzRqFZLA#In_Greece" title="Aroman">Yunanistan</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromanians&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhS5DsHInjN65K0ZfW3pggzRqFZLA#In_Albania" title="Aroman">Arnavutluk</a></span><br /><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromanians_of_the_Republic_of_Macedonia&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiTK1lUK0eeArm8iNZWrge_MnyxhA" title="Aroman Makedonya Cumhuriyeti" class="mw-redirect">Republic of Macedonia</a></span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromanians_of_the_Republic_of_Macedonia&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiTK1lUK0eeArm8iNZWrge_MnyxhA" title="Aroman Makedonya Cumhuriyeti" class="mw-redirect">Makedonya Cumhuriyeti</a></span><br /><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromanians&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhS5DsHInjN65K0ZfW3pggzRqFZLA#In_Serbia" title="Aroman">Serbia</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromanians&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhS5DsHInjN65K0ZfW3pggzRqFZLA#In_Bulgaria" title="Aroman">Bulgaria</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromanians&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhS5DsHInjN65K0ZfW3pggzRqFZLA#In_Romania" title="Aroman">Romania</a></span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromanians&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhS5DsHInjN65K0ZfW3pggzRqFZLA#In_Serbia" title="Aroman">Sırbistan</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromanians&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhS5DsHInjN65K0ZfW3pggzRqFZLA#In_Bulgaria" title="Aroman">Bulgaristan</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromanians&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhS5DsHInjN65K0ZfW3pggzRqFZLA#In_Romania" title="Aroman">Romanya</a></span> </td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 0.2em 0.4em 0pt; font-weight: bold;"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Aromanian_settlements&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhrKbostfkpEeZ3BiQ6LkYrJPuOug" title="Aromanian yerleşim listesi">Major settlements</a></span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Aromanian_settlements&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhrKbostfkpEeZ3BiQ6LkYrJPuOug" title="Aromanian yerleşim listesi">Büyük yerleşim</a></span> </td></tr><tr><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0pt 0.4em 0.6em;"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscopole&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhAmHf_bvzvwBHsPvZVg5HcB46vMA" title="Moscopole">Moscopole</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kru%25C5%25A1evo&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgau3PTZUbpQwLHOTNyXGQnweIYoQ" title="Krusevo">Kruševo</a></span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscopole&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhAmHf_bvzvwBHsPvZVg5HcB46vMA" title="Moscopole">Moscopole</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kru%25C5%25A1evo&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgau3PTZUbpQwLHOTNyXGQnweIYoQ" title="Krusevo">Krusevo</a></span><br /><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muzachia&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgUcS5YmdLtGhR5xCxuH5UtI2MGHw" title="Muzachia">Muzachia</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pindus&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhg3UjECgQa_gfUnphIiB92Ok_JFew" title="Pindus">Pindus</a></span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muzachia&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgUcS5YmdLtGhR5xCxuH5UtI2MGHw" title="Muzachia">Muzachia</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pindus&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhg3UjECgQa_gfUnphIiB92Ok_JFew" title="Pindus">Pindus</a></span><br /><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammos&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjfINv3OTgkm9UemiFHBzqircc4tA" title="Grammos" class="mw-redirect">Grammos</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharsala&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgWSwwknjZJsZ7DxRG_9kfGEQQNsQ" title="Pharsala" class="mw-redirect">Pharsala</a></span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammos&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjfINv3OTgkm9UemiFHBzqircc4tA" title="Grammos" class="mw-redirect">Grammos</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharsala&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgWSwwknjZJsZ7DxRG_9kfGEQQNsQ" title="Pharsala" class="mw-redirect">Pharsala</a></span> </td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 0.2em 0.4em 0pt; font-weight: bold;"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><strong class="selflink">Language</strong></span> <strong class="selflink">Dil</strong></span> </td></tr><tr><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0pt 0.4em 0.6em;"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromanian_alphabet&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhg3_7NPAbsha-SCYoj3PfRALKj5JA" title="Aromanian alfabesi">Alphabet</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DDialects_of_Aromanian%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhi0wPZ5TNrtjug8metg531JxbpEEw" class="new" title="Aromanian ve Lehçeleri (sayfa yok)">Dialects</a></span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromanian_alphabet&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhg3_7NPAbsha-SCYoj3PfRALKj5JA" title="Aromanian alfabesi">Alfabesi</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DDialects_of_Aromanian%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhi0wPZ5TNrtjug8metg531JxbpEEw" class="new" title="Aromanian ve Lehçeleri (sayfa yok)">Lehçeleri</a></span> </td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 0.2em 0.4em 0pt; font-weight: bold;"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Aromanians&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiIoNZmY1nEQWS9z3tKKF7Aj3y57g" title="Aroman Tarihi">History</a></span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Aromanians&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiIoNZmY1nEQWS9z3tKKF7Aj3y57g" title="Aroman Tarihi">Tarih</a></span> </td></tr><tr><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0pt 0.4em 0.6em;"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromanians&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhS5DsHInjN65K0ZfW3pggzRqFZLA#Self-Identification" title="Aroman">Self-identification</a></span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromanians&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhS5DsHInjN65K0ZfW3pggzRqFZLA#Self-Identification" title="Aroman">Kendini tanıma</a></span><br /><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Wallachia&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjEx5Ya01Ypl1bCp5A68ZG7_w-sEw" title="Great Eflak">Great Wallachia</a></span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Wallachia&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjEx5Ya01Ypl1bCp5A68ZG7_w-sEw" title="Great Eflak">Great Eflak</a></span> <div style="padding: 0.2em 0.4em; line-height: 1.2em;"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principality_of_Pindus_and_Voivodship_of_Macedonia&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiZNZqnEnuW6dnb8mtlETdMAwdOSw" title="Prenslik Pindus ve Voivodship Makedonya">Principality of Pindus and</a></span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principality_of_Pindus_and_Voivodship_of_Macedonia&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiZNZqnEnuW6dnb8mtlETdMAwdOSw" title="Prenslik Pindus ve Voivodship Makedonya">Prensliği Pindus ve</a></span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principality_of_Pindus_and_Voivodship_of_Macedonia&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiZNZqnEnuW6dnb8mtlETdMAwdOSw" title="Prenslik Pindus ve Voivodship Makedonya"><br /></a> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principality_of_Pindus_and_Voivodship_of_Macedonia&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiZNZqnEnuW6dnb8mtlETdMAwdOSw" title="Prenslik Pindus ve Voivodship Makedonya">Voivodship of Macedonia</a></span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principality_of_Pindus_and_Voivodship_of_Macedonia&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiZNZqnEnuW6dnb8mtlETdMAwdOSw" title="Prenslik Pindus ve Voivodship Makedonya">Voivodship Makedonya</a></span> </div></td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 0.2em 0.4em 0pt; font-weight: bold;"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vlachs&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiDL11Q9Nr-lSOuCnR3hNjbRfO35w" title="Ulah">Related groups</a></span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vlachs&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiDL11Q9Nr-lSOuCnR3hNjbRfO35w" title="Ulah">Ilgili grup</a></span> </td></tr><tr><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0pt 0.4em 0.6em;"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanians&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgKLbE8yZvzfGOlGrH-cqNupZl6mw" title="Rumen">Romanians</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morlachs&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiI7FG8E4XJbaSNYv6Mw2hm8bCU7A" title="Morlachs">Morlachs</a></span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanians&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgKLbE8yZvzfGOlGrH-cqNupZl6mw" title="Rumen">Rumen</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morlachs&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiI7FG8E4XJbaSNYv6Mw2hm8bCU7A" title="Morlachs">Morlachs</a></span><br /><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megleno-Romanians&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgyGwY6ge0Xw3Sd9_bfemNs5X7xpQ" title="Megleno-Romen">Megleno-Romanians</a></span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megleno-Romanians&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgyGwY6ge0Xw3Sd9_bfemNs5X7xpQ" title="Megleno-Romen">Megleno-Romen</a></span><br /><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istro-Romanians&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhh7A4gwVw9GQrwEWeciK7PGkQyELA" title="ISTRO-Romen">Istro-Romanians</a></span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istro-Romanians&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhh7A4gwVw9GQrwEWeciK7PGkQyELA" title="ISTRO-Romen">ISTRO-Romen</a></span> </td></tr><tr><td style="padding-top: 0.4em;"><div class="noprint plainlinks navbar" style="padding: 0pt; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; font-weight: normal; font-size: xx-small;"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span title="Görünümünde bu şablonu" style=""><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Aromanians&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhic7BHIeouGjiMq4FJrKW5_VqoIow" title="Şablonu: Aroman">v</a></span> <span style="font-size: 80%;">•</span> <span title="Görüşmek Bu şablonu" style=""><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DTemplate_talk:Aromanians%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgcm3QHhvAMChs6dD9bDV9ubAgQeg" class="new" title="Şablon: Aroman (sayfa) yok">d</a></span> <span style="font-size: 80%;">•</span> <span title="Bu şablonu düzenle" style=""><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DTemplate:Aromanians%26action%3Dedit&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgke6e2uXCTtV602PqC2DN9ExQbAQ" class="external text" title="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Aromanians&action=edit" rel="nofollow">e</a></span></span> <span title="Görünümünde bu şablonu" style=""><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Aromanians&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhic7BHIeouGjiMq4FJrKW5_VqoIow" title="Şablonu: Aroman">v</a></span> <span style="font-size: 80%;">•</span> <span title="Görüşmek Bu şablonu" style=""><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DTemplate_talk:Aromanians%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgcm3QHhvAMChs6dD9bDV9ubAgQeg" class="new" title="Şablon: Aroman (sayfa) yok">d</a></span> <span style="font-size: 80%;">•</span> <span title="Bu şablonu düzenle" style=""><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DTemplate:Aromanians%26action%3Dedit&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgke6e2uXCTtV602PqC2DN9ExQbAQ" class="external text" title="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Aromanians&action=edit" rel="nofollow">e</a></span></span> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width: 302px;"> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:South-Balkan-Romance-languages.png&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhj-WiusX-lgAS5OUmLXPtXDrfGpkA" class="image" title="Aromanian ve Lehçeleri"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/South-Balkan-Romance-languages.png/300px-South-Balkan-Romance-languages.png" class="thumbimage" width="300" height="214" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:South-Balkan-Romance-languages.png&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhj-WiusX-lgAS5OUmLXPtXDrfGpkA" class="internal" title="Ayrıntı"><img src="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" width="15" height="11" /></a> </div> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Dialects of Aromanian</span> Aromanian ve Lehçeleri</span> </div></div></div><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><b>Aromanian</b> ( <i>limba armãneascã</i> , <i>armãneshce</i> or <i>armãneashti</i> ), also known as <i>Macedo-Romanian</i> , <i>Arumanian</i> or <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vlach&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjwHs8OfKDJnz1aT0rbZkqkbfhstQ" title="Ulah" class="mw-redirect">Vlach</a> in most other countries, is an <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Romance_language&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiPIRTayA7ZlSkNrio4KhWVQwh4pg" title="Doğu Romance dil" class="mw-redirect">Eastern Romance language</a> spoken in <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeastern_Europe&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjlMyg8X-qWeT9_ceASjtEzmuvfKA" title="Güneydoğu Avrupa" class="mw-redirect">Southeastern Europe</a> .</span> <b>Aromanian</b> <i>(limba armãneascã, armãneshce</i> veya <i>armãneashti), Macedo</i> de olarak <i>bilinen Romence, Arumanian</i> veya <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vlach&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjwHs8OfKDJnz1aT0rbZkqkbfhstQ" title="Ulah" class="mw-redirect">Ulah</a> diğer birçok ülkede, bir <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Romance_language&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiPIRTayA7ZlSkNrio4KhWVQwh4pg" title="Doğu Romance dil" class="mw-redirect">Doğu Romance dil</a> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeastern_Europe&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjlMyg8X-qWeT9_ceASjtEzmuvfKA" title="Güneydoğu Avrupa" class="mw-redirect">Güneydoğu Avrupa'da</a> konuşulan bir.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Its speakers are called <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromanians&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhS5DsHInjN65K0ZfW3pggzRqFZLA" title="Aroman">Aromanians</a> or <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vlachs&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiDL11Q9Nr-lSOuCnR3hNjbRfO35w" title="Ulah">Vlachs</a> (which is an <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exonym&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjlj4Y0_De4rryE8wbcgoHQMLTKWQ" title="Exonym" class="mw-redirect">exonym</a> in widespread use to define the communities in the Balkans).</span> Onun hoparlörler denir <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromanians&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhS5DsHInjN65K0ZfW3pggzRqFZLA" title="Aroman">Aroman</a> veya <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vlachs&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiDL11Q9Nr-lSOuCnR3hNjbRfO35w" title="Ulah">Ulah</a> (ki yaygın kullanılan Balkanlar'daki toplulukları tanımlamak için bir <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exonym&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjlj4Y0_De4rryE8wbcgoHQMLTKWQ" title="Exonym" class="mw-redirect">exonym)</a> olduğunu.</span> </p><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">It shares many features with modern <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanian_language&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhigxYOtWL79kxkkpFj8rEaBHz3i8w" title="Romanian dil">Romanian</a> , having similar morphology and syntax, as well as a large common vocabulary inherited from Latin.</span> Onu, benzer morfoloji ve sözdizimi sahip, aynı zamanda büyük bir ortak kelime Latince devralınan modern <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanian_language&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhigxYOtWL79kxkkpFj8rEaBHz3i8w" title="Romanian dil">Romanya</a> ile birçok özelliği paylaşır.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The most important dissimilarity between Romanian and Aromanian is the <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adstratum&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhijt9gbXhKQdK1YoxV7G4O74aqS3Q" title="Adstratum" class="mw-redirect">adstratum</a> vocabulary: While Romanian has been influenced to a greater extent by the neighbouring <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_language&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhisAhaH7DRLgFw2ESy36-fDvtX21g" title="Macarca">Hungarian</a> and <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavic_languages&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhi2oMMSVrkmrJce6JkEUJED8MmyCA" title="Slav dilleri">Slavic languages</a> , Aromanian has borrowed some vocabulary from the <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_language&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhh7L7FubWRvFoxTz2qe_Oyu_mW5XQ" title="Yunan dili">Greek language</a> with which it has been in close contact throughout its history.</span> Romanya ve Aromanian arasındaki en önemli farklılık <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adstratum&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhijt9gbXhKQdK1YoxV7G4O74aqS3Q" title="Adstratum" class="mw-redirect">adstratum</a> kelime olan: Her Romence daha büyük ölçüde komşu <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_language&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhisAhaH7DRLgFw2ESy36-fDvtX21g" title="Macarca">Macar</a> ve <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavic_languages&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhi2oMMSVrkmrJce6JkEUJED8MmyCA" title="Slav dilleri">Slav dilleri</a> tarafından, Aromanian hangi ile yakın temas içinde, tarih boyunca yapılmış <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_language&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhh7L7FubWRvFoxTz2qe_Oyu_mW5XQ" title="Yunan dili">Yunan dili</a> bazı kelime ödünç sahip etkilenmiştir .</span> </p><table id="toc" class="toc" summary="Contents"><tbody><tr><td><div id="toctitle"><h2> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Contents</span> Içeriği</span> </h2> <span class="toctoggle">[<a href="javascript:toggleToc()" class="internal" id="togglelink">hide</a>]</span></div><ul><li class="toclevel-1"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromanian_language&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiecqK--lTT4A5HFfPAP8Y-3S06Ig#Geographic_distribution"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Geographic distribution</span></a></span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromanian_language&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiecqK--lTT4A5HFfPAP8Y-3S06Ig#Geographic_distribution"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Coğrafi dağılım</span></a></span> </li><li class="toclevel-1"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromanian_language&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiecqK--lTT4A5HFfPAP8Y-3S06Ig#Official_status"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Official status</span></a></span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromanian_language&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiecqK--lTT4A5HFfPAP8Y-3S06Ig#Official_status"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Resmi durumu</span></a></span> </li><li class="toclevel-1"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromanian_language&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiecqK--lTT4A5HFfPAP8Y-3S06Ig#History"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">History</span></a></span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromanian_language&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiecqK--lTT4A5HFfPAP8Y-3S06Ig#History"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Tarihçe</span></a></span> </li><li class="toclevel-1"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromanian_language&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiecqK--lTT4A5HFfPAP8Y-3S06Ig#Dialects"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Dialects</span></a></span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromanian_language&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiecqK--lTT4A5HFfPAP8Y-3S06Ig#Dialects"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Lehçeleri</span></a></span> </li><li class="toclevel-1"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromanian_language&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiecqK--lTT4A5HFfPAP8Y-3S06Ig#Phonology"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Phonology</span></a></span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromanian_language&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiecqK--lTT4A5HFfPAP8Y-3S06Ig#Phonology"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Sesbilim</span></a></span> </li><li class="toclevel-1"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromanian_language&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiecqK--lTT4A5HFfPAP8Y-3S06Ig#Grammar"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Grammar</span></a></span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromanian_language&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiecqK--lTT4A5HFfPAP8Y-3S06Ig#Grammar"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Dilbilgisi</span></a></span> <ul><li class="toclevel-2"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromanian_language&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiecqK--lTT4A5HFfPAP8Y-3S06Ig#Verbs"><span class="tocnumber">6.1</span> <span class="toctext">Verbs</span></a></span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromanian_language&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiecqK--lTT4A5HFfPAP8Y-3S06Ig#Verbs"><span class="tocnumber">6,1</span> <span class="toctext">Fiiller</span></a></span> <ul><li class="toclevel-3"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromanian_language&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiecqK--lTT4A5HFfPAP8Y-3S06Ig#Future_tense"><span class="tocnumber">6.1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Future tense</span></a></span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromanian_language&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiecqK--lTT4A5HFfPAP8Y-3S06Ig#Future_tense"><span class="tocnumber">6.1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Gelecek zaman</span></a></span> </li><li class="toclevel-3"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromanian_language&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiecqK--lTT4A5HFfPAP8Y-3S06Ig#Pluperfect_tense"><span class="tocnumber">6.1.2</span> <span class="toctext">Pluperfect tense</span></a></span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromanian_language&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiecqK--lTT4A5HFfPAP8Y-3S06Ig#Pluperfect_tense"><span class="tocnumber">6.1.2</span> <span class="toctext">hikâyesi gergin</span></a></span> </li></ul></li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromanian_language&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiecqK--lTT4A5HFfPAP8Y-3S06Ig#Gerund"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Gerund</span></a></span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromanian_language&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiecqK--lTT4A5HFfPAP8Y-3S06Ig#Gerund"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">GERUND</span></a></span> </li><li class="toclevel-1"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromanian_language&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiecqK--lTT4A5HFfPAP8Y-3S06Ig#Situation_in_Greece"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">Situation in Greece</span></a></span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromanian_language&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiecqK--lTT4A5HFfPAP8Y-3S06Ig#Situation_in_Greece"><span class="toctext">Yunanistan'da</span> <span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">Durum</span></a></span> </li><li class="toclevel-1"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromanian_language&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiecqK--lTT4A5HFfPAP8Y-3S06Ig#Language_sample"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">Language sample</span></a></span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromanian_language&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiecqK--lTT4A5HFfPAP8Y-3S06Ig#Language_sample"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">Dil örnek</span></a></span> </li><li class="toclevel-1"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromanian_language&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiecqK--lTT4A5HFfPAP8Y-3S06Ig#Comparison_with_Romanian"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">Comparison with Romanian</span></a></span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromanian_language&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiecqK--lTT4A5HFfPAP8Y-3S06Ig#Comparison_with_Romanian"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">Karşılaştırma Romanya ile</span></a></span> </li><li class="toclevel-1"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromanian_language&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiecqK--lTT4A5HFfPAP8Y-3S06Ig#Common_words_and_phrases"><span class="tocnumber">11</span> <span class="toctext">Common words and phrases</span></a></span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromanian_language&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiecqK--lTT4A5HFfPAP8Y-3S06Ig#Common_words_and_phrases"><span class="tocnumber">11</span> <span class="toctext">Ortak kelimeler ve ifadeler</span></a></span> </li><li class="toclevel-1"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromanian_language&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiecqK--lTT4A5HFfPAP8Y-3S06Ig#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">12</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromanian_language&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiecqK--lTT4A5HFfPAP8Y-3S06Ig#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">12</span> <span class="toctext">Ayrıca bakınız</span></a></span> </li><li class="toclevel-1"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromanian_language&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiecqK--lTT4A5HFfPAP8Y-3S06Ig#References"><span class="tocnumber">13</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromanian_language&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiecqK--lTT4A5HFfPAP8Y-3S06Ig#References"><span class="tocnumber">13</span> <span class="toctext">Referanslar</span></a></span> </li><li class="toclevel-1"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromanian_language&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiecqK--lTT4A5HFfPAP8Y-3S06Ig#Footnotes"><span class="tocnumber">14</span> <span class="toctext">Footnotes</span></a></span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromanian_language&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiecqK--lTT4A5HFfPAP8Y-3S06Ig#Footnotes"><span class="tocnumber">14</span> <span class="toctext">Dipnotlar</span></a></span> </li><li class="toclevel-1"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromanian_language&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiecqK--lTT4A5HFfPAP8Y-3S06Ig#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">15</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromanian_language&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiecqK--lTT4A5HFfPAP8Y-3S06Ig#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">15</span> <span class="toctext">Dış bağlantılar</span></a></span> </li></ul></td></tr></tbody></table><script type="text/javascript"> //<![CDATA[ if (window.showTocToggle) { var tocShowText = "show"; var tocHideText = "hide"; showTocToggle(); } //]]> </script><p><a name="Geographic_distribution" id="Geographic_distribution"></a></p><h2> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span class="editsection">[ <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DAromanian_language%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D1&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgtGd8kmzruPM5oqvMnz2IUnztMzA" title="Değiştir bölüm: Coğrafi dağılım">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Geographic distribution</span></span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DAromanian_language%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D1&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgtGd8kmzruPM5oqvMnz2IUnztMzA" title="Değiştir bölüm: Coğrafi dağılım"><span class="editsection">[Değiştir]</span></a> <span class="mw-headline">Coğrafi dağılım</span></span> </h2><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The Aromanian language and <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromanians&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhS5DsHInjN65K0ZfW3pggzRqFZLA" title="Aroman">people</a> are officially recognised as a minority in the <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Macedonia&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjONzqgKrZsC-QIQ0jduTlbUloVeA" title="Makedonya Cumhuriyeti">Republic of Macedonia</a> , but large Aromanian communities are also found in <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albania&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhj-FS8vqY7MfqhINcgt4CrK6IUrqA" title="Arnavutluk">Albania</a> , <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhqqS-Cfa6zoLvboE4jVPCYcvzIDA" title="Yunanistan">Greece</a> , <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhg8l2KvVKr-f8XGy8E1DH9AenLKEg" title="Bulgaristan">Bulgaria</a> , <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhju17ktqqUBnQxH4t_zxgaXb2SZHQ" title="Sırbistan">Serbia</a> as well as in <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhFJ8MySsse74AbeM3-EOOJoiwIlA" title="Romanya">Romania</a> , where some Aromanians having migrated from the Balkans after the destruction of the Aromanian centers of <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscopole&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhAmHf_bvzvwBHsPvZVg5HcB46vMA" title="Moscopole">Moscopole</a> and Gramostea (Grammos region-Western Macedonia) in the northern Pindus Mountains.</span> Ulahça ve <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromanians&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhS5DsHInjN65K0ZfW3pggzRqFZLA" title="Aroman">kişi</a> resmen <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Macedonia&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjONzqgKrZsC-QIQ0jduTlbUloVeA" title="Makedonya Cumhuriyeti">Makedonya Cumhuriyeti'nde</a> bir azınlık olarak, ancak tanınan büyük Aromanian topluluklar da <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albania&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhj-FS8vqY7MfqhINcgt4CrK6IUrqA" title="Arnavutluk">Arnavutluk,</a> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhqqS-Cfa6zoLvboE4jVPCYcvzIDA" title="Yunanistan">Yunanistan,</a> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhg8l2KvVKr-f8XGy8E1DH9AenLKEg" title="Bulgaristan">Bulgaristan,</a> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhju17ktqqUBnQxH4t_zxgaXb2SZHQ" title="Sırbistan">Sırbistan</a> yanı sıra <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhFJ8MySsse74AbeM3-EOOJoiwIlA" title="Romanya">Romanya,</a> içinde olduğu bazı Aroman sahip Balkanlar'daki ve imha sonra göç bulunur <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscopole&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhAmHf_bvzvwBHsPvZVg5HcB46vMA" title="Moscopole">Moscopole</a> ve Gramostea ve Aromanian merkezleri (Grammos bölge Batı Makedonya) kuzey Pindus dağlarında.</span> </p><p><a name="Official_status" id="Official_status"></a></p><h2> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span class="editsection">[ <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DAromanian_language%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D2&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiQg4bQqFJ1dQPKSlc8FlnuOL6YdA" title="Değiştir bölüm: Resmi durumu">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Official status</span></span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DAromanian_language%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D2&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiQg4bQqFJ1dQPKSlc8FlnuOL6YdA" title="Değiştir bölüm: Resmi durumu"><span class="editsection">[Değiştir]</span></a> <span class="mw-headline">Resmî durumu</span></span> </h2><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The Aromanian language has a degree of official status in the <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Macedonia&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjONzqgKrZsC-QIQ0jduTlbUloVeA" title="Makedonya Cumhuriyeti">Republic of Macedonia</a> where Aromanian is taught as an optional subject in some primary schools (in <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skopje&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhBHOZvl--Q-U761mvoycII1G0YAQ" title="Üsküp">Skopje</a> , <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kru%25C5%25A1evo&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgau3PTZUbpQwLHOTNyXGQnweIYoQ" title="Krusevo">Kruševo</a> and <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitola&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjlA9jOPAOFbxIfFkkmsh642dReFQ" title="Manastır">Bitola</a> ) and Aromanian speakers have the right to use the language in court proceedings.</span> Ulahça <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Macedonia&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjONzqgKrZsC-QIQ0jduTlbUloVeA" title="Makedonya Cumhuriyeti">Makedonya Cumhuriyeti</a> resmi durumu bir ölçüde nereye Aromanian bazı ilköğretim okulu <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skopje&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhBHOZvl--Q-U761mvoycII1G0YAQ" title="Üsküp">Üsküp,</a> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kru%25C5%25A1evo&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgau3PTZUbpQwLHOTNyXGQnweIYoQ" title="Krusevo">Krusevo</a> ve <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitola&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjlA9jOPAOFbxIfFkkmsh642dReFQ" title="Manastır">Manastır</a> () ve Aromanian hoparlörler yılında bir seçmeli ders olarak öğretilir vardır sağ mahkeme duruşmalarda dil kullanmak zorunda.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Since 2006 the Aromanian language became the second official language (after standard <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macedonian_language&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgYto6Xb6r7qfnM8mwyECPL0Eh9DQ" title="Makedonya dili">Macedonian</a> ) in the city of <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kru%25C5%25A1evo&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgau3PTZUbpQwLHOTNyXGQnweIYoQ" title="Krusevo">Kruševo</a> (Crushuva). <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromanian_language&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiecqK--lTT4A5HFfPAP8Y-3S06Ig#cite_note-1"><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><span>[</span> 2 <span>]</span></sup></a></span> 2006 yılından bu yana Ulahça ikinci resmi dil standart <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macedonian_language&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgYto6Xb6r7qfnM8mwyECPL0Eh9DQ" title="Makedonya dili">Makedonca</a> () <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kru%25C5%25A1evo&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgau3PTZUbpQwLHOTNyXGQnweIYoQ" title="Krusevo">Krusevo</a> (Crushuva). <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromanian_language&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiecqK--lTT4A5HFfPAP8Y-3S06Ig#cite_note-1"><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><span>[2</span></sup></a> şehrinde <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromanian_language&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiecqK--lTT4A5HFfPAP8Y-3S06Ig#cite_note-1"><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><span>sonra]</span></sup></a> oldu</span> </p><p><a name="History" id="History"></a></p><h2> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span class="editsection">[ <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DAromanian_language%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D3&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjERQqdjJ48FtrXzKr2x9hgUxGJhQ" title="Değiştir bölüm: Tarihçe">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">History</span></span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DAromanian_language%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D3&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjERQqdjJ48FtrXzKr2x9hgUxGJhQ" title="Değiştir bölüm: Tarihçe"><span class="editsection">[Değiştir]</span></a> <span class="mw-headline">Tarihçe</span></span> </h2><div class="thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width: 182px;"> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Voscopole.gif&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiRKU6XsR5gb1S1Rwne1ZlJMFZM1w" class="image" title="Sözlük dört Balkan dil (Yunanca, Arnavutça dil, Aromanian ve Bulgarca), Daniel Mоscopolites bir Aromanian Moscopole gelen yazılı c. tarafından 1.770 ve yayınlanan c. 1.794; 1802'de Yunanca yayınlanamaz. [3] [4] [5] [6] [7]"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/7/7a/Voscopole.gif" class="thumbimage" width="180" height="232" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Voscopole.gif&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiRKU6XsR5gb1S1Rwne1ZlJMFZM1w" class="internal" title="Ayrıntı"><img src="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" width="15" height="11" /></a> </div> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Dictionary of four Balkan languages ( <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_language&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhh7L7FubWRvFoxTz2qe_Oyu_mW5XQ" title="Yunan dili">Greek</a> , <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albanian_language&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhibFz5XLMUE4XBgnEDx98W6tRHWKA" title="Arnavutça dili">Albanian language</a> , Aromanian and <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgarian_language&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgZ0oYlb6ewQs2S_vde9o96DtjaUQ" title="Bulgarca dil">Bulgarian</a> ) by <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_M%25D0%25BEscopolites&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiB-dXziS8reVaak5ZpECu9U4cwCg" title="Daniel Mоscopolites">Daniel Mоscopolites</a> , an <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromanians&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhS5DsHInjN65K0ZfW3pggzRqFZLA" title="Aroman">Aromanian</a> from <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscopole&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhAmHf_bvzvwBHsPvZVg5HcB46vMA" title="Moscopole">Moscopole</a> , written c.</span> Sözlük dört Balkan dil <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_language&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhh7L7FubWRvFoxTz2qe_Oyu_mW5XQ" title="Yunan dili">(Yunanca,</a> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albanian_language&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhibFz5XLMUE4XBgnEDx98W6tRHWKA" title="Arnavutça dili">Arnavutça,</a> Aromanian ve <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgarian_language&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgZ0oYlb6ewQs2S_vde9o96DtjaUQ" title="Bulgarca dil">Bulgarca)</a> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_M%25D0%25BEscopolites&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiB-dXziS8reVaak5ZpECu9U4cwCg" title="Daniel Mоscopolites">Daniel Mоscopolites</a> bir <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromanians&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhS5DsHInjN65K0ZfW3pggzRqFZLA" title="Aroman">Aromanian</a> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscopole&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhAmHf_bvzvwBHsPvZVg5HcB46vMA" title="Moscopole">Moscopole</a> itibaren, yazılı c. tarafından</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">1770 and published c.</span> 1.770 ve yayınlanan c.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">1794; republished in 1802 in Greek. <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromanian_language&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiecqK--lTT4A5HFfPAP8Y-3S06Ig#cite_note-2"><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><span>[</span> 3 <span>]</span></sup></a> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromanian_language&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiecqK--lTT4A5HFfPAP8Y-3S06Ig#cite_note-3"><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><span>[</span> 4 <span>]</span></sup></a> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromanian_language&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiecqK--lTT4A5HFfPAP8Y-3S06Ig#cite_note-4"><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><span>[</span> 5 <span>]</span></sup></a> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromanian_language&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiecqK--lTT4A5HFfPAP8Y-3S06Ig#cite_note-5"><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><span>[</span> 6 <span>]</span></sup></a> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromanian_language&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiecqK--lTT4A5HFfPAP8Y-3S06Ig#cite_note-6"><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><span>[</span> 7 <span>]</span></sup></a></span> 1.794; 1802'de Yunanca yayınlanamaz. <span><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromanian_language&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiecqK--lTT4A5HFfPAP8Y-3S06Ig#cite_note-2"><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference">[3]</sup></a> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromanian_language&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiecqK--lTT4A5HFfPAP8Y-3S06Ig#cite_note-3"><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference">[4]</sup></a> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromanian_language&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiecqK--lTT4A5HFfPAP8Y-3S06Ig#cite_note-4"><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference">[5]</sup></a> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromanian_language&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiecqK--lTT4A5HFfPAP8Y-3S06Ig#cite_note-5"><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference">[6]</sup></a> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromanian_language&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiecqK--lTT4A5HFfPAP8Y-3S06Ig#cite_note-6"><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference">[7]</sup></a></span></span> </div></div></div><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The language is similar to Romanian and its greatest difference lies in the vocabulary.</span> Romen dili ve onun en büyük fark benzer kelime yatıyor.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">There are far fewer <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavic_languages&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhi2oMMSVrkmrJce6JkEUJED8MmyCA" title="Slav dilleri">Slavic</a> words in Aromanian than in Romanian, and many more <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_language&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhh7L7FubWRvFoxTz2qe_Oyu_mW5XQ" title="Yunan dili">Greek</a> words, a reflection of the close contact of Aromanian with Greek through much of its history.</span> Orada Romence daha Aromanian içinde çok daha az <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavic_languages&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhi2oMMSVrkmrJce6JkEUJED8MmyCA" title="Slav dilleri">Slav</a> kelime, ve daha birçok <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_language&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhh7L7FubWRvFoxTz2qe_Oyu_mW5XQ" title="Yunan dili">Yunanca</a> kelime ile Aromanian ile yakın temas bir yansıması olan, tarihinin çok aracılığıyla Yunan.</span> </p><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">It is generally considered that sometime between 800 and 1,200 years ago, the <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulgar_Latin&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjPIUUK50ayZ9-hb25OqlClO5zWRg" title="Vulgar Latin">Vulgar Latin</a> spoken in the Balkan provinces of the Roman Empire split into four languages: <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daco-Romanian&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjG9w71rV_uucO9i75mtMpX91VH7w" title="Daco-Romence" class="mw-redirect">Daco-Romanian</a> (today's <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanian_language&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhigxYOtWL79kxkkpFj8rEaBHz3i8w" title="Romanian dil">Romanian language</a> ), Aromanian, <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megleno-Romanian_language&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhDNzD8HV8a8x4Z8dXzHkF3wuK7tA" title="Megleno-Romen dili">Megleno-Romanian</a> and <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istro-Romanian_language&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhj4sGguNGG3OsScoevN8AaFhCy22g" title="ISTRO-Romen dili">Istro-Romanian</a> .</span> Genel olarak bazen arasında 800 ve 1.200 yıl önce, <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulgar_Latin&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjPIUUK50ayZ9-hb25OqlClO5zWRg" title="Vulgar Latin">Vulgar Latin</a> dört dil: <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daco-Romanian&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjG9w71rV_uucO9i75mtMpX91VH7w" title="Daco-Romence" class="mw-redirect">Daco-Romanya</a> (bugünkü <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanian_language&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhigxYOtWL79kxkkpFj8rEaBHz3i8w" title="Romanian dil">Romanya dili),</a> Aromanian, <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megleno-Romanian_language&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhDNzD8HV8a8x4Z8dXzHkF3wuK7tA" title="Megleno-Romen dili">Megleno-Romen</a> ve <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istro-Romanian_language&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhj4sGguNGG3OsScoevN8AaFhCy22g" title="ISTRO-Romen dili">ISTRO-Romen</a> içine Roma İmparatorluğu'nun bölünme Balkan illerinde konuşulan sayılır.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">One possibility for the origin of Aromanian is that in the same way standard Romanian is believed to be descended from the Latin spoken by the <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dacian&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjjbMaFNqP9Fj7ALckoJWPzuue3MQ" title="Dacian" class="mw-redirect">Dacians</a> and Roman settlers in what is now Romania, Aromanian descended from the Latin spoken by Thracian and Illyrian peoples living in <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Epirus&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjrtucEo_IPgLutw2nE7FdaFzMaDw" title="Kuzey Epir">Northern Epirus</a> , Macedonia and Thrace. <sup class="noprint Template-Fact" title="Bu iddia Aralık 2008 güvenilir kaynaklara ihtiyaç referanslar" style="white-space: nowrap;">[ <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhh0WoEK1VYhV_jqn9HnB-1vGBC4Fw" title="Vikipedi: değiştir"><i>citation needed</i></a> ]</sup></span> Aromanian kökeni için Bir olasılık da aynı şekilde standart Romence inanılır Latin <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dacian&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjjbMaFNqP9Fj7ALckoJWPzuue3MQ" title="Dacian" class="mw-redirect">Dacians</a> ve şu anda Romanya olacak Roma yerleşimciler tarafından konuşulan soyundan olmak için, Aromanian Latin Trakya ve İlirya halklar <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Epirus&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjrtucEo_IPgLutw2nE7FdaFzMaDw" title="Kuzey Epir">Kuzey</a> yaşayan konuşulan soyundan olduğunu <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Epirus&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjrtucEo_IPgLutw2nE7FdaFzMaDw" title="Kuzey Epir">Epir,</a> Makedonya ve Trakya. <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhh0WoEK1VYhV_jqn9HnB-1vGBC4Fw" title="Vikipedi: değiştir"><sup class="noprint Template-Fact" title="Bu iddia Aralık 2008 güvenilir kaynaklara ihtiyaç referanslar" style="white-space: nowrap;"><i>[değiştir]</i></sup></a></span> </p><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_language&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhh7L7FubWRvFoxTz2qe_Oyu_mW5XQ" title="Yunan dili">Greek</a> influences are much stronger in Aromanian than in other East Romance languages, especially because Aromanian used Greek words to coin new words ( <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neologism&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhj7mX7AQhxqZ41b1Af6sNtgoF38EQ" title="Yenilikçilik">neologisms</a> ), while Romanian based most of its neologisms on <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiME4r9oqEWTOUm6X-IK298ScF-zw" title="Fransızca">French</a> .</span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_language&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhh7L7FubWRvFoxTz2qe_Oyu_mW5XQ" title="Yunan dili">Yunan</a> etkileri çok Aromanian diğer Doğu Roman dilleri daha güçlü özellikle çünkü Aromanian jeton yeni kelimeler <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neologism&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhj7mX7AQhxqZ41b1Af6sNtgoF38EQ" title="Yenilikçilik">(neologisms),</a> süre Romence <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiME4r9oqEWTOUm6X-IK298ScF-zw" title="Fransızca">Fransızca</a> üzerindeki neologisms en temel Yunanca kelimeleri kullanılır.</span> </p><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Also, with the coming of the <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkic_peoples&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhh85WVCUmFKHIYPjjwW3VTYzdLtTA" title="Türk halkları">Turks</a> in the <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balkans&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiOnoDYGRJy85H6nWc6cCLDmoi26g" title="Balkanlar">Balkans</a> , Aromanian received some <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_language&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiLsAQvakMjh_V44YmhuJ41S4VkBg" title="Türk dili">Turkish</a> words as well.</span> Ayrıca, ile <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkic_peoples&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhh85WVCUmFKHIYPjjwW3VTYzdLtTA" title="Türk halkları">Türkler</a> ve <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balkans&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiOnoDYGRJy85H6nWc6cCLDmoi26g" title="Balkanlar">Balkanlar</a> da geliyor, Aromanian de bazı <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_language&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiLsAQvakMjh_V44YmhuJ41S4VkBg" title="Türk dili">türk</a> kelimeleri aldı.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Still the lexical composition remains mainly Romance.</span> Hala sözcük kompozisyon esas Romance kalır.</span> </p><p><a name="Dialects" id="Dialects"></a></p><h2> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span class="editsection">[ <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DAromanian_language%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D4&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjfyiKWCc6DsNhlsha2FBTLRJfDQA" title="Değiştir bölüm: Lehçeler">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Dialects</span></span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DAromanian_language%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D4&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjfyiKWCc6DsNhlsha2FBTLRJfDQA" title="Değiştir bölüm: Lehçeler"><span class="editsection">[Değiştir]</span></a> <span class="mw-headline">Lehçeleri</span></span> </h2><p><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The Aromanian language has several distinct dialects.</span> Ulahça bazı farklı lehçeleri vardır.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">There are dialects named after places that were home to significant populations of Aromanians (Vlachs); nowadays located in <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albania&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhj-FS8vqY7MfqhINcgt4CrK6IUrqA" title="Arnavutluk">Albania</a> and <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhqqS-Cfa6zoLvboE4jVPCYcvzIDA" title="Yunanistan">Greece</a> : the Moscopole dialect (from the Metropolis of <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscopole&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhAmHf_bvzvwBHsPvZVg5HcB46vMA" title="Moscopole">Moscopole</a> , also known as the "Aromanian Jerusalem") and the Gramustean dialect (from the <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DGramostea%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiUTYhI-No_ac3RZF1LLxxnztEXZQ" class="new" title="Yok Gramostea (sayfa)">Gramostea</a> /Grammos region of Western Macedonia).</span> Orada lehçeleri bu Aroman önemli nüfus (Ulah) ev vardı yerlerde adını taşır; günümüzde <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albania&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhj-FS8vqY7MfqhINcgt4CrK6IUrqA" title="Arnavutluk">Arnavutluk</a> ve <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhqqS-Cfa6zoLvboE4jVPCYcvzIDA" title="Yunanistan">Yunanistan</a> yer: Moscopole lehçesi Metropolis <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscopole&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhAmHf_bvzvwBHsPvZVg5HcB46vMA" title="Moscopole">Moscopole</a> üzerinden (, den olarak da "Aromanian Kudüs") ve Gramustean lehçesi (bilinen <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DGramostea%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiUTYhI-No_ac3RZF1LLxxnztEXZQ" class="new" title="Yok Gramostea (sayfa)">Gramostea</a> / Batı Makedonya Grammos bölge).</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">There are also the Farsherotii dialects.</span> Ayrıca Farsherotii lehçeleri vardır.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Many linguists think that the language spoken by the Farsherots differs significantly from the other Vlachs and therefore it should be considered as a separate dialect.</span> Birçok dilbilimciler bu dil Farsherots tarafından konuşulan önemli diğer Ulah ve bu nedenle ayrı bir lehçesi olarak kabul edilmelidir farklı düşünüyorum.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Also distinguished as distinct are dialects in the region of Bitola; <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DMalovi%25C5%25A1te%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgZ-DF-E48CwzJbErPIhkciJQOb5A" class="new" title="Yok Malovište (sayfa)">Malovište</a> , <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DGope%25C5%25A1%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiTGBklhyJZga54HUfP_EIRqhAH-Q" class="new" title="Yok Gopeš (sayfa)">Gopeš</a> , <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DGorna_Belica%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiVSOB8ZUuHmuNZX0GOEIP4hkEVSQ" class="new" title="Yok Gorna Belica (sayfa)">Gorna Belica</a> <i>( <strong class="selflink">Aromanian</strong> :</i> <span lang="rup" lang="rup">Beala di Supra</span> <i>)</i> near Struga, <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krusevo&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhSzyESY4bPB1zzFVvK6squ5xSFzA" title="Krusevo" class="mw-redirect">Krusevo</a> <i>( <strong class="selflink">Aromanian</strong> :</i> <span lang="rup" lang="rup">Crushuva</span> <i>)</i> , and the dialects east of the Vardar River in <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Macedonia&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjONzqgKrZsC-QIQ0jduTlbUloVeA" title="Makedonya Cumhuriyeti">Macedonia</a> .</span> Ayrıca farklı olarak seçkin Manastır bölgesinde lehçeleri vardır; <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DMalovi%25C5%25A1te%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgZ-DF-E48CwzJbErPIhkciJQOb5A" class="new" title="Yok Malovište (sayfa)">Malovište,</a> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DGope%25C5%25A1%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiTGBklhyJZga54HUfP_EIRqhAH-Q" class="new" title="Yok Gopeš (sayfa)">Gopeš,</a> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DGorna_Belica%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiVSOB8ZUuHmuNZX0GOEIP4hkEVSQ" class="new" title="Yok Gorna Belica (sayfa)">Gorna Belica</a> <strong class="selflink"><i>(Aromanian:</i></strong> <span lang="rup" lang="rup">Beala di <i>Supra)</i></span> Struga yakınında <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krusevo&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhSzyESY4bPB1zzFVvK6squ5xSFzA" title="Krusevo" class="mw-redirect">Krusevo</a> <i><strong class="selflink">(Aromanian:</strong> <span lang="rup" lang="rup">Crushuva)</span></i> ve <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Macedonia&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjONzqgKrZsC-QIQ0jduTlbUloVeA" title="Makedonya Cumhuriyeti">Makedonya</a> ve lehçeleri Vardar Nehri doğusunda.</span> </p><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">An aromanian dictionary currently under development can be found <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://roa-rup.wiktionary.org/wiki/Main_Page&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjnyJ__SObPwab--3_BmSdx-53yNQ" class="external text" title="http://roa-rup.wiktionary.org/wiki/Main_Page" rel="nofollow">here</a> (it still needs lots of work before it becomes actually usable).</span> Aromanian bir gelişme şu anda altında sözlük <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://roa-rup.wiktionary.org/wiki/Main_Page&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjnyJ__SObPwab--3_BmSdx-53yNQ" class="external text" title="http://roa-rup.wiktionary.org/wiki/Main_Page" rel="nofollow">burada</a> (hala) yapılmadan önce gerçekten kullanılabilir hale birçok ihtiyaçları bulunabilir.</span> </p><p><a name="Phonology" id="Phonology"></a></p><h2> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span class="editsection">[ <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DAromanian_language%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D5&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgHSxLeLmR4Xnhy53tyIhHX2axgvQ" title="Değiştir bölüm: Ses Bilgisi">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Phonology</span></span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DAromanian_language%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D5&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgHSxLeLmR4Xnhy53tyIhHX2axgvQ" title="Değiştir bölüm: Ses Bilgisi"><span class="editsection">[Değiştir]</span></a> <span class="mw-headline">Sesbilim</span></span> </h2><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Aromanian differs little from standard Romanian in its phonology, although it does have spirants /ð/ and /ɣ/ which do not exist in Romanian, probably due to influence from Greek, which has those sounds.</span> Aromanian standart Romence kendi fonoloji yılında, spirants sahip olsa da yok / ð / ve / ɣ / hangi Romence, muhtemelen Yunan olan bu sesler var den etkisiyle yoksa biraz farklıdır.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">It is written with the <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_alphabet&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjBTUw8hWjhd3ZqNTLAP8c14yzZiA" title="Latin alfabesi">Latin</a> and Greek alphabets, with an orthography which resembles both that of <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albanian_language&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhibFz5XLMUE4XBgnEDx98W6tRHWKA" title="Arnavutça dili">Albanian</a> (in the use of digraphs such as <i>dh</i> , <i>sh</i> , and <i>th</i> ) and <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanian_language&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhigxYOtWL79kxkkpFj8rEaBHz3i8w" title="Romanian dil">Romanian</a> (in its use of <i>c</i> and <i>g</i> , which it also shares with <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_language&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhieNxOS4vePl412p4QBFZypDCrdYg" title="Italyanca dil">Italian</a> ), along with the letter <i>ã</i> , used for the sounds represented in Romanian by <i>ǎ</i> and <i>â/î</i> .</span> Bu <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_alphabet&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjBTUw8hWjhd3ZqNTLAP8c14yzZiA" title="Latin alfabesi">Latin</a> ve Yunan alfabesi ile, her iki benzer bir yazım ile yazılmış bir <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albanian_language&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhibFz5XLMUE4XBgnEDx98W6tRHWKA" title="Arnavutça dili">Arnavut</a> ve <i>dh, sh</i> digraphs ve (kullanımda gibi ve <i>inci)</i> ve <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanian_language&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhigxYOtWL79kxkkpFj8rEaBHz3i8w" title="Romanian dil">Romanya</a> <i>C</i> ve kullanımı <i>(g,</i> bu da hisseleri ile <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_language&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhieNxOS4vePl412p4QBFZypDCrdYg" title="Italyanca dil">İtalyanca),</a> birlikte <i>harfleri</i> ile, in Romanian <i>ǎ ve</i> bir tarafından <i>/ i</i> temsil sesler için kullanılır.</span> </p><p><a name="Grammar" id="Grammar"></a></p><h2> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span class="editsection">[ <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DAromanian_language%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D6&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhif07xsZ04hOOzkE1pZhqogDbC8KA" title="Değiştir bölüm: Gramer">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Grammar</span></span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DAromanian_language%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D6&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhif07xsZ04hOOzkE1pZhqogDbC8KA" title="Değiştir bölüm: Gramer"><span class="editsection">[Değiştir]</span></a> <span class="mw-headline">Gramer</span></span> </h2><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The grammar and morphology are very similar to those of the Romance languages:</span> Dilbilgisi ve morfolojisi çok bu Romance dil benzer:</span> </p><ul><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">It has two grammatical numbers: singular and plural (no <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dual_%28grammatical_number%29&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgWyLCPKNheLcUZxcw8ZqJnOZedGQ" title="Çift (gramer sayı)">dual</a> ).</span> Iki dilbilgisi numaraları vardır: tekil ve çoğul (hayır) <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dual_%28grammatical_number%29&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgWyLCPKNheLcUZxcw8ZqJnOZedGQ" title="Çift (gramer sayı)">çift.</a></span> </li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">It is a <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Null-subject_language&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgO7fT9w-XKbiRB5cn44aFLHlpqWg" title="Boş konu dil" class="mw-redirect">null-subject language</a> .</span> Bir <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Null-subject_language&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgO7fT9w-XKbiRB5cn44aFLHlpqWg" title="Boş konu dil" class="mw-redirect">boş konu dil</a> olduğunu.</span> </li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Verbs have many <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_conjugation&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjV282byIuMql7LB1VhfV2XRd6wJw" title="Gramer konjugasyon">conjugations</a> , including:</span> Fiiller de dahil olmak üzere birçok <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_conjugation&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjV282byIuMql7LB1VhfV2XRd6wJw" title="Gramer konjugasyon">conjugations,</a> var:</span> <ul><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">A <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Present_tense&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgFRrbZc_7KN0YNtv6_Nmugg5gNkA" title="Present tense">present tense</a> , a <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preterite&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhimao-6NqFKWnNDCMBnR8x3ZdVXkA" title="Geçmiş zaman">preterite</a> , an <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperfect_tense&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhha-SMHT_PhxNAjLOchbLWOjMC2Og" title="Imperfect tense">imperfect</a> , a <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pluperfect&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgDY5CyiFrYZqza8IMlMPbpgR-NBw" title="Hikâyesi" class="mw-redirect">pluperfect</a> and a <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Future_tense&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhdFkmQM4V-hCkxXESjimqtKah7Hg" title="Gelecek zaman">future tense</a> in the indicative mood, for statements of fact.</span> Bir, bir <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preterite&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhimao-6NqFKWnNDCMBnR8x3ZdVXkA" title="Geçmiş zaman">geçmiş zaman,</a> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Present_tense&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgFRrbZc_7KN0YNtv6_Nmugg5gNkA" title="Present tense">şimdiki zaman</a> bir, <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperfect_tense&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhha-SMHT_PhxNAjLOchbLWOjMC2Og" title="Imperfect tense">kusurlu</a> bir ve <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pluperfect&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgDY5CyiFrYZqza8IMlMPbpgR-NBw" title="Hikâyesi" class="mw-redirect">geçmiş zaman</a> bir gösterge ruh halinde <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Future_tense&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhdFkmQM4V-hCkxXESjimqtKah7Hg" title="Gelecek zaman">gelecek zaman,</a> Aslında tablolar için.</span> </li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">An imperative mood, for direct commands.</span> Bir zorunluluk mood, doğrudan komutlar için.</span> </li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Three <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-finite_verb&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgC9Zy1WL_EQjjicO6kv4JJdIewbg" title="Olmayan sonlu fiil">non-finite forms</a> : infinitive, gerund, and past participle.</span> Üç <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-finite_verb&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgC9Zy1WL_EQjjicO6kv4JJdIewbg" title="Olmayan sonlu fiil">olmayan sonlu formları:</a> ulaç, mastar ve past participle.</span> </li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Distinct active and passive voices, as well as an <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impersonal_passive_voice&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhHLrd5PO2tVnICuI3tc3BBNq5dPg" title="Impersonal pasif ses">impersonal passive voice</a> .</span> Farklı aktif ve pasif sesler gibi bir <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impersonal_passive_voice&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhHLrd5PO2tVnICuI3tc3BBNq5dPg" title="Impersonal pasif ses">şahsi pasif ses.</a></span> </li></ul></li></ul><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The Aromanian language has some exceptions from the Romance languages, some of them are shared in <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanian_language&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhigxYOtWL79kxkkpFj8rEaBHz3i8w" title="Romanian dil">Romanian</a> : the definite article is a <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clitic&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhh0qJPWEz9pkZTCpghwCiEPiyMkww" title="Clitic">clitic</a> particle appended at the end of the word, both the definite and <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indefinite_article&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhTLzq8VRW9N2Uftrae_x84q1Wozw" title="Belirsiz makale" class="mw-redirect">indefinite articles</a> can be <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Declension&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhL2M1UKGDvWEDIfNlEBQ5sNctWEw" title="Çekim">inflected</a> , and nouns are classified in three <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_gender&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgL9EHA5KUg-yt1Yc1rGstylQHRvg" title="Gramatik cinsiyet">genders</a> , with neuter in addition to masculine and feminine.</span> Ulahça, bazıları <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanian_language&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhigxYOtWL79kxkkpFj8rEaBHz3i8w" title="Romanian dil">Romence</a> olarak paylaşılır: kesin madde bir <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clitic&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhh0qJPWEz9pkZTCpghwCiEPiyMkww" title="Clitic">clitic</a> parçacık kelimenin sonuna eklenir, hem belirli ve <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indefinite_article&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhTLzq8VRW9N2Uftrae_x84q1Wozw" title="Belirsiz makale" class="mw-redirect">belirsiz makaleler</a> ve <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Declension&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhL2M1UKGDvWEDIfNlEBQ5sNctWEw" title="Çekim">Türleri</a> olabilir isimler üç sınıflandırılır olduğunu Roman dilleri bazı istisnalar vardır ek olarak cinsiz ile <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_gender&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgL9EHA5KUg-yt1Yc1rGstylQHRvg" title="Gramatik cinsiyet">cinsiyet,</a> eril ve dişil.</span> </p><p><a name="Verbs" id="Verbs"></a></p><h3> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span class="editsection">[ <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DAromanian_language%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D7&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhg-F21GKjacr1eMSZAagAYRSAxo3A" title="Değiştir bölüm: fiiller">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Verbs</span></span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DAromanian_language%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D7&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhg-F21GKjacr1eMSZAagAYRSAxo3A" title="Değiştir bölüm: fiiller"><span class="editsection">[Değiştir]</span></a> <span class="mw-headline">Fiiller</span></span> </h3><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Aromanian grammar does have some features that distinguish it from Romanian, an important one being the complete disappearance of <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verb_infinitive&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjnOM3GbJUQQLfaogTbbQbFmx1ZpA" title="Fiil mastar" class="mw-redirect">verb infinitives</a> which clearly puts it in the lower part of the Balkans.</span> Aromanian dilbilgisi bazı özellikleri Romence, önemli bir açıkça Balkanların alt kısmında o koyar <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verb_infinitive&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjnOM3GbJUQQLfaogTbbQbFmx1ZpA" title="Fiil mastar" class="mw-redirect">fiil Infinitives</a> tamamını ortadan olmaktan ayırmak var.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">As such, the tenses and moods that in Romanian use the infinitive (like the <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Future_tense&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhdFkmQM4V-hCkxXESjimqtKah7Hg" title="Gelecek zaman">future simple tense</a> and the <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conditional_mood&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjDdOc3DrM0lphfO7dNRXWVCjRuHQ" title="Şart kipi">conditional mood</a> ) are formed in other ways in Aromanian.</span> Gibi, zamanları ve mood buna Romen kullanmak mastar (gibi <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Future_tense&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhdFkmQM4V-hCkxXESjimqtKah7Hg" title="Gelecek zaman">gelecek</a> ve <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conditional_mood&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjDdOc3DrM0lphfO7dNRXWVCjRuHQ" title="Şart kipi">koşullu ruh</a> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Future_tense&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhdFkmQM4V-hCkxXESjimqtKah7Hg" title="Gelecek zaman">gergin) basit</a> Aromanian diğer şekillerde oluşur.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">For the same reason, verb entries in dictionaries are given in their indicative mood, present tense, first person, singular form.</span> Aynı nedenle, sözlükler de fiil girişleri kendi gösterge mood, present tense, ilk kişi, tekil hali verilmiştir.</span> </p><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Aromanian verbs are classified in four conjugations.</span> Aromanian fiiller dört conjugations olarak sınıflandırılır.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The table below gives some examples, indicating also the conjugation of the corresponding verbs in Romanian. <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromanian_language&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiecqK--lTT4A5HFfPAP8Y-3S06Ig#cite_note-7"><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><span>[</span> 8 <span>]</span></sup></a></span> Aşağıdaki tablo, aynı zamanda Romanya ve ilgili fiilleri konjugasyon gösteren bazı örnekler verir. <span><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromanian_language&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiecqK--lTT4A5HFfPAP8Y-3S06Ig#cite_note-7"><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference">[8]</sup></a></span></span> </p><table class="wikitable"><tbody><tr><th> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Conjugation</span> Konjugasyon</span> </th><th> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Aromanian</span> Aromanca</span><br /><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">(ind. pres. 1st sg.)</span> (Ind pres. 1 sg.)</span> </th><th> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Romanian</span> Romence</span><br /><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">(ind. pres. 1st sg.)</span> (Ind pres. 1 sg.)</span> </th><th> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Romanian</span> Romence</span><br /><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">(infinitive)</span> () mastar</span> </th><th> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">English</span> İngilizce</span> </th></tr><tr><th> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">I</span> Ben</span> </th><td> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">cãntu</span> cantu</span><br /><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">dau</span> Dau</span><br /><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">lucredzu</span> lucredzu</span> </td><td> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">cânt</span> CANT</span><br /><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">dau</span> Dau</span><br /><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">lucrez</span> lucrez</span> </td><td> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">a cânta I</span> bir canta I</span><br /><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">a da I</span> a da ben</span><br /><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">a lucra I</span> Bir lucra I</span> </td><td> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">sing</span> sing</span><br /><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">give</span> vermek</span><br /><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">work</span> iş</span> </td></tr><tr><th> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">II</span> II</span> </th><td> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">ved</span> ved</span><br /><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">şedu</span> şedu</span><br /><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">armãn</span> arman</span> </td><td> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">văd</span> vad</span><br /><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">şed</span> Sed</span><br /><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">rămân</span> Raman</span> </td><td> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">a vedea II</span> Bir vedea II</span><br /><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">a şedea II</span> Bir şedea II</span><br /><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">a rămâne III ( <i>or</i> a rămânea II)</span> Bir rămâne III <i>(veya</i> rămânea II)</span> </td><td> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">see</span> görmek</span><br /><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">sit</span> oturmak</span><br /><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">stay</span> kalmak</span> </td></tr><tr><th> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">III</span> III</span> </th><td> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">duc</span> Duc</span><br /><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">cunoscu</span> cunoscu</span><br /><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">ardu</span> ardu</span> </td><td> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">duc</span> Duc</span><br /><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">cunosc</span> cunosc</span><br /><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">ard</span> ARD</span> </td><td> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">a duce III</span> Bir Duce III</span><br /><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">a cunoaşte III</span> Bir cunoaşte III</span><br /><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">a arde III</span> a arde III</span> </td><td> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">carry, lead</span> taşımak kurşun</span><br /><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">know</span> bilmek</span><br /><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">burn</span> yanmak</span> </td></tr><tr><th> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">IV</span> IV</span> </th><td> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">mor</span> mor</span><br /><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">fug</span> ağır hava</span><br /><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">îndulţescu</span> îndulţescu</span> </td><td> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">mor</span> mor</span><br /><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">fug</span> ağır hava</span><br /><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">îndulcesc</span> îndulcesc</span> </td><td> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">a muri IV</span> a muri IV</span><br /><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">a fugi IV</span> Bir Fugi IV</span><br /><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">a îndulci IV</span> Bir îndulci IV</span> </td><td> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">die</span> ölmek</span><br /><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">run</span> çalıştırmak</span><br /><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">sweeten</span> tatlılaştırmak</span> </td></tr></tbody></table><p><a name="Future_tense" id="Future_tense"></a></p><h4> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span class="editsection">[ <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DAromanian_language%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D8&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgjYPzA1I_8N9Vl6VLhJjDJF9PtDw" title="Değiştir bölüm: gelecek zaman">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Future tense</span></span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DAromanian_language%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D8&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgjYPzA1I_8N9Vl6VLhJjDJF9PtDw" title="Değiştir bölüm: gelecek zaman"><span class="editsection">[Değiştir]</span></a> <span class="mw-headline">gelecek zaman</span></span> </h4><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The future tense is formed in the same way as in archaic Romanian, using an auxiliary invariable particle "va" (derived from the verb "to go") and the <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subjunctive_mood&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhNW4cZykIZsrmW-cjRbqsiW6uBSA" title="Dilek kipi">subjunctive mood</a> .</span> Gelecek zaman aynı şekilde antik Romence olarak, "yardımcı bir değişmez parçacık" va kullanılarak oluşturulur (fiil "adresinden gitmek) ve <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subjunctive_mood&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhNW4cZykIZsrmW-cjRbqsiW6uBSA" title="Dilek kipi">dilek kipi</a> türetilmiştir.</span> </p><table class="wikitable"><tbody><tr><th> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Aromanian</span> Aromanca</span> </th><th> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Romanian</span> Romence</span><br /><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">(archaic)</span> () arkaik</span> </th><th> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">English</span> İngilizce</span> </th></tr><tr><td> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">va s-cãntu</span> va s-cantu</span> </td><td> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">va să cânt</span> va să CANT</span> </td><td> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">I will sing</span> Ben şarkı söyleyecek</span> </td></tr><tr><td> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">va s-cãntsã</span> va s-cãntsã</span> </td><td> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">va să cânţi</span> va să cânţi</span> </td><td> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">you ( <i>sg.</i> ) will sing</span> siz <i>(sg.)</i> şarkı söyleyecek</span> </td></tr><tr><td> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">va s-cãntã</span> va s-canta</span> </td><td> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">va să cânte</span> va să Cante</span> </td><td> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">he/she will sing</span> o şarkı söyleyecek</span> </td></tr><tr><td> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">va s-cãntãm</span> va s-çantam</span> </td><td> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">va să cântăm</span> va să çantam</span> </td><td> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">we will sing</span> biz şarkı söyleyecek</span> </td></tr><tr><td> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">va s-cãntats</span> va s-cãntats</span> </td><td> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">va să cântaţi</span> va să cântaţi</span> </td><td> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">you ( <i>pl.</i> ) will sing</span> sen <i>(Levha)</i> şarkı söyleyecek</span> </td></tr><tr><td> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">va s-cãntã</span> va s-canta</span> </td><td> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">va să cânte</span> va să Cante</span> </td><td> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">they will sing</span> Onlar şarkı söyleyecek</span> </td></tr></tbody></table><p><a name="Pluperfect_tense" id="Pluperfect_tense"></a></p><h4> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span class="editsection">[ <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DAromanian_language%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D9&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhg-dNol_0XuvqKrBMUGi5crmBwgPQ" title="Değiştir bölüm: hikâyesi gergin">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Pluperfect tense</span></span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DAromanian_language%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D9&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhg-dNol_0XuvqKrBMUGi5crmBwgPQ" title="Değiştir bölüm: hikâyesi gergin"><span class="editsection">[Değiştir]</span></a> <span class="mw-headline">geçmiş zaman gergin</span></span> </h4><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Whereas in Romanian the <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pluperfect_tense&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiN0yqd8NKYnitVywqW2lArvBFXjA" title="Hikâyesi gergin">pluperfect tense</a> (past perfect) is formed synthetically (as for instance in <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_language&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiUx6J2Q11GeQrRMxpSabymfjnwlw" title="Portekizce dil">Portuguese</a> ), Aromanian uses a periphrastic construction with the auxiliary verb <i>am</i> (have) as the imperfect tense ( <i>aveam</i> ) and the past participle, as in <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiME4r9oqEWTOUm6X-IK298ScF-zw" title="Fransızca">French</a> , except that French replaces <i>avoir</i> (have) with <i>être</i> (be) for intransitive verbs.</span> Yılında ise Romen <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pluperfect_tense&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiN0yqd8NKYnitVywqW2lArvBFXjA" title="Hikâyesi gergin">hikâyesi gergin</a> (mükemmel geçmiş) oluşturulur sentetik olarak <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_language&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiUx6J2Q11GeQrRMxpSabymfjnwlw" title="Portekizce dil">(Portekizce</a> olarak örneğin gibi), Aromanian dolambaçlı bir yapı kullanır yardımcı fiil <i>am</i> (varsa) ile kusurlu gergin <i>(aveam)</i> ve past participle olarak <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiME4r9oqEWTOUm6X-IK298ScF-zw" title="Fransızca">Fransızca</a> olarak, dışında Fransızca <i>avoir</i> yerine () <i>être</i> () ile geçişsiz fiiller için olmaları gerekir.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Aromanian shares this feature with <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megleno-Romanian_language&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhDNzD8HV8a8x4Z8dXzHkF3wuK7tA" title="Megleno-Romen dili">Megleno-Romanian</a> as well as other languages in the <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balkan_linguistic_union&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjC-9LM9-dYe3lS-Etlktccg4tRwg" title="Balkan dil birliği" class="mw-redirect">Balkan linguistic union</a> .</span> Aromanian hisse <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megleno-Romanian_language&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhDNzD8HV8a8x4Z8dXzHkF3wuK7tA" title="Megleno-Romen dili">Megleno</a> bu <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megleno-Romanian_language&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhDNzD8HV8a8x4Z8dXzHkF3wuK7tA" title="Megleno-Romen dili">özelliği-Romanya</a> gibi diğer dillerde <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balkan_linguistic_union&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjC-9LM9-dYe3lS-Etlktccg4tRwg" title="Balkan dil birliği" class="mw-redirect">Balkan dil birliği</a> içinde.</span> </p><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Only the auxiliary verb inflects according to number and person: <i>aveam</i> , <i>aveai</i> , <i>avea</i> , <i>aveamu</i> , <i>aveatã</i> , <i>avea</i> , whereas the past participle doesn't change. <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromanian_language&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiecqK--lTT4A5HFfPAP8Y-3S06Ig#cite_note-8"><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><span>[</span> 9 <span>]</span></sup></a></span> Sadece yardımcı fiil sayı ve kişi göre inflects: <i>aveam, aveai,</i> değişmeyen past participle ise <i>Avea, aveamu, aveatã, Avea,.</i> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromanian_language&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiecqK--lTT4A5HFfPAP8Y-3S06Ig#cite_note-8"><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><span>[9]</span></sup></a></span> </p><table class="wikitable"><tbody><tr><th> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Aromanian</span> Aromanca</span> </th><th> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Megleno-Romanian</span> Megleno-Romence</span> </th><th> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Romanian</span> Romence</span> </th><th> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">English</span> İngilizce</span> </th></tr><tr><td> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">avea mãcatã</span> Avea mãcatã</span> </td><td> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">vea mancat</span> vea mancat</span> </td><td> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">mâncase</span> mâncase</span> </td><td> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">(he/she) had eaten</span> (o) yemiş</span> </td></tr><tr><td> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">avea durnjitã</span> Avea durnjitã</span> </td><td> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">vea durmit</span> vea durmit</span> </td><td> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">dormise</span> dormise</span> </td><td> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">(he/she) had slept</span> uyudu (o) vardı</span> </td></tr></tbody></table><p><a name="Gerund" id="Gerund"></a></p><h2> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span class="editsection">[ <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DAromanian_language%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D10&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhh99AACSBqpytaqPlaZtQB6TDffqw" title="Değiştir bölüm: GERUND">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Gerund</span></span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DAromanian_language%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D10&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhh99AACSBqpytaqPlaZtQB6TDffqw" title="Değiştir bölüm: GERUND"><span class="editsection">[Değiştir]</span></a> <span class="mw-headline">GERUND</span></span> </h2><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerund&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhGU6_SMyPByK2RelWQOnJ6qgUVxg" title="Ulaç">gerund</a> which exists in Aromanian is only applied to some verbs, not all.</span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerund&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhGU6_SMyPByK2RelWQOnJ6qgUVxg" title="Ulaç">Ulaç</a> hangi Aromanian sadece bazı fiiller, tüm uygulanır vardır.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">These verbs are:</span> Bu fiiller şunlardır:</span> </p><ul><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">1st conjugation: <i>acatsã (acãtsãnda(lui)), portu, lucreashce, adiljeashce</i> .</span> 1 konjugasyon: <i>acatsã (acãtsãnda (lui)), portu, lucreashce, adiljeashce.</i></span> </li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">2nd conjugation: <i>armãnã, cade, poate, tatse, veade</i> .</span> 2 konjugasyon: <i>armãnã, cade, poate, tatse, veade.</i></span> </li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">3rd conjugation: <i>arupã, dipune, dutse, dzãse, featse, tradze, scrie</i> .</span> 3 konjugasyon: <i>arupã, dipune, dutse, dzãse, featse, tradze, scrie.</i></span> </li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">4th conjugation: <i>apire, doarme, hivrie, aure, pate, avde</i> .</span> 4 <i>konjugasyon:,, hivrie, Aure, avde pate doarme apire.</i></span> </li></ul><p><a name="Situation_in_Greece" id="Situation_in_Greece"></a></p><h2> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span class="editsection">[ <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DAromanian_language%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D11&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjdiDTEe727cn8xC-RdTL_LJiDF2A" title="Değiştir bölüm: Yunanistan Durum">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Situation in Greece</span></span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DAromanian_language%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D11&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjdiDTEe727cn8xC-RdTL_LJiDF2A" title="Değiştir bölüm: Yunanistan Durum"><span class="editsection">[Değiştir]</span></a> <span class="mw-headline">Durum Yunanistan</span></span> </h2><p><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Even before the incorporation of various Aromanian-speaking territories into the Greek state (1832, 1912), the language was subordinated to <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_language&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhh7L7FubWRvFoxTz2qe_Oyu_mW5XQ" title="Yunan dili">Greek</a> , traditionally the language of education and religion in Constantinople and other prosperous urban cities.</span> Çeşitli Aromanian ile birleşmesiyle önce bile konuşulan bölgelerde Yunan devlet olarak (1832, 1912), dil, eğitim ve İstanbul'a ve diğer müreffeh kentsel şehirler dinin geleneksel dili <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_language&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhh7L7FubWRvFoxTz2qe_Oyu_mW5XQ" title="Yunan dili">Yunanca</a> tabi oldu.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The historical studies cited below (mostly Capidan) show that especially after the fall of Moscopole (1788) the process of Hellenisation via education and religion gained a strong impetus mostly among people doing business in the cities.</span> Tarihsel çalışmalar (çoğunlukla Capidan altında), söz Moscopole (1788) eğitim ve din üzerinden Hellenisation sürecinin sonbaharda özellikle sonra insanlar şehirlerde iş yapmak arasında çok güçlü bir ivme kazanmıştır gösterir.</span> </p><div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width: 182px;"> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Romanian_Schools_for_Aromanians_and_Meglenoromanians.JPG&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgM6LocuHstJzq7ARHA_QHwlvH6wg" class="image" title="Romanian Okullar Aroman ve Meglenoromanians için Osmanlı İmparatorluğu (1886) yılında"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Romanian_Schools_for_Aromanians_and_Meglenoromanians.JPG/180px-Romanian_Schools_for_Aromanians_and_Meglenoromanians.JPG" class="thumbimage" width="180" height="137" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Romanian_Schools_for_Aromanians_and_Meglenoromanians.JPG&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgM6LocuHstJzq7ARHA_QHwlvH6wg" class="internal" title="Ayrıntı"><img src="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" width="15" height="11" /></a> </div> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Romanian Schools for Aromanians and Meglenoromanians in the Ottoman Empire (1886)</span> Romanian Okullar Aroman ve Meglenoromanians için Osmanlı İmparatorluğu (1886) yılında</span> </div></div></div><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhFJ8MySsse74AbeM3-EOOJoiwIlA" title="Romanya">Romanian</a> state began opening schools for the Romanian influenced Vlachs in the 1860s, but this initiative was regarded with suspicion by the Greeks , who thought Romania was trying to assimilate them.</span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhFJ8MySsse74AbeM3-EOOJoiwIlA" title="Romanya">Romen</a> devlet 1860'larda Romen etkilemiş Ulah okulların açılması, ancak bu girişim başladı Yunanlılar, Romanya'nın onları özümsemek için sanmıştım şüphe ile kabul edildi.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">19th century travellers in the Balkans such as WM Leake and Henry Fanshawe Tozer noted that Vlachs in the Pindus and Macedonia were bi-lingual, reserving the Latin dialect for inside the home. <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromanian_language&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiecqK--lTT4A5HFfPAP8Y-3S06Ig#cite_note-9"><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><span>[</span> 10 <span>]</span></sup></a> A notable and perhaps not so well known (outside Greece) fact regarding the Greek Aromanian speakers is the contributions made by the community to the evolution and institutions of the Greek state during the 19th and early 20th Centuries. <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athens_Polytechnic&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjGyK7gukQ0IfEMM59XGDUY6IIfkg" title="Atina Politeknik" class="mw-redirect">Athens Polytechnic</a> - known as "Metsovion" (of Metsovo) - the Greek Vlach village in the Pindus from where its two main benefactors originated (Nikolaos Stournaras and Michail Tositsas), The <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zappeion&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhj7W4o8XSDmwDYrELa1xRjOy6NOdQ" title="Zappeion">Zappeion</a> megaron, and the foundation of the <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_of_Greece&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgbwATQnDZ2XcgCf9mYkF61_gqyvw" title="Bank of Greece">Bank of Greece</a> to name but a few were realised by the donations of notable Greek-Vlach benefactors.</span> WM Leake ve Henry Fanshawe Tozer gibi Balkanlar'da 19. yüzyılda gezginler bu Pindus içinde Ulah ve Makedonya iki dilli, ev içindeki için Latin lehçesi saklı olduğunu kaydetti. <span><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromanian_language&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiecqK--lTT4A5HFfPAP8Y-3S06Ig#cite_note-9"><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference">[10]</sup></a></span> Bir önemli ve belki de pek iyi Yunanistan (dış bilinen ) Aslında Yunan Aromanian hoparlörler ilişkin prim evrimini ve Yunan devlet kurumlarına topluluğu tarafından 19. ve 20. Yüzyıllarda. <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athens_Polytechnic&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjGyK7gukQ0IfEMM59XGDUY6IIfkg" title="Atina Politeknik" class="mw-redirect">Atina Politeknik</a> - Metsovion "olarak bilinen sırasında yapılan" Metsovo () ve - yılında Yunan Ulah köy olduğunu kimden Pindus yerde iki ana hamileri, ve <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_of_Greece&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgbwATQnDZ2XcgCf9mYkF61_gqyvw" title="Bank of Greece">Bank of Greece</a> temeli ancak adının birkaç önemli Yunan-Ulah hamileri ve bağışlarla gerçekleştirildi <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zappeion&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhj7W4o8XSDmwDYrELa1xRjOy6NOdQ" title="Zappeion">Zappeion</a> megaron (Nikolaos Stournaras ve Michail Tositsas) kökenli.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The fact that this occurred at a time when the majority of Vlachs resided outside the then Kingdom of Greece served to seriously undermine any Romanian claims that they constituted a persecuted minority group.</span> Aslında bu bir zamanda oluştu Ulah sonra Yunanistan Krallığı ciddi bir Romen iddialarını bir zulüm azınlık grubu oluşturmaktadır zayıflatmaya hizmet dışında ikamet çoğunluğu.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The balkans are a well known test bed for theories that assert language is a poor determinant of national consciousness.</span> Balkanlar dil iddia teorileri için iyi bilinen testi yatak ulusal bilincin zayıf bir belirleyicisidir.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">(see <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhTVEzPl1I6d-aALSfh3KQyHTka_Q" title="Bosna Hersek">Bosnia</a> , <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albania&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhj-FS8vqY7MfqhINcgt4CrK6IUrqA" title="Arnavutluk">Albania</a> etc.)</span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhTVEzPl1I6d-aALSfh3KQyHTka_Q" title="Bosna Hersek">(Bosna,</a> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albania&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhj-FS8vqY7MfqhINcgt4CrK6IUrqA" title="Arnavutluk">Arnavutluk</a> görmek vb)</span> </p><div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width: 252px;"> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:AromaniansFlorina.png&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhj8mIGOoLexHJhfcEEUaktw-NtqBg" class="image" title="Florina İli içinde Ulahça kullanımı"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/44/AromaniansFlorina.png/250px-AromaniansFlorina.png" class="thumbimage" width="250" height="151" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:AromaniansFlorina.png&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhj8mIGOoLexHJhfcEEUaktw-NtqBg" class="internal" title="Ayrıntı"><img src="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" width="15" height="11" /></a> </div> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Use of the Aromanian language in the Florina Prefecture</span> Florina İli içinde Ulahça kullanımı</span> </div></div></div><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Romanian interference in the first half of the 20th century eventually led to antagonism between Aromanians with a Hellenic national consciousness ( pejoratively known in Romania as <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grecomans&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhg3_RQmdQ_QpCLLbdRCy57N0fDA0w" title="Grecomans">grecomans</a> ) who rejected what they perceived as Romanian propaganda, and those who espoused a Latin identity as promoted in the Romanian schools.</span> 20. yüzyılın ilk yarısında Romen girişim sonunda Aroman arasında husumet bir Yunan ulusal bilinci (pejoratively Romanya <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grecomans&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhg3_RQmdQ_QpCLLbdRCy57N0fDA0w" title="Grecomans">grecomans</a> olarak) kim onlar Romence propaganda aracı olarak ne algılanan ve reddedilen bilinen önderlik edenler in Romanian terfi gibi bir Latin kimlik benimsenen okullar.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">According to the Romanian nationalist point of view the "grecomans" and the Greek militia (known as "andarti") "terrorized" the Pindus region between 1903–1912 leading to a diplomatic crisis with Romania in 1911 (see Adina Berciu, Maria Petre: 2004).</span> 1903-1912 arasında önde gelen 1.911 Romanya ile diplomatik bir kriz için (Adina Berciu Maria Petre görmek görünümün Romanya milliyetçi noktasına "ve Yunan milis" grecomans göre ( "andarti") "olarak terörize" Pindus bölge bilinir: 2004).</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The Greek point of view maintains that the newly incorporated Romanian state was seeking to divert attention from more serious territorial disputes with Russia and Bulgaria by using Greek Vlachs as leverage.</span> Bakış Yunan nokta, yeni dahil Romanya devlet koz olarak Yunan Ulah kullanarak Rusya ve Bulgaristan ile daha ciddi toprak anlaşmazlıkları dikkatini aktarmak isteyen oldu tutar.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">It is noteworthy that Romanian nationalists touring the Greek Vlach villages were invariably struck by the locals' lack of interest in the Romanian cause.</span> Bu Romen milliyetçileri kaçınılmaz Romanya neden ilgi sakinlerinin eksikliği vurdu edildi Yunan Ulah köyleri turne dikkat çekicidir.</span> </p><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">By 1948, the new Soviet-imposed <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Romania&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhicOQQv2c9ENot7DgeDzaXrsrk6hA" title="Komünist Romanya">communist regime of Romania</a> had closed all Romanian-run schools outside Romania and since the closure, there has been no formal education in Aromanian and speakers have been encouraged to learn and use the Greek language.</span> 1.948 olarak, yeni Sovyet-Romen tüm kapalı vardı ve Romanya dışındaki okulları çalıştırmak kapatma beri, öğrenmek ve Yunan dilini kullanmak teşvik edilmiştir Aromanian hiçbir örgün eğitim ve hoparlör olmuştur <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Romania&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhicOQQv2c9ENot7DgeDzaXrsrk6hA" title="Komünist Romanya">Romanya komünist rejim</a> empoze.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">This has been a process encouraged by the community itself and is not an explicit State policy.</span> Bu bir süreç toplumun kendisi tarafından teşvik edilmiş ve açıkça bir devlet politikası değildir.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The decline and isolation of the Romanian orientated groups was not helped by the fact that they openly collaborated with the Axis powers of Italy and Germany during the occupation of Greece in WWII.</span> Gerileme ve Romanya odaklı grupların izolasyonu açıkça İtalya ve Almanya Mihver güçleri ile İkinci Dünya Savaşı Yunanistan'ın işgali sırasında işbirliği gerçeğiyle yardımcı değildi.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Notably the vast majority of Vlachs fought in the Greek resistance and a number of their villages were destroyed by the Germans.</span> Özellikle Ulah büyük çoğunluğu Yunan direniş ve köylerine bir dizi savaşan Almanlar tarafından yok edildi.</span> </p><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The issue of Aromanian-language education is a sensitive one, partly because of the resurgence in Romanian interest on the subject.</span> Aromanian konusu dil eğitim hassas bir, konuyla ilgili Romanya çıkarına diriliş kısmen biridir.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Romanian nationalism maintains that Greek propaganda is still very strong in the area, inferring that Greeks define Aromanians as a sort of "Latinized Greeks".</span> Romanian milliyetçilik hala çok alanda, bir tür "Latinized Yunanlılar olarak Aroman define Yunanlıların çıkarım güçlü", Yunan propagandası tutar.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The fact remains that it is the majority of Greek Vlachs themselves that oppose the Romanian propaganda (those that espouse it having emigrated in the early 20thC), as they have done for the past 200 years.</span> Aslında bu kendilerini bu Romen propaganda karşı Yunan Ulah bir çoğunluk kalır (bu o erken 20thC göç etti) sahip benimsemek, onlar son 200 yıldır yapmış.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The Greek Vlachs oppose the introduction of the language into the education system as <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjtP2vMTxl7EUyBARxlipd42KRlHw" title="Avrupa Birliği">EU</a> and leading Greek political figures have suggested, viewing it as an artificial distinction between them and other Greeks.</span> Yunan Ulah ve <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjtP2vMTxl7EUyBARxlipd42KRlHw" title="Avrupa Birliği">AB</a> olarak eğitim sistemine dil giriş karşı önde gelen Yunan siyasi figürler tavsiye ettiler, onları ve diğer Yunanlılar arasında yapay bir ayrım olarak görüntüleme.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">For example, the former education minister, <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Andreas_Papandreou&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgd2iF4QwLi7C06XnWrNcaeVt8siA" title="George Andreas Papandreu" class="mw-redirect">George Papandreou</a> , received a negative response from Aromanian mayors and associations to his proposal for a trial Aromanian language education programme.</span> Örneğin, eski eğitim bakanı <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Andreas_Papandreou&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgd2iF4QwLi7C06XnWrNcaeVt8siA" title="George Andreas Papandreu" class="mw-redirect">Yorgo Papandreu,</a> Aromanian belediye başkanları ve bir deneme Ulahça eğitim programı için yaptığı öneriyi dernekler bir olumsuz yanıt aldı.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The Panhellenic Federation of Cultural Associations of Vlachs (Πανελλήνια Ομοσπονδία Πολιτιστικών Συλλόγων Βλάχων) expressed strong opposition to EU's recommendation in 1997 that the tuition of Aromanian be supported so as to avoid its extinction. <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://vlahos.xan.duth.gr/nea/180304.htm&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhi-JPLiyuMQoiC-35al2dF7YCwKqw" class="external autonumber" title="http://vlahos.xan.duth.gr/nea/180304.htm" rel="nofollow">[3]</a> .</span> Panhelenik Kültür Dernekleri Federasyonu Ulah of (Πανελλήνια Ομοσπονδία Πολιτιστικών Συλλόγων Βλάχων) 1997 yılında AB tavsiyesi doğrultusunda güçlü bir muhalefet olduğu Aromanian ve bu nedenle ders olarak tükenme önlemek için desteklenmelidir dile getirdi. <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://vlahos.xan.duth.gr/nea/180304.htm&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhi-JPLiyuMQoiC-35al2dF7YCwKqw" class="external autonumber" title="http://vlahos.xan.duth.gr/nea/180304.htm" rel="nofollow">[3].</a></span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">On a visit to <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metsovo&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiHOEnDh7Y2lszTGq9-3M1gg_zKjg" title="Metsovo">Metsovo</a> , <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epirus_%28periphery%29&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhj0qqkQjvG03f3SUXL1fpPzjUZ14w" title="Epir (çevre)">Epirus</a> in 1998, Greek President Costis Stephanopoulos called on Vlachs to speak and teach their language, but its decline continues.</span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metsovo&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiHOEnDh7Y2lszTGq9-3M1gg_zKjg" title="Metsovo">Metsovo,</a> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epirus_%28periphery%29&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhj0qqkQjvG03f3SUXL1fpPzjUZ14w" title="Epir (çevre)">Epir</a> 1998 yılında yaptığı bir ziyarette, Yunanistan Cumhurbaşkanı Kostis Stefanopulos Ulah konuşmak için çağırdı ve dil öğretmek, ancak düşüş devam ediyor.</span> </p><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">A recent example of the sensitivity of the issue was the 2001 conviction (later overturned in the Appeals Court) to 15 months in jail of <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sotiris_Bletsas&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhwdPxtK9fNsck0hKzf3S5lgxM81g" title="Sotiris Bletsas">Sotiris Bletsas</a> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://www.vlachophiles.net/index_on_censorship.htm&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhi4hvjq3cJKCPj2mi23jb7EE85gKA" class="external autonumber" title="http://www.vlachophiles.net/index_on_censorship.htm" rel="nofollow">[4]</a> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://www.europarl.europa.eu/omk/sipade3%3FPROG%3DWQ%26L%3DEN%26PUBREF%3D-//EP//TEXT%2BWQ%2BE-2001-1325%2B0%2BDOC%2BSGML%2BV0//EN%26LEVEL%3D2&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgidMRTW8yeJSPa8hfhPxOsEWJK_w" class="external autonumber" title="http://www.europarl.europa.eu/omk/sipade3?PROG=WQ&L=EN&PUBREF=-//EP//TEXT+WQ+E-2001-1325+0+DOC+SGML+V0//EN&LEVEL=2" rel="nofollow">[5]</a> , a Greek Aromanian who was found guilty of "dissemination of false information" after he distributed informative material on minority languages in Europe (which included information on minority languages of Greece), produced by the <i>European Bureau for Lesser Used Languages</i> and financed by the <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Commission&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjFhXzz3GIPsX_fR8bShblZGsRE7A" title="Avrupa Komisyonu">European Commission</a> .</span> Konunun hassasiyet bir örnek 2.001 mahkumiyet (daha sonra Temyiz Mahkemesi) <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sotiris_Bletsas&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhwdPxtK9fNsck0hKzf3S5lgxM81g" title="Sotiris Bletsas">Sotiris Bletsas</a> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://www.vlachophiles.net/index_on_censorship.htm&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhi4hvjq3cJKCPj2mi23jb7EE85gKA" class="external autonumber" title="http://www.vlachophiles.net/index_on_censorship.htm" rel="nofollow">[4]</a> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://www.europarl.europa.eu/omk/sipade3%3FPROG%3DWQ%26L%3DEN%26PUBREF%3D-//EP//TEXT%2BWQ%2BE-2001-1325%2B0%2BDOC%2BSGML%2BV0//EN%26LEVEL%3D2&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgidMRTW8yeJSPa8hfhPxOsEWJK_w" class="external autonumber" title="http://www.europarl.europa.eu/omk/sipade3?PROG=WQ&L=EN&PUBREF=-//EP//TEXT+WQ+E-2001-1325+0+DOC+SGML+V0//EN&LEVEL=2" rel="nofollow">[5],</a> bir Yunan olan yanlış bilgi "yayılması" suçlu bulundu Aromanian bir hapishanede 15 ay bozmuş oldu sonra Avrupa azınlık dillerde bilgilendirici materyal dağıtımı (ki), <i>Avrupa Bürosu Küçük dilleri</i> ve <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Commission&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjFhXzz3GIPsX_fR8bShblZGsRE7A" title="Avrupa Komisyonu">Avrupa Komisyonu</a> tarafından <i>finanse</i> tarafından üretilen Yunanistan azınlık dillerde bilgi dahil.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">His conviction met with broad condemnation in Greece <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://www.iospress.gr/mikro2001/mikro20010210.htm&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjhHFskq9ymyLlRjzTRuvixl4_ogg" class="external autonumber" title="http://www.iospress.gr/mikro2001/mikro20010210.htm" rel="nofollow">[6]</a> and it emerged that his case was zealously pursued by Aromanian leaders who viewed themselves as patriotic Greeks and felt affronted by the suggestion that they belonged to a "minority".</span> Onun mahkumiyet Yunanistan geniş kınama <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://www.iospress.gr/mikro2001/mikro20010210.htm&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjhHFskq9ymyLlRjzTRuvixl4_ogg" class="external autonumber" title="http://www.iospress.gr/mikro2001/mikro20010210.htm" rel="nofollow">[6</a> ile bir araya <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://www.iospress.gr/mikro2001/mikro20010210.htm&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjhHFskq9ymyLlRjzTRuvixl4_ogg" class="external autonumber" title="http://www.iospress.gr/mikro2001/mikro20010210.htm" rel="nofollow">geldi]</a> ve bu durumda onun şevkle kim vatansever Yunanlılar kendilerini incelendi ve bunların bir "azınlık" ait öneri tarafından affronted keçe Aromanian liderleri tarafından takip ortaya çıktı.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Bletsas was eventually acquitted <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://www.florina.org/html/2001/2001_bletsas_acquitted.html&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhmBxXAxtK0NUFpeisAbQUO1ZCTaw" class="external autonumber" title="http://www.florina.org/html/2001/2001_bletsas_acquitted.html" rel="nofollow">[7]</a> .</span> Bletsas sonunda beraat etti <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://www.florina.org/html/2001/2001_bletsas_acquitted.html&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhmBxXAxtK0NUFpeisAbQUO1ZCTaw" class="external autonumber" title="http://www.florina.org/html/2001/2001_bletsas_acquitted.html" rel="nofollow">[7].</a></span> </p><p><a name="Language_sample" id="Language_sample"></a></p><h2> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span class="editsection">[ <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DAromanian_language%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D12&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjrZ47rZnygzkuBiwOn9YzZZg0-dQ" title="Değiştir bölüm: Dil örnek">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Language sample</span></span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DAromanian_language%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D12&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjrZ47rZnygzkuBiwOn9YzZZg0-dQ" title="Değiştir bölüm: Dil örnek"><span class="editsection">[Değiştir]</span></a> <span class="mw-headline">Dil örnek</span></span> </h2><dl><dd> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><i>Tatã a nostru</i></span> <i>Bir nostru Tata</i></span> </dd><dd> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><i>cai eshci pi tser,</i></span> <i>cai eshci pi tser,</i></span> </dd><dd> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><i>s-ayisascã numa a Ta,</i></span> <i>s-ayisascã NUMA Ta,</i></span> </dd><dd> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><i>s-yinã Amirãrilja a Ta,</i></span> <i>s-yinã Amirãrilja bir Ta,</i></span> </dd><dd> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><i>s-facã vreare-a Ta,</i></span> <i>s-faça vreare bir Ta,</i></span> </dd><dd> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><i>cum pi tserlu,</i></span> <i>cum pi tserlu,</i></span> </dd><dd> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><i>ashi sh-pisti loc.</i></span> <i>ashi sh-pisti Loc.</i></span> </dd><dd> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><i>Pãne-a nostrã atsea di cathi dzuã dã-nã-u sh-azã</i></span> <i>Bölmesinin bir nostra atsea di cathi dzuã da-na-u sh-aza</i></span> </dd><dd> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><i>shi ljartã-nã amãrtiile-a noastre</i></span> <i>ljartã shi-na amãrtiile bir noastre</i></span> </dd><dd> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><i>ashi cum lji-ljirtãm sh-a amãrtoshlor a noshci.</i></span> <i>ashi cum lji-ljirtãm sh-bir amãrtoshlor bir noshci.</i></span> </dd><dd> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><i>Shi nu nã-du la pirazmo,</i></span> <i>Shi nu na-du la pirazmo,</i></span> </dd><dd> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><i>ala aveaglji-nã di atsel arãulu.</i></span> <i>aveaglji ala-na di atsel arãulu.</i></span> </dd><dd> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><i>Cã a Ta easte Amirãrilja shi puteare</i></span> <i>CA Ta easte Amirãrilja shi puteare</i></span> </dd><dd> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><i>a Tatãlui shi Hiljlui shi a Ayului Spirit,</i></span> <i>Bir Tatãlui shi Hiljlui shi bir Ayului Spirit,</i></span> </dd><dd> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><i>torã, totãna shi tu eta-a etilor.</i></span> <i>Tora, Totana shi tu ETA-bir etilor.</i></span> </dd><dd> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><i>Amen.</i></span> <i>Amin.</i></span> </dd></dl><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">(the <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord%27s_Prayer&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjQl6lCrKzMyQ2hnilHm8HN_C9s1Q" title="Lord's Prayer">Lord's Prayer</a> - <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tat%25C3%25A3_a_nostru&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiDYk0l_1Bsmle1Dq-Y5zfJFBycGA" class="extiw" title="Roa-rup: Bir nostru Tata">source</a> )</span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord%27s_Prayer&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjQl6lCrKzMyQ2hnilHm8HN_C9s1Q" title="Lord's Prayer">(Lord's Prayer</a> - <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tat%25C3%25A3_a_nostru&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiDYk0l_1Bsmle1Dq-Y5zfJFBycGA" class="extiw" title="Roa-rup: Bir nostru Tata">kaynak)</a></span> </p><dl><dd> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><i>Tuti iatsãli umineshtsã s-fac liberi shi egali la nãmuzea shi-ndrepturli.</i></span> <i>Tuti iatsãli umineshtsã s-fac Liberi shi egali la nãmuzea shi-ndrepturli.</i></span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><i>Eali suntu hãrziti cu fichiri shi sinidisi shi lipseashti un cu alantu sh-si poartã tu duhlu-a frãtsãljiljei.</i></span> <i>Eali suntu hãrziti cu fichiri shi sinidisi shi lipseashti un cu alantu sh-si poartã tu duhlu bir frãtsãljiljei.</i></span> </dd><dd> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">(Article 1 of the <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjFle1XR2tOPa78S7RnUQcHre3uwA" title="Evrensel İnsan Hakları Beyannamesi">Universal Declaration of Human Rights</a> ), translated by Dina Cuvata</span> (Madde 1 <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjFle1XR2tOPa78S7RnUQcHre3uwA" title="Evrensel İnsan Hakları Beyannamesi">Evrensel İnsan Hakları Beyannamesi</a> ile), Dina Cuvata tarafından çevrilmiş</span> </dd></dl><p><a name="Comparison_with_Romanian" id="Comparison_with_Romanian"></a></p><h2> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span class="editsection">[ <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DAromanian_language%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D13&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhg5fe1V6mGxdvaQBYAj7oq83VbDw" title="Değiştir bölüm: Romanya ile Karşılaştırma">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Comparison with Romanian</span></span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DAromanian_language%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D13&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhg5fe1V6mGxdvaQBYAj7oq83VbDw" title="Değiştir bölüm: Romanya ile Karşılaştırma"><span class="editsection">[Değiştir]</span></a> <span class="mw-headline">Karşılaştırma Romence ile</span></span> </h2><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The following text is given for comparison in Aromanian and in <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanian_language&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhigxYOtWL79kxkkpFj8rEaBHz3i8w" title="Romanian dil">Romanian</a> , with an English translation.</span> Aşağıdaki metin Aromanian karşılaştırma ve <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanian_language&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhigxYOtWL79kxkkpFj8rEaBHz3i8w" title="Romanian dil">Romanya</a> için, İngilizce çevirisi ile birlikte verilir.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The spelling of Aromanian is that decided at the Bitola Symposium of August 1997.</span> Aromanian bir yazım bu Manastır Sempozyumu Ağustos 1997 of karar verilir.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The word choice in the Romanian version was such that it matches the Aromanian text, although in modern Romanian other words might have been more appropriate.</span> Romanya sürümünde sözcük seçimi bu Aromanian metin maçlar modern Romence diğer bir deyişle ancak bu kadar uygun olabilir gibi oldu.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The English translation is only provided as a guide to the meaning, with an attempt to keep the word order as close to the original as possible.</span> İngilizce çeviri sadece anlam için bir rehber olarak, yakın bir girişim olarak kelime düzeni sağlamak ile sağlanan mümkün olduğu kadar orijinal.</span> </p><table><tbody><tr><th> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Aromanian</span> Aromanca</span> </th><th> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Romanian</span> Romence</span> </th><th> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">English</span> İngilizce</span> </th></tr><tr><td style="padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Vocala easti un son dit zburãrea-a omlui, faptu cu tritsearea sonorã, libirã sh-fãrã cheadicã, a vimtului prit canalu sonor (adrat di coardili vocali shi ntreaga gurã) icã un semnu grafic cari aspuni un ahtari son.</span> Vocala easti un oğlu dit zburãrea bir omlui, faptu cu tritsearea Sonora, libirã sh-Fara cheadicã bir vimtului prit canalu Sonor (adrat di coardili vocali shi ntreaga Gura) ica un semnu Grafic cari aspuni un Ähtäri oğlu.</span> </td><td style="padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Vocala este un sunet din vorbirea omului, făcut cu trecerea sonoră, liberă şi fără piedică, a vântului prin canalul sonor (compus din coardele vocale şi întreaga gură) sau un semn grafic care reprezintă un atare sunet.</span> Vocala este un sunet din vorbirea omului, făcut cu trecerea Sonora, Libera şi fara piedică bir vântului prin canalul Sonor (compus din coardele Vocale şi întreaga Gura) sau un semn Grafic bakım reprezintă un atare sunet.</span> </td><td style="vertical-align: top;"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The vowel is a sound in human speech, made by the sonorous, free and unhindered passing of the air through the sound channel (composed of the vocal cords and the whole mouth) or a graphic symbol corresponding to that sound.</span> Sesli insan konuşmada bir ses, hava, ücretsiz ses çıkaran ve engellenemeyen geçirerek ses kanalı ile yapılan (ses telleri ve tüm ağız) veya grafik sembol, ses karşılık gelen oluşur.</span> </td></tr><tr><td style="padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Ashi bunãoarã, avem shasili vocali tsi s-fac cu vimtul tsi treatsi prit gurã, iu limba poati si s-aflã tu un loc icã altu shi budzãli pot si sta dishcljisi unã soe icã altã.</span> Ashi bunãoarã, shasili vocali TSI s avem-fac cu vimtul TSI treatsi prit Gura, iu limba poati si s-aflã tu un loc ica altu shi budzãli pot si sta dishcljisi una Soe ica alta.</span> </td><td style="padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Aşa bunăoară, avem şase vocale ce se fac cu vântul ce trece prin gură, unde limba poate să se afle într-un loc sau altul şi buzele pot să stea deschise un soi sau altul.</span> Aşa bunăoară, avem şase Vocale ce se fac cu vântul ce Trece prin Gura, unde limba poate să se afle intr-un loc sau altul şi buzele pot să stea deschise un soi Sau altul.</span> </td><td style="vertical-align: top;"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">This way, we have six vowels that are produced by the air passing through the mouth, where the tongue can be in one place or another and the lips can be opened in one way or another.</span> Bu şekilde, bu hava ağız, geçerek burada dil veya başka bir yerde ve dudakları olabilir ya da bu yolda açılabilir üretilen altı ünlüler var.</span> </td></tr><tr><td style="padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Vocalili pot s-hibã pronuntsati singuri icã deadun cu semivocali i consoani.</span> Vocalili pot s-hiba pronuntsati singuri ica deadun cu semivocali i consoani.</span> </td><td style="padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Vocalele pot să fie pronunţate singure sau deodată cu semivocale sau consoane.</span> Vocalele pot să fie pronunţate singure sau deodată cu semivocale Sau consoane.</span> </td><td style="vertical-align: top;"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The vowels can be pronounced alone or together with semivowels or consonants.</span> Ünlüler tek başına veya birlikte semivowels veya sessizle telaffuz edilebilir.</span> </td></tr><tr><td><br /></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3"><br /></td></tr></tbody></table><p><a name="Common_words_and_phrases" id="Common_words_and_phrases"></a></p><h2> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span class="editsection">[ <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DAromanian_language%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D14&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhg8uqTcimLYrftJiHyQeAHt3ZNx_Q" title="Değiştir bölüm: Ortak kelime ve ifadeler">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Common words and phrases</span></span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DAromanian_language%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D14&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhg8uqTcimLYrftJiHyQeAHt3ZNx_Q" title="Değiştir bölüm: Ortak kelime ve ifadeler"><span class="editsection">[Değiştir]</span></a> <span class="mw-headline">Ortak kelimeler ve ifadeler</span></span> </h2><table><tbody><tr><th> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">English</span> İngilizce</span> </th><th> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Aromanian</span> Aromanca</span> </th><th> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Romanian</span> Romence</span> </th></tr><tr><td> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Aromanian (person)</span> Aromanian (kişi)</span> </td><td> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">(m.) <b>Armãn</b> , (f.) <b>Armãnã</b></span> (m.) <b>Arman,</b> (f.) <b>Armãnã</b></span> </td><td> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">(m.) Aromân, (f.) Aromână</span> (m.) Aromân, (f.) Aromână</span> </td></tr><tr><td> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Aromanian (language)</span> Aromanian (dil)</span> </td><td> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><b>Limba armãneascã</b> , <b>Armãneashce</b></span> <b>Limba armãneascã, diller</b></span> </td><td> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Limba Aromână</span> Limba Aromână</span> </td></tr><tr><td> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Greetings!</span> Selamlar!</span> </td><td> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><b>Buna dzuã!</b></span> <b>Buna dzuã!</b></span> </td><td> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Bună ziua!</span> Bună Ziua!</span> </td></tr><tr><td> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">What's your name?</span> Adın ne?</span> </td><td> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><b>Cum ti chljamã?</b></span> <b>Cum ti chljamã?</b></span> </td><td> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Cum te cheamă?</span> Cum te cheamă?</span> </td></tr><tr><td> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">How are you?</span> Nasılsın?</span> </td><td> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><b>Cum hits?</b> (formal) <b>Cum eshci?</b> (informal)</span> <b>Cum hits?</b> () <b>Cum eshci?</b> () Gayri resmi</span> </td><td> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Ce mai faci?</span> Ce mai li?</span> </td></tr><tr><td> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">What are you doing?</span> Ne yapıyorsun?</span> </td><td> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><b>Tsi fats? Tsi adari?</b> (popular)</span> <b>Tsi yağlar? Tsi adari?</b> (Popular)</span> </td><td> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Ce faci?</span> Ce li?</span> </td></tr><tr><td> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Goodbye!</span> Güle güle!</span> </td><td> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><b>S-nã videm cu ghine!</b></span> <b>S-na videm cu ghine!</b></span> </td><td> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">La revedere!</span> La Revedere!</span> </td></tr><tr><td> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Bye!</span> Hoşçakal!</span> </td><td> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><b>Ciao!</b></span> <b>Ciao!</b></span> </td><td> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Salut!(informal), La revedere!(formal)</span> Salut! () Informal, La Revedere! (Resmi)</span> </td></tr><tr><td> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Please.</span> Lütfen.</span> </td><td> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><b>Vã-plãcãrsescu.</b> (formal) <b>Ti-plãcãrsescu</b> (informal)</span> <b>Va-plãcãrsescu.</b> () <b>Ti biçimsel-plãcãrsescu</b> (informal)</span> </td><td> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Te rog.</span> Te rog.</span> </td></tr><tr><td> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Sorry.</span> Üzgünüm.</span> </td><td> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><b>Ãnj-easte jale.</b></span> <b>Anj-easte Jale.</b></span> </td><td> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Scuze.</span> Scuze.</span> </td></tr><tr><td> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Thank you.</span> Teşekkürler.</span> </td><td> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><b>Haristo.</b></span> <b>Haristo.</b></span> </td><td> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Mulțumesc!</span> Mulţumesc!</span> </td></tr><tr><td> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Yes.</span> Evet.</span> </td><td> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><b>Da.</b></span> <b>Da.</b></span> </td><td> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Da.</span> Da.</span> </td></tr><tr><td> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">No.</span> No</span> </td><td> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><b>Nu.</b></span> <b>Nu.</b></span> </td><td> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Nu.</span> Nu.</span> </td></tr><tr><td> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">I don't understand.</span> I don't understand.</span> </td><td> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><b>Nu achicãsescu.</b></span> <b>Nu achicãsescu.</b></span> </td><td> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Nu înțeleg</span> Nu înţeleg</span> </td></tr><tr><td> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Where's the bathroom?</span> Nerede banyo?</span> </td><td> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><b>Iu easte toaletlu?</b></span> <b>Iu easte toaletlu?</b></span> </td><td> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Unde este baia?</span> Unde este Baia?</span> </td></tr><tr><td> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Do you speak English?</span> İngilizce biliyor musunuz?</span> </td><td> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><b>Zburats anglicheashce?</b></span> <b>Zburats anglicheashce?</b></span> </td><td> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Vorbiți engleză?</span> Vorbiţi Engleza?</span> </td></tr><tr><td> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">I am a student.</span> Ben bir öğrencisiyim.</span> </td><td> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><b>Mine escu studentu.</b></span> <b>Mine escu studentu.</b></span> </td><td> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Sunt student.</span> Sunt öğrenci.</span> </td></tr><tr><td> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">You are beautiful.</span> Güzelsin.</span> </td><td> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><b>Hii mushatã.</b> (gramostean dialect) <b>Eshci mushatã.</b> (official)</span> <b>Hii mushatã.</b> (Gramostean lehçesi) <b>Eshci mushatã.</b> (Resmi)</span> </td><td> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Ești frumoasă.</span> Esti frumoasa.</span> </td></tr></tbody></table><p><a name="See_also" id="See_also"></a></p><h2> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span class="editsection">[ <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DAromanian_language%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D15&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhifohBhJJPMH0NEtKTfXAJWO2PQNw" title="Değiştir bölümü: Ayrıca bakınız">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">See also</span></span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DAromanian_language%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D15&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhifohBhJJPMH0NEtKTfXAJWO2PQNw" title="Değiştir bölümü: Ayrıca bakınız"><span class="editsection">[Değiştir]</span></a> <span class="mw-headline">Ayrıca bakınız</span></span> </h2><table style="border: 1px solid rgb(192, 192, 192); margin: 5px; float: right; font-size: 90%;" width="300" cellspacing="3"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" style="background: rgb(204, 204, 255) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;" align="center"><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Romance_languages&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhxJLf-unft36aWCC3Q1j7D9hM1iA" title="Doğu Roman dilleri"><b>Eastern Romance languages</b></a></span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Romance_languages&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhxJLf-unft36aWCC3Q1j7D9hM1iA" title="Doğu Roman dilleri"><b>Doğu Roman dilleri</b></a></span> </p></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" align="center"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulgar_Latin&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjPIUUK50ayZ9-hb25OqlClO5zWRg" title="Vulgar Latin"><b>Vulgar Latin language</b></a></span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulgar_Latin&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjPIUUK50ayZ9-hb25OqlClO5zWRg" title="Vulgar Latin"><b>Vulgar Latin dili</b></a></span> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" align="center"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Romance_substratum&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhgwrOFOV3X0Rs1kRM9Gbqol4sXfQ" title="Doğu Romance alt tabaka"><b>Substratum</b></a></span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Romance_substratum&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhgwrOFOV3X0Rs1kRM9Gbqol4sXfQ" title="Doğu Romance alt tabaka"><b>Alt tabaka</b></a></span> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" align="center"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thraco-Roman&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiq1imms7ewz57oKUhHfwmC4h4kqw" title="Thraco-Roma"><b>Thraco-Roman culture</b></a></span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thraco-Roman&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiq1imms7ewz57oKUhHfwmC4h4kqw" title="Thraco-Roma"><b>Thraco-Roma kültürü</b></a></span> </td></tr><tr><td><hr /></td></tr><tr><td> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><b><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanian_language&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhigxYOtWL79kxkkpFj8rEaBHz3i8w" title="Romanian dil">Romanian</a></b> ( <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moldovan_language&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhizPJ-hW2zunWKl6nSXUo0hjA32Og" title="Moldova dili">Moldovan</a> , <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vlach_language_%28Serbia%29&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhje-G3OScQbSne3snewyeuvvKo_cQ" title="Ulah dili (Sırbistan)" class="mw-redirect">Vlach</a> )</span> <b><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanian_language&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhigxYOtWL79kxkkpFj8rEaBHz3i8w" title="Romanian dil">Romence</a></b> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moldovan_language&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhizPJ-hW2zunWKl6nSXUo0hjA32Og" title="Moldova dili">(Moldova,</a> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vlach_language_%28Serbia%29&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhje-G3OScQbSne3snewyeuvvKo_cQ" title="Ulah dili (Sırbistan)" class="mw-redirect">Ulah)</a></span><br /><center> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanian_grammar&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjL6JPBfxt5I8eYkgPstQZTvsQcng" title="Romanian gramer">Grammar</a> | <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanian_nouns&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhirnwD0v18VnLOTFSfeZz-0tN4LLQ" title="Romanian isimler">Nouns</a> | <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanian_verbs&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjQdCQmhDzi3I-nMYJ2tHpGUIavKw" title="Romanian fiiller">Verbs</a></span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanian_grammar&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjL6JPBfxt5I8eYkgPstQZTvsQcng" title="Romanian gramer">Dilbilgisi</a> | <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanian_nouns&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhirnwD0v18VnLOTFSfeZz-0tN4LLQ" title="Romanian isimler">İsimler</a> | <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanian_verbs&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjQdCQmhDzi3I-nMYJ2tHpGUIavKw" title="Romanian fiiller">Fiiller</a></span><br /><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanian_numbers&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjfw9P-ysMFDiMcNZKanDYk_wAxyg" title="Romanian numaraları">Numbers</a> | <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanian_phonology&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhh6bh_hg73tGdylMexLfErfCLnSxg" title="Romanian fonoloji">Phonology</a> | <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanian_lexis&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiamKqyTwmQ9JySMa7NCJ00qGIOvw" title="Romanian Lexis">Lexis</a></span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanian_numbers&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjfw9P-ysMFDiMcNZKanDYk_wAxyg" title="Romanian numaraları">Numaraları</a> | <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanian_phonology&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhh6bh_hg73tGdylMexLfErfCLnSxg" title="Romanian fonoloji">Sesbilim</a> | <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanian_lexis&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiamKqyTwmQ9JySMa7NCJ00qGIOvw" title="Romanian Lexis">Lexis</a></span> </center></td></tr><tr><td> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><small>Regulating bodies</small></span> <small>Organları Düzenleme</small></span><br /><ul><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanian_Academy&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiGO1LrsW94gImpnnIolQPZP-owzg" title="Romanya Akademisi">Romanian Academy</a></span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanian_Academy&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiGO1LrsW94gImpnnIolQPZP-owzg" title="Romanya Akademisi">Romanya Akademisi</a></span> </li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_of_Sciences_of_Moldova&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhf3na1tOVo2x9KXhacQdtCeGrH_w" title="Bilimler Akademisi Moldova of">Academy of Sciences of Moldova</a></span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_of_Sciences_of_Moldova&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhf3na1tOVo2x9KXhacQdtCeGrH_w" title="Bilimler Akademisi Moldova of">Bilimler Akademisi Moldova of</a></span> </li></ul></td></tr><tr><td><hr /></td></tr><tr><td> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><strong class="selflink"><b>Aromanian</b></strong></span> <strong class="selflink"><b>Aromanca</b></strong></span> </td></tr><tr><td><hr /></td></tr><tr><td> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megleno-Romanian_language&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhDNzD8HV8a8x4Z8dXzHkF3wuK7tA" title="Megleno-Romen dili"><b>Megleno-Romanian</b></a></span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megleno-Romanian_language&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhDNzD8HV8a8x4Z8dXzHkF3wuK7tA" title="Megleno-Romen dili"><b>Megleno-Romence</b></a></span> </td></tr><tr><td><hr /></td></tr><tr><td> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istro-Romanian_language&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhj4sGguNGG3OsScoevN8AaFhCy22g" title="ISTRO-Romen dili"><b>Istro-Romanian</b></a></span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istro-Romanian_language&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhj4sGguNGG3OsScoevN8AaFhCy22g" title="ISTRO-Romen dili"><b>ISTRO-Romence</b></a></span> <dl><dd> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istro-Romanian_grammar&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhguuNXVUzHco1CnGrUPW6XlVujKsA" title="ISTRO-Romen dilbilgisi">Grammar</a></span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istro-Romanian_grammar&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhguuNXVUzHco1CnGrUPW6XlVujKsA" title="ISTRO-Romen dilbilgisi">Dilbilgisi</a></span> </dd></dl></td></tr></tbody></table><ul><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balkan_linguistic_union&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjC-9LM9-dYe3lS-Etlktccg4tRwg" title="Balkan dil birliği" class="mw-redirect">Balkan linguistic union</a></span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balkan_linguistic_union&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjC-9LM9-dYe3lS-Etlktccg4tRwg" title="Balkan dil birliği" class="mw-redirect">Balkan dil birliği</a></span> </li></ul><p><a name="References" id="References"></a></p><h2> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span class="editsection">[ <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DAromanian_language%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D16&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiAgJ7CWL9tbaC3im0JX5Rx3HiV5A" title="Değiştir bölüm: Referanslar">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">References</span></span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DAromanian_language%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D16&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiAgJ7CWL9tbaC3im0JX5Rx3HiV5A" title="Değiştir bölüm: Referanslar"><span class="editsection">[Değiştir]</span></a> <span class="mw-headline">Referanslar</span></span> </h2><ul><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Bara, Mariana, " <span lang="fr" lang="fr">Le lexique latin hérité en aroumain dans une perspective romane</span> ", LincomEuropa Verlag, München, 2004, 231 p.; <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3895869805&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjI5nhwNCdYNjM1MnGH8AroHsLLjw" class="internal">ISBN 3-89586-980-5</a> .</span> Bara, Mariana, <span lang="fr" lang="fr">"Le lexique latin hérité tr aroumain dans une perspektif romane",</span> LincomEuropa Verlag, München, 2004, 231 s., <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3895869805&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjI5nhwNCdYNjM1MnGH8AroHsLLjw" class="internal">ISBN 3-89586-980-5.</a></span> </li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Bara, Mariana, "LIMBA ARMÃNEASCÃ. VOCABULAR ŞI STIL", Editura Cartea Universitară, Bucureşti, 2007, 204 p.; <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789737315519&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhimoXAe1bnkpUEZCnxqmVQNYfokKQ" class="internal">ISBN 978-973-731-551-9</a> .</span> Bara, Mariana, "Limba ARMÃNEASCÃ. VOCABULAR SI STIL", Editura Cartea Universitară, Bükreş, 2007, 204 s., <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789737315519&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhimoXAe1bnkpUEZCnxqmVQNYfokKQ" class="internal">ISBN 978-973-731-551-9.</a></span> </li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Berciu-Drăghicescu, Adina; Petre Maria, "Şcoli şi Biserici româneşti din Peninsula Balcanică. Documente (1864-1948)", Editura Universităţii din Bucureşti, 2004.</span> Berciu-Drăghicescu, Adina; Petre Maria, "Şcoli şi Biserici Romanesti din Yarımadası Balcanica. Documente (1864-1948)", Editura Universităţii din Bükreş, 2004.</span> </li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Capidan, Theodor. <i>Aromânii, dialectul Aromân</i> , <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanian_Academy&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiGO1LrsW94gImpnnIolQPZP-owzg" title="Romanya Akademisi">Academia Română</a> , Studii şi cercetări, XX 1932.</span> Capidan Theodor. <i>Aromânii, dialectul Aromân,</i> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanian_Academy&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiGO1LrsW94gImpnnIolQPZP-owzg" title="Romanya Akademisi">Academia Română,</a> Studii şi cercetări, XX 1932.</span> </li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Friedman, Victor A., "The Vlah Minority in Macedonia: Language, Identity, Dialectology, and Standardization" <i>in Selected Papers in Slavic, Balkan, and Balkan Studies</i> , ed.</span> Friedman, Victor A., "Vlah Azınlık Makedonya: Dil, kimlik, bölgesel diller bilimi, ve Standardizasyon" <i>Seçilmiş Bildiriler Slav, Balkan ve Balkan Araştırmaları,</i> ed.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Juhani Nuoluoto, Martti Leiwo, <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jussi_Halla-aho&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgezUeKySa_TRFuVpHNodPTYOOsDQ" title="Jussi Halla-aho">Jussi Halla-aho</a> . <i>Slavica Helsingiensa</i> <b>21</b> .</span> Juhani Nuoluoto Martti Leiwo, <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jussi_Halla-aho&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgezUeKySa_TRFuVpHNodPTYOOsDQ" title="Jussi Halla-aho">Jussi Halla-aho.</a> <i>Slavica Helsingiensa</i> <b>21.</b></span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">University of Helsinki, 2001. <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://www.farsarotul.org/The%2520Vlah%2520Minority%2520in%2520Macedonia.pdf&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgRWedgS6gtwLny9zCkn4UosximqQ" class="external text" title="http://www.farsarotul.org/The% 20Vlah% 20Minority% 20in% 20Macedonia.pdf" rel="nofollow">online</a></span> Helsinki Üniversitesi, 2001. <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://www.farsarotul.org/The%2520Vlah%2520Minority%2520in%2520Macedonia.pdf&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgRWedgS6gtwLny9zCkn4UosximqQ" class="external text" title="http://www.farsarotul.org/The% 20Vlah% 20Minority% 20in% 20Macedonia.pdf" rel="nofollow">Çevrimiçi</a></span> </li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Kahl, Thede, "Aromanians in Greece: Minority or Vlach-speaking Greeks?".</span> Kahl, Thede, "Aroman Yunanistan: Azınlık veya Ulah konuşan Yunanlılar?".</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Online: <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://www.farsarotul.org/nl27_1.htm&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhlvR47SYn4MIRskroS78T_JprWxg" class="external autonumber" title="http://www.farsarotul.org/nl27_1.htm" rel="nofollow">[8]</a></span> Online: <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://www.farsarotul.org/nl27_1.htm&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhlvR47SYn4MIRskroS78T_JprWxg" class="external autonumber" title="http://www.farsarotul.org/nl27_1.htm" rel="nofollow">[8]</a></span> </li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Pascu, Giorge, <i>Dictionnaire étymologique macédoroumain</i> , 2 vols., Cultura Naţionalâ, Iaşi, 1918.</span> Pascu, Giorge, <i>Dictionnaire étymologique macédoroumain,</i> 2 cilt., Cultura Nationala, Iasi, 1918.</span> </li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Rosetti, Alexandru. <i>Istoria limbii române</i> , 2 vols., Bucharest, 1965-1969.</span> Rosetti, Alexandru. <i>Istoria limbii Romane,</i> 2 cilt., Bükreş, 1965-1969.</span> </li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">"The Little Prince" by <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine_de_Saint-Exup%25C3%25A9ry&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgbHq1gllBxCbX979Z4sjUp3Bb-DA" title="Antoine de Saint-Exupéry" class="mw-redirect">Antoine de Saint-Exupéry</a> in Aromanian.</span> "Küçük Prens" <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine_de_Saint-Exup%25C3%25A9ry&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgbHq1gllBxCbX979Z4sjUp3Bb-DA" title="Antoine de Saint-Exupéry" class="mw-redirect">Antoine de Saint-Exupéry</a> Aromanian içinde tarafından.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Njiclu amirārush.</span> Njiclu amirārush.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Translated by Maria Bara and Thede Kahl, <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783937467375&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhKBCZjy-IKU55-4xNCiW2fBcUPYg" class="internal">ISBN 978-3-937467-37-5</a> .</span> Maria Bara ve Thede Kahl, <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783937467375&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhKBCZjy-IKU55-4xNCiW2fBcUPYg" class="internal">ISBN 978-3-937467-37-5</a> Çeviri.</span> </li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Weigand, Gustav, <i>Die Sprache der Olympo-Wallachen, nebst einer Einleitung über Land und Leute</i> .</span> Weigand Gustav, <i>Leute und der Sprache Olympo-Wallachen, nebst einer Einleitung über Land Die.</i></span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Johann Ambrosius Barth, Leipzig, 1888.</span> Johann Ambrosius Barth, Leipzig, 1888.</span> </li></ul><p><a name="Footnotes" id="Footnotes"></a></p><h2> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span class="editsection">[ <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DAromanian_language%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D17&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiTYrqW15ezydNb6PW1YUC4PU6fKw" title="Değiştir bölüm: Dipnotlar">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Footnotes</span></span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DAromanian_language%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D17&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiTYrqW15ezydNb6PW1YUC4PU6fKw" title="Değiştir bölüm: Dipnotlar"><span class="editsection">[Değiştir]</span></a> <span class="mw-headline">Dipnotlar</span></span> </h2><div class="references-small"><ol class="references"><li id="cite_note-0"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromanian_language&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiecqK--lTT4A5HFfPAP8Y-3S06Ig#cite_ref-0"><b>^</b></a> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://www.ethnologue.org/show_language.asp%3Fcode%3Drup&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhh6nrqcVabvmNt1SAP4UHFxIDRxrw" class="external autonumber" title="http://www.ethnologue.org/show_language.asp?code=rup" rel="nofollow">[1]</a> Ethnologue report of maximum and minimum numbers</span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromanian_language&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiecqK--lTT4A5HFfPAP8Y-3S06Ig#cite_ref-0"><b>^</b></a> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://www.ethnologue.org/show_language.asp%3Fcode%3Drup&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhh6nrqcVabvmNt1SAP4UHFxIDRxrw" class="external autonumber" title="http://www.ethnologue.org/show_language.asp?code=rup" rel="nofollow">[1]</a> maksimum ve minimum sayı Ethnologue raporu</span> </li><li id="cite_note-1"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromanian_language&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiecqK--lTT4A5HFfPAP8Y-3S06Ig#cite_ref-1"><b>^</b></a> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://assembly.coe.int/Documents/WorkingDocs/doc97/edoc7728.htm&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjLxrojDsLIPEauYURgFmt_ZjHVMg" class="external text" title="http://assembly.coe.int/Documents/WorkingDocs/doc97/edoc7728.htm" rel="nofollow">Aromanians</a></span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromanian_language&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiecqK--lTT4A5HFfPAP8Y-3S06Ig#cite_ref-1"><b>^</b></a> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://assembly.coe.int/Documents/WorkingDocs/doc97/edoc7728.htm&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjLxrojDsLIPEauYURgFmt_ZjHVMg" class="external text" title="http://assembly.coe.int/Documents/WorkingDocs/doc97/edoc7728.htm" rel="nofollow">Aroman</a></span> </li><li id="cite_note-2"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromanian_language&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiecqK--lTT4A5HFfPAP8Y-3S06Ig#cite_ref-2"><b>^</b></a> Multiculturalism, alteritate, istoricitate «Multiculturalism, Historicity and “The image of the Other”» by Alexandru Niculescu, Literary Romania (România literară), issue: 32 / 2002, pages: 22,23,</span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromanian_language&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiecqK--lTT4A5HFfPAP8Y-3S06Ig#cite_ref-2"><b>^</b></a> Çokkültürlülük, «Çokkültürlülük, tarihsel ve Alexandru Niculescu, Edebiyat Romanya (România literară), sayı: 32 / 2002, sayfa: 22,23 ile Diğer" »ve" görüntü istoricitate, alteritate</span> </li><li id="cite_note-3"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromanian_language&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiecqK--lTT4A5HFfPAP8Y-3S06Ig#cite_ref-3"><b>^</b></a> Angeliki Konstantakopoulou, Η ελληνική γλώσσα στα Βαλκάνια 1750-1850.</span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromanian_language&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiecqK--lTT4A5HFfPAP8Y-3S06Ig#cite_ref-3"><b>^</b></a> Angeliki Konstantakopoulou, Η ελληνική γλώσσα στα Βαλκάνια 1750-1850.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Το τετράγλωσσο λεξικό του Δανιήλ Μοσχοπολίτη [The Greek language in the Balkans 1750-1850.</span> Το τετράγλωσσο λεξικό του Δανιήλ Μοσχοπολίτη [Balkan 1750-1850 yılında Yunan dili.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The dictionary in four languages of Daniel Moschopolite].</span> Daniel Moschopolite dört dilde sözlük].</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Ioannina 1988, 11.</span> Ioannina 1988, 11.</span> </li><li id="cite_note-4"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromanian_language&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiecqK--lTT4A5HFfPAP8Y-3S06Ig#cite_ref-4"><b>^</b></a> Peyfuss, Max Demeter: Die Druckerei von Moschopolis, 1731-1769.</span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromanian_language&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiecqK--lTT4A5HFfPAP8Y-3S06Ig#cite_ref-4"><b>^</b></a> Peyfuss, Max Demeter: Druckerei von Moschopolis, 1731-1769 Die.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Buchdruck und Heiligenverehrung im Erzbistum Achrida.</span> Buchdruck im Erzbistum Achrida Heiligenverehrung und.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Wien - Köln 1989.</span> Wien - Köln 1989.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">(= Wiener Archiv f. Geschichte des Slawentums u. Osteuropas. 13), <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3205985710&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiNq1CMjQ8kQQJjm75ykGuobdEGIA" class="internal">ISBN 3-205-98571-0</a> .</span> (= Wiener Archiv f. Geschichte des Slawentums u. Osteuropas. 13), <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3205985710&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiNq1CMjQ8kQQJjm75ykGuobdEGIA" class="internal">ISBN 3-205-98571-0.</a></span> </li><li id="cite_note-5"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromanian_language&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiecqK--lTT4A5HFfPAP8Y-3S06Ig#cite_ref-5"><b>^</b></a> Kahl, Thede: Wurde in Moschopolis auch Bulgarisch gesprochen?</span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromanian_language&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiecqK--lTT4A5HFfPAP8Y-3S06Ig#cite_ref-5"><b>^</b></a> Kahl, Thede: Moschopolis wurde auch Bulgarca gesprochen mi?</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">In: Probleme de filologie slavă XV, Editura Universităţii de Vest, Timişoara 2007, S. 484-494, ISSN 1453-763X.</span> In: Probleme de filologie slava XV, Editura Universităţii de Vest, Temeşvar 2007, S. 484-494, ISSN 1453-763X.</span> </li><li id="cite_note-6"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromanian_language&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiecqK--lTT4A5HFfPAP8Y-3S06Ig#cite_ref-6"><b>^</b></a> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://www.oswego.edu/%7Ebaloglou/misc/fourway.html&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjYux7PpbPKXuYGP74joC8sje6i7g" class="external text" title="http://www.oswego.edu/ ~ baloglou / misc / fourway.html" rel="nofollow">"The Bulgarian National Awakening and its Spread into Macedonia", by Antonios-Aimilios Tachiaos, pp.</a></span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromanian_language&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiecqK--lTT4A5HFfPAP8Y-3S06Ig#cite_ref-6"><b>^</b></a> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://www.oswego.edu/%7Ebaloglou/misc/fourway.html&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjYux7PpbPKXuYGP74joC8sje6i7g" class="external text" title="http://www.oswego.edu/ ~ baloglou / misc / fourway.html" rel="nofollow">"Bulgaristan Ulusal Uyanış ve Spread Makedonya içine" tarafından Antonios-Aimilios Tachiaos, pp.</a></span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://www.oswego.edu/%7Ebaloglou/misc/fourway.html&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjYux7PpbPKXuYGP74joC8sje6i7g" class="external text" title="http://www.oswego.edu/ ~ baloglou / misc / fourway.html" rel="nofollow">21-23, published by Thessaloniki's Society for Macedonian Studies, 1990.</a></span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://www.oswego.edu/%7Ebaloglou/misc/fourway.html&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjYux7PpbPKXuYGP74joC8sje6i7g" class="external text" title="http://www.oswego.edu/ ~ baloglou / misc / fourway.html" rel="nofollow">21-23, Selanik Makedon Araştırmaları Derneği, 1990 tarafından yayımlandı.</a></span> </li><li id="cite_note-7"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromanian_language&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiecqK--lTT4A5HFfPAP8Y-3S06Ig#cite_ref-7"><b>^</b></a> Iancu Ianachieschi-Vlahu <i>Gramatica armãneascã simplã shi practicã</i> , Crushuva 1993, 1997; Μιχάλη Μπογιάτζη <i>Βλαχική ήτοι μάκεδοβλαχική γραμματική</i> Βιέννη, and Κατσάνης Ν., Κ.</span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromanian_language&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiecqK--lTT4A5HFfPAP8Y-3S06Ig#cite_ref-7"><b>^</b></a> Iancu Ianachieschi-Vlahu <i>Gramer armãneascã simplã shi practica,</i> Crushuva 1993, 1997; <i>Μιχάλη</i> Μπογιάτζη Βλαχική ήτοι μάκεδοβλαχική γραμματική Βιέννη ve Κατσάνης Ν., Κ.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Ντίνας, 1990, Γραμματική της κοινής Κουτσοβλαχικής.</span> Ντίνας, 1990, Γραμματική της κοινής Κουτσοβλαχικής.</span> </li><li id="cite_note-8"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromanian_language&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiecqK--lTT4A5HFfPAP8Y-3S06Ig#cite_ref-8"><b>^</b></a> Iancu Ianachieschi- Vlahu <i>Gramatica simplã shi practicã</i> , Crushuva 1993, 1997.</span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromanian_language&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiecqK--lTT4A5HFfPAP8Y-3S06Ig#cite_ref-8"><b>^</b></a> Iancu Ianachieschi-Vlahu <i>Gramer simplã shi practica,</i> Crushuva 1993, 1997.</span> </li><li id="cite_note-9"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromanian_language&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiecqK--lTT4A5HFfPAP8Y-3S06Ig#cite_ref-9"><b>^</b></a> Note also that Weigand, in his 1888 <i>Die Sprache der Olympo-Wallachen, nebst einer Einleitung über Land und Leute</i> remarks: "By inclination, the Livadhiotes are zealous advocates of Greek ideas and would much prefer to be unified with Greece" (p.15).</span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromanian_language&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiecqK--lTT4A5HFfPAP8Y-3S06Ig#cite_ref-9"><b>^</b></a> Not ayrıca Weigand, onun 1.888 <i>Sprache der Olympo-Wallachen, nebst einer Einleitung über Land und Die Leute</i> sözleri: "eğilimi olarak, Livadhiotes Yunan fikirlerin ateşli savunucuları ve çok Yunanistan ile birleşik olmayı tercih ediyorum" (s. 15).</span> </li></ol></div><p><a name="External_links" id="External_links"></a></p><h2> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span class="editsection">[ <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DAromanian_language%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D18&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhcHcdSltmNh1AAUnLedm9ifIuPAw" title="Değiştir bölümü: Dış bağlantılar">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">External links</span></span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DAromanian_language%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D18&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhcHcdSltmNh1AAUnLedm9ifIuPAw" title="Değiştir bölümü: Dış bağlantılar"><span class="editsection">[Değiştir]</span></a> <span class="mw-headline">Dış bağlantılar</span></span> </h2><div class="infobox sisterproject"><div style="float: left;"><div class="floatnone"> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wikipedia-logo.png&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhmIRCpHDTu7mhGZ_H4d5VeboQ7OA" class="image" title="Wikipedia"><img alt="Wikipedia" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Wikipedia-logo.png/45px-Wikipedia-logo.png" width="45" height="45" /></a> </div></div><div style="margin-left: 60px;"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjSyRZ9YvF0LHqf6Exa1Y0YRliN0w" class="extiw" title="Roa-rup:"><b><i>Aromanian language edition</i></b></a> of <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiWymwPnMZRD1QwzAx93PmOcGDeXg" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a> , the free encyclopedia</span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiWymwPnMZRD1QwzAx93PmOcGDeXg" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a> ve <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjSyRZ9YvF0LHqf6Exa1Y0YRliN0w" class="extiw" title="Roa-rup:"><b><i>Ulahça baskısı,</i></b></a> özgür ansiklopedi</span> </div></div><ul><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://www.armanami.org/&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgqP4PY1i1QIvXA6P0Z-NiE_ZLEIA" class="external text" title="http://www.armanami.org/" rel="nofollow">Aromanian Language website</a></span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://www.armanami.org/&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgqP4PY1i1QIvXA6P0Z-NiE_ZLEIA" class="external text" title="http://www.armanami.org/" rel="nofollow">Ulahça web sitesi</a></span> </li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://www.vlach.gr/&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhj_QqyDMRyud0joVdK-BPniEOOWLw" class="external text" title="http://www.vlach.gr" rel="nofollow">Στα Βλάχικα - In Vlach: A website about the Vlach language in Greece</a></span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://www.vlach.gr/&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhj_QqyDMRyud0joVdK-BPniEOOWLw" class="external text" title="http://www.vlach.gr" rel="nofollow">Στα Βλάχικα - Ulah In: Yunanistan'da Ulah dili ile ilgili bir web sitesi</a></span> </li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://www.ethnologue.org/show_language.asp%3Fcode%3Drup&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhh6nrqcVabvmNt1SAP4UHFxIDRxrw" class="external text" title="http://www.ethnologue.org/show_language.asp?code=rup" rel="nofollow">Ethnologue entry for Aromanian</a></span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://www.ethnologue.org/show_language.asp%3Fcode%3Drup&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhh6nrqcVabvmNt1SAP4UHFxIDRxrw" class="external text" title="http://www.ethnologue.org/show_language.asp?code=rup" rel="nofollow">Aromanian için Ethnologue giriş</a></span> </li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://www.vlachs.gr/&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhcGks8Nobq6_-b9Uwgue42f1WZBw" class="external text" title="http://www.vlachs.gr" rel="nofollow">Asterios Koukoudis: Studies on the Vlachs</a></span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://www.vlachs.gr/&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhcGks8Nobq6_-b9Uwgue42f1WZBw" class="external text" title="http://www.vlachs.gr" rel="nofollow">Asterios Koukoudis: Yapılan araştırmalar, Ulah Doğum</a></span> </li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://www.greekhelsinki.gr/bhr/english/special_issues/aromanians.html&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhCp56tBFR2GQ-8mxd1sGscCbPwig" class="external text" title="http://www.greekhelsinki.gr/bhr/english/special_issues/aromanians.html" rel="nofollow">Greek Helsinki Human Rights Organization: Aromanians (Vlachs) in Greece</a></span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://www.greekhelsinki.gr/bhr/english/special_issues/aromanians.html&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhCp56tBFR2GQ-8mxd1sGscCbPwig" class="external text" title="http://www.greekhelsinki.gr/bhr/english/special_issues/aromanians.html" rel="nofollow">Yunan Helsinki İnsan Hakları Örgütü: Aroman (Ulah) Yunanistan</a></span> </li><li><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://www.verbix.com/documents/romanian.htm&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhg8G8bf-XxXCS8W_nSbjzb4Ck7Xrg" class="external text" title="http://www.verbix.com/documents/romanian.htm" rel="nofollow">Conjugation of verbs in Aromanian and Istro-Romanian</a></span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://www.verbix.com/documents/romanian.htm&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhg8G8bf-XxXCS8W_nSbjzb4Ck7Xrg" class="external text" title="http://www.verbix.com/documents/romanian.htm" rel="nofollow">Aromanian ve ISTRO içinde fiilleri Konjugasyon-Romence</a></span> </li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://www.ling.ohio-state.edu/%7Ebjoseph/publications/1999roma.pdf&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiud6Lh-rWnGAM1i9nKGhDn_oY7wg" class="external text" title="http://www.ling.ohio-state.edu/ ~ bjoseph/publications/1999roma.pdf" rel="nofollow">Romanian and the Balkans, with some references to Aromanian</a></span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://www.ling.ohio-state.edu/%7Ebjoseph/publications/1999roma.pdf&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiud6Lh-rWnGAM1i9nKGhDn_oY7wg" class="external text" title="http://www.ling.ohio-state.edu/ ~ bjoseph/publications/1999roma.pdf" rel="nofollow">Romanya ve Balkanlar, Aromanian bazı referansları ile</a></span> </li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://www.vlahoi.net/&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgsyVwjP0iGQzUMexpQJwQZy-iiSA" class="external text" title="http://www.vlahoi.net/" rel="nofollow">Greek Vlach website</a></span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://www.vlahoi.net/&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgsyVwjP0iGQzUMexpQJwQZy-iiSA" class="external text" title="http://www.vlahoi.net/" rel="nofollow">Yunan Ulah web sitesi</a></span> </li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://www.ctarm.org/&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgE5Gy-PNfupi5PjXtrIFZdYbwpfA" class="external text" title="http://www.CTArm.org" rel="nofollow">Consiliul A Tinirlor Armanj, webpage about Youth Aromanians and their projects</a></span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://www.ctarm.org/&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgE5Gy-PNfupi5PjXtrIFZdYbwpfA" class="external text" title="http://www.CTArm.org" rel="nofollow">Consiliul bir Tinirlor Armanj, Gençlik Aroman ve projeleri hakkında web sayfası</a></span> </li></ul><table class="navbox" style="" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr><td style="padding: 2px;"><table id="collapsibleTable0" class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse" 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href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Romanian_language&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhihs_23s4GDLISiQkbXtThV07RdCg" title="Şablon: Romence dil">v</a></span> <span style="font-size: 80%;">•</span> <span title="Görüşmek Bu şablonu" style="border: medium none ;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Romanian_language&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgKKWVa_rIPZ8uRIkO2qCSGTiG7RA" title="Şablon: Romence dil">d</a></span> <span style="font-size: 80%;">•</span> <span title="Bu şablonu düzenle" style="border: medium none ;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DTemplate:Romanian_language%26action%3Dedit&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjYgeT5qUoKHk5xI-G7VXjogvKJOg" class="external text" title="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Romanian_language&action=edit" rel="nofollow">e</a></span></span> <span title="Görünümünde bu şablonu" style="border: medium none ;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Romanian_language&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhihs_23s4GDLISiQkbXtThV07RdCg" title="Şablon: Romence dil">v</a></span> <span style="font-size: 80%;">•</span> <span title="Görüşmek Bu şablonu" style="border: medium none ;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Romanian_language&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgKKWVa_rIPZ8uRIkO2qCSGTiG7RA" title="Şablon: Romence dil">d</a></span> <span style="font-size: 80%;">•</span> <span title="Bu şablonu düzenle" style="border: medium none ;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DTemplate:Romanian_language%26action%3Dedit&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjYgeT5qUoKHk5xI-G7VXjogvKJOg" class="external text" title="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Romanian_language&action=edit" rel="nofollow">e</a></span></span> </div></div> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span class="" style="font-size: 110%;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanian_language&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhigxYOtWL79kxkkpFj8rEaBHz3i8w" title="Romanian dil">Romanian language</a> <small>( <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Romanian_language&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgGo2qbd5_ylduxl9EgUCTgIaHpTw" title="Kategori: Romanya dil">articles</a> )</small></span></span> <span class="" style="font-size: 110%;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanian_language&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhigxYOtWL79kxkkpFj8rEaBHz3i8w" title="Romanian dil">Romanian dil</a> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Romanian_language&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgGo2qbd5_ylduxl9EgUCTgIaHpTw" title="Kategori: Romanya dil"><small>(yazı)</small></a></span></span> </th></tr><tr style="height: 2px;"><td><br /></td></tr><tr style=""><td class="navbox-group" style=""> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Dialects and varieties</span> Lehçeleri ve çeşitleri</span> </td><td style="padding: 0px; text-align: left; border-left-width: 2px; border-left-style: solid; width: 100%;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><div style="padding: 0em 0.25em;"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varieties_of_the_Romanian_language&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjB8wIkX-pzB6XCdtc1COXPXv9DvQ" title="Romanya dil çeşitleri">Romanian varieties</a> • <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moldovan_language&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhizPJ-hW2zunWKl6nSXUo0hjA32Og" title="Moldova dili">Moldovan</a> • <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vlach_language_in_Serbia&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhh8g8sx-N3W_HyadwMWyHZwtplTvA" title="Sırbistan Ulah dili">Vlach</a></span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varieties_of_the_Romanian_language&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjB8wIkX-pzB6XCdtc1COXPXv9DvQ" title="Romanya dil çeşitleri">Romanian çeşitleri</a> • <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moldovan_language&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhizPJ-hW2zunWKl6nSXUo0hjA32Og" title="Moldova dili">Moldova</a> • <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vlach_language_in_Serbia&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhh8g8sx-N3W_HyadwMWyHZwtplTvA" title="Sırbistan Ulah dili">Ulah</a></span> </div></td></tr><tr style="height: 2px;"><td><br /></td></tr><tr style=""><td class="navbox-group" style=""> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Linguistics</span> Dilbilim</span> </td><td style="padding: 0px; text-align: left; border-left-width: 2px; border-left-style: solid; width: 100%;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"><div style="padding: 0em 0.25em;"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanian_grammar&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjL6JPBfxt5I8eYkgPstQZTvsQcng" title="Romanian gramer">Grammar</a> <small>( <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanian_nouns&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhirnwD0v18VnLOTFSfeZz-0tN4LLQ" title="Romanian isimler">nouns</a> , <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanian_verbs&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjQdCQmhDzi3I-nMYJ2tHpGUIavKw" title="Romanian fiiller">verbs</a> , <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanian_numbers&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjfw9P-ysMFDiMcNZKanDYk_wAxyg" title="Romanian numaraları">numbers</a> )</small> • <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanian_alphabet&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgkQqUL9W6hL5sy99XdR6-aTZX0iQ" title="Romanian alfabesi">Alphabet</a> <small>( <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25C4%2582&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgeK-NeV0QtGui9MRsUUSeaB9CGvg" title="Ă">Ă</a> , <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25C3%2582&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgbYxaidsk12SHMRjY6tyH3FwLa4w" title="Â">Â</a> , <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25C3%258E&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhglsu0gS7cg0bSNMt6W141xxCf0JA" title="Î">Î</a> , <span class="Unicode"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25C8%2598&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgZKTNI5AFe6rqT_TxTVLIYYUDg_g" title="Ş" class="mw-redirect">Ș</a></span> , <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25C8%259A&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgy8Ijp2Spwe6fa17YqFi5AY9vUqQ" title="T" class="mw-redirect"><span class="Unicode">Ț</span></a> )</small> • <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanian_lexis&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiamKqyTwmQ9JySMa7NCJ00qGIOvw" title="Romanian Lexis">Vocabulary</a> ( <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanian_profanity&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhQfWdhOoZzplTXT9tWKZGmbG-qkQ" title="Romanian küfür">profanities</a> ) • <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanian_phonology&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhh6bh_hg73tGdylMexLfErfCLnSxg" title="Romanian fonoloji">Phonology</a> • <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanian_exonyms&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgQVQUZJYnXqaHSbPXdWFf0CJBffQ" title="Romanian exonyms">Exonyms</a></span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanian_grammar&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjL6JPBfxt5I8eYkgPstQZTvsQcng" title="Romanian gramer">Dilbilgisi</a> <small><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanian_nouns&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhirnwD0v18VnLOTFSfeZz-0tN4LLQ" title="Romanian isimler">(isimler,</a> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanian_verbs&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjQdCQmhDzi3I-nMYJ2tHpGUIavKw" title="Romanian fiiller">fiiller,</a> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanian_numbers&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjfw9P-ysMFDiMcNZKanDYk_wAxyg" title="Romanian numaraları">sayılar)</a></small> • <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanian_alphabet&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgkQqUL9W6hL5sy99XdR6-aTZX0iQ" title="Romanian alfabesi">Alfabe</a> <small><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25C4%2582&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgeK-NeV0QtGui9MRsUUSeaB9CGvg" title="Ă">(Ă,</a> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25C3%2582&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgbYxaidsk12SHMRjY6tyH3FwLa4w" title="Â">Â,</a> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25C3%258E&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhglsu0gS7cg0bSNMt6W141xxCf0JA" title="Î">Î,</a> <span class="Unicode"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25C8%2598&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgZKTNI5AFe6rqT_TxTVLIYYUDg_g" title="Ş" class="mw-redirect">Ş,</a> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25C8%259A&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgy8Ijp2Spwe6fa17YqFi5AY9vUqQ" title="T" class="mw-redirect">T)</a></span></small> • <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanian_lexis&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiamKqyTwmQ9JySMa7NCJ00qGIOvw" title="Romanian Lexis">Kelime Hazinesi</a> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanian_profanity&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhQfWdhOoZzplTXT9tWKZGmbG-qkQ" title="Romanian küfür">(profanities)</a> • <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanian_phonology&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhh6bh_hg73tGdylMexLfErfCLnSxg" title="Romanian fonoloji">Sesbilim</a> • <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanian_exonyms&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgQVQUZJYnXqaHSbPXdWFf0CJBffQ" title="Romanian exonyms">Exonyms</a></span> </div></td></tr><tr style="height: 2px;"><td><br /></td></tr><tr style=""><td class="navbox-group" style=""> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Romanian_language&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhin9yJsCyyhQlyGtw1JKPFrtpT6pg" title="Romanya dil Tarihi">Historic evolution</a></span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Romanian_language&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhin9yJsCyyhQlyGtw1JKPFrtpT6pg" title="Romanya dil Tarihi">Tarihsel evrim</a></span> </td><td style="padding: 0px; text-align: left; border-left-width: 2px; border-left-style: solid; width: 100%;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><div style="padding: 0em 0.25em;"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dacian_language&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhvuiZTZGN0SUW94e5MYtOZ3VCXtw" title="Dacian dil">Dacian</a> <small>( <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Romanian_words_of_possible_Dacian_origin&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiHez_n1QtRUVcWFdm53kUHi9_02A" title="Mümkün Dacian kökenli Romence kelime listesi">words</a> )</small> → <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization_%28cultural%29&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgS-0o8kNtqHgGCXaZcAzrLAsS7mQ" title="Romanization () kültürel">Romanization</a> <small>( <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thraco-Roman&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiq1imms7ewz57oKUhHfwmC4h4kqw" title="Thraco-Roma">Thraco-Roman</a> )</small> → <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulgar_Latin&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjPIUUK50ayZ9-hb25OqlClO5zWRg" title="Vulgar Latin">Vulgar Latin</a> <small>( <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_to_Romanian_sound_changes&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjWoMgmke9Il6kfAl7R9RZEdPsyLw" title="Romanian ses değişiklikleri Latin">sound changes</a> )</small> → <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Romanian_language&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjNIYEbZJokGu57yP2C6R849hLPIQ" title="Proto-Romen dili">Proto-Romanian</a> <small>( <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Romance_substratum&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhgwrOFOV3X0Rs1kRM9Gbqol4sXfQ" title="Doğu Romance alt tabaka">substratum</a> )</small> → <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Romance_languages&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhxJLf-unft36aWCC3Q1j7D9hM1iA" title="Doğu Roman dilleri">Eastern Romance</a> <small>(also <strong class="selflink">Aromanian</strong> , <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megleno-Romanian_language&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhDNzD8HV8a8x4Z8dXzHkF3wuK7tA" title="Megleno-Romen dili">Megleno-Romanian</a> , <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istro-Romanian_language&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhj4sGguNGG3OsScoevN8AaFhCy22g" title="ISTRO-Romen dili">Istro-Romanian</a> )</small></span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dacian_language&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhvuiZTZGN0SUW94e5MYtOZ3VCXtw" title="Dacian dil">Dacian</a> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Romanian_words_of_possible_Dacian_origin&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiHez_n1QtRUVcWFdm53kUHi9_02A" title="Mümkün Dacian kökenli Romence kelime listesi"><small>(kelime)</small></a> → <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization_%28cultural%29&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgS-0o8kNtqHgGCXaZcAzrLAsS7mQ" title="Romanization () kültürel">Romanizasyon</a> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thraco-Roman&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiq1imms7ewz57oKUhHfwmC4h4kqw" title="Thraco-Roma"><small>(Thraco-Roma)</small></a> → <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulgar_Latin&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjPIUUK50ayZ9-hb25OqlClO5zWRg" title="Vulgar Latin">Vulgar Latin</a> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_to_Romanian_sound_changes&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjWoMgmke9Il6kfAl7R9RZEdPsyLw" title="Romanian ses değişiklikleri Latin"><small>(ses değişiklikleri)</small></a> → <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Romanian_language&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjNIYEbZJokGu57yP2C6R849hLPIQ" title="Proto-Romen dili">Proto-Romanya</a> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Romance_substratum&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhgwrOFOV3X0Rs1kRM9Gbqol4sXfQ" title="Doğu Romance alt tabaka"><small>(alt tabaka)</small></a> → <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Romance_languages&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhxJLf-unft36aWCC3Q1j7D9hM1iA" title="Doğu Roman dilleri">Doğu Romance</a> <small>(ayrıca <strong class="selflink">Aromanian,</strong> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megleno-Romanian_language&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhDNzD8HV8a8x4Z8dXzHkF3wuK7tA" title="Megleno-Romen dili">Megleno-Romence,</a> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istro-Romanian_language&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhj4sGguNGG3OsScoevN8AaFhCy22g" title="ISTRO-Romen dili">ISTRO-Romanya)</a></small></span> </div></td></tr><tr style="height: 2px;"><td><br /></td></tr><tr style=""><td class="navbox-group" style=""> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Institutions</span> Kurumlar</span> </td><td style="padding: 0px; text-align: left; border-left-width: 2px; border-left-style: solid; width: 100%;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"><div style="padding: 0em 0.25em;"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanian_Academy&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiGO1LrsW94gImpnnIolQPZP-owzg" title="Romanya Akademisi">Romanian Academy</a> ( <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dic%25C5%25A3ionarul_explicativ_al_limbii_rom%25C3%25A2ne&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgGBl2zj577n9h5DAYQsuWNfVfCCA" title="Dicţionarul explicativ al limbii române"><i>Dicţionarul explicativ al limbii române</i></a> ) • <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_of_Sciences_of_Moldova&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhf3na1tOVo2x9KXhacQdtCeGrH_w" title="Bilimler Akademisi Moldova of">Academy of Sciences of Moldova</a></span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanian_Academy&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiGO1LrsW94gImpnnIolQPZP-owzg" title="Romanya Akademisi">Romanya Akademisi</a> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dic%25C5%25A3ionarul_explicativ_al_limbii_rom%25C3%25A2ne&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgGBl2zj577n9h5DAYQsuWNfVfCCA" title="Dicţionarul explicativ al limbii române"><i>(Dicţionarul explicativ al limbii române)</i></a> • <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_of_Sciences_of_Moldova&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhf3na1tOVo2x9KXhacQdtCeGrH_w" title="Bilimler Akademisi Moldova of">Bilimler Akademisi Moldova of</a></span> </div></td></tr><tr style="height: 2px;"><td><br /></td></tr><tr style=""><td class="navbox-group" style=""> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Other</span> Diğer</span> </td><td style="padding: 0px; text-align: left; border-left-width: 2px; border-left-style: solid; width: 100%;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"><div style="padding: 0em 0.25em;"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanians&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgKLbE8yZvzfGOlGrH-cqNupZl6mw" title="Rumen">Romanians</a> ( <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_the_Romanians&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjy6cvrONuo2ym6GtKGTOlawT-AFQ" title="Kökenli Rumen">origin</a> , <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanianization&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhivZ1HhHzitpnWPe_tfyIXUzvgZ7A" title="Romanianization">Romanianization</a> ) • <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Name_of_Romania&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgSEYCLPXYi2fz-Abv9Z0slsEEc9w" title="Romanya Adı">Name</a> • <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balkan_sprachbund&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgoXAhHU-GOhpwFEePtA3NTg6PoYg" title="Balkan dil">Balkan sprachbund</a> • <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanian_Cyrillic_alphabet&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhghFJcUTb52Hj0DOLJ51xNyzWkkjw" title="Romanian Kiril alfabesi">Romanian Cyrillic alphabet</a></span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanianization&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhivZ1HhHzitpnWPe_tfyIXUzvgZ7A" title="Romanianization">Romanianization)</a> • <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Name_of_Romania&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgSEYCLPXYi2fz-Abv9Z0slsEEc9w" title="Romanya Adı">Adı</a> • <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balkan_sprachbund&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgoXAhHU-GOhpwFEePtA3NTg6PoYg" title="Balkan dil">Balkan</a> • <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanian_Cyrillic_alphabet&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhghFJcUTb52Hj0DOLJ51xNyzWkkjw" title="Romanian Kiril alfabesi">Romence Kiril alfabesi</a> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balkan_sprachbund&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgoXAhHU-GOhpwFEePtA3NTg6PoYg" title="Balkan dil">dil birliği</a> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanians&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgKLbE8yZvzfGOlGrH-cqNupZl6mw" title="Rumen">Rumen</a> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_the_Romanians&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjy6cvrONuo2ym6GtKGTOlawT-AFQ" title="Kökenli Rumen">(köken,</a></span> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table><table class="navbox" style="" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr><td style="padding: 2px;"><table id="collapsibleTable1" class="nowraplinks collapsible expanded" style="background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; width: 100%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; color: inherit;" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr><th style="" colspan="2" class="navbox-title"><span class="collapseButton">[<a href="javascript:collapseTable(1);" id="collapseButton1">hide</a>]</span><div style="float: left; width: 6em; text-align: left;"><div class="noprint plainlinks navbar" style="border: medium none ; padding: 0pt; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; font-weight: normal; font-size: xx-small;"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Romance_languages&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhg5FruEEon9fwZATIway8E1bd9b1A" title="Şablonu: Roman dilleri"><span title="Görünümünde bu şablonu" style="border: medium none ;">v</span></a> <span style="font-size: 80%;">•</span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Romance_languages&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhi8ZMH8jPNZj-0zFLiRLZ-6fpjybg" title="Şablon: Roman dilleri"><span title="Görüşmek Bu şablonu" style="border: medium none ;">d</span></a> <span style="font-size: 80%;">•</span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DTemplate:Romance_languages%26action%3Dedit&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhidd4RdDNmFCNoa71-LZEHIfpcpcQ" class="external text" title="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Romance_languages&action=edit" rel="nofollow"><span title="Bu şablonu düzenle" style="border: medium none ;">e</span></a></span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Romance_languages&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhg5FruEEon9fwZATIway8E1bd9b1A" title="Şablonu: Roman dilleri"><span title="Görünümünde bu şablonu" style="border: medium none ;">v</span></a> <span style="font-size: 80%;">•</span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Romance_languages&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhi8ZMH8jPNZj-0zFLiRLZ-6fpjybg" title="Şablon: Roman dilleri"><span title="Görüşmek Bu şablonu" style="border: medium none ;">d</span></a> <span style="font-size: 80%;">•</span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DTemplate:Romance_languages%26action%3Dedit&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhidd4RdDNmFCNoa71-LZEHIfpcpcQ" class="external text" title="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Romance_languages&action=edit" rel="nofollow"><span title="Bu şablonu düzenle" style="border: medium none ;">e</span></a></span> </div></div> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romance_languages&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiG3jUFSCWzFNEWz81hJorjr22GfQ" title="Roman dilleri"><span class="" style="font-size: 110%;">Romance languages</span></a></span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romance_languages&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiG3jUFSCWzFNEWz81hJorjr22GfQ" title="Roman dilleri"><span class="" style="font-size: 110%;">Roman dilleri</span></a></span> </th></tr><tr style="height: 2px;"><td><br /></td></tr><tr style=""><td colspan="2" style="padding: 0px; width: 100%;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><table id="collapsibleTable2" class="nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="width: 100%;" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr><th style="" colspan="2" class="navbox-title"><span class="collapseButton">[<a href="javascript:collapseTable(2);" id="collapseButton2">hide</a>]</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italo-Western_languages&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgdJdMpOkZTznfbg8C1aulQClp91w" title="Italo-batı dilleri"><span class="" style="font-size: 100%;">Italo-Western</span></a></span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italo-Western_languages&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgdJdMpOkZTznfbg8C1aulQClp91w" title="Italo-batı dilleri"><span class="" style="font-size: 100%;">İtalo-Batı</span></a></span> </th></tr><tr style="height: 2px;"><td><br /></td></tr><tr style=""><td colspan="2" style="padding: 0px; width: 100%;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="margin: 0pt 0.75em; width: 100%;" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" style="padding: 0px; width: 100%;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><table id="collapsibleTable3" class="nowraplinks collapsible expanded navbox-subgroup" style="width: 100%;" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr><th style="font-weight: normal;" colspan="2" class="navbox-title"><span class="collapseButton">[<a href="javascript:collapseTable(3);" id="collapseButton3">hide</a>]</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallo-Iberian&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhpdAakVZ06RNdDxssc169ySSPH8A" title="Gallo-İber" class="mw-redirect"><span class="" style="font-size: 100%;">Gallo-Iberian</span></a></span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallo-Iberian&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhpdAakVZ06RNdDxssc169ySSPH8A" title="Gallo-İber" class="mw-redirect"><span class="" style="font-size: 100%;">Gallo-İber</span></a></span> </th></tr><tr style="height: 2px;"><td><br /></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="padding: 0px; width: 100%;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="width: 100%;" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-group" style="font-weight: normal;"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Italian_languages&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjsv6eeUru7KWhOKcEZMFp57XzqvQ" title="Kuzey İtalyanca dil">Gallo-Italian</a></span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Italian_languages&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjsv6eeUru7KWhOKcEZMFp57XzqvQ" title="Kuzey İtalyanca dil">Gallo-İtalyan</a></span> </td><td style="padding: 0px; text-align: left; border-left-width: 2px; border-left-style: solid; width: 100%;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="width: 100%;" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-group" style="padding-left: 0em; padding-right: 0em; width: 11em; font-weight: normal;"><div style="padding: 0em 0.75em;"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ligurian_language_%28Romance%29&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjTmGXQPhHgOzJvUWHANDpx22hFcA" title="Ligurya dili (Romalı)">Ligurian</a></span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ligurian_language_%28Romance%29&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjTmGXQPhHgOzJvUWHANDpx22hFcA" title="Ligurya dili (Romalı)">Ligurya</a></span> </div></td><td style="padding: 0.25em 0pt; text-align: left; border-left-width: 2px; border-left-style: solid; line-height: 1.4em; width: auto;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><div style="padding: 0em 0.25em;"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genoese_dialect&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjyPcWeo25W4VwkFpcVbfWeYM47CA" title="Ceneviz lehçesi">Genoese</a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mon%25C3%25A9gasque_language&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhs0_jZD4BM54tGPmCe6EV_S-RUTw" title="Monégasque dil" class="mw-redirect">Monégasque</a></span></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genoese_dialect&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjyPcWeo25W4VwkFpcVbfWeYM47CA" title="Ceneviz lehçesi">Ceneviz</a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mon%25C3%25A9gasque_language&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhs0_jZD4BM54tGPmCe6EV_S-RUTw" title="Monégasque dil" class="mw-redirect">Monégasque</a></span></span> </div></td></tr><tr style="height: 2px;"><td><br /></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style="padding-left: 0em; padding-right: 0em; width: 11em; font-weight: normal;"><div style="padding: 0em 0.75em;"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lombard_language&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiUjNeYcUXm2ho8PZwd4tp5JoiWbw" title="Lombard dil">Lombard</a></span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lombard_language&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiUjNeYcUXm2ho8PZwd4tp5JoiWbw" title="Lombard dil">Lombard</a></span> </div></td><td style="padding: 0.25em 0pt; text-align: left; border-left-width: 2px; border-left-style: solid; line-height: 1.4em; width: auto;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"><div style="padding: 0em 0.25em;"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Lombard_language&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgoAWsEQRUxS1Dip5dF9lzRyiY8bw" title="Doğu Lombard dil">Eastern</a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Lombard_language&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjKWt-9bkLCjrN7eCz3Zs1fkwlE1A" title="Batı Lombard dil">Western</a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallo-Sicilian&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhio5rRs8te0U5d6GL2NsRgs6GBEww" title="Gallo-Sicilya">Gallo-Sicilian</a></span></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Lombard_language&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgoAWsEQRUxS1Dip5dF9lzRyiY8bw" title="Doğu Lombard dil">Doğu</a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Lombard_language&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjKWt-9bkLCjrN7eCz3Zs1fkwlE1A" title="Batı Lombard dil">Batı</a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallo-Sicilian&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhio5rRs8te0U5d6GL2NsRgs6GBEww" title="Gallo-Sicilya">Gallo-Sicilya</a></span></span> </div></td></tr><tr style="height: 2px;"><td><br /></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style="padding-left: 0em; padding-right: 0em; width: 11em; font-weight: normal;"><div style="padding: 0em 0.75em;"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Others</span> Diğerleri</span> </div></td><td style="padding: 0.25em 0pt; text-align: left; border-left-width: 2px; border-left-style: solid; line-height: 1.4em; width: auto;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><div style="padding: 0em 0.25em;"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emiliano-Romagnolo&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgpPK3k-RK2ohSQE81HsVA0kBByow" title="Emiliano-Romagnolo">Emiliano-Romagnolo</a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piedmontese_language&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhBLQzv8SYUc-bh3t2utwZ9V_993Q" title="Piedmontese dil">Piedmontese</a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venetian_language&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhij7-H1ktTz0waBfuV5TKVkUAi3jQ" title="Venedik dil">Venetian</a></span></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emiliano-Romagnolo&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgpPK3k-RK2ohSQE81HsVA0kBByow" title="Emiliano-Romagnolo">Emiliano-Romagnolo</a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piedmontese_language&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhBLQzv8SYUc-bh3t2utwZ9V_993Q" title="Piedmontese dil">Piedmontese</a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venetian_language&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhij7-H1ktTz0waBfuV5TKVkUAi3jQ" title="Venedik dil">Venedik</a></span></span> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr style="height: 2px;"><td><br /></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style="font-weight: normal;"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Gallo-Rhaetian</span> Gallo-Rhaetian</span> </td><td style="padding: 0px; text-align: left; border-left-width: 2px; border-left-style: solid; width: 100%;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="width: 100%;" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-group" style="padding-left: 0em; padding-right: 0em; width: 11em; font-weight: normal;"><div style="padding: 0em 0.75em;"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langues_d%27o%25C3%25AFl&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgrk_9VXgYK9tJTYnx2S1JtH_wCsQ" title="Langues d'yağı">Langues d'oïl</a></span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langues_d%27o%25C3%25AFl&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgrk_9VXgYK9tJTYnx2S1JtH_wCsQ" title="Langues d'yağı">Langues d'yağı</a></span> </div></td><td style="padding: 0.25em 0pt; text-align: left; border-left-width: 2px; border-left-style: solid; line-height: 1.4em; width: auto;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"><div style="padding: 0em 0.25em;"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burgundian_language_%28O%25C3%25AFl%29&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhi0cunpnX2Mgqku-NoyW2idIX3mfg" title="Burgonya dil (yağ)">Burgundian</a> <b>·</b> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Champenois&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhijnjIweQITWKdguwjXFzCXsCwEWw" title="CHAMPENOIS">Champenois</a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franc-Comtois_language&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjrMtkTVhuEtMJ3pjkmucNUdMbx-w" title="İsviçre-Comtois dil">Franc-Comtois</a> <b>· <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiME4r9oqEWTOUm6X-IK298ScF-zw" title="Fransızca">French</a> ·</b> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallo_language&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjW1eaf3nW1luzS8Njr1JyPbsScrQ" title="Gallo dil">Gallo</a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorrain_language&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhW7OFIsIHMZHwTULsZRcP97fcl-g" title="Lorrain dili">Lorrain</a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_language&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjxgEvy81BOeADXaPXAZec5tcEXxg" title="Norman dil">Norman</a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picard_language&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhg7Fqbp3MIdhyGaD6CL2bVVYUtj9g" title="Picard dili">Picard</a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poitevin_language&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhPhVziYjiWIIIH_DM6VQxvxxik5w" title="Poitevin dil">Poitevin</a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saintongeais&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhE0JgyixI1irqVpwV_Hi1SkERHqg" title="Saintongeais">Saintongeais</a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walloon_language&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjFAzpsjSODI3foPZX96mzOHUUj9Q" title="Valon dili">Walloon</a></span></span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burgundian_language_%28O%25C3%25AFl%29&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhi0cunpnX2Mgqku-NoyW2idIX3mfg" title="Burgonya dil (yağ)">Burgonya</a> <b>·</b> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Champenois&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhijnjIweQITWKdguwjXFzCXsCwEWw" title="CHAMPENOIS">Champenois</a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franc-Comtois_language&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjrMtkTVhuEtMJ3pjkmucNUdMbx-w" title="İsviçre-Comtois dil">Frangı-Comtois</a> <b>· <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiME4r9oqEWTOUm6X-IK298ScF-zw" title="Fransızca">Fransızca</a> ·</b> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallo_language&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjW1eaf3nW1luzS8Njr1JyPbsScrQ" title="Gallo dil">Gallo</a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorrain_language&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhW7OFIsIHMZHwTULsZRcP97fcl-g" title="Lorrain dili">Lorrain</a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_language&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjxgEvy81BOeADXaPXAZec5tcEXxg" title="Norman dil">Norman</a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picard_language&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhg7Fqbp3MIdhyGaD6CL2bVVYUtj9g" title="Picard dili">Picard</a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poitevin_language&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhPhVziYjiWIIIH_DM6VQxvxxik5w" title="Poitevin dil">Poitevin</a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saintongeais&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhE0JgyixI1irqVpwV_Hi1SkERHqg" title="Saintongeais">Saintongeais</a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walloon_language&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjFAzpsjSODI3foPZX96mzOHUUj9Q" title="Valon dili">Valonca</a></span></span> </div></td></tr><tr style="height: 2px;"><td><br /></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style="padding-left: 0em; padding-right: 0em; width: 11em; font-weight: normal;"><div style="padding: 0em 0.75em;"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhaeto-Romance_language&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjrvDC6YlLc8n6C9MD-ZaKnz8Yoaw" title="Romansça dil" class="mw-redirect">Rhaeto-Romance</a></span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhaeto-Romance_language&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjrvDC6YlLc8n6C9MD-ZaKnz8Yoaw" title="Romansça dil" class="mw-redirect">Rhaeto-Roman Dili</a></span> </div></td><td style="padding: 0.25em 0pt; text-align: left; border-left-width: 2px; border-left-style: solid; line-height: 1.4em; width: auto;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><div style="padding: 0em 0.25em;"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friulian_language&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiqLia5KMG9uFbBr9HIB_YimKBIyg" title="Friulyaca dil">Friulian</a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladin&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjG6kwTGNNmkpAbkhe4x9u8EWpPqQ" title="Ladin">Ladin</a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romansh_language&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiGoI90Q_tNGvkACLFTPL4QstG47w" title="Romanş dili">Romansh</a></span></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friulian_language&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiqLia5KMG9uFbBr9HIB_YimKBIyg" title="Friulyaca dil">Friulyaca</a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladin&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjG6kwTGNNmkpAbkhe4x9u8EWpPqQ" title="Ladin">Ladin</a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romansh_language&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiGoI90Q_tNGvkACLFTPL4QstG47w" title="Romanş dili">Romanşça</a></span></span> </div></td></tr><tr style="height: 2px;"><td><br /></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style="padding-left: 0em; padding-right: 0em; width: 11em; font-weight: normal;"><div style="padding: 0em 0.75em;"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Others</span> Diğerleri</span> </div></td><td style="padding: 0.25em 0pt; text-align: left; border-left-width: 2px; border-left-style: solid; line-height: 1.4em; width: auto;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"><div style="padding: 0em 0.25em;"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franco-Proven%25C3%25A7al_language&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhio9_L44GG-aJWEgrZfx-Q8AAvkpg" title="Franco-Provençal dili">Franco-Provençal</a></span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franco-Proven%25C3%25A7al_language&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhio9_L44GG-aJWEgrZfx-Q8AAvkpg" title="Franco-Provençal dili">Franco-Provençal</a></span> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr style="height: 2px;"><td><br /></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style="font-weight: normal;"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occitano-Romance_languages&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjscfNHOy8BEJj9NyCV7B07838lFg" title="Occitano-Roman dilleri">Oc</a></span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occitano-Romance_languages&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjscfNHOy8BEJj9NyCV7B07838lFg" title="Occitano-Roman dilleri">Oc</a></span> </td><td style="padding: 0px; text-align: left; border-left-width: 2px; border-left-style: solid; width: 100%;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="width: 100%;" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-group" style="padding-left: 0em; padding-right: 0em; width: 11em; font-weight: normal;"><div style="padding: 0em 0.75em;"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalan_language&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhGJQCJZOE5rormVQTTfWMtjJTSCQ" title="Katalanca dili"><b>Catalan</b></a></span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalan_language&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhGJQCJZOE5rormVQTTfWMtjJTSCQ" title="Katalanca dili"><b>Katalanca</b></a></span> </div></td><td style="padding: 0.25em 0pt; text-align: left; border-left-width: 2px; border-left-style: solid; line-height: 1.4em; width: auto;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><div style="padding: 0em 0.25em;"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algherese&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhik6quvJwAqr2pd9BYg0wUNYVc7NQ" title="Algherese">Algherese</a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balearic&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhh9_aV-x_bD7OCao7O2FLJcfNHkaA" title="Balear">Balearic</a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Catalan&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiYg_-NERGX10lmK_K9gFrUZURbbg" title="Orta Katalanca">Central</a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valencian&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjr6mrJPoM2YgHd9RpXjLkOah08dw" title="Merwishin">Valencian</a></span></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algherese&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhik6quvJwAqr2pd9BYg0wUNYVc7NQ" title="Algherese">Algherese</a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balearic&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhh9_aV-x_bD7OCao7O2FLJcfNHkaA" title="Balear">Balear</a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Catalan&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiYg_-NERGX10lmK_K9gFrUZURbbg" title="Orta Katalanca">Orta</a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valencian&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjr6mrJPoM2YgHd9RpXjLkOah08dw" title="Merwishin">Valensiyaca</a></span></span> </div></td></tr><tr style="height: 2px;"><td><br /></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style="padding-left: 0em; padding-right: 0em; width: 11em; font-weight: normal;"><div style="padding: 0em 0.75em;"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occitan_language&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhi6QhS2vkP-rrzwy00kd7EvCJJxrw" title="Occitan dili">Occitan</a></span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occitan_language&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhi6QhS2vkP-rrzwy00kd7EvCJJxrw" title="Occitan dili">Occitan</a></span> </div></td><td style="padding: 0.25em 0pt; text-align: left; border-left-width: 2px; border-left-style: solid; line-height: 1.4em; width: auto;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"><div style="padding: 0em 0.25em;"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auvergnat_%28dialect%29&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhik2ECeA_2FGFYk83wGzTktq4Mz8A" title="Auvergnat (lehçesi)">Auvergnat</a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gascon_language&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiz8os_oSyvsVja5Vg6GhZWPMaqig" title="Gascon dil">Gascon</a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languedocien&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgZMg_UuXXzhwW-HTpla9_Hn16yrQ" title="Langedokça">Languedocien</a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limousin_language&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiangc_Ls0728yzXVzKY13lbxJbtQ" title="Limousin dili" class="mw-redirect">Limousin</a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vivaro-Alpine&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiMlV24mq1s4QatvitV3ICGkQbHhw" title="Vivaro-Alpine">Vivaro-Alpine</a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proven%25C3%25A7al_%28dialect%29&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhg3XAx-PL8sIzjYCwhIkSb7Bnyurw" title="Provençal (lehçesi)" class="mw-redirect">Provençal</a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shuadit_language&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjlf0L2RIvZN2h57Z83mJXD1jKKrA" title="Şuadit"><i>Shuadit</i></a></span></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auvergnat_%28dialect%29&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhik2ECeA_2FGFYk83wGzTktq4Mz8A" title="Auvergnat (lehçesi)">Auvergnat</a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gascon_language&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiz8os_oSyvsVja5Vg6GhZWPMaqig" title="Gascon dil">Gascon</a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languedocien&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgZMg_UuXXzhwW-HTpla9_Hn16yrQ" title="Langedokça">Langedokça</a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limousin_language&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiangc_Ls0728yzXVzKY13lbxJbtQ" title="Limousin dili" class="mw-redirect">Limousin</a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vivaro-Alpine&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiMlV24mq1s4QatvitV3ICGkQbHhw" title="Vivaro-Alpine">Vivaro-Alp</a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proven%25C3%25A7al_%28dialect%29&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhg3XAx-PL8sIzjYCwhIkSb7Bnyurw" title="Provençal (lehçesi)" class="mw-redirect">Provençal</a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shuadit_language&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjlf0L2RIvZN2h57Z83mJXD1jKKrA" title="Şuadit"><i>Şuadit</i></a></span></span> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr style="height: 2px;"><td><br /></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style="font-weight: normal;"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iberian_Romance_languages&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiLV_cwm8lJRphjiZ90EFXhryMeuA" title="İber Roman dilleri">Iberian</a></span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iberian_Romance_languages&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiLV_cwm8lJRphjiZ90EFXhryMeuA" title="İber Roman dilleri">İber</a></span> </td><td style="padding: 0px; text-align: left; border-left-width: 2px; border-left-style: solid; width: 100%;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="width: 100%;" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-group" style="padding-left: 0em; padding-right: 0em; width: 11em; font-weight: normal;"><div style="padding: 0em 0.75em;"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astur-Leonese_linguistic_group&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgtrXkqVFBD7gFYp83ow8dhFxSE9A" title="Astur-Leonese dilsel grup">Astur-Leonese</a></span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astur-Leonese_linguistic_group&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgtrXkqVFBD7gFYp83ow8dhFxSE9A" title="Astur-Leonese dilsel grup">Astur-Leonese</a></span> </div></td><td style="padding: 0.25em 0pt; text-align: left; border-left-width: 2px; border-left-style: solid; line-height: 1.4em; width: auto;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><div style="padding: 0em 0.25em;"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asturian_language&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgb06IGiUchaJbK2d4FElcq18iZJg" title="Asturyasça dil">Asturian</a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantabrian_language&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjJYznqa58JGnkNad3ncoKeQa1vfQ" title="Cantabrian dil" class="mw-redirect">Cantabrian</a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extremaduran_language&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhCpvjXWiti0kaIzwrtroi6WLws_w" title="Extremaduran dil">Extremaduran</a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonese_language&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhi4p90xBj8173DzX-bJ_ZTqZJaU-Q" title="Leonese dil">Leonese</a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirandese_language&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhh7Bm5yvEKD-lxIpHGx9kQfREEeRA" title="Miranda Dili dil">Mirandese</a></span></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asturian_language&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgb06IGiUchaJbK2d4FElcq18iZJg" title="Asturyasça dil">Asturyasça</a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantabrian_language&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjJYznqa58JGnkNad3ncoKeQa1vfQ" title="Cantabrian dil" class="mw-redirect">Cantabrian</a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extremaduran_language&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhCpvjXWiti0kaIzwrtroi6WLws_w" title="Extremaduran dil">Extremaduran</a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonese_language&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhi4p90xBj8173DzX-bJ_ZTqZJaU-Q" title="Leonese dil">Leonese</a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirandese_language&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhh7Bm5yvEKD-lxIpHGx9kQfREEeRA" title="Miranda Dili dil">Miranda Dili</a></span></span> </div></td></tr><tr style="height: 2px;"><td><br /></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style="padding-left: 0em; padding-right: 0em; width: 11em; font-weight: normal;"><div style="padding: 0em 0.75em;"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_language&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiUx6J2Q11GeQrRMxpSabymfjnwlw" title="Portekizce dil"><b>Portuguese</b></a></span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_language&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiUx6J2Q11GeQrRMxpSabymfjnwlw" title="Portekizce dil"><b>Portekizce</b></a></span> </div></td><td style="padding: 0.25em 0pt; text-align: left; border-left-width: 2px; border-left-style: solid; line-height: 1.4em; width: auto;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"><div style="padding: 0em 0.25em;"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span style="white-space: nowrap;"><b><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilian_Portuguese&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjoopZW-XrbXDb8gGz0bU8Z4ZkxvQ" title="Brezilya Portekizcesi">Brazilian</a> · <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Portuguese&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhN8Ux4iYl9aelQTOZbF-bs-UwcQw" title="European Portekizce">European</a></b> ( <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barranquenho&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhmPGG3YM5wnRPxqfvWn6Q_iGbAuA" title="Barranquenho">Barranquenho</a> ) <b>· <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Portuguese&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhi6uAyc55D8RwbDKuX0xocerql7Ng" title="African Portekizce" class="mw-redirect">African</a></b> ( <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angolan_Portuguese&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjCunNTHC72ZzTaZeV4Y1NBw3A5Ig" title="Angola Portekizce">Angolan</a> , <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Verdean_Portuguese&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhjKtUs4jolREhjm_cBA6meqSMjKA" title="Cape Verdean Portekizce">Cape Verdean</a> , <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinean_Portuguese&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjDdC1wShWrG8FwrXARc09n9RRPrg" title="Gine Portekizce">Guinean</a> , <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozambican_Portuguese&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgxvf2VBhXCjp8qTt5gxC_NhCX_cA" title="Mozambican Portekizce">Mozambican</a> , <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%25C3%25A3o_Tomean_Portuguese&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiuFDs0k1TrbT7ZWgNB8PjlkJlTrA" title="Arkadaş Tomean Portekizce">São Tomean</a> ) <b>·</b> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Timorese_Portuguese&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhi39DN7yZpg-bYvJs_B_QQh62v2PA" title="Doğu Timor'un Portekizce">East Timorese</a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macanese_Portuguese&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhFsiFeuwu6PKjxTSgakTbD4P0P3g" title="Macanese Portekizce">Macanese</a></span></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><b>· <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Portuguese&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhN8Ux4iYl9aelQTOZbF-bs-UwcQw" title="European Portekizce">Avrupa</a></b> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barranquenho&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhmPGG3YM5wnRPxqfvWn6Q_iGbAuA" title="Barranquenho">(Barranquenho)</a> <b>· <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Portuguese&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhi6uAyc55D8RwbDKuX0xocerql7Ng" title="African Portekizce" class="mw-redirect">Afrika</a></b> (, <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Verdean_Portuguese&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhjKtUs4jolREhjm_cBA6meqSMjKA" title="Cape Verdean Portekizce">Cape Verdean,</a> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinean_Portuguese&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjDdC1wShWrG8FwrXARc09n9RRPrg" title="Gine Portekizce">Gine,</a> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozambican_Portuguese&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgxvf2VBhXCjp8qTt5gxC_NhCX_cA" title="Mozambican Portekizce">Mozambik,</a> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%25C3%25A3o_Tomean_Portuguese&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiuFDs0k1TrbT7ZWgNB8PjlkJlTrA" title="Arkadaş Tomean Portekizce">São Tomean)</a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Timorese_Portuguese&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhi39DN7yZpg-bYvJs_B_QQh62v2PA" title="Doğu Timor'un Portekizce">Doğu Timor'un</a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macanese_Portuguese&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhFsiFeuwu6PKjxTSgakTbD4P0P3g" title="Macanese Portekizce">Macanese</a> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angolan_Portuguese&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjCunNTHC72ZzTaZeV4Y1NBw3A5Ig" title="Angola Portekizce">Angola</a> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilian_Portuguese&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjoopZW-XrbXDb8gGz0bU8Z4ZkxvQ" title="Brezilya Portekizcesi"><b>Brezilya</b></a></span></span> </div></td></tr><tr style="height: 2px;"><td><br /></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style="padding-left: 0em; padding-right: 0em; width: 11em; font-weight: normal;"><div style="padding: 0em 0.75em;"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galician_language&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgtbuLrEPJG0XPSX-b_K9buFxds1g" title="Galiçyaca">Galician</a></span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galician_language&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgtbuLrEPJG0XPSX-b_K9buFxds1g" title="Galiçyaca">Galiçya Dili</a></span> </div></td><td style="padding: 0.25em 0pt; text-align: left; border-left-width: 2px; border-left-style: solid; line-height: 1.4em; width: auto;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><div style="padding: 0em 0.25em;"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fala_language&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhTdbxEVP9hFkAyhwpOPm7VvMQQww" title="Fala dil">Fala</a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eonavian&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhp_dpKCIwj_60QCwiUESShR9RtsA" title="Eonavian">Eonavian</a></span></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fala_language&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhTdbxEVP9hFkAyhwpOPm7VvMQQww" title="Fala dil">Fala</a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eonavian&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhp_dpKCIwj_60QCwiUESShR9RtsA" title="Eonavian">Eonavian</a></span></span> </div></td></tr><tr style="height: 2px;"><td><br /></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style="padding-left: 0em; padding-right: 0em; width: 11em; font-weight: normal;"><div style="padding: 0em 0.75em;"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_language&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjzv8GMjV08rHQbXlD4BCFiF7MJKA" title="İspanyolca dil"><b>Spanish (Castilian)</b></a></span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_language&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjzv8GMjV08rHQbXlD4BCFiF7MJKA" title="İspanyolca dil"><b>İspanyolca (Kastilyan)</b></a></span> </div></td><td style="padding: 0.25em 0pt; text-align: left; border-left-width: 2px; border-left-style: solid; line-height: 1.4em; width: auto;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"><div style="padding: 0em 0.25em;"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span style="white-space: nowrap;"><b><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_American_Spanish&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhh-xtcToCbwofukY4PWVczbCSPkCQ" title="Latin Amerika İspanyolcası" class="mw-redirect">Latin American</a> · <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peninsular_Spanish&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhtTkP_jCcwtLydk4R7VTAxnnENzg" title="Yarımada İspanyolca">Peninsular</a></b> ( <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladino_language&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhuVEevJjE69Mr_597Rr-9y305Tyw" title="Ladino dili" class="mw-redirect">Ladino</a> /</span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cal%25C3%25B3_%28Spanish_Romani%29&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhdae-lMd7zv42TB6gsicBEoSUYrw" title="Caló (İspanyolca Romani)">Caló</a> ) <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DAfrican_Spanish%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjmUzxcUW4tCncNXwZsc8Xu82OjAg" class="new" title="Yok Afrika İspanyolca (sayfa)"><b>African</b></a> ( <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equatoguinean_Spanish&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjdP90J_FnB9A9J-NTWr1NpuUVWAQ" title="Equatoguinean İspanyolca">Equatoguinean</a> )</span></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><b><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_American_Spanish&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhh-xtcToCbwofukY4PWVczbCSPkCQ" title="Latin Amerika İspanyolcası" class="mw-redirect">Latin Amerika</a> · <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peninsular_Spanish&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhtTkP_jCcwtLydk4R7VTAxnnENzg" title="Yarımada İspanyolca">Yarımada</a></b> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladino_language&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhuVEevJjE69Mr_597Rr-9y305Tyw" title="Ladino dili" class="mw-redirect">(Ladino</a> /</span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cal%25C3%25B3_%28Spanish_Romani%29&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhdae-lMd7zv42TB6gsicBEoSUYrw" title="Caló (İspanyolca Romani)">Caló)</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DAfrican_Spanish%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjmUzxcUW4tCncNXwZsc8Xu82OjAg" class="new" title="Yok Afrika İspanyolca (sayfa)"><b>Afrika</b></a> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equatoguinean_Spanish&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjdP90J_FnB9A9J-NTWr1NpuUVWAQ" title="Equatoguinean İspanyolca">(Equatoguinean)</a></span></span> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr style="height: 2px;"><td><br /></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="padding: 0pt; width: 100%; line-height: 0.2em;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><div style="padding: 0em 0.25em;"><hr /></div></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr style="height: 2px;"><td><br /></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="padding: 0px; width: 100%;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="width: 100%;" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-group" style="width: 6.35em; font-weight: normal;"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Italo-Dalmatian</span> Italo-Dalmaçyalı</span> </td><td style="padding: 0px; text-align: left; border-left-width: 2px; border-left-style: solid; width: auto;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="width: 100%;" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-group" style="padding-left: 0em; padding-right: 0em; width: 11em; font-weight: normal;"><div style="padding: 0em 0.75em;"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_language&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhieNxOS4vePl412p4QBFZypDCrdYg" title="Italyanca dil"><b>Italian</b></a></span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_language&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhieNxOS4vePl412p4QBFZypDCrdYg" title="Italyanca dil"><b>İtalyanca</b></a></span> </div></td><td style="padding: 0.25em 0pt; text-align: left; border-left-width: 2px; border-left-style: solid; line-height: 1.4em; width: auto;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><div style="padding: 0em 0.25em;"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Italian&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhilBAI8489p09roxWEbYGHgBOxIaQ" title="Orta İtalyanca">Central</a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuscan_dialect&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjmNNIKUE-oZ30mkloSP3L-N57tjw" title="Toskana lehçesi">Tuscan</a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanesco&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhg41VFeWELsW-14yAhozTauM5xOSQ" title="Romanesco">Romanesco</a></span></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Italian&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhilBAI8489p09roxWEbYGHgBOxIaQ" title="Orta İtalyanca">Orta</a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuscan_dialect&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjmNNIKUE-oZ30mkloSP3L-N57tjw" title="Toskana lehçesi">Tuscan</a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanesco&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhg41VFeWELsW-14yAhozTauM5xOSQ" title="Romanesco">Romanesco</a></span></span> </div></td></tr><tr style="height: 2px;"><td><br /></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style="padding-left: 0em; padding-right: 0em; width: 11em; font-weight: normal;"><div style="padding: 0em 0.75em;"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neapolitan_language&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhh5wyQn-3pv2OHBYfpSMma64uy8LA" title="Napoliten dil"><b>Neapolitan</b></a></span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neapolitan_language&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhh5wyQn-3pv2OHBYfpSMma64uy8LA" title="Napoliten dil"><b>Napolice</b></a></span> </div></td><td style="padding: 0.25em 0pt; text-align: left; border-left-width: 2px; border-left-style: solid; line-height: 1.4em; width: auto;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"><div style="padding: 0em 0.25em;"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Italian&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgUgEK3E56sQWypn_MOqRUp-rF-WA" title="Güney İtalyanca">Southern Italian dialects</a></span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Italian&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgUgEK3E56sQWypn_MOqRUp-rF-WA" title="Güney İtalyanca">Güney İtalyan lehçeleri</a></span> </div></td></tr><tr style="height: 2px;"><td><br /></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style="padding-left: 0em; padding-right: 0em; width: 11em; font-weight: normal;"><div style="padding: 0em 0.75em;"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Others</span> Diğerleri</span> </div></td><td style="padding: 0.25em 0pt; text-align: left; border-left-width: 2px; border-left-style: solid; line-height: 1.4em; width: auto;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><div style="padding: 0em 0.25em;"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalmatian_language&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjLj_LMpdjEWrsIWGMErMEXDwihMw" title="Dalmaçyalı dil"><i>Dalmatian</i></a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istriot_language&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhi6kL3qRz3g9M0o6ukIaBluKZDb9A" title="İstriotça">Istriot</a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judeo-Italian_languages&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjGYkeGt6aEgxrmV-Lj4jHxt6s1Lw" title="Yahudi İtalyanca dil">Judeo-Italian</a> <b>· <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilian_language&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiowi3ZWwc5a07kFrTxp0BUrx5h7g" title="Sicilya dil">Sicilian</a></b></span></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalmatian_language&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjLj_LMpdjEWrsIWGMErMEXDwihMw" title="Dalmaçyalı dil"><i>Dalmaçya</i></a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istriot_language&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhi6kL3qRz3g9M0o6ukIaBluKZDb9A" title="İstriotça">Istriot</a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judeo-Italian_languages&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjGYkeGt6aEgxrmV-Lj4jHxt6s1Lw" title="Yahudi İtalyanca dil">Yahudi-İtalyan</a> <b>· <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilian_language&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiowi3ZWwc5a07kFrTxp0BUrx5h7g" title="Sicilya dil">Sicilya</a></b></span></span> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr style="height: 2px;"><td><br /></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style="width: 6.35em; font-weight: normal;"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Others</span> Diğerleri</span> </td><td style="padding: 0px; text-align: left; border-left-width: 2px; border-left-style: solid; width: auto;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"><div style="padding: 0em 0.25em;"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aragonese_language&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhi30L1IsCc_VYCUqEs0QAnNU64UPA" title="Aragonca dil">Aragonese</a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozarabic_language&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjE7ROJR1bzoxPvmFk9AvOAIMiexw" title="Mozarapça"><i>Mozarabic</i></a></span></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aragonese_language&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhi30L1IsCc_VYCUqEs0QAnNU64UPA" title="Aragonca dil">Aragonca</a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozarabic_language&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjE7ROJR1bzoxPvmFk9AvOAIMiexw" title="Mozarapça"><i>Mozarabic</i></a></span></span> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr style="height: 2px;"><td><br /></td></tr><tr style=""><td colspan="2" style="padding: 0px; width: 100%;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"><table id="collapsibleTable4" class="nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="width: 100%;" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr><th style="" colspan="2" class="navbox-title"><span class="collapseButton">[<a href="javascript:collapseTable(4);" id="collapseButton4">hide</a>]</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span class="" style="font-size: 100%;">Eastern and Southern</span></span> <span class="" style="font-size: 100%;">Doğu ve Güney</span></span> </th></tr><tr style="height: 2px;"><td><br /></td></tr><tr style=""><td colspan="2" style="padding: 0px; width: 100%;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="width: 100%;" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-group" style="width: 7.25em; font-weight: normal;"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Romance_languages&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhxJLf-unft36aWCC3Q1j7D9hM1iA" title="Doğu Roman dilleri">Eastern</a></span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Romance_languages&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhxJLf-unft36aWCC3Q1j7D9hM1iA" title="Doğu Roman dilleri">Doğu</a></span> </td><td style="padding: 0px; text-align: left; border-left-width: 2px; border-left-style: solid; width: auto;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="width: 100%;" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-group" style="padding-left: 0em; padding-right: 0em; width: 11em; font-weight: normal;"><div style="padding: 0em 0.75em;"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><b><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanian_language&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhigxYOtWL79kxkkpFj8rEaBHz3i8w" title="Romanian dil">Romanian</a></b></span> <b><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanian_language&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhigxYOtWL79kxkkpFj8rEaBHz3i8w" title="Romanian dil">Romence</a></b></span> </div></td><td style="padding: 0.25em 0pt; text-align: left; border-left-width: 2px; border-left-style: solid; line-height: 1.4em; width: auto;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><div style="padding: 0em 0.25em;"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moldovan_language&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhizPJ-hW2zunWKl6nSXUo0hjA32Og" title="Moldova dili">Moldovan</a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vlach_language_%28Serbia%29&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhje-G3OScQbSne3snewyeuvvKo_cQ" title="Ulah dili (Sırbistan)" class="mw-redirect">Vlach</a></span></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moldovan_language&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhizPJ-hW2zunWKl6nSXUo0hjA32Og" title="Moldova dili">Moldova</a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vlach_language_%28Serbia%29&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhje-G3OScQbSne3snewyeuvvKo_cQ" title="Ulah dili (Sırbistan)" class="mw-redirect">Ulah</a></span></span> </div></td></tr><tr style="height: 2px;"><td><br /></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style="padding-left: 0em; padding-right: 0em; width: 11em; font-weight: normal;"><div style="padding: 0em 0.75em;"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Others</span> Diğerleri</span> </div></td><td style="padding: 0.25em 0pt; text-align: left; border-left-width: 2px; border-left-style: solid; line-height: 1.4em; width: auto;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"><div style="padding: 0em 0.25em;"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span style="white-space: nowrap;"><strong class="selflink">Aromanian</strong> <b>·</b> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megleno-Romanian_language&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhDNzD8HV8a8x4Z8dXzHkF3wuK7tA" title="Megleno-Romen dili">Megleno-Romanian</a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istro-Romanian_language&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhj4sGguNGG3OsScoevN8AaFhCy22g" title="ISTRO-Romen dili">Istro-Romanian</a></span></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><strong class="selflink">Aromanian</strong> <b>·</b> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megleno-Romanian_language&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhDNzD8HV8a8x4Z8dXzHkF3wuK7tA" title="Megleno-Romen dili">Megleno-Romen</a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istro-Romanian_language&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhj4sGguNGG3OsScoevN8AaFhCy22g" title="ISTRO-Romen dili">ISTRO-Romence</a></span></span> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr style="height: 2px;"><td><br /></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style="width: 7.25em; font-weight: normal;"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Romance_languages&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjmdwv9I7L27EKf0nEYI6nTWbkTRg" title="Güney Roman dilleri">Southern</a></span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Romance_languages&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjmdwv9I7L27EKf0nEYI6nTWbkTRg" title="Güney Roman dilleri">Güney</a></span> </td><td style="padding: 0px; text-align: left; border-left-width: 2px; border-left-style: solid; width: auto;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="width: 100%;" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-group" style="padding-left: 0em; padding-right: 0em; width: 11em; font-weight: normal;"><div style="padding: 0em 0.75em;"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sardinian_language&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgjiirocYW3no5wLVBPO5OgLg4PLg" title="Sarduca">Sardinian</a></span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sardinian_language&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgjiirocYW3no5wLVBPO5OgLg4PLg" title="Sarduca">Sardunya Dili</a></span> </div></td><td style="padding: 0.25em 0pt; text-align: left; border-left-width: 2px; border-left-style: solid; line-height: 1.4em; width: auto;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><div style="padding: 0em 0.25em;"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sardo_campidanese&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjeIe6hn4WfWrZrLmIX0YBYNrYcFw" title="Sardo campidanese" class="mw-redirect">Campidanese</a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sardo_logudorese&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhuIvQBeAy75Mr45TMFxTxWk_EvYA" title="Sardo logudorese">Logudorese</a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sassarese_language&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiLvXYLOzKWaJSZExHMckkw7RxJwg" title="Sassarese dil">Sassarese</a></span></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sardo_campidanese&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjeIe6hn4WfWrZrLmIX0YBYNrYcFw" title="Sardo campidanese" class="mw-redirect">Campidanese</a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sardo_logudorese&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhuIvQBeAy75Mr45TMFxTxWk_EvYA" title="Sardo logudorese">Logudorese</a> <b>·</b> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sassarese_language&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiLvXYLOzKWaJSZExHMckkw7RxJwg" title="Sassarese dil">Sassarese</a></span></span> </div></td></tr><tr style="height: 2px;"><td><br /></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style="padding-left: 0em; padding-right: 0em; width: 11em; font-weight: normal;"><div style="padding: 0em 0.75em;"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corsican_language&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhg_lCsPcrEkE_0d4FLHgVGRVhxRJQ" title="Korsika dili">Corsican</a></span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corsican_language&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhg_lCsPcrEkE_0d4FLHgVGRVhxRJQ" title="Korsika dili">Korsika Dili</a></span> </div></td><td style="padding: 0.25em 0pt; text-align: left; border-left-width: 2px; border-left-style: solid; line-height: 1.4em; width: auto;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"><div style="padding: 0em 0.25em;"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallurese&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgqUQ2HGmilxNNql0apvgTeLjxQkQ" title="Gallurese">Gallurese</a></span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallurese&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgqUQ2HGmilxNNql0apvgTeLjxQkQ" title="Gallurese">Gallurese</a></span> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr style="height: 2px;"><td><br /></td></tr><tr style=""><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="background: rgb(213, 213, 255) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;" colspan="2"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><i>Italics</i> indicate <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_death&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgGaHxDgai766Cs5uGp_1PDU1hmjw" title="Dil ölüm">extinct languages</a> ; <b>bold</b> indicates <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_languages_by_number_of_native_speakers&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhENV1AMHvsqUDPe5NkBt_YSZd9qw" title="Anadil sayısına göre diller listesi">languages with more than 5 million speakers</a> .</span> <i>Italik</i> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_death&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgGaHxDgai766Cs5uGp_1PDU1hmjw" title="Dil ölüm">ölü diller</a> gösterir; <b>kalın</b> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_languages_by_number_of_native_speakers&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhENV1AMHvsqUDPe5NkBt_YSZd9qw" title="Anadil sayısına göre diller listesi">5 milyondan fazla hoparlör dil</a> gösterir.</span> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table><!-- NewPP limit report Preprocessor node count: 8099/1000000 Post-expand include size: 367245/2048000 bytes Template argument size: 294837/2048000 bytes Expensive parser function count: 3/500 --><!-- Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:23710609-0!1!0!default!!en!2 and timestamp 20090912185703 --><div class="printfooter"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Retrieved from " <a 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/><a class="a2a_dd" href="http://www.addtoany.com/share_save"><img alt="Share/Save/Bookmark" src="http://static.addtoany.com/buttons/share_save_171_16.png" border="0" width="171" height="16" /></a><script type="text/javascript">a2a_linkname="www.eyupsarikartal.com";a2a_linkurl=location.href;a2a_show_title=1;a2a_hide_embeds=0;a2a_num_services=22;</script><script charset="utf-8" src="http://static.addtoany.com/menu/locale/tr-TR.js" type="text/javascript"></script><script src="http://static.addtoany.com/menu/page.js" type="text/javascript"></script><br /><br />Urumeli vilayeti celilesi Osmanlının kalbidir.(Türkçe:Manastır/Yunanlar ve Sırplar ve Bulgarlar Bitola olarak değiştirilmiştir. Muhtemelen manas'tan geliyor. Ahalinin şiir yeteneğive kırgızlara fiziki benzerliği ilginç) ,Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2905918545844906697.post-38461508743647394522009-09-13T11:46:00.003+03:002009-09-13T11:50:36.305+03:00Batı Trakya Türkleri veya asıl adıyla "RUMELİ -İ ŞARK Î " YANİ DOĞU RUMELİ<span style="" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><b><i>Yer:</i> Batı Trakya Yunanistan için</b></span> <b><br /></b> <span style="" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><b><i>Population:</i> 100,000-120,000 (est.)</b></span> <b><i>Nüfus:</i> 100,000-120,000 (tahmini)</b></span> <b><br /></b> <span style="" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><b><i>% of population:</i> l%-2%</b></span> <b><i>Nüfusun%:</i> l% -2%</b></span> <b><br /></b> <span style="" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><b><i>Religion:</i> Muslim</b></span> <b><i>Din:</i> Müslüman</b></span> <b><br /></b> <span style="" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><b><i>Language:</i> Turkish</b></span> <b><i>Dil:</i> Türkçe</b></span> <p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The Turks of Western Thrace are a remnant from the Ottoman empire which ruled the area until its liberation in the early part of the twentieth century.</span> Batı Trakya Türkleri olan yirminci yüzyılın başlarında kendi kurtuluş kadar sürmüştür Osmanlı imparatorluğu bir kalıntı vardır.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Assessing the number of Turks, and other minorities, in Greece is problematic.</span> Ve diğer azınlıkların Türklerin sayısı Değerlendirme, Yunanistan problemlidir.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The census of 1928 recorded 191,000 Turks while the 1951 census recorded 180,000 Turks of whom 92,000 were Muslims and 87,000 were Orthodox.</span> Iken 1951 nüfus sayımı 180.000 Türkler kime 92.000 ile kaydedilen 1928 yılının nüfus sayımı 191.000 Türkler kaydedildi Müslümandı ve 87.000 Ortodoks edildi.</span> </p><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">While some Turks live on the Greek islands neighbouring Turkey, most live in Western Thrace.</span> Bazı Türkler Yunan adaları Türkiye komşusu, en canlı Batı Trakya yaşıyor.</span> <span style="" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The Pomaks, Muslim Slavs and a small number of Muslim Greeks, tend to live also in Western Thrace in villages in the southern Rhodope and due to the official reticence to give figures for ethnic minorities, only for religious ones, it is hard to separate them from the Turks; however the villages near the Bulgarian border in all three provinces of Western Thrace are predominantly Pomak.</span> Pomaklar, Müslüman Slavlar ve Müslüman Yunanlılar az sayıda da Batı Trakya'da köylerde güney Rodop yaşamak ve resmi suskunluk nedeniyle dini olanlar sadece etnik azınlıklar için rakamlar, vermek, onları ayırmak için zor eğilimindedir Türklerden; Batı Trakya her üç ilde Bulgar sınırına yakın ancak ağırlıklı olarak Pomak köyleri bulunmaktadır.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Many Pomaks also live in Komotini and Xanthi and some also live in Dhidhimotikhon.</span> Birçok Pomaklar da Gümülcine ve İskeçe ve biraz da Dhidhimotikhon canlı yaşıyor.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Official Greek sources tend to claim that the Turks are Pomaks or Muslim Greeks while conversely the Turks claim the Pomaks as Turks.</span> Yunan resmi kaynaklara göre Türkler Pomaklar ya da Müslüman Yunanlılar ise tersine Türkler Pomaklar Türk olarak iddia savlıyor eğilimindedir.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Estimates from the Information Office at the Greek embassy in London based on the 1981 census figures give a total of 110,000 people belonging to religious minorities of whom some 60,000 are Turkish-speaking Muslims; 30,000 Pomaks; and 20,000 Athingani (descendants of Christian heretics expelled from Asia Minor during Byzantine rule) or Gypsies.</span> 1981 nüfus sayımı rakamlarına göre, Londra'da Yunan büyükelçiliğinde Bilgi Office Tahminleri Müslüman konuşan; Pomaklar 30.000 ve 20.000 Athingani Hıristiyan sapkınlar üzerinden (türk soyundan olan ihraç 110.000 kişi toplam dini azınlıkların kimi bazı 60,000 ait vermek Küçük Asya Bizans döneminde) veya Çingenelerin.</span> <span style="" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">However, Turkish-Muslim sources from Western Thrace claim a total of 100-120,000 Turkish-speaking Muslims in Western Thrace and most observers estimate between 100,000 and 120,000 Muslims out of a total of some 360,000 in Western Thrace recorded in the census of 1971.</span> Ancak, Batı Trakya Türk-Müslüman kaynakları 100-120,000 Türk-Batı Trakya ve gözlemcilerin çoğu Müslüman konuşan toplam talep Müslümanlar 100.000 ve 120.000 arasında bazı 360.000 Batı Trakya'da toplam dışarı tahmin 1971 yılı nüfus sayımı kaydedilir.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Of the other minorities there are small populations of Gagauz, Christian Turkish-speaking people, for example around the city of Alexandroupolis, and Sarakatsani, Greek-speaking transhumants, especially in the village of Palladion.</span> Diğer azınlıklar of Gagavuz, türk Hıristiyan konuşan insanların küçük nüfus, Dedeağaç kenti çevresinde örneğin, ve Sarakatsani, Yunanca konuşan transhumants, Palladion köyünde özellikle.</span> </p><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Turkey is Greece's traditional enemy, despite being a NATO pact partner, and, similarly to Bulgaria, Greece fears Turkish expansion.</span> Türkiye Yunanistan geleneksel düşmanı rağmen NATO paktı ortağı ve Bulgaristan benzer şekilde, Yunanistan türk genişleme korkular olmak.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Much of Western Thrace is a restricted area due to reasons of national security.</span> Çok Batı Trakya Kısıtlı bir alana ulusal güvenlik nedenlerden kaynaklanmaktadır.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">These areas are the border areas with Bulgaria where many Turks and Pomaks live and in these militarized areas large portions of land has been expropriated from Pomaks and Turks and the inhabitants of these areas are severely restricted in their freedom of movement to a 30 kilometre radius of their residence.</span> Bu alanlarda Bulgaristan ile çok sayıda Türk ve Pomaklar canlı ve arazi büyük bölümlerini Pomaklar ve Türkler ve bu alanların sakinleri itibaren istimlak yapılmış bu sivilleştirilmiş alanlarda sınır alanlar ağır hareket özgürlüğünü içinde bir 30 kilometre yarıçapı ile sınırlıdır ikamet.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Decree 1366/1938 which forbids foreign nationals to buy land near border areas is still operational and it is claimed that this decree is used against ethnic Turks and Pomaks even though they are Greek citizens.</span> Hangi sınır bölgelerinde yakın arazi satın almak için yabancı uyruklu yasaklar Kararname 1366/1938 hala operasyonel olup, bu kararname etnik Türkler ve Pomaklar karşı olmalarına rağmen Yunan vatandaşı kullanıldığı iddia ediliyor.</span> </p><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">In the exchange of populations following the Greco-Turkish war of 1920-22 some 60,000 Greek refugees from Asia Minor were allowed, in contravention to the Treaty of Lausanne, to settle in Western Thrace and under steady administrative and economic pressure from the Greek authorities a gradual migration of Muslims to Turkey ensued; this is particularly noticeable in the previously Muslim province of Ebros where the population now is Greek Orthodox.</span> Nüfusun karşılığında izin verildi, aykırı Lozan Antlaşması için, Batı Trakya'da yerleşmek ve Yunan yetkililer dan sürekli idari ve ekonomik baskı altında Anadolu'da bazı 60.000 Yunan mülteci Greko-1920-22 ve türk savaşı sonrasında türkiye için Müslümanların kademeli göç çıktı, bu özellikle Ebros daha önce Müslüman ilinde nerede nüfus şimdi Yunan Ortodoks olduğu belirgindir.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The Second World War and the civil war saw a rise in the number of such emigres and some 20,000 left for Turkey in the period 1939-51 while emigration continues to the present day.</span> Ise göç günümüze kadar devam etmektedir İkinci Dünya Savaşı ve iç savaş gibi göçmenler ve bazı 20.000 Türkiye için dönem 1.939-51 kalan sayısında bir artış gördüm.</span> </p><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The deterioration of relations with Turkey over the developing situation in Cyprus saw a corresponding deterioration of the situation of the Turkish minority in Western Thrace with increased pressure to induce emigration.</span> Kıbrıs'ta gelişen durum üzerine Türkiye ile ilişkilerin bozulmasından artan basınç göç teşvik ile Batı Trakya Türk azınlığın durumu ile ilgili bozulma gördüm.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Under the military dictatorship of 1967-74 the situation worsened.</span> 1.967-74 askeri diktatörlüğü altında durum kötüleşti.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Members of the Turkish-minority community boards, elected under provision of Decree 2345/1920, were dismissed and replaced by non-elected people, appointed by government agencies, prepared to act contrary to the interests of the Muslim community.</span> Türk-azınlık topluluk kurullarının üyeleri, Kararname 2345/1920 sağlanması altında seçildi, görevden alındı ve yerine olmayan insanların, devlet kurumları tarafından atanan, harekete hazır seçilmiş Müslüman toplumunun çıkarlarına aykırı.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">In this period Greeks, including many Sarakatsani, were given financial inducement to move into Western Thrace to dilute the Muslim Turkish-speaking population.</span> Bu dönemde Yunanlılar, birçok Sarakatsani dahil olmak üzere, mali teşvik Batı Trakya içine Müslüman Türkçe konuşan nüfus sulandırmak geçmek için verildi.</span> </p><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Despite the return to democracy in 1974 the trend continued, aided by Greek reaction to the Turkish invasion of Cyprus.</span> 1974 yılında demokrasiye eğilim Kıbrıs Türk Yunan işgaline tepki de yardımıyla, dönüş rağmen devam etti.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">There has been no return to the former democratic practices as stipulated in Decree 2345/1920 and when the Mufti of Komotini died on July 2, 1985 he was replaced by a government appointee.</span> Orada Kararname 2345/1920 ve öngörüldüğü zaman Müftüsü Komotini 2 Temmuz'da ölen eski demokratik uygulamalara geri dönüşü olmayan yapılmış, 1985 yılında bir hükümet tarafından atanan değiştirildi.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">When the new Mufti resigned almost immediately due to community protests he was replaced six months later by another appointee without consultation.</span> Ne zaman yeni Müftüsü hemen dolayı altı ay sonra konsültasyon olmadan başka bir tayin yerini topluluk protesto için istifa etti.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Since 1977 all the place-names in Komotini were changed from Turkish forms to Greek forms and henceforth it was forbidden to use the old names for official purposes, apparently on pain of fine or even imprisonment.</span> 1.977 tüm yer-Komotini İsimleri beri türk formlardan Yunan formlara değişiklik yapıldı ve bundan sonra o ince, hatta hapis cezası ile resmi amaçlar için eski isimleri, görünüşe göre kullanmak yasaktı.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Mention of the Turkish name in parenthesis after the Greek names is also forbidden.</span> Türk adının parantez içinde Yunan isimleri sonra Mansiyon de yasaktır.</span> </p><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Over a long period there have been growing complaints by Muslims, Turks and Pomaks, that they, unlike Greek Orthodox Christians, cannot buy real estate, except for a few select people who co-operate with the authorities, neither can they negotiate loans or credits; building construction for Turkish houses has been withheld for many years resulting in the Turks being forced to live in backward conditions; neither is permission to build or restore mosques forthcoming; Muslims have been particularly affected by expropriation of land for public use without adequate compensation, and the re-allocation of land in Western Thrace which began in 1967 has resulted in their receiving inferior land in exchange; Muslims are virtually excluded from the state bureaucracy and hindered in business matters by difficulties in obtaining business and driving licences and even subject to punitive levies; despite constitutional guarantees, Turks who leave Greece, even for a temporary period, have been denied re-entry under Article 19 of the Greek Nationality Law which states “A person who is of foreign origin leaving Greek territories without the intention of returning may be deprived of Greek citizenship”, and obtaining normal five-year passports is difficult for many Turks.</span> Uzun dönemde orada ki, Yunan Ortodoks Hıristiyanların aksine, ortak yetkilileri ile işleten birkaç kişi seçmek dışında gayrimenkul satın alamazsınız Müslümanlar, Türkler ve Pomaklar tarafından şikayetler büyüyen, ne de kredi veya kredi pazarlık yapabilirsiniz edilmiştir ; türk evler bina inşaatı yıllarca Türkler ile sonuçlandı imtina edilmiştir geriye koşullarda yaşamak zorunda olmak; ne izni kurmak veya cami yakında geri olduğunu; Müslümanların özellikle arazi kamulaştırma kamu kullanımı için yeterli tazminat olmadan etkilenen olmuştur, ve yeniden Batı Trakya arazi olan 1967 yılında başladı ayırma kendi alan alt toprak döviz şöyle sonuçlandı; Müslümanlar neredeyse devlet bürokrasisinin dışında ve ticari konularda iş alma ve ve hatta cezai tabi ruhsatları sürüş zorluklar engel vergileri; anayasal güvenceler rağmen, Türkler, geçici bir süre için bile, Madde 19 Yunan Vatandaşlık Hukuku olan devletler "bir kişi yabancı kökenli dönme niyeti olmaksızın Yunan toprakları terk biridir altında yeniden giriş reddedilmiş Yunanistan bırakabilirsiniz Yunan vatandaşlık ", ve normal beş yıllık pasaport almak yoksun bırakılamaz zordur birçok Türkler için.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Additionally it is alleged that the authorities are attempting to disperse the minority by moving unemployed Turks and Pomaks to other areas, where once registered they are unable to return to Western Thrace, and are pressured under pain of dismissal to change their names to Greek ones.</span> Ayrıca bu makamların işsiz Türkler ve Pomaklar Bir zamanlar bunlar Batı Trakya'ya geri veremiyoruz kayıtlı diğer alanlarda taşıyarak azınlık dağıtmak için çalışıyorsunuz, ve iddia edilen işten çıkarma ağrı altında Yunan olanlar isimlerini değiştirmek için baskı vardır.</span> </p><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">In the vital field of education the Greek authorities have steadily increased teaching in Greek at the expense of Turkish.</span> Eğitim alanında önemli Yunan makamları giderek Yunan, Türk pahasına öğretim artmıştır.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">From the 1960s onwards religious teachers from the Arab world have progressively been reduced while the employment of teachers from Turkey to Turkish schools in Western Thrace has been stopped.</span> Ise Batı Trakya Türk okullarında Türkiye'den öğretmen istihdam durduruldu Arap dünyasında din öğretmenleri itibaren 1960 Gönderen kademeli azaltılmıştır.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Since 1968 only graduates from a special academy in Thessaloniki can be qualified to teach in Turkish schools.</span> Selanik'te özel bir akademi 1968 mezunları sadece bu yana Türk okullarında öğretmek için nitelikli olabilir.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">This academy takes much of its intake from Greek secondary schools and, its critics claim, relies on an outdated religious curriculum deliberately to create an incompetent Hellenized education system in Western Thrace isolated from the mainstream of modern Turkish culture.</span> Bu akademi ve çok Yunan orta okullardan kendi alımının alır, onun eleştirmenleri, iddiasını eski bir dini müfredat üzerinde kasıtlı olarak modern Türk kültürünün ana izole Batı Trakya'da bir beceriksiz Hellenized eğitim sistemi oluşturmak için dayanır.</span> </p><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The situation has deteriorated with the authorities introducing an entrance exam for the two Turkish minority schools in Komotini and Xanthi — there are some 300 Turkish primary schools — and a directorate from the government in March 1981 stipulating that graduate examinations from Turkish secondary and high schools have to be in Greek.</span> Durum yetkilileri Gümülcine ve İskeçe içinde iki Türk azınlık okulları için bir giriş sınavı getirilmesi ile bozulduğunu - bazı türk 300 ilköğretim okulu - ve hükümetin bir müdürlük Mart 1981 yılında, Türk orta ve yüksek okullardan mezun sınavlar var öngören vardır Yunan olmak.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The implementation of this law in 1985 with in some cases merely a few months' notice was extremely hard on the students.</span> Ile 1985 yılında bu yasanın uygulanması sadece birkaç ay önceden haber son derece öğrencilere zordu bazı durumlarda.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The result of these measures has been a dramatic decline in secondary school students in Turkish schools from 227 in Xanthi and 305 in Komotini in 1983-4, to 85 and 42 respectively in 1986-7.</span> Bu tedbirlerin sonucu, 85 ve 1986-7 42 sırasıyla 227 yılında İskeçe ve Gümülcine 305 yılında 1.983-4, Türk okullarında ortaöğretim öğrencileri dramatik bir düşüş olmuştur.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Greek history books portray Turks in crude stereotypes and while Turkish pupils are allowed some books from Turkey there have been inexplicable delays resulting in long outdated textbooks having to be used.</span> Yunan tarih kitaplarında ham basmakalıp ve Türkler tasvir ederken türk öğrenciler Türkiye'de bazı kitaplar var kullanılmak üzere açıklanamaz gecikmeler uzun eskimiş olan ders kitapları elde edilmiştir izin verilir.</span> </p><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The authorities have also prohibited the use of the adjective “Turkish” in titles denoting associations etc., and the Turkish Teachers Association in Western Thrace was closed by order of Komotini court on March 20, 1986, a decision upheld by the Athens High Court on July 28, 1986.</span> Makamlar ayrıca dernekler vb ifade eden ve Türk Öğretmenler Derneği Batı Trakya'da başlıklarında sıfat "Türk" kullanımı yasak var Gümülcine mahkeme tarafindan 20 Mart 1986 tarihinde bir karar Atina Yüksek Mahkemesi tarafından onayladı kapatıldı 28 Temmuz 1986.</span> </p><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Over a long period there have been many individual complaints by ethnic Turks at the deteriorating position of the minority in Western Thrace.</span> Uzun dönemde orada Batı Trakya'da azınlık kötüleşen konumunda etnik Türkler tarafından çok bireysel şikayetler olmuştur.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Such protests are apparently gathering force.</span> Böyle protesto görünüşte kuvvet araya geliyor.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">In the summer of 1988 there was a large-scale demonstration by Turks in Komotini which was followed by two bomb explosions — one in the central mosque and one in a cemetery of a neighbourhood mosque.</span> 1988 Yaz aylarında Gümülcine yılında Türkler tarafından iki bomba patlama - bir merkezi bir cami ve bir mahalle caminin bir mezarlığa izledi büyük çaplı bir gösteri oldu.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Nobody was injured in these attacks which Turks see as an act of provocation by the Greeks against the Turkish minority.</span> Kimse Türkler Türk azınlığa karşı Yunanlılar tarafından bir provokasyon eylemi olarak gördüğümüz bu saldırılarda yaralandı.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Additionally there have been a number of appeals by Turks in Western Thrace to outside bodies like the UN and Council of Europe.</span> Ayrıca orada BM ve Avrupa Konseyi gibi kurumların dışında Batı Trakya'da Türkler tarafından temyiz bir dizi olmuştur.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">On June 18, 1989 Sadik Ahmet, who had been arrested in August 1988 and sentenced to two and a half years' imprisonment after he had petitioned the Council of Europe detailing many of the complaints listed above, stood for Parliament as an independent Turkish candidate and was elected with some 32% of the vote illustrating the support for him among the Turkish population.</span> 18 Haziran 1989 Sadık Ahmet, kim Ağustos 1988 yılında tutuklanan ve sonra vardı iki buçuk yıl hapse mahkum günü, Avrupa Konseyi şikayet yukarıda sayılan pek çok ayrıntılı bir dilekçe Parlamentosu için bağımsız Türk aday ve durdu oy türk halk arasında ona destek gösteren bazı% 32 ile seçildi.</span> </p><div><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">(See also <i><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&u=http://www.faqs.org/minorities/Eastern-Europe/Turks-of-Bulgaria.html&prev=/search%3Fq%3Dkarakachani%2Blanguage%26hl%3Dtr%26safe%3Doff%26client%3Dfirefox-a%26rls%3Dorg.mozilla:tr:official%26hs%3Dm5Q&rurl=translate.google.com.tr&usg=ALkJrhjlWfrD380B9qocm-vY9ttkTtef7Q">Turks of Bulgaria</a> )</i></span> <i>(Ayrıca) <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&u=http://www.faqs.org/minorities/Eastern-Europe/Turks-of-Bulgaria.html&prev=/search%3Fq%3Dkarakachani%2Blanguage%26hl%3Dtr%26safe%3Doff%26client%3Dfirefox-a%26rls%3Dorg.mozilla:tr:official%26hs%3Dm5Q&rurl=translate.google.com.tr&usg=ALkJrhjlWfrD380B9qocm-vY9ttkTtef7Q">Türkler Bulgaristan</a></i> bak</span> </p></div><div id="interlink_nav"><p class="prev"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">« <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&u=http://www.faqs.org/minorities/Eastern-Europe/Turks-of-Bulgaria.html&prev=/search%3Fq%3Dkarakachani%2Blanguage%26hl%3Dtr%26safe%3Doff%26client%3Dfirefox-a%26rls%3Dorg.mozilla:tr:official%26hs%3Dm5Q&rurl=translate.google.com.tr&usg=ALkJrhjlWfrD380B9qocm-vY9ttkTtef7Q">Turks of Bulgaria</a></span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&u=http://www.faqs.org/minorities/Eastern-Europe/Turks-of-Bulgaria.html&prev=/search%3Fq%3Dkarakachani%2Blanguage%26hl%3Dtr%26safe%3Doff%26client%3Dfirefox-a%26rls%3Dorg.mozilla:tr:official%26hs%3Dm5Q&rurl=translate.google.com.tr&usg=ALkJrhjlWfrD380B9qocm-vY9ttkTtef7Q">«Türkler, Bulgaristan</a></span> </p></div><br />Rumeli Beylerbeyliği Arşivi<br /><br /><a class="a2a_dd" href="http://www.addtoany.com/share_save"><img alt="Share/Save/Bookmark" src="http://static.addtoany.com/buttons/share_save_171_16.png" border="0" width="171" height="16" /></a><script type="text/javascript">a2a_linkname="www.eyupsarikartal.com";a2a_linkurl=location.href;a2a_show_title=1;a2a_hide_embeds=0;a2a_num_services=22;</script><script charset="utf-8" src="http://static.addtoany.com/menu/locale/tr-TR.js" type="text/javascript"></script><script src="http://static.addtoany.com/menu/page.js" type="text/javascript"></script><br /><br />Urumeli vilayeti celilesi Osmanlının kalbidir.(Türkçe:Manastır/Yunanlar ve Sırplar ve Bulgarlar Bitola olarak değiştirilmiştir. Muhtemelen manas'tan geliyor. Ahalinin şiir yeteneğive kırgızlara fiziki benzerliği ilginç) ,Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2905918545844906697.post-57380976772493600602009-09-12T15:20:00.004+03:002009-09-13T14:47:14.435+03:00Karakaçani: Bizim Ulâ veya Ulah dediğimiz Karakaçaniler kimlerdir? Ne demektir? Suretleri bize neden benzer? Yunanalılar ve Bulgarlar neden dışlarlar?Karakaçaniler"<br /><br /><object width="425" height="344"><param name="movie" value="http://www.youtube.com/v/Z7Y3FN6oZ9M&hl=en&fs=1&"><param name="allowFullScreen" value="true"><param name="allowscriptaccess" value="always"><embed src="http://www.youtube.com/v/Z7Y3FN6oZ9M&hl=en&fs=1&" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" allowscriptaccess="always" allowfullscreen="true" width="425" height="344"></embed></object><br /><br />Kız Kaçırma <br /><br /><object width="425" height="344"><param name="movie" value="http://www.youtube.com/v/oyQZgbR7pc0&hl=en&fs=1&"></param><param name="allowFullScreen" value="true"></param><param name="allowscriptaccess" value="always"></param><embed src="http://www.youtube.com/v/oyQZgbR7pc0&hl=en&fs=1&" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" allowscriptaccess="always" allowfullscreen="true" width="425" height="344"></embed></object><br /><br />hayde more kebap<br /><br /><object width="425" height="344"><param name="movie" value="http://www.youtube.com/v/ViTZXqMB66c&hl=en&fs=1&"></param><param name="allowFullScreen" value="true"></param><param name="allowscriptaccess" value="always"></param><embed src="http://www.youtube.com/v/ViTZXqMB66c&hl=en&fs=1&" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" allowscriptaccess="always" allowfullscreen="true" width="425" height="344"></embed></object><br />beraberi kıayfetler ses melodi<br /><br /><object width="425" height="344"><param name="movie" value="http://www.youtube.com/v/V3xNzAPqWt8&hl=en&fs=1&"></param><param name="allowFullScreen" value="true"></param><param name="allowscriptaccess" value="always"></param><embed src="http://www.youtube.com/v/V3xNzAPqWt8&hl=en&fs=1&" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" allowscriptaccess="always" allowfullscreen="true" width="425" height="344"></embed></object><br /><br />Nerelerdeler karakaçan teleffuzları atları karakaçanları (eşşekleri)<br /><br /><br />Bize neden benzerler? Suretleri ve kilimleri desenleriyle enteresan .Ama din gidince dilde gitmiş. 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</a></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <br /><h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading"><span style="" onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()">Sarakatsani</span> </h1><div id="bodyContent"><h3 id="siteSub"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</span> Vikipedi, özgür ansiklopedi</span> </h3> <div id="jump-to-nav"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Jump to: <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarakatsani&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhg-xntSUe57LBE9bIMaxSQirHUgcw#column-one">navigation</a> , <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarakatsani&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhg-xntSUe57LBE9bIMaxSQirHUgcw#searchInput">search</a></span> Git ve: <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarakatsani&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhg-xntSUe57LBE9bIMaxSQirHUgcw#column-one">kullan,</a> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarakatsani&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhg-xntSUe57LBE9bIMaxSQirHUgcw#searchInput">ara</a></span> </div> <table class="infobox" style="width: 22em; text-align: center; font-size: 88%; line-height: 1.5em;" cellspacing="5"><caption style="font-size: larger; font-weight: bold;"><br /></caption><tbody><tr><td><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Sarakatsani</span> Sarakatsani</span><br /><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">(Σαρακατσάνοι)</span> (Σαρακατσάνοι)</span> </td></tr></tbody><tbody><tr><td> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Karakacan_Greeks_Kotel_Bulgaria.JPG&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjE6Am8HYu9V-Rd9JXbwVYpAkBR4g" class="image" title="Karakacan Yunanlılar Kotel Bulgaria.JPG"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Karakacan_Greeks_Kotel_Bulgaria.JPG/230px-Karakacan_Greeks_Kotel_Bulgaria.JPG" width="230" height="314" /></a> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Sarakatsani children in <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kotel,_Bulgaria&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiCHl5jFCDC-IrU1h5njXBHUgW_mQ" title="Kotel, Bulgaristan">Kotel</a> , <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhg8l2KvVKr-f8XGy8E1DH9AenLKEg" title="Bulgaristan">Bulgaria</a></span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kotel,_Bulgaria&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiCHl5jFCDC-IrU1h5njXBHUgW_mQ" title="Kotel, Bulgaristan">Kotel,</a> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhg8l2KvVKr-f8XGy8E1DH9AenLKEg" title="Bulgaristan">Bulgaristan</a> ve Sarakatsani çocuk</span> </td> </tr><tr><td><br /></td></tr><tr><th style="background-color: rgb(176, 196, 222);"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Total population</span> Toplam nüfus</span> </th> </tr><tr><td> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">unknown</span> bilinmeyen</span> </td></tr><tr><th style="background-color: rgb(176, 196, 222);"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Regions with significant populations</span> Önemli Bölgeler</span> </th></tr><tr><td><table style="background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; width: 100%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; line-height: 12pt; text-align: left;font-size:95%;" align="center"> <tbody><tr><td> <span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/22px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png" class="thumbborder" width="22" height="15" /></span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhqqS-Cfa6zoLvboE4jVPCYcvzIDA" title="Yunanistan">Greece</a></span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhqqS-Cfa6zoLvboE4jVPCYcvzIDA" title="Yunanistan">Yunanistan</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align: right;"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">80,000 (1950s estimate)</span> 80.000 (1950'lerin tahmini)</span> </td> <td> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarakatsani&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhg-xntSUe57LBE9bIMaxSQirHUgcw#cite_note-0"><sup id="cite_ref-0" class="reference"><span style="position: relative; top: 0.6em;"><span>[</span> 1 <span>]</span></span></sup></a></span> <span><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarakatsani&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhg-xntSUe57LBE9bIMaxSQirHUgcw#cite_note-0"><sup id="cite_ref-0" class="reference"><span style="position: relative; top: 0.6em;">[1]</span></sup></a></span></span> </td> </tr><tr><td> <span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/22px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png" class="thumbborder" width="22" height="13" /></span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhg8l2KvVKr-f8XGy8E1DH9AenLKEg" title="Bulgaristan">Bulgaria</a></span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhg8l2KvVKr-f8XGy8E1DH9AenLKEg" title="Bulgaristan">Bulgaristan</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align: right;"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">4,107 (2001 census) - 25,000 <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarakatsani&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhg-xntSUe57LBE9bIMaxSQirHUgcw#cite_note-1"><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><span>[</span> 2 <span>]</span></sup></a> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarakatsani&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhg-xntSUe57LBE9bIMaxSQirHUgcw#cite_note-2"><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><span>[</span> 3 <span>]</span></sup></a></span> 4.107 (2001 sayımı) - 25.000 <span><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarakatsani&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhg-xntSUe57LBE9bIMaxSQirHUgcw#cite_note-1"><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference">[2]</sup></a> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarakatsani&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhg-xntSUe57LBE9bIMaxSQirHUgcw#cite_note-2"><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference">[3]</sup></a></span></span> </td> <td> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarakatsani&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhg-xntSUe57LBE9bIMaxSQirHUgcw#cite_note-3"><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><span style="position: relative; top: 0.6em;"><span>[</span> 4 <span>]</span></span></sup></a></span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarakatsani&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhg-xntSUe57LBE9bIMaxSQirHUgcw#cite_note-3"><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><span><span style="position: relative; top: 0.6em;">[4]</span></span></sup></a></span> </td> </tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th style="background-color: rgb(176, 196, 222);"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Languages</span> Diller</span> </th> </tr><tr><td><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_language&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhh7L7FubWRvFoxTz2qe_Oyu_mW5XQ" title="Yunan dili">Greek</a> and other languages in the areas in which they live.</span> Içinde yaşadıkları alanlarda <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_language&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhh7L7FubWRvFoxTz2qe_Oyu_mW5XQ" title="Yunan dili">Yunan</a> ve diğer diller.</span> </p> </td></tr><tr><th style="background-color: rgb(176, 196, 222);"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Religion</span> Din</span> </th> </tr><tr><td><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgAzdnkLE_Qky_bmgcsDLycfXNX-w" title="Doğu Ortodoks Kilisesi" class="mw-redirect">Eastern Orthodoxy</a></span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgAzdnkLE_Qky_bmgcsDLycfXNX-w" title="Doğu Ortodoks Kilisesi" class="mw-redirect">Doğu Ortodoksluğu</a></span> </p> </td></tr><tr><th style="background-color: rgb(176, 196, 222);"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Related ethnic groups</span> İlgili etnik gruplar</span> </th> </tr><tr><td><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Rest of <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greeks&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhg7BnLiWk_7AqphEXDbhFOFLWFJGw" title="Yunanlılar">Greeks</a></span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greeks&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhg7BnLiWk_7AqphEXDbhFOFLWFJGw" title="Yunanlılar">Yunanlılar</a> Rest of</span> </p> </td></tr></tbody></table><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The <b>Sarakatsani</b> ( <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_language&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhh7L7FubWRvFoxTz2qe_Oyu_mW5XQ" title="Yunan dili">Greek</a> : <span lang="el">Σαρακατσάνοι</span> ) are a group of <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greeks&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhg7BnLiWk_7AqphEXDbhFOFLWFJGw" title="Yunanlılar">Greek</a> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transhumance&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhBDUfBo13ei7u5em1UfFf6NsdZzg" title="Transhumance">transhumant</a> shepherds inhabiting <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhqqS-Cfa6zoLvboE4jVPCYcvzIDA" title="Yunanistan">Greece</a> and neighbouring countries.</span> <b>Sarakatsani</b> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_language&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhh7L7FubWRvFoxTz2qe_Oyu_mW5XQ" title="Yunan dili">(Yunanca:</a> <span lang="el">Σαρακατσάνοι)</span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greeks&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhg7BnLiWk_7AqphEXDbhFOFLWFJGw" title="Yunanlılar">Yunan</a> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transhumance&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhBDUfBo13ei7u5em1UfFf6NsdZzg" title="Transhumance">transhumant</a> (malcı hayvancı) çoban <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhqqS-Cfa6zoLvboE4jVPCYcvzIDA" title="Yunanistan">Yunanistan</a> yaşayan ve komşu ülkelerde bir grup.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Historically centered around the <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pindus&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhg3UjECgQa_gfUnphIiB92Ok_JFew" title="Pindus">Pindus</a> mountains, they have been currently urbanised to a significant degree.</span> Tarihsel <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pindus&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhg3UjECgQa_gfUnphIiB92Ok_JFew" title="Pindus">Pindus</a> dağların etrafında, şu anda önemli bir ölçüde kentleşme olmuştur merkezli.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Most of them now reside throughout <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Greece&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgYoTAS4527MAY6TZ9gzLyY3Il8aA" title="Yunanistan'ın orta">Central</a> and Northern Greece.</span> Çoğu şimdi <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Greece&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgYoTAS4527MAY6TZ9gzLyY3Il8aA" title="Yunanistan'ın orta">Orta</a> ve Kuzey Yunanistan boyunca ikamet.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Smaller numbers also exist in southern <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albania&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhj-FS8vqY7MfqhINcgt4CrK6IUrqA" title="Arnavutluk">Albania</a> , <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhg8l2KvVKr-f8XGy8E1DH9AenLKEg" title="Bulgaristan">Bulgaria</a> and the <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Macedonia&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjONzqgKrZsC-QIQ0jduTlbUloVeA" title="Makedonya Cumhuriyeti">Republic of Macedonia</a> . <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarakatsani&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhg-xntSUe57LBE9bIMaxSQirHUgcw#cite_note-4"><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><span>[</span> 5 <span>]</span></sup></a></span> Az sayıda da güney <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albania&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhj-FS8vqY7MfqhINcgt4CrK6IUrqA" title="Arnavutluk">Arnavutluk,</a> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhg8l2KvVKr-f8XGy8E1DH9AenLKEg" title="Bulgaristan">Bulgaristan</a> ve <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Macedonia&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjONzqgKrZsC-QIQ0jduTlbUloVeA" title="Makedonya Cumhuriyeti">Makedonya Cumhuriyeti</a> var. <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarakatsani&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhg-xntSUe57LBE9bIMaxSQirHUgcw#cite_note-4"><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><span>[5]</span></sup></a></span> </p> <table id="toc" class="toc" summary="Contents"><tbody><tr><td><div id="toctitle"><h2> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Contents</span> Içeriği</span> </h2> <span class="toctoggle">[<a href="javascript:toggleToc()" class="internal" id="togglelink">hide</a>]</span></div><ul><li class="toclevel-1"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarakatsani&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhg-xntSUe57LBE9bIMaxSQirHUgcw#History_and_origin"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">History and origin</span></a></span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarakatsani&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhg-xntSUe57LBE9bIMaxSQirHUgcw#History_and_origin"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Tarih ve menşe</span></a></span> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarakatsani&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhg-xntSUe57LBE9bIMaxSQirHUgcw#19th-century_accounts"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">19th-century accounts</span></a></span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarakatsani&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhg-xntSUe57LBE9bIMaxSQirHUgcw#19th-century_accounts"><span class="tocnumber">1,1</span> <span class="toctext">19. yüzyıl hesapları</span></a></span> </li> <li class="toclevel-2"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarakatsani&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhg-xntSUe57LBE9bIMaxSQirHUgcw#20th-century_accounts"><span class="tocnumber">1.2</span> <span class="toctext">20th-century accounts</span></a></span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarakatsani&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhg-xntSUe57LBE9bIMaxSQirHUgcw#20th-century_accounts"><span class="tocnumber">1,2</span> <span class="toctext">20. yüzyıl hesapları</span></a></span> </li> <li class="toclevel-2"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarakatsani&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhg-xntSUe57LBE9bIMaxSQirHUgcw#Sarakatsani_and_Vlachs"><span class="tocnumber">1.3</span> <span class="toctext">Sarakatsani and Vlachs</span></a></span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarakatsani&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhg-xntSUe57LBE9bIMaxSQirHUgcw#Sarakatsani_and_Vlachs"><span class="tocnumber">1,3</span> <span class="toctext">Sarakatsani ve Ulah</span></a></span> </li> </ul></li><li class="toclevel-1"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarakatsani&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhg-xntSUe57LBE9bIMaxSQirHUgcw#Name"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Name</span></a></span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarakatsani&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhg-xntSUe57LBE9bIMaxSQirHUgcw#Name"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Adı</span></a></span> </li> <li class="toclevel-1"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarakatsani&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhg-xntSUe57LBE9bIMaxSQirHUgcw#Culture"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Culture</span></a></span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarakatsani&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhg-xntSUe57LBE9bIMaxSQirHUgcw#Culture"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Kültür</span></a></span> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarakatsani&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhg-xntSUe57LBE9bIMaxSQirHUgcw#Kinship"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Kinship</span></a></span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarakatsani&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhg-xntSUe57LBE9bIMaxSQirHUgcw#Kinship"><span class="tocnumber">3,1</span> <span class="toctext">Akrabalık</span></a></span> </li> <li class="toclevel-2"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarakatsani&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhg-xntSUe57LBE9bIMaxSQirHUgcw#Honor_of_the_kindred"><span class="tocnumber">3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Honor of the kindred</span></a></span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarakatsani&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhg-xntSUe57LBE9bIMaxSQirHUgcw#Honor_of_the_kindred"><span class="tocnumber">3,2</span> <span class="toctext">Honor akraba ve</span></a></span> </li> <li class="toclevel-2"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarakatsani&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhg-xntSUe57LBE9bIMaxSQirHUgcw#Religion"><span class="tocnumber">3.3</span> <span class="toctext">Religion</span></a></span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarakatsani&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhg-xntSUe57LBE9bIMaxSQirHUgcw#Religion"><span class="tocnumber">3,3</span> <span class="toctext">Din</span></a></span> </li> <li class="toclevel-2"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarakatsani&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhg-xntSUe57LBE9bIMaxSQirHUgcw#Pastoralism"><span class="tocnumber">3.4</span> <span class="toctext">Pastoralism</span></a></span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarakatsani&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhg-xntSUe57LBE9bIMaxSQirHUgcw#Pastoralism"><span class="tocnumber">3,4</span> <span class="toctext">Pastoralism</span></a></span> </li> </ul></li><li class="toclevel-1"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarakatsani&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhg-xntSUe57LBE9bIMaxSQirHUgcw#Demographics"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Demographics</span></a></span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarakatsani&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhg-xntSUe57LBE9bIMaxSQirHUgcw#Demographics"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Demografi</span></a></span> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarakatsani&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhg-xntSUe57LBE9bIMaxSQirHUgcw#Bulgaria"><span class="tocnumber">4.1</span> <span class="toctext">Bulgaria</span></a></span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarakatsani&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhg-xntSUe57LBE9bIMaxSQirHUgcw#Bulgaria"><span class="tocnumber">4,1</span> <span class="toctext">Bulgaristan</span></a></span> </li> </ul></li><li class="toclevel-1"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarakatsani&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhg-xntSUe57LBE9bIMaxSQirHUgcw#Rootlesness_and_ritualization"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Rootlesness and ritualization</span></a></span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarakatsani&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhg-xntSUe57LBE9bIMaxSQirHUgcw#Rootlesness_and_ritualization"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Rootlesness ve ritualization</span></a></span> </li> <li class="toclevel-1"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarakatsani&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhg-xntSUe57LBE9bIMaxSQirHUgcw#Notable_Sarakatsani"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Notable Sarakatsani</span></a></span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarakatsani&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhg-xntSUe57LBE9bIMaxSQirHUgcw#Notable_Sarakatsani"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Önemli Sarakatsani</span></a></span> </li> <li class="toclevel-1"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarakatsani&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhg-xntSUe57LBE9bIMaxSQirHUgcw#References"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarakatsani&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhg-xntSUe57LBE9bIMaxSQirHUgcw#References"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Referanslar</span></a></span> </li> <li class="toclevel-1"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarakatsani&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhg-xntSUe57LBE9bIMaxSQirHUgcw#Bibliograpgy"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">Bibliograpgy</span></a></span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarakatsani&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhg-xntSUe57LBE9bIMaxSQirHUgcw#Bibliograpgy"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">Bibliograpgy</span></a></span> </li> <li class="toclevel-1"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarakatsani&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhg-xntSUe57LBE9bIMaxSQirHUgcw#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarakatsani&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhg-xntSUe57LBE9bIMaxSQirHUgcw#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">Dış bağlantılar</span></a></span> </li> </ul></td></tr></tbody></table><p><a name="History_and_origin" id="History_and_origin"></a></p><h2> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span class="editsection">[ <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DSarakatsani%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D1&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhi6jyLWYmi7mZ0BQxbWam3sAecqXg" title="Edit bölümü: Tarih ve menşe">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">History and origin</span></span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DSarakatsani%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D1&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhi6jyLWYmi7mZ0BQxbWam3sAecqXg" title="Edit bölümü: Tarih ve menşe"><span class="editsection">[Değiştir]</span></a> <span class="mw-headline">Tarihi ve kökeni</span></span> </h2> <p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Despite the silence of the <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_antiquity&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhKw_pBv3vWbPOMuJKTnEaVzoGBvA" title="Klasik Antik">classical</a> and <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Ages&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjVxOrdp7j6APxgef5q3KI4h7a6Yg" title="Orta Çağ">medieval</a> writers, most scholars argue that the Sarakatsani have ancient origins, descended from pre-classical indigenous pastoralists, citing linguistic evidence and certain aspects of their traditional culture and socioeconomic organization.</span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_antiquity&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhKw_pBv3vWbPOMuJKTnEaVzoGBvA" title="Klasik Antik">Klasik</a> ve <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Ages&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjVxOrdp7j6APxgef5q3KI4h7a6Yg" title="Orta Çağ">ortaçağ</a> yazarlar ve sessizlik rağmen, en akademisyenler bu Sarakatsani, ön soyundan-klasik yerli pastoralists eski kökenleri var, dilsel kanıt ve geleneksel kültür ve sosyo-ekonomik organizasyon bazı yönlerini öne sürerek savunuyorlar.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The anthropological characteristics of the Sarakatsani also classify them as one of the earliest populations on the <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balkans&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiOnoDYGRJy85H6nWc6cCLDmoi26g" title="Balkanlar">Balkans</a> and <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhE9H4HQ5TbgZawsuMcdQa8n5v8AA" title="Avrupa">Europe</a> .</span> Sarakatsani ve antropolojik özellikleri aynı zamanda <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balkans&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiOnoDYGRJy85H6nWc6cCLDmoi26g" title="Balkanlar">Balkanlar</a> ve <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhE9H4HQ5TbgZawsuMcdQa8n5v8AA" title="Avrupa">Avrupa</a> tarihinde ilk nüfus olarak sınıflandırılır.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Their origins have been the subject of broad and permanent interest.</span> Kökenlerine geniş ve sürekli ilgi konusu olmuştur.</span> </p> <p><a name="19th-century_accounts" id="19th-century_accounts"></a></p><h3> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span class="editsection">[ <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DSarakatsani%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D2&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiL3D91-sKZWlM-zAZhAPTCONfWgA" title="Değiştir bölüm: 19. yüzyıl hesapları">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">19th-century accounts</span></span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DSarakatsani%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D2&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiL3D91-sKZWlM-zAZhAPTCONfWgA" title="Değiştir bölüm: 19. yüzyıl hesapları"><span class="editsection">[Değiştir]</span></a> <span class="mw-headline">19. yüzyıl hesapları</span></span> </h3> <p><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Many of the 19th century descriptions of the Sarakatsani do not differentiate between them and the other great shepherd tribe of Greece, the <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vlachs&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiDL11Q9Nr-lSOuCnR3hNjbRfO35w" title="Ulah">Vlachs</a> , who are however of <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latins&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhimiyv5N4BMDV0CmmMLDcLVUW9tmw" title="Latinler">Latin</a> origin.</span> Sarakatsani 19. yüzyıl açıklamalar çoğu onları ve diğer büyük çoban kabile arasında Yunanistan, <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vlachs&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiDL11Q9Nr-lSOuCnR3hNjbRfO35w" title="Ulah">Ulah</a> olan ancak <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latins&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhimiyv5N4BMDV0CmmMLDcLVUW9tmw" title="Latinler">Latin</a> kökenli bazıları bir ayrım yoktur.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">In many instances the Sarakatsani were simplifyingly described as <i>Vlachs</i> , which was a generic term for pastoral people.</span> Sarakatsani simplifyingly <i>Ulah</i> olan pastoral insanlar için genel bir terim olarak olarak tarif edildi Birçok durumda.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">In his <i>Monograph on Koutsovlachs</i> ( <i>Μονογραφία περι Κουτσόβλαχων</i> , 1865, reprinted in 1905), an <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epirotes&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhh8mgTG0kshfptBdZyBqlEawpjSLw" title="Epirotes" class="mw-redirect">Epirote</a> Greek named Aravantinos discussed how the Arvanitovlachs were erroneously called <i>Sarakatsani</i> although the latter were of clearly Greek origin. <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarakatsani&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhg-xntSUe57LBE9bIMaxSQirHUgcw#cite_note-5"><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><span>[</span> 6 <span>]</span></sup></a></span> Onun <i>Monograph Koutsovlachs Doğum (Μονογραφία περι Κουτσόβλαχων,</i> 1865, 1905 yılında yeniden basıldı), bir <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epirotes&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhh8mgTG0kshfptBdZyBqlEawpjSLw" title="Epirotes" class="mw-redirect">Epirote</a> Yunan yılında olmasına rağmen ikinci açıkça Yunan kökenli olduğunu nasıl Arvanitovlachs yanlışlıkla <i>Sarakatsani</i> çağrıldı ele Aravantinos adlandırılmış. <span><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarakatsani&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhg-xntSUe57LBE9bIMaxSQirHUgcw#cite_note-5"><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference">[6]</sup></a></span></span> </p> <p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">In another work of the same author titled <i>Chronography</i> ( <i>Χρονογραφία</i> ), he elaborates more on the Sarakatsani and discusses the existence of the Sarakatsani.</span> Yazarın <i>Chronography (Χρονογραφία)</i> başlıklı bir başka çalışma yılında Sarakatsani daha fazla ayrıntılandırdığı ve Sarakatsani varlığını tartışır.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">He also states that the Arvanitovlachs were called <i>Garagounides</i> or <i>Korakounides</i> increasing the differences between Arvanitovlachs and Sarakatsani, who according to one theory originated in the Greek village of Saraketsi. <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarakatsani&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhg-xntSUe57LBE9bIMaxSQirHUgcw#cite_note-6"><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><span>[</span> 7 <span>]</span></sup></a></span> Başbakan ayrıca, Arvanitovlachs <i>Garagounides</i> veya <i>Korakounides</i> Arvanitovlachs ve Sarakatsani arasında olan bir teori Saraketsi bir Yunan köyünde kökenli göre farklılıklar artan denirdi devletler. <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarakatsani&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhg-xntSUe57LBE9bIMaxSQirHUgcw#cite_note-6"><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><span>[7]</span></sup></a></span> </p> <p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">There were other names the Sarakatsani were referred to such as <i>Roumeliotes</i> (by authors such as Georges Kavadias) even though the Sarakatsani did not use that name themselves, or <i>Moraites</i> (according to Fotakos) when they migrated to <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thessaly&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjQZAez4mtYrtHl3MYJfrW-xDlLyw" title="Teselya">Thessaly</a> from <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morea&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjkF3Ti6nQGXIBbWYE5bz4iuSXAQw" title="Mora">Morea</a> after 1881.</span> Için <i>Roumeliotes</i> gibi yazarlar (Georges Kavadias gibi) bile Sarakatsani kendileri veya <i>Moraites</i> o ismi kullanmak vermedi sevk edildi başka isimler Sarakatsani edildi (Fotakos için) zaman <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thessaly&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjQZAez4mtYrtHl3MYJfrW-xDlLyw" title="Teselya">Teselya</a> için <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morea&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjkF3Ti6nQGXIBbWYE5bz4iuSXAQw" title="Mora">Mora</a> den 1881 sonra göç göre.</span> </p> <p><a name="20th-century_accounts" id="20th-century_accounts"></a></p><h3> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span class="editsection">[ <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DSarakatsani%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D3&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhtuKUScehZjsEA2O7gYZOhZWykjw" title="Değiştir bölüm: 20. yüzyıl hesapları">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">20th-century accounts</span></span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DSarakatsani%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D3&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhtuKUScehZjsEA2O7gYZOhZWykjw" title="Değiştir bölüm: 20. yüzyıl hesapları"><span class="editsection">[Değiştir]</span></a> <span class="mw-headline">20. yüzyıl hesapları</span></span> </h3> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width: 252px;"> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Berkovitsa-ethnomuseum-sarakatsani-folk-costumes.jpg&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhj1EZPyqoYjWcujjK8Vn6V5fW7VGg" class="image" title="Kostüm Sarakatsani ve Berkovitsa kuzeybatı Bulgar bölge"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Berkovitsa-ethnomuseum-sarakatsani-folk-costumes.jpg/250px-Berkovitsa-ethnomuseum-sarakatsani-folk-costumes.jpg" class="thumbimage" width="250" height="333" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Berkovitsa-ethnomuseum-sarakatsani-folk-costumes.jpg&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhj1EZPyqoYjWcujjK8Vn6V5fW7VGg" class="internal" title="Ayrıntı"><img src="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" width="15" height="11" /></a> </div> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Costumes of Sarakatsani from the northwestern Bulgarian region of <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkovitsa&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhPYNcuYZlXim05aBdnK6H1NhpGIQ" title="Berkovitsa">Berkovitsa</a></span> Kostüm Sarakatsani ve <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkovitsa&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhPYNcuYZlXim05aBdnK6H1NhpGIQ" title="Berkovitsa">Berkovitsa</a> kuzeybatı Bulgar bölge</span> </div> </div></div><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">A multitude of 20th century scholars have studied the linguistic, cultural, and racial background of the Sarakatsani.</span> 20. yüzyıl bilim adamlarının çok sayıda Sarakatsani, kültürel, dilsel ve ırksal arka plan inceledik.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">By now, they clearly distinguished the Sarakatsani as a distinct entity, and the linguistic, cultural and racial background of the Sarakatsani started to be meticulously researched.</span> Artık, açıkça ayrı bir varlık olarak, ve Sarakatsani, kültürel dilsel ve ırksal arka Sarakatsani seçkin titizlikle araştırılmış başlanmıştır.</span> </p><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Among these, the <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danish_people&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhekpQs-ZrDMCFCEKZRwsadPgWbyg" title="Danimarka Halk">Danish</a> scholar <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carsten_H%25C3%25B8eg&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhi3Yld7vTtudSp1N7al1LWiRrbDLQ" title="Carsten Hoeg">Carsten Høeg</a> , who traveled twice to Greece between 1920 and 1925, is arguably the most influential.</span> Bunlar arasında, <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danish_people&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhekpQs-ZrDMCFCEKZRwsadPgWbyg" title="Danimarka Halk">Danimarkalı</a> bilim adamı <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carsten_H%25C3%25B8eg&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhi3Yld7vTtudSp1N7al1LWiRrbDLQ" title="Carsten Hoeg">Carsten Hoeg,</a> iki kez Yunanistan için 1920 ve 1925 arasında seyahat muhtemelen en etkili olduğunu.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">He visited the Sarakatsani in Epirus and began studying their dialect and narrations.</span> O Epir Sarakatsani ziyaret ve lehçesi ve rivayetleri inceleyerek başladı.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Høeg published his findings in 1926 in his book entitled <i>The Sarakatsani</i> .</span> Hoeg 1926 yılında kitabında <i>Sarakatsani</i> başlıklı onun bulgularını yayınladı.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">In his work, he stated that there are no significant traces of foreign loan words in the Sarakatsani dialect.</span> Yaptığı çalışmada, o orada Sarakatsani lehçesinde yabancı kredi kelimelerin önemli izleri olduğunu belirtmiştir.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">These foreign linguistic elements are neither found phonetically nor are they found in the overall grammatical structure of the dialect.</span> Bu yabancı dil unsurları ne fonetik ne de bulunur onlar lehçesi genel gramer yapısı bulunur.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">In addition to this, he writes that the Sarakatsani material culture shows the trace of sedentary origins.</span> Buna ek olarak, o Sarakatsani maddi kültür yerleşik kökeni izi gösterir yazar.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">There were groups of Sarakatsani in the 20th century with no fixed villages, whether in summertime or in winter traced as such by Høeg.</span> Hiçbir sabit köyleriyle birlikte 20. yüzyılda Sarakatsani grupları, yaz olsun veya kış vardı Hoeg gibi tarafından izlenebilmektedir.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">He also found the Sarakatsani in several parts of Greece, <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thessaly&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjQZAez4mtYrtHl3MYJfrW-xDlLyw" title="Teselya">Thessaly</a> , <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macedonia_%28Greece%29&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgqr0Zgi7y8C43cuorlzW7VUc9aIw" title="Makedonya (Yunanistan)">Macedonia</a> , <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelagonia&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhj8vKd-tuZUXnNm8f82WVUVVFJGjg" title="Pelagonia">Pelagonia</a> , <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Thrace&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjnS0IIK_BXCQl_fHXPu431kdUz0w" title="Batı Trakya">Thrace</a> , around <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Copais&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgd4B2Le2qwNneQqfqNamPjUcjVlA" title="Göl Copais">Lake Copais</a> in <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeotia_Prefecture&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgP3B0hYzRjvJNXGD1Z3UH_qi2y7g" title="Boeotia İli">Boeotia</a> , and on mountain ranges like <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pindus&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhg3UjECgQa_gfUnphIiB92Ok_JFew" title="Pindus">Pindus</a> , <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhodope_Mountains&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjnnqTZMbfUUUK0PcoP5wIPH88QLg" title="Rodop Dağları">Rhodope</a> and <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vermion_Mountains&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjo9kSnHi43VkKW9y4Se7GfsRBUgQ" title="Vermion Dağları" class="mw-redirect">Vermion</a> .</span> Ayrıca Yunanistan, <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thessaly&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjQZAez4mtYrtHl3MYJfrW-xDlLyw" title="Teselya">Teselya,</a> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macedonia_%28Greece%29&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgqr0Zgi7y8C43cuorlzW7VUc9aIw" title="Makedonya (Yunanistan)">Makedonya,</a> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelagonia&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhj8vKd-tuZUXnNm8f82WVUVVFJGjg" title="Pelagonia">Pelagonia,</a> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Thrace&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjnS0IIK_BXCQl_fHXPu431kdUz0w" title="Batı Trakya">Trakya,</a> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Copais&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgd4B2Le2qwNneQqfqNamPjUcjVlA" title="Göl Copais">Copais Gölü</a> çevresinde <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeotia_Prefecture&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgP3B0hYzRjvJNXGD1Z3UH_qi2y7g" title="Boeotia İli">Boeotia</a> içinde ve <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pindus&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhg3UjECgQa_gfUnphIiB92Ok_JFew" title="Pindus">Pindus,</a> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhodope_Mountains&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjnnqTZMbfUUUK0PcoP5wIPH88QLg" title="Rodop Dağları">Rodop</a> ve <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vermion_Mountains&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjo9kSnHi43VkKW9y4Se7GfsRBUgQ" title="Vermion Dağları" class="mw-redirect">Vermion</a> gibi dağ sıralarının üzerinde çeşitli bölgelerinde Sarakatsani bulundu.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Høeg attempted to find examples of nomadism in <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_Greece&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiIsd1qxHFlu194pB5z3OLo-dTq2A" title="Klasik Yunanistan">Classical Greece</a> as an equation for that of the Sarakatsani.</span> Hoeg bu Sarakatsani için bir denklem olarak <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_Greece&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiIsd1qxHFlu194pB5z3OLo-dTq2A" title="Klasik Yunanistan">Klasik Yunanistan</a> içinde göçebelik örnekleri bulmak için çalıştı.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Høeg was criticized by Georges Kavadias for exaggerating the link between the 20th century Sarakatsani population and the ancient Greeks and ultimately Høeg's classical Greek background was thought of having influenced - sometimes in a biased way - the conclusions he outlined as to the origins of Sarakatsani.</span> Hoeg Georges Kavadias tarafından 20. yüzyıl Sarakatsani nüfus ve Eski Yunanlılar ve sonuçta Hoeg klasik Yunan kökenli etkilenmiş olan düşünüldü arasındaki bağlantıyı abartarak için eleştirildi - önyargılı bir şekilde bazen - o kadar Sarakatsani kökeni için sonuçlar sıraladı.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">A <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germans&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhxpm4lHAR7KH6c7cStgZV3viv3WQ" title="Almanlar">German</a> scholar, Beuermann, rejects Høeg's rationalizations of these facts, which is relevant to the claim frequently put forward that the Sarakatsani are the "purest of the Ancient Greek population".</span> Bir <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germans&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhxpm4lHAR7KH6c7cStgZV3viv3WQ" title="Almanlar">Alman</a> bilim adamı, Beuermann olan iddia sık sık ileri ki Sarakatsani Antik Yunan nüfusunun "saf" olan koymak alakalı bu gerçekleri, bir Hoeg's rationalizations reddeder.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">There appears to be no written mention of the Sarakatsani previous to the 18th century.</span> Orada Sarakatsani 18. yüzyıldan önceki hiçbir yazılı söz gibi görünüyor.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">From this, one can conclude that the term <i>Sarakatsani</i> is a relatively new generic name given to a quite an old population that lived for centuries in isolation from the other inhabitants of what is today Greece.</span> Buradan, tek bir terim <i>Sarakatsani</i> nispeten yeni bir jenerik adı, izolasyon yüzyıllarca bugün Yunanistan olduğu diğer sakinleri itibaren yaşayan bir çok yaşlı bir nüfus verilir sonucuna varabiliriz.</span> </p><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Georgakas (1949) and Kavadias (1965) believe that either the Sarakatsani are descendants of ancient nomads who inhabited the mountain regions of Greece in the pre-Classical times, or they are descended from sedentary Greek peasants forced to leave their original settlements around the 14th century and to become nomadic shepherds.</span> Georgakas (1949) ve Kavadias (1965) Her iki Sarakatsani kim öncesi Yunanistan'ın dağlık bölgelerde yaşadığı eski göçebelerin torunları veya-Klasik kez inanıyorum onlar yerleşik Yunan köylüler 14. etrafında özgün yerleşim yerleri terk etmek zorunda türemiş bulunmaktadır yüzyıl ve göçebe çoban olmak.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Angeliki Chatzimichali, a Greek <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnography&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjtyy_76fUx7rAMrfaySxHAV6bj4w" title="Etnografya">ethnographer</a> who spent a lifetime among them and published her work in 1957, remarks the prototypical elements of <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_Greece&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhE0oFVJnczBjWX5pg8N1bIjCTxYA" title="Kültür Yunanistan">Greek culture</a> that can be found throughout the pastoral way of life, social organization and art of the Sarakatsani, pointing the similarity between the Sarakatsan decorative art and the <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geometric_Art&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhg1A2JlEexv-2Csh2LR1Kc4kCSKsA" title="Geometrik Sanat">geometric art</a> of pre-classical Greece. <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarakatsani&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhg-xntSUe57LBE9bIMaxSQirHUgcw#cite_note-7"><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><span>[</span> 8 <span>]</span></sup></a> In 1964, the <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_%28ethnic_group%29&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhixZRjvdLPmy1Xp9QnH5SkyS2aqbA" title="İngilizce (etnik gruba)" class="mw-redirect">English</a> researcher JK Campbell arrives at the conclusion that Sarakatsani must always have lived in more or less the same conditions and areas as they were found in his days, they were very endogamic and they should be considered an isolate group, while E. Makris (1990) believes that they are a pre- <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neolithic&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhh8eIsUyaSAkE_OMnv6yj7zZebTbg" title="Neolitik">Neolithic</a> people.</span> Angeliki Chatzimichali, onlarla arasında bir ömür geçirmiş ve 1957 yılında kendi iş yayınlanan bir Yunan <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnography&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjtyy_76fUx7rAMrfaySxHAV6bj4w" title="Etnografya">etnograf,,</a> arasındaki benzerlik gösteren <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_Greece&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhE0oFVJnczBjWX5pg8N1bIjCTxYA" title="Kültür Yunanistan">Yunan kültürünün</a> ve yaşam pastoral yol boyunca, toplumsal örgütlenme bulunabilir ve Sarakatsani sanat prototip elemanları sözleri gibi günlerini bulundu Sarakatsan dekoratif sanat ve öncesi <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geometric_Art&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhg1A2JlEexv-2Csh2LR1Kc4kCSKsA" title="Geometrik Sanat">geometrik sanat-klasik</a> Yunanistan. <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarakatsani&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhg-xntSUe57LBE9bIMaxSQirHUgcw#cite_note-7"><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><span>[8]</span></sup></a> 1964 yılında <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_%28ethnic_group%29&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhixZRjvdLPmy1Xp9QnH5SkyS2aqbA" title="İngilizce (etnik gruba)" class="mw-redirect">İngiliz</a> araştırmacı JK Can Sarakatsani her zaman daha fazla veya daha az aynı koşullarda ve alanlarda yaşamış olmalıdır sonuca ulaştığında , onlar çok endogamic onlar bir gruba ayırmak düşünülmelidir iken E. Makris (1990) ki, bir <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neolithic&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhh8eIsUyaSAkE_OMnv6yj7zZebTbg" title="Neolitik">ön-Neolitik</a> insanlar olduğuna inanmaktadır.</span> </p> <p><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Hammond_%28historian%29&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjeQBAnaHuuwVgQiW4eBt9FNUNGAg" title="Nicholas Hammond (tarihçi)" class="mw-redirect">Nicholas Hammond</a> , a <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_people&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjM3XB_Mjj4uOQa9s5Fla1cba6bNQ" title="İngiliz kişi">British</a> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgnl9nJd8Q2LQ1701N6e2CZyF0bmg" title="Tarih">historian</a> , after his treatment concetrated on the Sarakatsani populations of <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epirus_%28region%29&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjTX_maNwMF9D2xTsI5sF8MHX_flQ" title="Epir (bölge)">Epirus</a> , in his work <i>Migrations and Invasions in Greece and Adjacent Areas</i> (1976), considers them descendants of Greek pastoralists who herded their sheep on the central range of <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gramos&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhBKV15SqicZd41GLA5O7DAUkuM6w" title="Gramos">Gramos</a> and Pindus in the early <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_Empire&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiMlKVGqtN6jv7u-fPM1runyxl0CQ" title="Bizans İmparatorluğu">Byzantine period</a> and were dispossessed of their pastures by the Vlachs at the latest by the 12th century. <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarakatsani&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhg-xntSUe57LBE9bIMaxSQirHUgcw#cite_note-migrations-8"><sup id="cite_ref-migrations_8-0" class="reference"><span>[</span> 9 <span>]</span></sup></a> In 1987, the <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhh5zoGpwCFcmxlZwfhjrEnWT0sAQQ" title="Londra">London</a> based scholar John Nandris, who observed the Sarakatsani "on the ground" continuously since the 1950s, summarizes his account of this tribe by inserting them in a more complex context of nomadic people interacting with one another.</span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Hammond_%28historian%29&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjeQBAnaHuuwVgQiW4eBt9FNUNGAg" title="Nicholas Hammond (tarihçi)" class="mw-redirect">Nicholas Hammond,</a> bir <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_people&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjM3XB_Mjj4uOQa9s5Fla1cba6bNQ" title="İngiliz kişi">İngiliz</a> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgnl9nJd8Q2LQ1701N6e2CZyF0bmg" title="Tarih">tarihçi,</a> onun tedavi sonrasında <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epirus_%28region%29&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjTX_maNwMF9D2xTsI5sF8MHX_flQ" title="Epir (bölge)">Epir</a> ve Sarakatsani halklar üzerinde, çalışmaları <i>Göçler ve Yunanistan'da istilalar ve Bitişik Alanları</i> (1976), concetrated Yunan pastoralists kim <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gramos&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhBKV15SqicZd41GLA5O7DAUkuM6w" title="Gramos">Gramos</a> ve merkezi dizi ve onların koyun herded onların soyundan düşünüyor Pindus erken <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_Empire&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiMlKVGqtN6jv7u-fPM1runyxl0CQ" title="Bizans İmparatorluğu">Bizans döneminde</a> de ve mera Ulah tarafından 12. yüzyılda en geç Tasarrufu kaybeden edildi. <span><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarakatsani&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhg-xntSUe57LBE9bIMaxSQirHUgcw#cite_note-migrations-8"><sup id="cite_ref-migrations_8-0" class="reference">[9]</sup></a></span> 1987 yılında, <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhh5zoGpwCFcmxlZwfhjrEnWT0sAQQ" title="Londra">Londra,</a> akademisyen John Nandris olan 1950'lerden beri zemin "sürekli Sarakatsani" gözlenen temelli göçebe insanların birbirleriyle etkileşim daha karmaşık bir bağlamda bunları ekleyerek bu kabile onun hesabını özetlemektedir.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Interestingly, he alludes to the <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y%25C3%25B6r%25C3%25BCk&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhSJbcnSihwW91ZqM07vSQJthTHjg" title="Yörük">Yörük</a> connection though he is keen not to jump to any definitive conclusion.</span> Rağmen herhangi bir kesin sonuca atlamak için hevesli değil İlginçtir, o <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y%25C3%25B6r%25C3%25BCk&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhSJbcnSihwW91ZqM07vSQJthTHjg" title="Yörük">Yörük</a> bağlantı atıfta.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">This theory was also supported by <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold_van_Gennep&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhJHAuMVDV8LmOQnNqDxnZx0eewlQ" title="Arnold van Gennep">Arnold van Gennep</a> .</span> Bu teori de <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold_van_Gennep&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhJHAuMVDV8LmOQnNqDxnZx0eewlQ" title="Arnold van Gennep">Arnold van Gennep</a> tarafından desteklenmiştir.</span> </p> <p><a name="Sarakatsani_and_Vlachs" id="Sarakatsani_and_Vlachs"></a></p><h3> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span class="editsection">[ <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DSarakatsani%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D4&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjQCPnubaJlh2X80sgAhgtCKqfWkA" title="Değiştir bölüm: Sarakatsani ve Ulah">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Sarakatsani and Vlachs</span></span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DSarakatsani%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D4&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjQCPnubaJlh2X80sgAhgtCKqfWkA" title="Değiştir bölüm: Sarakatsani ve Ulah"><span class="editsection">[Değiştir]</span></a> <span class="mw-headline">Sarakatsani ve Ulah</span></span> </h3> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width: 252px;"> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sarakatsan_Greece_Pindus.JPG&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiUHN-VymD7ul0aSqm_1q-IK3i7Iw" class="image" title="Sarakatsani kadın Agrafa, Yunanistan geleneksel kıyafetler giyiyor."><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Sarakatsan_Greece_Pindus.JPG/250px-Sarakatsan_Greece_Pindus.JPG" class="thumbimage" width="250" height="166" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sarakatsan_Greece_Pindus.JPG&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiUHN-VymD7ul0aSqm_1q-IK3i7Iw" class="internal" title="Ayrıntı"><img src="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" width="15" height="11" /></a> </div> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Sarakatsani woman wearing traditional clothing in <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agrafa&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhUKAbz6IIerHJpgO7QMH2GsvstXg" title="Agrafa">Agrafa</a> , <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhqqS-Cfa6zoLvboE4jVPCYcvzIDA" title="Yunanistan">Greece</a> .</span> Sarakatsani kadın <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agrafa&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhUKAbz6IIerHJpgO7QMH2GsvstXg" title="Agrafa">Agrafa,</a> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhqqS-Cfa6zoLvboE4jVPCYcvzIDA" title="Yunanistan">Yunanistan</a> geleneksel kıyafetler giyiyor.</span> </div> </div></div><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">During the 20th century and up to the present day, <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanians&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgKLbE8yZvzfGOlGrH-cqNupZl6mw" title="Rumen">Romanian</a> and pro-Romanian Aromanian scholars have tried to prove the supposed common origin of the Sarakatsani and the <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromanians&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhS5DsHInjN65K0ZfW3pggzRqFZLA" title="Aroman">Aromanians</a> ; the latter are a <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vlachs&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiDL11Q9Nr-lSOuCnR3hNjbRfO35w" title="Ulah">Vlach</a> people and the other major <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transhumance&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhBDUfBo13ei7u5em1UfFf6NsdZzg" title="Transhumance">transhumant</a> tribe in <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhqqS-Cfa6zoLvboE4jVPCYcvzIDA" title="Yunanistan">Greece</a> .</span> 20. yüzyılda ve bugüne kadar, <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanians&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgKLbE8yZvzfGOlGrH-cqNupZl6mw" title="Rumen">Romanya</a> ve pro-Romen Aromanian bilim Sarakatsani ve <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromanians&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhS5DsHInjN65K0ZfW3pggzRqFZLA" title="Aroman">Aroman</a> sözde ortak kökenini kanıtlamak için çalıştık; ikinci bir <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vlachs&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiDL11Q9Nr-lSOuCnR3hNjbRfO35w" title="Ulah">Ulah</a> insanlar ve <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhqqS-Cfa6zoLvboE4jVPCYcvzIDA" title="Yunanistan">Yunanistan</a> da diğer büyük <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transhumance&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhBDUfBo13ei7u5em1UfFf6NsdZzg" title="Transhumance">transhumant</a> kabile vardır sırasında.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The Aromanians speak <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromanian_language&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiecqK--lTT4A5HFfPAP8Y-3S06Ig" title="Ulahça">Aromanian</a> , an <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Romance_languages&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhxJLf-unft36aWCC3Q1j7D9hM1iA" title="Doğu Roman dilleri">eastern Romance language</a> , while the Sarakatsani speak a clearly <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varieties_of_Modern_Greek&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjv8IVY8P3Kd9V4doB_hLQS8yX8ug" title="Modern Yunanca çeşitleri">northern dialect</a> of <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_language&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhh7L7FubWRvFoxTz2qe_Oyu_mW5XQ" title="Yunan dili">Greek</a> .</span> Süre Sarakatsani <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_language&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhh7L7FubWRvFoxTz2qe_Oyu_mW5XQ" title="Yunan dili">Yunan</a> ve açıkça <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varieties_of_Modern_Greek&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjv8IVY8P3Kd9V4doB_hLQS8yX8ug" title="Modern Yunanca çeşitleri">kuzey lehçesi</a> konuşuyoruz Aroman, <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromanian_language&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiecqK--lTT4A5HFfPAP8Y-3S06Ig" title="Ulahça">Aromanian,</a> bir <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Romance_languages&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhxJLf-unft36aWCC3Q1j7D9hM1iA" title="Doğu Roman dilleri">doğu Romance dili</a> konuşuyoruz.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">These attempts of the Romanian side were based mainly on speculations, over-generalizations and vague assumptions due to the similar nomadic way of life of the two groups, as well as assertions that the Sarakatsani simply gave up their supposed former language during the 18th century in favour of assimilation into a Greek-speaking environment.</span> Romen tarafının bu girişimleri çoğunlukla spekülasyonları üzerine,-genelleme ve varsayımlar belirsiz iki grubun yaşam benzer göçebe biçimi nedeniyle yanı sıra iddialarının üzerine Sarakatsani sadece 18. yüzyılda sırasında sözde eski dili vazgeçti tabanlı edildi Yunan-konuşma ortamı içinde asimile lehine.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The presumption that a secluded, endogamic society in the multicultural world of the <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgUvNI0QjN3vK-hi_PRrGCXlFwVgA" title="Osmanlı İmparatorluğu">Ottoman Empire</a> would abandon its language for no obvious reason at all, then translate all of its verbal tradition into Greek and create within a few generations a separate Greek dialect, has to be examined with caution.</span> SGP, <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgUvNI0QjN3vK-hi_PRrGCXlFwVgA" title="Osmanlı İmparatorluğu">Osmanlı İmparatorluğu</a> ve çok kültürlü dünyada bir tenha, endogamic toplumun hiçbir belirgin nedeni, sonra onun dilini vazgeçmesi Yunan ve birkaç nesil ayrı bir Yunan lehçesi içinde oluşturmak gerekir içine tüm sözlü geleneğin çevirmek dikkatle inceledi.</span> </p><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Despite the differences between the Sarakatsani and the Aromanians, linguistic usage of the term <i>Vlachs</i> has been proven misleading, as it suggests a cultural or linguistic relationship of the two groups.</span> Olarak iki grup bir kültürel ya da dilsel ilişki öneriyor Sarakatsani ve Aroman, terim <i>Ulah</i> ve dil kullanımı arasındaki farklılıklara rağmen yanıltıcı, kanıtlanmıştır.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">One the one hand, the term <i>Vlachs</i> is used to refer to the Aromanians, also called Koutsovlachs; on the other hand, since the era of the <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_Empire&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiMlKVGqtN6jv7u-fPM1runyxl0CQ" title="Bizans İmparatorluğu">Byzantine Empire</a> the same name has been used, and is still in use in Greece, to describe inconsiderately all the shepherd and peasant people. <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarakatsani&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhg-xntSUe57LBE9bIMaxSQirHUgcw#cite_note-Clogg166-9"><sup id="cite_ref-Clogg166_9-0" class="reference"><span>[</span> 10 <span>]</span></sup></a> As a result, the Sarakatsani are being often referred to as Vlachs, due to their seasonal migrations in search of pasturage for their flocks.</span> Bir bir yandan, dönem <i>Ulah</i> Aroman başvurmak için de denir Koutsovlachs kullanılır; Öte yandan, aynı ismi kullanılmış olan <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_Empire&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiMlKVGqtN6jv7u-fPM1runyxl0CQ" title="Bizans İmparatorluğu">Bizans İmparatorluğu</a> döneminin başlangıç ve üzerinde halen Yunanistan'da kullanılan, inconsiderately açıklamak için bir Bütün çoban ve köylü insanlar. <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarakatsani&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhg-xntSUe57LBE9bIMaxSQirHUgcw#cite_note-Clogg166-9"><sup id="cite_ref-Clogg166_9-0" class="reference"><span>[10]</span></sup></a> Sonuç olarak, Sarakatsani sık Ulah gibi, onların mevsimlik göçler nedeniyle sürülerindeki için otlatma aramak için sevk edilmektedir.</span> </p><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">John Campbell, <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_anthropology&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhg3bEfAs7bLXuiaU8rGtL-cwAZU_g" title="Sosyal antropoloji">social anthropologist</a> , states, after his own field work among the Sarakatsani in the 1950s, that the Sarakatsani are in a different position from the Vlachs, meaning the Aromanians and the Arvanitovlachs, who both speak an eastern Romance language along with Greek, while the Sarakatsan communities were always Greek-speaking and knew no other language.</span> John Campbell, <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_anthropology&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhg3bEfAs7bLXuiaU8rGtL-cwAZU_g" title="Sosyal antropoloji">sosyal antropolog,</a> devletler, 1950'lerde Sarakatsani arasında kendi alanında iş sonrası, bu Sarakatsani Ulah farklı bir konumda olduğumuzu Aroman ve Arvanitovlachs, her ikisi de Yunan ile birlikte bir doğu Romance dili konuşuyoruz anlam, süre Sarakatsan toplumların her zaman Yunan edildi konuşma ve başka dil biliyordu.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Campbell also asserts that the increasing pressure on the limited areas available for winter grazing in the coastal plains had resulted in a competitive dispute between the two groups on the use of the pastures.</span> Can da sınırlı bölgelerde kıyı ovaları kış otlatma için mevcut artan basınç mera kullanımı iki grup arasında bir rekabet anlaşmazlığında yol açtı belirtmektedir.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">In addition, during the time of his research Vlach groups often lived in substantial villages where shepherding was not among their occupations, while their cultural elements such as art forms, values and institutions, are different from those of the Sarakatsani. <sup id="cite_ref-Clogg166_9-1" class="reference"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarakatsani&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhg-xntSUe57LBE9bIMaxSQirHUgcw#cite_note-Clogg166-9"><span>[</span> 10 <span>]</span></a></sup> The latter, for instance, differ from the Vlachs in that they dower their daughters, assign a lower position to women and adhere to even stricter <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patriarchy&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhj_6do4xV47-oquhUVfukZV8nrW1g" title="Ataerkillik">patriarchal</a> structure. <sup id="cite_ref-migrations_8-1" class="reference"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarakatsani&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhg-xntSUe57LBE9bIMaxSQirHUgcw#cite_note-migrations-8"><span>[</span> 9 <span>]</span></a></sup></span> Süre sanat formları, değerler ve kurumlar gibi kültürel unsurları, bu Sarakatsani den farklı yanı sıra, kendi araştırma Ulah grupların süre içinde sık sık önemli köylerde nerede shepherding kendi meslekleri arasında değildi, yaşadı. <sup id="cite_ref-Clogg166_9-1" class="reference"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarakatsani&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhg-xntSUe57LBE9bIMaxSQirHUgcw#cite_note-Clogg166-9"><span>[10]</span></a></sup> ikincisi Örneğin, onların kızlarının çeyiz olarak Ulah gelen, farklı kadınlara daha düşük bir pozisyonu atamak ve hatta sıkı <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patriarchy&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhj_6do4xV47-oquhUVfukZV8nrW1g" title="Ataerkillik">ataerkil</a> yapısına uygun. <sup id="cite_ref-migrations_8-1" class="reference"><span><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarakatsani&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhg-xntSUe57LBE9bIMaxSQirHUgcw#cite_note-migrations-8">[9]</a></span></sup></span> </p> <p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Furthermore, the Sarakatsani themselves have always stressed their Greek identity and deny having any relationship with the Vlachs.</span> Ayrıca her zaman Yunan kimliğini vurguladı, Sarakatsani kendilerini ve Ulah ile bir ilişkisi olan inkar.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">They also claim that they have always been in the forefront against those who fought the Greek national aspirations, while some Vlachs collaborated with the <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_%281861%25E2%2580%25931946%29&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjh3O6QPk-Ww7PNJ5ZfZFFODYGqQQ" title="İtalya Krallığı (1861-1946) ve">Italian</a> occupation authorities during <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhp0K9KaQNkhYimipvk_SFzhCeS4w" title="Dünya Savaşı">World War II</a> and others had been affected by the nationalist propaganda of <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhFJ8MySsse74AbeM3-EOOJoiwIlA" title="Romanya">Romania</a> in the early 20th century, forgetting though the considerable contribution of the Vlachs to the development of the modern Greek state. <sup id="cite_ref-Clogg166_9-2" class="reference"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarakatsani&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhg-xntSUe57LBE9bIMaxSQirHUgcw#cite_note-Clogg166-9"><span>[</span> 10 <span>]</span></a></sup> The Vlachs also regard the Sarakatsani as a distinct ethnic group, calling them Graikoi (ie <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greeks&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhg7BnLiWk_7AqphEXDbhFOFLWFJGw" title="Yunanlılar">Greeks</a> ), a name used by Aromanians to distinguish the Greek-speaking populations from themselves, the Armãnji.</span> Bazı Ulah <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_%281861%25E2%2580%25931946%29&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjh3O6QPk-Ww7PNJ5ZfZFFODYGqQQ" title="İtalya Krallığı (1861-1946) ve">İtalyan</a> işgal yetkilileri ile <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhp0K9KaQNkhYimipvk_SFzhCeS4w" title="Dünya Savaşı">Dünya Savaşı</a> ve diğerleri sırasında 20. yüzyılda <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhFJ8MySsse74AbeM3-EOOJoiwIlA" title="Romanya">Romanya</a> ve milliyetçi propaganda etkilenen olmuştu işbirliği Onlar da hep edenler Yunan milli hedeflerine karşı mücadele ön planda olmuştur,, iddia unutmadan ama çağdaş Yunan devletinin gelişmesine Ulah ve katkıdan. <sup id="cite_ref-Clogg166_9-2" class="reference"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarakatsani&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhg-xntSUe57LBE9bIMaxSQirHUgcw#cite_note-Clogg166-9"><span>[10]</span></a></sup> Ulah da ayrı bir etnik grup olarak (yani <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greeks&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhg7BnLiWk_7AqphEXDbhFOFLWFJGw" title="Yunanlılar">Yunanlılar)</a> bir isim Aroman tarafından Yunan ayırmak için kullanılan Graikoi onları çağıran Sarakatsani ilgili - kendisinden nüfus konuşma, Armãnji.</span> </p><p><a name="Name" id="Name"></a></p><h2> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span class="editsection">[ <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DSarakatsani%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D5&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiyHpLWmfPdKnUO75wyikxYPxghsg" title="Değiştir bölüm: Adı">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Name</span></span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DSarakatsani%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D5&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiyHpLWmfPdKnUO75wyikxYPxghsg" title="Değiştir bölüm: Adı"><span class="editsection">[Değiştir]</span></a> <span class="mw-headline">Adı</span></span> </h2> <table class="vertical-navbox nowraplinks" style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); margin: 0pt 0pt 1em 1em; padding: 0.2em; background: rgb(249, 249, 249) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; float: right; clear: right; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; border-spacing: 0.4em 0pt; text-align: center; line-height: 1.4em;font-size:88%;color:black;" cellpadding=""> <tbody><tr><td style="line-height: 1.2em; padding-top: 0.4em;font-size:85%;"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Part of a series on</span> Bir dizi Part of</span> </td> </tr><tr><td class="" style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0pt 0.4em 0.4em; font-weight: bold; line-height: 1em;font-size:175%;"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greeks&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhg7BnLiWk_7AqphEXDbhFOFLWFJGw" title="Yunanlılar">Greeks</a></span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greeks&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhg7BnLiWk_7AqphEXDbhFOFLWFJGw" title="Yunanlılar">Yunanlılar</a></span> </td> </tr><tr><td class="" style="border: medium none ; padding: 0.6em 0.4em;"> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Greece.svg&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhj9FkTxJ5yW0Y7eaOig1hUiJZP7zw" class="image" title="Ceket Yunanistan arması"><img alt="Ceket Yunanistan arması" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Coat_of_arms_of_Greece.svg/100px-Coat_of_arms_of_Greece.svg.png" width="100" height="103" /></a> </td> </tr><tr><td style="border-top: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em 0.4em 0pt; font-weight: bold;"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">By region or country</span> Bölge veya ülke ile</span> </td> </tr><tr><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0pt 0.4em 0.6em;"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><b><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhqqS-Cfa6zoLvboE4jVPCYcvzIDA" title="Yunanistan">Greece</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyprus&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgwunQzdTkcsJn1zLoay8RI-kdCaA" title="Kıbrıs">Cyprus</a></b></span> <b><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhqqS-Cfa6zoLvboE4jVPCYcvzIDA" title="Yunanistan">Yunanistan</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyprus&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgwunQzdTkcsJn1zLoay8RI-kdCaA" title="Kıbrıs">Kıbrıs</a></b></span><br /><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_diaspora&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgMAuYsUOychbL6Q6EffjZJ3jFMxg" title="Yunan diasporası">Greek diaspora</a></span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_diaspora&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgMAuYsUOychbL6Q6EffjZJ3jFMxg" title="Yunan diasporası">Yunan diasporası</a></span> </td> </tr><tr><td style="padding: 0.2em 0.4em 0pt; font-weight: bold;"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Subgroups</span> Alt gruplar</span> </td> </tr><tr><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0pt 0.4em 0.6em;"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiochian_Greeks&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjxJqjhgp0ShWJPmoXZTrtltzeosw" title="Antiochian Yunanlılar">Antiochians</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arvanites&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjMJlbtZ7ULc5bahTLwNsGpe2rcvQ" title="Arvanites">Arvanites</a></span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiochian_Greeks&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjxJqjhgp0ShWJPmoXZTrtltzeosw" title="Antiochian Yunanlılar">Antiochians</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arvanites&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjMJlbtZ7ULc5bahTLwNsGpe2rcvQ" title="Arvanites">Arvanites</a></span><br /><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_Cypriots&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhi28yVhh7cshjavIsjdSsEVt8YEVg" title="Yunan Kıbrıslı">Cypriots</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karamanlides&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhWvLPuAt83VVrx6wgIqkOdwsPafg" title="Karamanlides">Karamanlides</a></span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_Cypriots&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhi28yVhh7cshjavIsjdSsEVt8YEVg" title="Yunan Kıbrıslı">Kıbrıslı</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karamanlides&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhWvLPuAt83VVrx6wgIqkOdwsPafg" title="Karamanlides">Karamanlides</a></span><br /><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macedonians_%28Greeks%29&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhj99XguYJZECfM7I8DqusbIAPIu3g" title="Makedonyalılar (Yunanlılar)">Macedonians</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maniots&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgBlOwJG9cMCMvFuwPLt7S3XM8MWA" title="Maniots">Maniots</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Epirotes&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjUajEi0pWv1E6uCH5-wUJdTwx34g" title="Kuzey Epirotes" class="mw-redirect">Northern Epirotes</a></span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macedonians_%28Greeks%29&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhj99XguYJZECfM7I8DqusbIAPIu3g" title="Makedonyalılar (Yunanlılar)">Makedonlar</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maniots&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgBlOwJG9cMCMvFuwPLt7S3XM8MWA" title="Maniots">Maniots</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Epirotes&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjUajEi0pWv1E6uCH5-wUJdTwx34g" title="Kuzey Epirotes" class="mw-redirect">Kuzey Epirotes</a></span><br /><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phanariotes&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhif25KDCoZnCz5_PakMY01Dq27pdQ" title="Phanariotes">Phanariotes</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontic_Greeks&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhifrcvxsRWgoH2isZk7WNZespkhmg" title="Pontus Yunanlılar">Pontians</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romaniotes&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgFV7YCivdweARjbAejm4u3mRcqaA" title="Romanyot">Romaniotes</a></span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phanariotes&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhif25KDCoZnCz5_PakMY01Dq27pdQ" title="Phanariotes">Phanariotes</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontic_Greeks&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhifrcvxsRWgoH2isZk7WNZespkhmg" title="Pontus Yunanlılar">Pontians</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romaniotes&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgFV7YCivdweARjbAejm4u3mRcqaA" title="Romanyot">Romanyot</a></span><br /><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><strong class="selflink">Sarakatsani</strong> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sfakians&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgBbX3bKTlrTlQIgBrhyoZmCqCkqg" title="Sfakians">Sfakians</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavic-speakers_of_Greek_Macedonia&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiK282QjlJviMe1P2nrMQaO1NwKTg" title="Yunan Makedonya Slav hoparlörler">Slavophones</a></span> <strong class="selflink">Sarakatsani</strong> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sfakians&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgBbX3bKTlrTlQIgBrhyoZmCqCkqg" title="Sfakians">Sfakians</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavic-speakers_of_Greek_Macedonia&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiK282QjlJviMe1P2nrMQaO1NwKTg" title="Yunan Makedonya Slav hoparlörler">Slavophones</a></span><br /><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Souliotes&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgTA7fZt_uTl9Upj5XUpJbrG4SR-w" title="Souliotes">Souliotes</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsakonians&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhNaY_LR70UG6UW_MwsPyA2BTt_Fw" title="Tsakonians">Tsakonians</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urums&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhq0iPMqVYhG6p6end7Xgj_8Rd6Cw" title="Urums">Urums</a></span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Souliotes&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgTA7fZt_uTl9Upj5XUpJbrG4SR-w" title="Souliotes">Souliotes</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsakonians&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhNaY_LR70UG6UW_MwsPyA2BTt_Fw" title="Tsakonians">Tsakonians</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urums&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhq0iPMqVYhG6p6end7Xgj_8Rd6Cw" title="Urums">Urums</a></span> </td> </tr><tr><td style="padding: 0.2em 0.4em 0pt; font-weight: bold;"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_Greece&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhE0oFVJnczBjWX5pg8N1bIjCTxYA" title="Kültür Yunanistan">Greek culture</a></span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_Greece&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhE0oFVJnczBjWX5pg8N1bIjCTxYA" title="Kültür Yunanistan">Yunan kültürünün</a></span> </td> </tr><tr><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0pt 0.4em 0.6em;"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_art&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhj33fEPZGUoH3gZr6AtdB24VIIgqA" title="Yunan sanatı">Art</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinema_of_Greece&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjmni1c4HB6J8tGfGwpnsoDcqO7pw" title="Sinema Yunanistan">Cinema</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_cuisine&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhitH7US6FPCcH5BUq7Ig6Cty-2R9w" title="Yunan mutfağı">Cuisine</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_dances&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiECCn2qUDlmy_PH-aCUe34OTNp2A" title="Yunan dansları">Dance</a></span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_art&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhj33fEPZGUoH3gZr6AtdB24VIIgqA" title="Yunan sanatı">Sanat</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinema_of_Greece&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjmni1c4HB6J8tGfGwpnsoDcqO7pw" title="Sinema Yunanistan">Sinema</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_cuisine&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhitH7US6FPCcH5BUq7Ig6Cty-2R9w" title="Yunan mutfağı">Mutfağı</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_dances&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiECCn2qUDlmy_PH-aCUe34OTNp2A" title="Yunan dansları">dans</a></span><br /><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_Greece&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhE0oFVJnczBjWX5pg8N1bIjCTxYA#Dress" title="Kültür Yunanistan">Dress</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_in_Greece&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhj27yCpVfGmoKu5iV7QpgJFFXR1JQ" title="Eğitim Yunanistan'da">Education</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Greece&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjlb2MsC6wrIh5wc-Ayi5QWh9MlCg" title="Flag of Greece">Flag</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_language&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhh7L7FubWRvFoxTz2qe_Oyu_mW5XQ" title="Yunan dili">Language</a></span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_Greece&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhE0oFVJnczBjWX5pg8N1bIjCTxYA#Dress" title="Kültür Yunanistan">Elbise</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_in_Greece&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhj27yCpVfGmoKu5iV7QpgJFFXR1JQ" title="Eğitim Yunanistan'da">Eğitim</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Greece&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjlb2MsC6wrIh5wc-Ayi5QWh9MlCg" title="Flag of Greece">Bayrağı</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_language&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhh7L7FubWRvFoxTz2qe_Oyu_mW5XQ" title="Yunan dili">Dil</a></span><br /><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_literature&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhRfzbTFKlLE7Sgj3CCCdTqEq_acw" title="Yunan Edebiyatı">Literature</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Greece&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjB3jnDA6GZd0OGDngdT95yXoMA1g" title="Music of Greece">Music</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_philosophy&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhAT848bcX_0gbXoMNpo5SD5qohmQ" title="Yunan felsefesi">Philosophy</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Greece&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhmW9cE_TWXyGhZUT-zC1qPKrU-dA" title="Yunanistan siyaset">Politics</a></span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_literature&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhRfzbTFKlLE7Sgj3CCCdTqEq_acw" title="Yunan Edebiyatı">Edebiyat</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Greece&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjB3jnDA6GZd0OGDngdT95yXoMA1g" title="Music of Greece">Müzik</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_philosophy&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhAT848bcX_0gbXoMNpo5SD5qohmQ" title="Yunan felsefesi">Felsefe</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Greece&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhmW9cE_TWXyGhZUT-zC1qPKrU-dA" title="Yunanistan siyaset">Politika</a></span><br /><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Greece&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjkmkEg3iOVjpA8liy8KMS9rZgZfg" title="Din Yunanistan">Religion</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sport_in_Greece&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhZ8f2JmX7nBbehP-2zBkAIjhTcoA" title="Spor Yunanistan">Sport</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_in_Greece_and_Cyprus&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhUbrwnpI-i2N1sv2JUsgE3m_Q3pQ" title="Televizyon Yunanistan ve Kıbrıs" class="mw-redirect">Television</a></span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Greece&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjkmkEg3iOVjpA8liy8KMS9rZgZfg" title="Din Yunanistan">Din</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sport_in_Greece&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhZ8f2JmX7nBbehP-2zBkAIjhTcoA" title="Spor Yunanistan">Spor</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_in_Greece_and_Cyprus&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhUbrwnpI-i2N1sv2JUsgE3m_Q3pQ" title="Televizyon Yunanistan ve Kıbrıs" class="mw-redirect">Televizyon</a></span> </td> </tr><tr><td style="padding: 0.2em 0.4em 0pt; font-weight: bold;"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Religion</span> Din</span> </td> </tr><tr><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0pt 0.4em 0.6em;"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Church&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiC_3yrD7gqAAlnIaW6pzpFo4VLOw" title="Yunan Ortodoks Kilisesi"><b>Greek Orthodox Church</b></a></span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Church&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiC_3yrD7gqAAlnIaW6pzpFo4VLOw" title="Yunan Ortodoks Kilisesi"><b>Yunan Ortodoks Kilisesi</b></a></span><br /><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholicism_in_Greece&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhIFOBieekAv5wACP5Wd9nQ7TCLPw" title="Katolik Kilisesi Yunanistan">Greek Roman Catholicism</a></span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholicism_in_Greece&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhIFOBieekAv5wACP5Wd9nQ7TCLPw" title="Katolik Kilisesi Yunanistan">Yunan Roma Katolikliği</a></span><br /><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_Byzantine_Catholic_Church&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhggqpbqlRD0CCA6IhUUSenE4E9h_Q" title="Yunan Bizans Katolik Kilisesi">Greek Byzantine Catholicism</a></span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_Byzantine_Catholic_Church&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhggqpbqlRD0CCA6IhUUSenE4E9h_Q" title="Yunan Bizans Katolik Kilisesi">Yunan Bizans Katoliklik</a></span><br /><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_Evangelical_Church&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhh-p7_mpW9jp016uV98M4VYAZTNoA" title="Yunan Protestan Kilisesi">Greek Evangelicalism</a></span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_Evangelical_Church&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhh-p7_mpW9jp016uV98M4VYAZTNoA" title="Yunan Protestan Kilisesi">Yunan Evangelicalism</a></span><br /><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Greece&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgd-cAtC9oT-BFqihI7hZ-lTpBLbQ" title="Yunanistan Yahudilik">Judaism</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_Greece&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhzj6G5QsDr04e6d4CS1ZAow8bdxg" title="Islam Yunanistan">Islam</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellenic_Polytheistic_Reconstructionism&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhijRPnW5yEU2_RoR5YD8AUPouGd2Q" title="Yunan Polytheistic Reconstructionism">Neopaganism</a></span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Greece&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgd-cAtC9oT-BFqihI7hZ-lTpBLbQ" title="Yunanistan Yahudilik">Yahudilik</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_Greece&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhzj6G5QsDr04e6d4CS1ZAow8bdxg" title="Islam Yunanistan">İslam</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellenic_Polytheistic_Reconstructionism&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhijRPnW5yEU2_RoR5YD8AUPouGd2Q" title="Yunan Polytheistic Reconstructionism">Neopaganism</a></span> </td> </tr><tr><td style="padding: 0.2em 0.4em 0pt; font-weight: bold;"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Languages and dialects</span> Dil ve lehçelerde</span> </td> </tr><tr><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0pt 0.4em 0.6em;"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><b><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_language&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhh7L7FubWRvFoxTz2qe_Oyu_mW5XQ" title="Yunan dili">Greek</a></b></span> <b><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_language&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhh7L7FubWRvFoxTz2qe_Oyu_mW5XQ" title="Yunan dili">Yunan</a></b></span><br /><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek-Calabrian_dialect&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhi6WCq5n-EbWXmFNEWIAu_8WdwWgw" title="Yunan-Calabrian lehçesi" class="mw-redirect">Calabrian Greek</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cappadocian_Greek_language&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgtwXUivJVnPw3yMxKlg4BTzlzlNw" title="Kapadokya Yunan dili">Cappadocian Greek</a></span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek-Calabrian_dialect&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhi6WCq5n-EbWXmFNEWIAu_8WdwWgw" title="Yunan-Calabrian lehçesi" class="mw-redirect">Calabrian Yunan</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cappadocian_Greek_language&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgtwXUivJVnPw3yMxKlg4BTzlzlNw" title="Kapadokya Yunan dili">Kapadokya Yunanca</a></span><br /><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cretan_Greek&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjwwmt5cxRfxHWiVT58TdCvsZfdqw" title="Girit Yunan">Cretan Greek</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Griko_language&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhj0b2avymRGjpLMY1hh5zeTbarD5w" title="Griko dil">Griko</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cypriot_Greek&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjj7oZOglUo4LHWSewQASHDf4s3ig" title="Kıbrıs Yunan">Cypriot Greek</a></span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cretan_Greek&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjwwmt5cxRfxHWiVT58TdCvsZfdqw" title="Girit Yunan">Girit Yunan</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Griko_language&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhj0b2avymRGjpLMY1hh5zeTbarD5w" title="Griko dil">Griko</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cypriot_Greek&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjj7oZOglUo4LHWSewQASHDf4s3ig" title="Kıbrıs Yunan">Kıbrıs Yunan</a></span><br /><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mani_Greek_Dialect&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiHpFnu4YsfTKq1EzPqLKbPDwYoZg" title="Mani Yunan Dialect" class="mw-redirect">Maniot Greek</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontic_language&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjvZ9nEjz7D9PZJtls1A4MJmvd0vA" title="Rumca dil" class="mw-redirect">Pontic Greek</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsakonian_language&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjotIbGjDp93p0nxfYrSMGONZFhIA" title="Tsakonian dil">Tsakonian</a></span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mani_Greek_Dialect&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiHpFnu4YsfTKq1EzPqLKbPDwYoZg" title="Mani Yunan Dialect" class="mw-redirect">Maniot Yunan</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontic_language&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjvZ9nEjz7D9PZJtls1A4MJmvd0vA" title="Rumca dil" class="mw-redirect">Pontus Yunan</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsakonian_language&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjotIbGjDp93p0nxfYrSMGONZFhIA" title="Tsakonian dil">Tsakonian</a></span><br /><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yevanic_language&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhg2MFo75jlM4LWCHGyiH4iMpi74Vg" title="Yevanik">Yevanic</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arvanitika&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhh5ogxk-tJiRjRAXD_veaojT-IDkA" title="Arvanitika">Arvanitika</a></span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yevanic_language&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhg2MFo75jlM4LWCHGyiH4iMpi74Vg" title="Yevanik">Yevanic</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arvanitika&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhh5ogxk-tJiRjRAXD_veaojT-IDkA" title="Arvanitika">Arvanitika</a></span><br /><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karamanlides&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhWvLPuAt83VVrx6wgIqkOdwsPafg#Language" title="Karamanlides">Karamanlidika</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavic_dialects_of_Greece&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgITswJAn1KvA-eUfM6th8EfDB2zA" title="Yunanistan Slav lehçeleri">Slavika</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urum_language&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiTNuYKBqKalzxQIhcIVXUVRCxY_w" title="Urum dili">Urum</a></span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karamanlides&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhWvLPuAt83VVrx6wgIqkOdwsPafg#Language" title="Karamanlides">Karamanlidika</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavic_dialects_of_Greece&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgITswJAn1KvA-eUfM6th8EfDB2zA" title="Yunanistan Slav lehçeleri">Slavika</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urum_language&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiTNuYKBqKalzxQIhcIVXUVRCxY_w" title="Urum dili">Urum</a></span> </td> </tr><tr><td style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.4em 0.4em 0.6em; font-weight: bold;"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Greece&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiNLw6U4vOAAwKE5xt_zrrx-tcu3Q" title="Yunanistan Tarihi">History of Greece</a></span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Greece&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiNLw6U4vOAAwKE5xt_zrrx-tcu3Q" title="Yunanistan Tarihi">Yunanistan Tarihi</a></span> </td> </tr><tr><td style="padding-top: 0.4em;"><div class="noprint plainlinks navbar" style="padding: 0pt; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; font-weight: normal;font-size:xx-small;"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span title="Görünümünde bu şablonu" style=""><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Greeks&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhajoxvj5a3oxfjfHs9JMQvzIfntA" title="Şablonu: Yunanlılar">v</a></span> <span style="font-size:80;">•</span> <span title="Görüşmek Bu şablonu" style=""><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Greeks&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhht3c8lA7GPNRlUIyQpSO1sJgNvyg" title="Şablon: Yunanlılar">d</a></span> <span style="font-size:80;">•</span> <span title="Bu şablonu düzenle" style=""><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DTemplate:Greeks%26action%3Dedit&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjL__t1H-p92YRPGFNBXULpd59orQ" class="external text" title="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Greeks&action=edit" rel="nofollow">e</a></span></span> <span title="Görünümünde bu şablonu" style=""><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Greeks&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhajoxvj5a3oxfjfHs9JMQvzIfntA" title="Şablonu: Yunanlılar">v</a></span> <span style="font-size:80;">•</span> <span title="Görüşmek Bu şablonu" style=""><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Greeks&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhht3c8lA7GPNRlUIyQpSO1sJgNvyg" title="Şablon: Yunanlılar">d</a></span> <span style="font-size:80;">•</span> <span title="Bu şablonu düzenle" style=""><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DTemplate:Greeks%26action%3Dedit&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjL__t1H-p92YRPGFNBXULpd59orQ" class="external text" title="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Greeks&action=edit" rel="nofollow">e</a></span></span> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The most popular theory about the origin of the name <i>Sarakatsani</i> or <i>Karakatsani</i> , is that it probably derives from the <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_language&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiLsAQvakMjh_V44YmhuJ41S4VkBg" title="Türk dili">Turkish</a> word <i>karakaçan</i> ( <i>kara</i> = 'black' + <i>kaçan</i> = 'fugitive') meaning 'those who flee to uncultivated lands'. <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarakatsani&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhg-xntSUe57LBE9bIMaxSQirHUgcw#cite_note-10"><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><span>[</span> 11 <span>]</span></sup></a> The first element ( <i>kara</i> ) of the word, was used by the Ottomans to denote the black garment of Sarakatsani, which indicated their <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mourning&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiMTi-a0LwX6dxJXeQzHI7rC9ylQg" title="Yas">mourning</a> for the <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjyEk7Oe_sBiM3I88CuZ3OAtswHmQ" title="İstanbul'un fethi">Fall of Constantinople</a> . <sup class="noprint Template-Fact" title="Bu iddia Ocak 2009 güvenilir kaynaklara ihtiyaç referanslar" style="white-space: nowrap;">[ <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhh0WoEK1VYhV_jqn9HnB-1vGBC4Fw" title="Vikipedi: değiştir"><i>citation needed</i></a> ]</sup> It is said that for the same reason, they also slaughtered the white <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domestic_sheep&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhg9Z7a6pIoZAICBMhYPYZu2iGyOSQ" title="Yerli koyun">lambs</a> and left alive only the black.</span> Ad <i>Sarakatsani</i> veya <i>Karakatsani</i> kökeni konusunda en popüler teori, bunun büyük olasılıkla <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_language&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiLsAQvakMjh_V44YmhuJ41S4VkBg" title="Türk dili">Türk</a> sözcüğü <i>karakaçan (kara</i> = kaynaklanacak olan 'siyah' + <i>kaçan</i> = 'kaçak) yani' o kim ekilmemiş topraklara 'kaçarlar. <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarakatsani&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhg-xntSUe57LBE9bIMaxSQirHUgcw#cite_note-10"><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><span>[11]</span></sup></a> ilk elemanı kelimenin <i>(kara),</i> Osmanlılar tarafından Sarakatsani olan onların <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjyEk7Oe_sBiM3I88CuZ3OAtswHmQ" title="İstanbul'un fethi">Konstantinopolis Güz</a> için <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mourning&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiMTi-a0LwX6dxJXeQzHI7rC9ylQg" title="Yas">yas</a> okunan siyah giysi belirtmek için kullanılmıştır. <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhh0WoEK1VYhV_jqn9HnB-1vGBC4Fw" title="Vikipedi: değiştir"><sup class="noprint Template-Fact" title="Bu iddia Ocak 2009 güvenilir kaynaklara ihtiyaç referanslar" style="white-space: nowrap;"><i>[değiştir]</i></sup></a> Bu, aynı nedenle, aynı zamanda katlettiler söyleniyor beyaz <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domestic_sheep&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhg9Z7a6pIoZAICBMhYPYZu2iGyOSQ" title="Yerli koyun">kuzu</a> ve sol hayatta sadece siyah.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">An alternative and less popular theory states that their name comes from the <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromanian_language&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiecqK--lTT4A5HFfPAP8Y-3S06Ig" title="Ulahça">Aromanian</a> word <i>sarac-tsani</i> meaning 'poorman'.</span> Alternatif isimlerini <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromanian_language&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiecqK--lTT4A5HFfPAP8Y-3S06Ig" title="Ulahça">Aromanian</a> kelime <i>Saraç</i> süren daha az popüler teori <i>devletleri-tsani</i> anlamı 'poorman'.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The Sarakatsani were recorded under this name for the first time only at the end of the 18th century and the beginning of the 19th century, thus the quest for their true origins gave place to a lot of speculative theories among the scholars.</span> Sarakatsani ilk kez bu ad altında 19. yüzyıl başlarında 18. yüzyılın sonunda sadece ve de böylece akademisyenler arasında spekülatif teorileri için bir çok yer veren gerçek kökeni arayışının kaydedildi.</span> </p><p><a name="Culture" id="Culture"></a></p><h2> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span class="editsection">[ <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DSarakatsani%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D6&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhJpwohgwHw0LONIHD57U_zloqkmQ" title="Değiştir bölüm: Kültür">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Culture</span></span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DSarakatsani%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D6&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhJpwohgwHw0LONIHD57U_zloqkmQ" title="Değiştir bölüm: Kültür"><span class="editsection">[Değiştir]</span></a> <span class="mw-headline">Kültür</span></span> </h2> <p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The Sarakatsani speak a <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varieties_of_Modern_Greek&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjv8IVY8P3Kd9V4doB_hLQS8yX8ug" title="Modern Yunanca çeşitleri">northern</a> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_language&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhh7L7FubWRvFoxTz2qe_Oyu_mW5XQ" title="Yunan dili">Greek</a> dialect, <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarakatsani&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhg-xntSUe57LBE9bIMaxSQirHUgcw#cite_note-Sar-11"><sup id="cite_ref-Sar_11-0" class="reference"><span>[</span> 12 <span>]</span></sup></a> Sarakatsanika, which contains many <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greek&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhj9Cpj99atWxZ5OulpFop3HWD3xyQ" title="Antik Yunanca">archaic Greek</a> elements that have not survived in other variants of <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_Greek&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjAqI_QAd7HX4mL0-SyGHW6ECXliw" title="Modern Yunanca">modern Greek</a> , <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarakatsani&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhg-xntSUe57LBE9bIMaxSQirHUgcw#cite_note-12"><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><span>[</span> 13 <span>]</span></sup></a> and loanwords from neighboring non-Greek languages. <sup id="cite_ref-Sar_11-1" class="reference"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarakatsani&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhg-xntSUe57LBE9bIMaxSQirHUgcw#cite_note-Sar-11"><span>[</span> 12 <span>]</span></a></sup> Almost all Sarakatsani in Greece have abandoned their nomadic way of life and assimilated to mainstream modern Greek life.</span> Sarakatsani, <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarakatsani&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhg-xntSUe57LBE9bIMaxSQirHUgcw#cite_note-Sar-11"><sup id="cite_ref-Sar_11-0" class="reference"><span>[12]</span></sup></a> Sarakatsanika olan bu Yunanistan, <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_Greek&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjAqI_QAd7HX4mL0-SyGHW6ECXliw" title="Modern Yunanca">modern Yunanca,</a> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarakatsani&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhg-xntSUe57LBE9bIMaxSQirHUgcw#cite_note-12"><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><span>[13]</span></sup></a> ve ayrımı komşu olmayan Yunan dillerinden. <sup id="cite_ref-Sar_11-1" class="reference"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarakatsani&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhg-xntSUe57LBE9bIMaxSQirHUgcw#cite_note-Sar-11"><span>[12</span></a></sup> diğer <sup id="cite_ref-Sar_11-1" class="reference"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarakatsani&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhg-xntSUe57LBE9bIMaxSQirHUgcw#cite_note-Sar-11"><span>varyantları]</span></a></sup> Neredeyse tüm Sarakatsani de hayatta olmayan birçok <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greek&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhj9Cpj99atWxZ5OulpFop3HWD3xyQ" title="Antik Yunanca">antik Yunan</a> unsurları içeren bir <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varieties_of_Modern_Greek&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjv8IVY8P3Kd9V4doB_hLQS8yX8ug" title="Modern Yunanca çeşitleri">kuzey</a> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_language&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhh7L7FubWRvFoxTz2qe_Oyu_mW5XQ" title="Yunan dili">Yunan</a> lehçesi konuşuyoruz hayat ve mainstream modern Yunan yaşamına asimile onların göçebe şekilde terk vardır.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">According to John Campbell, their settlements, dress and costumes make them a distinct social and cultural group as part of the collective Greek heritage, but they do not constitute an ethnic minority. <sup id="cite_ref-Clogg166_9-3" class="reference"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarakatsani&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhg-xntSUe57LBE9bIMaxSQirHUgcw#cite_note-Clogg166-9"><span>[</span> 10 <span>]</span></a></sup> Their folk art consists of song, dance, poetry, and some decorative sculpture in wood, as well as elaborate embroidery such as that which adorns their traditional costume.</span> John Campbell, onların yerleşim yerleri, elbise ve kostümler göre onlara ayrı bir sosyal ve kültürel grup toplu Yunan mirasının bir parçası olarak, ancak bir etnik azınlık teşkil etmez olun. <sup id="cite_ref-Clogg166_9-3" class="reference"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarakatsani&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhg-xntSUe57LBE9bIMaxSQirHUgcw#cite_note-Clogg166-9"><span>[10]</span></a></sup> Onların halk sanat şarkı, dans, şiir oluşur, ve bu da onların geleneksel kostüm süslüyordu tahta bazı dekoratif heykel gibi ayrıntılı nakış.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Principal motives used in sculpture and embroidery are geometrical shapes and human and plant representations.</span> Başlıca nedenleri heykel ve nakış geometrik şekiller ve kullanılan ve bitki temsilcilikleri insan.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">As far as their medicine is concerned, the Sarakatsani use a number of folk remedies that make use of herbs, honey, lamb's blood or a combination thereof.</span> Bildiğim kadarıyla kendi tıp söz konusu olduğunda, Sarakatsani bu otlar, bal yararlanmak halk ilaçları bir dizi kullanımı, kuzu kanı veya bunların bir kombinasyonu.</span> </p><p><a name="Kinship" id="Kinship"></a></p><h3> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span class="editsection">[ <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DSarakatsani%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D7&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjelzZufumVGCCeK9VnEXSfKohULQ" title="Değiştir bölüm: Akrabalık">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Kinship</span></span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DSarakatsani%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D7&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjelzZufumVGCCeK9VnEXSfKohULQ" title="Değiştir bölüm: Akrabalık"><span class="editsection">[Değiştir]</span></a> <span class="mw-headline">Akrabalık</span></span> </h3> <p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Among the Sarakatsani there is a strong <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrilineality&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgYXF5GmP5mmUZSbk-CiXjKoJuynQ" title="Patrilineality">patrilineal</a> bias, and when reckoning descent — as opposed to determining contemporary family relationships — lineage membership is calculated along the paternal line alone.</span> Arasında Sarakatsani güçlü bir <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrilineality&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgYXF5GmP5mmUZSbk-CiXjKoJuynQ" title="Patrilineality">babanın soyundan gelen</a> önyargı olduğunu, ve ne zaman hesaplaşma asıllı - gibi - soy üyelik çağdaş aile ilişkileri belirleyen karşı baba hattı boyunca tek başına hesaplanır.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Contemporary kin relationships are not counted beyond the degree of the second cousin.</span> Çağdaş akraba ilişkileri ikinci kuzeni derecesi ötesinde sayılmaz.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Within the <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinship&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjXQyjQqH_dOKnAGqIbQlaJrkp1eA" title="Akrabalık">kindred</a> , the family constitutes the significant unit and is, unlike the larger network of personal relations of the kindred, a corporate group.</span> Içinde <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinship&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjXQyjQqH_dOKnAGqIbQlaJrkp1eA" title="Akrabalık">akraba,</a> aile ve önemli destek birimi oluşturan ise, akraba, bir şirket grubunun kişisel ilişkilerin büyük ağ aksine.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The descendants of a man's maternal and paternal grandparents provide the field from which his recognized kin are drawn.</span> Bir insanın anne ve baba tarafından dedesi ve onun soyundan hangi tanınan soydaşları çizilir alanı sağlar.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The extended family has at its core a conjugal pair, and includes their unmarried offspring, and, often, their young married sons and their wives.</span> Genişletilmiş ailesi çekirdek bir evlilik çifti de vardır ve genellikle onların evlenmemiş yavru ve içerir, onların genç evli oğulları ve eşleri.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The Sarakatsani kindred constitutes a network of shared obligations and, to a degree, cooperation in situations concerning the honor of its members.</span> Sarakatsani akrabaya ortak yükümlülüklerinin bir ağ oluşturan ve bir ölçüde, durumlar üyelerinin onuruna ilişkin işbirliği.</span> </p><div class="thumb tleft"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width: 202px;"> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vratsa-ethnomuseum-sarakatsani-female-costume.jpg&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgJl261s6s-U3fTPGzmoSCAve6Msg" class="image" title="Bir 19. yüzyıl Vratsa, Bulgaristan bölgesinden kadın Sarakatsani kostüm."><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Vratsa-ethnomuseum-sarakatsani-female-costume.jpg/200px-Vratsa-ethnomuseum-sarakatsani-female-costume.jpg" class="thumbimage" width="200" height="356" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vratsa-ethnomuseum-sarakatsani-female-costume.jpg&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgJl261s6s-U3fTPGzmoSCAve6Msg" class="internal" title="Ayrıntı"><img src="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" width="15" height="11" /></a> </div> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">A 19th century female Sarakatsani costume from the area of <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vratsa&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgMKWnQn7Nnb2RatjjLsFW2Dk5gbw" title="Vratsa">Vratsa</a> , <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhg8l2KvVKr-f8XGy8E1DH9AenLKEg" title="Bulgaristan">Bulgaria</a> .</span> Bir 19. yüzyıl <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vratsa&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgMKWnQn7Nnb2RatjjLsFW2Dk5gbw" title="Vratsa">Vratsa,</a> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhg8l2KvVKr-f8XGy8E1DH9AenLKEg" title="Bulgaristan">Bulgaristan</a> bölgesinden kadın Sarakatsani kostüm.</span> </div> </div></div><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Sarakatsani marriages are arranged, with the initiative in such arrangements taken by the family of the prospective husband in consultation with members of the kindred.</span> Sarakatsani evlilikler, bu tür düzenlemeler akraba üyeleri ile istişare halinde müstakbel kocanın ailesi tarafından alınan inisiyatifi ile düzenlenir.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">There can be no marriage between two members of the same kindred.</span> Orada aynı akraba iki üyesi arasında evlilik olabilir.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The bride must bring with her into the marriage a dowry of household furnishings, clothing, and, more recently, sheep or their cash equivalent.</span> Gelin onunla evliliğe ve ev eşyaları, giyim bir çeyiz getirmek gerekir, son zamanlarda, koyun ya da nakit eşdeğeri.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The husband's contribution to the wealth of the new household is his share in the flocks held by his father, but these remain held in common by his paternal joint household until some years after his marriage.</span> Yeni ev ve zenginlik için kocası katkısı sürüleri babası tarafından düzenlenen kendi paylarını, ancak bu ortak yılında baba hanede elinde kalır evliliği kaç yıl sonrasına kadar.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The newly established couple initially takes up residence near the husband's family of origin.</span> Yeni kurulan çift başlangıçta kökenli kocası ailesinin yanında ikamet sürer.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Divorce is unknown and remarriage after widowhood is unthinkable.</span> Boşanma bilinmeyen ve yeniden evlenme sonra dulluk düşünülemez.</span> </p> <p><a name="Honor_of_the_kindred" id="Honor_of_the_kindred"></a></p><h3> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span class="editsection">[ <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DSarakatsani%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D8&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjyo34QyE9tjpdxiTlTy8PNa0Qaog" title="Değiştir bölüm: akraba onuruna">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Honor of the kindred</span></span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DSarakatsani%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D8&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjyo34QyE9tjpdxiTlTy8PNa0Qaog" title="Değiştir bölüm: akraba onuruna"><span class="editsection">[Değiştir]</span></a> <span class="mw-headline">Onur akraba ve</span></span> </h3> <p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The concept of honor is of great importance to the Sarakatsani.</span> Onur kavramı Sarakatsani büyük önem taşımaktadır.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The behavior of any member of a family reflects back upon all its members, therefore the avoidance of negative public opinion, particularly as expressed in gossip, provides a strong incentive to live up to the values and standards of propriety held by the community as a whole.</span> Bir ailenin her üyesinin davranışı geri tüm üyelerin üzerine negatif kamuoyunun bu nedenle kaçınma, özellikle dedikodu ifade, güçlü bir teşvik yukarı değerleri ve görgü toplumun bir bütün olarak yapılan standartlarına yaşamayı sağlar yansıtır .</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Men have as their duty the protection of the family's honor, and are therefore watchful of the behavior of the rest of the household.</span> Erkekler kendi görev ve bu nedenle ev ve dinlenme davranış tetikte olan ailenin şeref koruması var.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">In the wider field of village and national interests, the Sarakatsani are subject to local statutes and Greek law.</span> Köy ve ulusal çıkarların daha geniş alanında, Sarakatsani yerel tüzük ve Yunan kanunlarına tabidir.</span> </p> <p><a name="Religion" id="Religion"></a></p><h3> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span class="editsection">[ <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DSarakatsani%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D9&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjpRuYeNWkLJpp5V4PdGjLNz9QtMQ" title="Değiştir bölüm: Din">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Religion</span></span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DSarakatsani%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D9&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjpRuYeNWkLJpp5V4PdGjLNz9QtMQ" title="Değiştir bölüm: Din"><span class="editsection">[Değiştir]</span></a> <span class="mw-headline">Din</span></span> </h3> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width: 202px;"> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sarakatsanoikids.JPG&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjPAUfgO_ipfqnvke79Swtc2bWtUg" class="image" title="Fustanella içinde Sarakatsani çocuk."><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Sarakatsanoikids.JPG/200px-Sarakatsanoikids.JPG" class="thumbimage" width="200" height="244" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sarakatsanoikids.JPG&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjPAUfgO_ipfqnvke79Swtc2bWtUg" class="internal" title="Ayrıntı"><img src="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" width="15" height="11" /></a> </div> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Sarakatsani children in <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fustanella&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhifEPhl6XMPuRko8FX8htaeFatW6w" title="Fustanella">fustanella</a> .</span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fustanella&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhifEPhl6XMPuRko8FX8htaeFatW6w" title="Fustanella">Fustanella</a> içinde Sarakatsani çocuk.</span> </div> </div></div><p><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The Sarakatsani are <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgAzdnkLE_Qky_bmgcsDLycfXNX-w" title="Doğu Ortodoks Kilisesi" class="mw-redirect">Greek Orthodox</a> Christians and associated with the <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_Greece&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgvt3yZqTuw2AWkVdkUie_i7QvCNw" title="Kilise Yunanistan">Church of Greece</a> .</span> Sarakatsani <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgAzdnkLE_Qky_bmgcsDLycfXNX-w" title="Doğu Ortodoks Kilisesi" class="mw-redirect">Ortodoks</a> Hıristiyanlar <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgAzdnkLE_Qky_bmgcsDLycfXNX-w" title="Doğu Ortodoks Kilisesi" class="mw-redirect">Yunan</a> olan ve <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_Greece&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgvt3yZqTuw2AWkVdkUie_i7QvCNw" title="Kilise Yunanistan">Yunanistan Kilisesi ile</a> ilişkili.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Despite the fact that their participation in the institutional forms of the church is not particularly marked, they believe strongly in the concepts of <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/God_the_Father&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhj6SRExaAOZoHdXWwRSBjxZEPkh1w" title="Tanrı Baba">God the Father</a> , <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhisB0tg10WtGchn8w461MxiV95aRg" title="Jesus">Jesus Christ</a> and the <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_%28mother_of_Jesus%29&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhibWS94hioE26rZOwHWlzkutM8Aww" title="İsa'nın Meryem (annesi)">Virgin Mary</a> . <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/God&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjsp6J4fDdBNvBMI3EXSybMCByD7w" title="Tanrı">God</a> is seen in strongly paternalistic terms, as protector and provider, as judge and as punisher of evil deeds.</span> Aslında bu kilisenin kurumsal formları katılımlarını özellikle işaretli değilse rağmen güçlü <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/God_the_Father&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhj6SRExaAOZoHdXWwRSBjxZEPkh1w" title="Tanrı Baba">Tanrı</a> kavramlarını <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/God_the_Father&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhj6SRExaAOZoHdXWwRSBjxZEPkh1w" title="Tanrı Baba">Baba,</a> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhisB0tg10WtGchn8w461MxiV95aRg" title="Jesus">İsa</a> ve <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_%28mother_of_Jesus%29&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhibWS94hioE26rZOwHWlzkutM8Aww" title="İsa'nın Meryem (annesi)">Meryem.</a> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/God&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjsp6J4fDdBNvBMI3EXSybMCByD7w" title="Tanrı">Tanrı</a> olarak güçlü ataerkil bakımından görülen, koruyucusu ve sağlayıcısı olarak inanıyoruz hakim ve kötü işlerin Punisher gibi.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">They have interwoven <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgcm9n9ynrMtBZ52bWwr_40oq4ymw" title="Hıristiyanlık">Christian</a> with folk beliefs like the <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evil_eye&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgSFggcV-nj50HRKIx_dxIfwD2ANg" title="Nazar">evil eye</a> .</span> Onlar <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgcm9n9ynrMtBZ52bWwr_40oq4ymw" title="Hıristiyanlık">Hıristiyan</a> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evil_eye&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgSFggcV-nj50HRKIx_dxIfwD2ANg" title="Nazar">nazar</a> gibi halk inançları ile iç içe olması.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Each hut shelters an icon or icons upon which family devotions focused.</span> Her kulübe sığınak bir simge veya simgeler bunun üzerine aile ibadet duruldu.</span> </p> <p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The Sarakatsani honor the feast days of <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_George&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjrz8gNJ1_Ea4wACqc7PzUwlOovFA" title="Saint George">Saint George</a> and <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demetrius_of_Thessaloniki&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhii2JYVd2wb6mxq_QZrXWmMfNjJww" title="Demetrius Selanik" class="mw-redirect">Saint Demetrius</a> , which fall just before the seasonal migrations in spring and early winter, respectively.</span> Sarakatsani <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_George&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjrz8gNJ1_Ea4wACqc7PzUwlOovFA" title="Saint George">Saint George</a> ve <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demetrius_of_Thessaloniki&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhii2JYVd2wb6mxq_QZrXWmMfNjJww" title="Demetrius Selanik" class="mw-redirect">Aziz Demetrius</a> olan sonbahar ve bayram günü şerefine hemen önce ilkbahar ve erken kış aylarında mevsimsel göçler, sırasıyla.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Especially for the Saint George's feast day, a family kills a lamb in the saint's honor, a ritual that also marks <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhg2f_NUXMpvgp-ga1GdieK-wo_jXQ" title="Christmas">Christmas</a> and the <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resurrection_appearances_of_Jesus&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhj_BEASW0UGYftJt1UrpEhoPOuY7Q" title="İsa'nın kıyamet görünüşe">Resurrection of Christ</a> . <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Easter&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgX4GAP-RWpwA0vamWF1Mdoa9raUg" title="Easter">Easter</a> week is the most important ritual period in Sarakatsani religious life.</span> Özellikle Saint George's bayram günü için, bir aile aziz's onur, bir ritüel olduğu da işaretleri <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhg2f_NUXMpvgp-ga1GdieK-wo_jXQ" title="Christmas">Noel</a> ve <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resurrection_appearances_of_Jesus&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhj_BEASW0UGYftJt1UrpEhoPOuY7Q" title="İsa'nın kıyamet görünüşe">İsa'nın kıyamet.</a> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Easter&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgX4GAP-RWpwA0vamWF1Mdoa9raUg" title="Easter">Paskalya</a> hafta Sarakatsani dini hayatında en önemli ritüeli süresi bir kuzu öldürür.</span> </p> <p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Other ceremonial events, outside the formal Christian calendar, are weddings and funerals.</span> Diğer tören olaylar, resmi Hıristiyan takvimi dışında düğün ve cenaze vardır.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Funerals are ritual occasions that involve not only the immediate family of the deceased but also the members of the larger kindred.</span> Cenaze, sadece büyük bir akraba ölmüş değil, aynı zamanda üyelerinin yakın aile dahil ritüel durumlarda vardır.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Funerary practice is consistent with that of the church. <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mourning&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiMTi-a0LwX6dxJXeQzHI7rC9ylQg" title="Yas">Mourning</a> is most marked among the women, and most of all by the widow.</span> Cenaze uygulamalarımız, kilise ile uyumludur. <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mourning&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiMTi-a0LwX6dxJXeQzHI7rC9ylQg" title="Yas">Mourning</a> en çok kadınlar arasında, işaretlenir ve tüm dul en çok.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Beliefs in the afterlife are conditioned by the teachings of the church, though flavored to some degree by traditions deriving from pre-Christian folk religion.</span> Ahirette İnançlar kilisenin öğretileri tarafından, ancak bir dereceye kadar geleneklerini ön kaynaklanan-Hıristiyan halk din ile ilişkili conditioned.</span> </p><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The family is thought to be a reflection of the relationship expressed among God the Father, the Virgin Mary and Christ, where the father is the family head, responsible for the spiritual life of the family.</span> Aile ilişki Tanrı Baba, Meryem ve İsa, burada baba aile başkanı, ailenin manevi yaşam sorumludur ifade arasında bir yansıması olduğu düşünülmektedir.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Each household constitutes an autonomous religious community. <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superstition&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgi9SGBylw-YvMnX-DDBW_wXfTmdA" title="Hurafe">Superstitious</a> beliefs and practices, such as the casting of the evil eye, have traditionally been prevalent among the Sarakatsani, however there are no formally recognised magical specialists among them.</span> Her evde özerk bir dini topluluk oluşturur. <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superstition&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgi9SGBylw-YvMnX-DDBW_wXfTmdA" title="Hurafe">Superstitious</a> inanç ve uygulamaları, nazar ve döküm gibi, geleneksel olarak Sarakatsani arasında yaygın olması, hayır resmen aralarında büyülü tanınan Ancak uzmanlar vardır.</span> </p><p><a name="Pastoralism" id="Pastoralism"></a></p><h3> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span class="editsection">[ <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DSarakatsani%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D10&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhh-_wncOYu2px3Wfxs38Pc2r6KrDA" title="Değiştir bölüm: Pastoralism">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Pastoralism</span></span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DSarakatsani%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D10&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhh-_wncOYu2px3Wfxs38Pc2r6KrDA" title="Değiştir bölüm: Pastoralism"><span class="editsection">[Değiştir]</span></a> <span class="mw-headline">Pastoralism</span></span> </h3> <p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The Sarakatsani traditionally spent the summer months on the mountains and returned to the lower plains in the winter.</span> Sarakatsani geleneksel olarak yaz aylarında dağlarda geçiren ve kışın düşük ovalar döndü.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The migration would start on the eve of <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_George&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjrz8gNJ1_Ea4wACqc7PzUwlOovFA" title="Saint George">Saint George</a> 's Day in April and the return migration would start on <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Demetrius_of_Thessaloniki&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgwr7fNOkkBKZKvnyBCbmZW0jscsA" title="Saint Demetrius Selanik">Saint Demetrius</a> ' Day, on <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/October_26&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgnhJDrN20N6DhPSRXNPurqg2rMfA" title="Ekim 26"><span class="mw-formatted-date" title="10-26">October 26</span></a> .</span> Göç <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_George&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjrz8gNJ1_Ea4wACqc7PzUwlOovFA" title="Saint George">Saint George</a> 'Nisan ve s Day dönmek göç <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Demetrius_of_Thessaloniki&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgwr7fNOkkBKZKvnyBCbmZW0jscsA" title="Saint Demetrius Selanik">Saint Demetrius</a> Günü Doğum, <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/October_26&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgnhJDrN20N6DhPSRXNPurqg2rMfA" title="Ekim 26"><span class="mw-formatted-date" title="10-26">Ekim 26</span></a> tarihinde başlayacak arifesinde başlayacaktı.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">However, according to a theory, the Sarakatsani were not always <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nomad&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhh9EhbWqHeD9OvSwVGe0MS9ZEO2A" title="Göçebe">nomads</a> but only turned to harsh nomadic mountain life to escape <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgUvNI0QjN3vK-hi_PRrGCXlFwVgA" title="Osmanlı İmparatorluğu">Ottoman rule</a> . <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarakatsani&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhg-xntSUe57LBE9bIMaxSQirHUgcw#cite_note-.CE.A4.CF.83.CE.B1.CE.BF.CF.8D.CF.83.CE.B7.CF.82-13"><sup id="cite_ref-.CE.A4.CF.83.CE.B1.CE.BF.CF.8D.CF.83.CE.B7.CF.82_13-0" class="reference"><span>[</span> 14 <span>]</span></sup></a> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarakatsani&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhg-xntSUe57LBE9bIMaxSQirHUgcw#cite_note-.CE.A4.CF.83.CE.B1.CE.BF.CF.8D.CF.83.CE.B7.CF.82-hellenictimes.net-14"><sup id="cite_ref-.CE.A4.CF.83.CE.B1.CE.BF.CF.8D.CF.83.CE.B7.CF.82-hellenictimes.net_14-0" class="reference"><span>[</span> 15 <span>]</span></sup></a> Yet many of the Sarakatsani residing in <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epirus_%28periphery%29&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhj0qqkQjvG03f3SUXL1fpPzjUZ14w" title="Epir (çevre)">Epirus</a> , <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macedonia_%28Greece%29&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgqr0Zgi7y8C43cuorlzW7VUc9aIw" title="Makedonya (Yunanistan)">Macedonia</a> and <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Thrace&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjnS0IIK_BXCQl_fHXPu431kdUz0w" title="Batı Trakya">Thrace</a> , provinces that remained under Ottoman control until 1913, developed subsequently amiable relationships with the Turkish officials who were among the purchasers of their dairy products as well as of <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamb_and_mutton&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhh9hVGmkL6RZKwJw44s121TDS4FjA" title="Kuzu ve koyun eti">lamb and mutton</a> .</span> Ancak, bir teoriye göre, Sarakatsani her zaman <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nomad&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhh9EhbWqHeD9OvSwVGe0MS9ZEO2A" title="Göçebe">göçebeler</a> ancak sert dağ göçebe hayat <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgUvNI0QjN3vK-hi_PRrGCXlFwVgA" title="Osmanlı İmparatorluğu">Osmanlı</a> kaçış döndü edildi. <span><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarakatsani&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhg-xntSUe57LBE9bIMaxSQirHUgcw#cite_note-.CE.A4.CF.83.CE.B1.CE.BF.CF.8D.CF.83.CE.B7.CF.82-13"><sup id="cite_ref-.CE.A4.CF.83.CE.B1.CE.BF.CF.8D.CF.83.CE.B7.CF.82_13-0" class="reference">[14]</sup></a> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarakatsani&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhg-xntSUe57LBE9bIMaxSQirHUgcw#cite_note-.CE.A4.CF.83.CE.B1.CE.BF.CF.8D.CF.83.CE.B7.CF.82-hellenictimes.net-14"><sup id="cite_ref-.CE.A4.CF.83.CE.B1.CE.BF.CF.8D.CF.83.CE.B7.CF.82-hellenictimes.net_14-0" class="reference">[15]</sup></a></span> Yine Sarakatsani ve <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epirus_%28periphery%29&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhj0qqkQjvG03f3SUXL1fpPzjUZ14w" title="Epir (çevre)">Epir,</a> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macedonia_%28Greece%29&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgqr0Zgi7y8C43cuorlzW7VUc9aIw" title="Makedonya (Yunanistan)">Makedonya</a> ve <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Thrace&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjnS0IIK_BXCQl_fHXPu431kdUz0w" title="Batı Trakya">Trakya,</a> Osmanlı altında kalan illerde ikamet eden birçok kontrolü 1.913 kadar olan <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamb_and_mutton&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhh9hVGmkL6RZKwJw44s121TDS4FjA" title="Kuzu ve koyun eti">kuzu ve koyun eti</a> gibi kendi süt ürünlerinin satın arasındaydı Türk yetkililerle sonradan sevimli ilişkiler geliştirmiştir.</span> </p> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width: 402px;"> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gyftokampos.jpg&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhg046lZrwSbZMUJXYH9jSHpJJOv0Q" class="image" title="Gyftokampos rekonstrükte sarakatsani Hamlet (Ioannina İli, Yunanistan)"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Gyftokampos.jpg/400px-Gyftokampos.jpg" class="thumbimage" width="400" height="60" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gyftokampos.jpg&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhg046lZrwSbZMUJXYH9jSHpJJOv0Q" class="internal" title="Ayrıntı"><img src="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" width="15" height="11" /></a> </div> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reconstruction_%28architecture%29&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjyqg595BrKDET2EvPtNa8iE82EmA" title="Yeniden yapılanma (mimari)">Reconstructed</a> sarakatsani <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamlet_%28place%29&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgk5gS8ff5-q9FPeo7YdBZPtkbdyg" title="Hamlet (place)">hamlet</a> in Gyftokampos ( <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ioannina_Prefecture&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjoZrzqNrPfxg__K4c3EHlYu-dsiw" title="Yanya İli">Ioannina Prefecture</a> , <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhqqS-Cfa6zoLvboE4jVPCYcvzIDA" title="Yunanistan">Greece</a> )</span> Gyftokampos içinde <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reconstruction_%28architecture%29&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjyqg595BrKDET2EvPtNa8iE82EmA" title="Yeniden yapılanma (mimari)">Reconstructed</a> sarakatsani <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamlet_%28place%29&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgk5gS8ff5-q9FPeo7YdBZPtkbdyg" title="Hamlet (place)">Hamlet</a> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ioannina_Prefecture&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjoZrzqNrPfxg__K4c3EHlYu-dsiw" title="Yanya İli">(Ioannina İli,</a> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhqqS-Cfa6zoLvboE4jVPCYcvzIDA" title="Yunanistan">Yunanistan)</a></span> </div> </div></div><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">As national states appeared in the former domain of the Ottoman Empire, new state borders came to separate the summer and winter habitats of many of the Sarakatsani groups.</span> Ulusal devletlerin Osmanlı İmparatorluğu, yeni devlet sınırlarının eski etki alanında ortaya yaz ve Sarakatsani grupların birçok kış habitatları ayrı geldi.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">However, until the middle of the 20th century the crossing of borders between <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhqqS-Cfa6zoLvboE4jVPCYcvzIDA" title="Yunanistan">Greece</a> , <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albania&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhj-FS8vqY7MfqhINcgt4CrK6IUrqA" title="Arnavutluk">Albania</a> , <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhg8l2KvVKr-f8XGy8E1DH9AenLKEg" title="Bulgaristan">Bulgaria</a> and <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgOAnh5XTVPfcRFauZH51El-WKgwQ" title="Yugoslavya Krallığı">Yugoslavia</a> was relatively unobstructed.</span> Ancak, 20. yüzyılda <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhqqS-Cfa6zoLvboE4jVPCYcvzIDA" title="Yunanistan">Yunanistan,</a> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albania&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhj-FS8vqY7MfqhINcgt4CrK6IUrqA" title="Arnavutluk">Arnavutluk,</a> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhg8l2KvVKr-f8XGy8E1DH9AenLKEg" title="Bulgaristan">Bulgaristan</a> ve <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgOAnh5XTVPfcRFauZH51El-WKgwQ" title="Yugoslavya Krallığı">Yugoslavya</a> arasında sınır kapısı nispeten engelsiz olarak ortasına kadar.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">In the summer, some groups went as far north as the <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balkan_mountains&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhig7I0AO0Grw4PK_lhHLTgBchGSeA" title="Balkan Dağları" class="mw-redirect">Balkan mountains</a> while the winter they would spend in the warmer plains in vicinity of the <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aegean_Sea&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhMQ2ooWGJtyI8rQV0uzVIO3yaSGQ" title="Ege Adaları">Aegean Sea</a> .</span> Halbuki onlar <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aegean_Sea&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhMQ2ooWGJtyI8rQV0uzVIO3yaSGQ" title="Ege Adaları">Ege Denizi</a> ve çevresinde sıcak ovalarında kışı geçirmek istiyorsunuz yazında, bazı gruplar kadar kuzey <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balkan_mountains&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhig7I0AO0Grw4PK_lhHLTgBchGSeA" title="Balkan Dağları" class="mw-redirect">Balkan Dağları</a> olarak gitti.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">After 1947, as inter-state borders were sealed with the beginning of the <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_War&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhX0FY0782EsxlfvGNdq2-h7Wt1bw" title="Soğuk Savaş">Cold War</a> , some Sarakatsani were not able to migrate anymore and were subsequently settled down outside Greece.</span> Olarak devletler arası sınırları <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_War&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhX0FY0782EsxlfvGNdq2-h7Wt1bw" title="Soğuk Savaş">Soğuk Savaş'ın</a> başlangıcı ile imzalandı 1.947 sonra, bazı Sarakatsani artık göç etmeye ve daha sonra Yunanistan dışında yerleşti edildi mümkün değildi.</span> </p><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Traditional Sarakatsani settlements were located on or near grazing lands both during summers and winters.</span> Geleneksel Sarakatsani yerleşim birimlerine veya otlak arazileri yakınında yazlar ve kışlar safhasında bulunurdu.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The most characteristic type of dwelling was that with a domed hut, framed of branches and covered with thatch.</span> Konut ve en karakteristik türü kubbeli bir kulübe ile şube çerçeveli ve thatch kaplıydı.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">A second type was a wood-beamed, thatched, rectangular structure.</span> İkinci tip bir ahşap kirişli, dikdörtgen yapısı thatched oldu.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">In both types, the centerpiece of the dwelling was a stone hearth.</span> Her iki tür olarak, konut ve merkezinde bir taş ocak oldu.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The floors and walls were plastered with mud and mule dung.</span> Zemin ve duvarlar çamur ve katır gübresi ile sıvalı edildi.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Since the late 1930s, national requirements for the registration of citizens has led many if not most Sarakatsani to adopt as legal residence the villages associated with summer grazing lands, and many Sarakatsani have since built houses in such villages.</span> 1930'ların sonlarına doğru bu yana, vatandaşların kayıt için ulusal gereksinimleri olmasa bile en köylerinde yaz otlak arazileri ile ilgili yasal ikametgahı olarak kabul etmek Sarakatsani ve birçok Sarakatsani birçok yol açmıştır bu gibi köylerde evler inşa etmişlerdir.</span> </p><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">During the winter, however, their settlement patterns still follow the more traditional configuration: a group of cooperating households, generally linked by ties of kinship or marriage, build their houses in a cluster on flat land close to the pasturage, with supporting structures (for the cheese merchant and cheese maker) nearby.</span> Kış boyunca, ancak kendi yerleşim modelleri hala daha geleneksel yapılandırma izleyin: işbirliği hanelerin bir grup, genellikle akrabalık veya evlilik bağları ile bağlı, evlerini inşa otlatma düz arazi yakın bir kümede (yapılar için destekleyen peynir tüccar ve peynir üreticisi) nearby.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Pens for goats and folds for newborn lambs and nursing ewes are built close to the settlement.</span> Keçi ve yeni doğan kuzuların bakım ve koyunların için kıvrımlar için Kalemler yakın yerleşim için inşa edilir.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">This complex is called stani ( <i>στάνη</i> ), a term also used to refer to the cooperative group sharing the leased land.</span> Bu karmaşık Stani <i>(στάνη),</i> bir dönem de işbirlikli grup kiralanan arazi paylaşımı için de kullanılır denir.</span> </p> <p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Their life centers year-round on the needs of their flocks.</span> Onların yaşam merkezleri yıl sürülerindeki ve ihtiyaçlarına yuvarlak.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Men and boys are usually responsible for the protection and general care of the flocks, like shearing and milking, while the women occupy with the building of the dwellings, sheepfolds and goat pens, child care, the domestic tasks, preparing, spinning and dying the shorn wool, and additionally they try to keep chickens, the eggs of which provide them with their only personal source of income.</span> Iken kadınların konut, sheepfolds ve keçi kalemler, çocuk bakımı, ev işleri, hazırlama binası ile, işgal ve iplik boyama Erkekler ve erkek çocuklar genellikle koruma ve genel bakım için kesme ve sağım gibi sürüleri, sorumludur ve yün yoksun ayrıca onlar tavuk bulundurmaya çalışın, yumurta olan gelir sadece kendi kişisel kaynak onlara sağlar.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Women also keep household vegetable gardens, with some wild herbs used to supplement the family diet.</span> Kadınlar da, bazı yabani otlar aile diyet ek için kullanılan ev sebze bahçeleri tutun.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">When children are very young, child care is the province of the mother.</span> Zaman çocuklar çok genç, çocuk bakımı annenin ilidir.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">When boys are old enough to help with the flocks, they accompany their fathers and are taught the skills they will someday need.</span> Zaman çocuklar yeterli sürüleri ile yardımcı olmak için eski, onlar ve babalarına eşlik öğretilir onlar birgün gerekir becerileri.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Similarly, girls learn through observing and assisting their mothers.</span> Benzer şekilde, kız gözlemleme ve annesi yardım yoluyla öğrenirler.</span> </p> <p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The pasturage used by a stani is leased, with the head of each participating family paying a share at the end of each season to tselingas, the stani leader, in whose name the lease was originally taken.</span> Otlatma bir Stani tarafından kullanılan, her katılımcı aile tselingas her sezon sonunda bir payı ödeme başkanı ile Stani lideri olan isim kira ilk alınmıştır kiralık olduğunu.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Inheritance of an individual's property and wealth at the time of his death is largely passed through males: sons inherit a share of the flocks and property owned by their fathers and mothers.</span> Ölümünün zamanda bireyin mülkiyet ve servet Kalıtım büyük oranda erkek geçirilir: oğulları sürüleri ve mülk babalarının ve annelerinin ait bir paya devralır.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">However, household goods may pass to daughters, and prestige of the family is visited on all surviving offspring, regardless of gender.</span> Ancak, ev eşyaları kızlarına, iletebilirsiniz ve ailesinin prestij kurtulan tüm yavru Doğum bakılmaksızın, cinsiyet ziyaret edilmiştir.</span> </p><p><a name="Demographics" id="Demographics"></a></p><h2> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span class="editsection">[ <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DSarakatsani%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D11&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjJOPinJZGNk5mQ7dTx8-CskTwz3g" title="Değiştir bölüm: Demografi">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Demographics</span></span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DSarakatsani%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D11&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjJOPinJZGNk5mQ7dTx8-CskTwz3g" title="Değiştir bölüm: Demografi"><span class="editsection">[Değiştir]</span></a> <span class="mw-headline">Nüfus</span></span> </h2> <p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Until the mid-20th century, the Sarakatsani were scattered in many parts of the <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balkans&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiOnoDYGRJy85H6nWc6cCLDmoi26g" title="Balkanlar">Balkan Peninsula</a> , <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhqqS-Cfa6zoLvboE4jVPCYcvzIDA" title="Yunanistan">Greece</a> , <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhg8l2KvVKr-f8XGy8E1DH9AenLKEg" title="Bulgaristan">Bulgaria</a> , <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhit1ep1ChnofeRvh9HL6bKirz46Pg" title="Türkiye">Turkey</a> , <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yugoslavia&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiae2f1LgwqVtHVoFOIEg8lINgI9Q" title="Yugoslavya">Yugoslavia</a> , but today they live mainly in Greece, with only some populations left in Bulgaria.</span> Ortalarından 20. yüzyıla kadar, Sarakatsani <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balkans&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiOnoDYGRJy85H6nWc6cCLDmoi26g" title="Balkanlar">Balkan Yarımadası,</a> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhqqS-Cfa6zoLvboE4jVPCYcvzIDA" title="Yunanistan">Yunanistan,</a> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhg8l2KvVKr-f8XGy8E1DH9AenLKEg" title="Bulgaristan">Bulgaristan,</a> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhit1ep1ChnofeRvh9HL6bKirz46Pg" title="Türkiye">Türkiye,</a> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yugoslavia&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiae2f1LgwqVtHVoFOIEg8lINgI9Q" title="Yugoslavya">Yugoslavya,</a> ancak esas olarak Yunanistan'da yaşayan, bugün sadece bazı nüfus Bulgaristan sol ile birçok yerinde dağıldı.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">It is difficult to establish the exact number of the Sarakatsani over the years, since they were dispersed and migrated in summer and winter, while they were not considered a discreet group in order that census data specify figures for them.</span> Çünkü dağınık olduğunu ve yaz kış göç ederken onlar sırayla nüfus sayımı verileri onlar için rakamlar belirtmek ihtiyatlı bir grup olarak kabul edildi Bu yıl içinde Sarakatsani kesin sayısını kurmak için zordur.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Besides, they are often confused with other population groups, especially with the <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vlachs&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiDL11Q9Nr-lSOuCnR3hNjbRfO35w" title="Ulah">Vlachs</a> , who are also nomadic shepherds.</span> Ayrıca, genellikle diğer nüfus gruplarıyla, <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vlachs&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiDL11Q9Nr-lSOuCnR3hNjbRfO35w" title="Ulah">Ulah,</a> aynı zamanda göçebe çobanlar vardır özellikle kafası karışır.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">However, in the late 1950s their number was estimated to be approximately 80,000 throughout Greece, when the process of urbanization had already started for large masses of Greeks.</span> Ancak, sayısı yaklaşık 80.000 Yunanistan, zaman kentleşme süreci zaten Yunanlıların büyük kitleler için başlamıştı boyunca olduğu tahmin edilmiştir 1950'lerin sonlarında.</span> </p><div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width: 252px;"> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SarakatsaniFederation.jpg&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjeEol9vRz7QsQNu6zg6KDvhrS2tw" class="image" title="Bulgar federasyonu Sarakatsani Kültürel Toplumların Sliven, Bulgaristan."><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/SarakatsaniFederation.jpg/250px-SarakatsaniFederation.jpg" class="thumbimage" width="250" height="188" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SarakatsaniFederation.jpg&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjeEol9vRz7QsQNu6zg6KDvhrS2tw" class="internal" title="Ayrıntı"><img src="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" width="15" height="11" /></a> </div> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Federation of Bulgarian Sarakatsani Cultural Societies in <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sliven&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgjUyi1xD2-Zvstjfv_8pBoVQcdlg" title="Sliven">Sliven</a> , <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhg8l2KvVKr-f8XGy8E1DH9AenLKEg" title="Bulgaristan">Bulgaria</a> .</span> Bulgar federasyonu Sarakatsani Kültürel Toplumların <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sliven&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgjUyi1xD2-Zvstjfv_8pBoVQcdlg" title="Sliven">Sliven,</a> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhg8l2KvVKr-f8XGy8E1DH9AenLKEg" title="Bulgaristan">Bulgaristan</a> da.</span> </div> </div></div><p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">In Greece, the Sarakatsani populations can be primarily found in <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Greece&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgYoTAS4527MAY6TZ9gzLyY3Il8aA" title="Yunanistan'ın orta">Central Greece</a> on the mountain ranges of <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Giona&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhNavszqyJ6up3dTZawNwgLmFiTKg" title="Mount Giona">Giona</a> , <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Parnassus&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjV0B38Eufar5gjrLBvYfJpLObcFA" title="Parnassos Dağı">Parnassus</a> and <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panaitoliko_%28mountain_range%29&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgLTx7EMl0XdzgD64RdGr55opwaWg" title="Panaitoliko (dağ silsilesi)">Panaitoliko</a> , in <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epirus_%28periphery%29&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhj0qqkQjvG03f3SUXL1fpPzjUZ14w" title="Epir (çevre)">Epirus</a> on <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pindus&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhg3UjECgQa_gfUnphIiB92Ok_JFew" title="Pindus">Pindus</a> mountains, on <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhodope_Mountains&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjnnqTZMbfUUUK0PcoP5wIPH88QLg" title="Rodop Dağları">Rhodope</a> in <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Thrace&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjnS0IIK_BXCQl_fHXPu431kdUz0w" title="Batı Trakya">Thrace</a> , in Central <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euboea&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgN83nhiLd0PHygRJN_ZCNOOp9qKw" title="Eğriboz">Euboea</a> , on the mountains <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Olympus&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgfaXI2GEcgeaj7uAHCIolx9TSKtg" title="Mount Olympus">Olympus</a> and <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Ossa_%28Greece%29&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhilsVCe9qYF9oR4WBY_xdl7sZCCtQ" title="Mount Ossa (Yunanistan)">Ossa</a> , and in other parts of <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thessaly&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjQZAez4mtYrtHl3MYJfrW-xDlLyw" title="Teselya">Thessaly</a> and <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macedonia_%28Greece%29&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgqr0Zgi7y8C43cuorlzW7VUc9aIw" title="Makedonya (Yunanistan)">Macedonia</a> .</span> Yunanistan'da, Sarakatsani nüfus öncelikle <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Greece&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgYoTAS4527MAY6TZ9gzLyY3Il8aA" title="Yunanistan'ın orta">Orta Yunanistan</a> olarak <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Giona&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhNavszqyJ6up3dTZawNwgLmFiTKg" title="Mount Giona">Giona,</a> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Parnassus&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjV0B38Eufar5gjrLBvYfJpLObcFA" title="Parnassos Dağı">Parnassos</a> ve <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panaitoliko_%28mountain_range%29&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgLTx7EMl0XdzgD64RdGr55opwaWg" title="Panaitoliko (dağ silsilesi)">Panaitoliko</a> bir dağ üzerinde, <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epirus_%28periphery%29&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhj0qqkQjvG03f3SUXL1fpPzjUZ14w" title="Epir (çevre)">Epir</a> yılında <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pindus&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhg3UjECgQa_gfUnphIiB92Ok_JFew" title="Pindus">Pindus</a> dağları üzerinde, <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhodope_Mountains&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjnnqTZMbfUUUK0PcoP5wIPH88QLg" title="Rodop Dağları">Rodop</a> tarihinde <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Thrace&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjnS0IIK_BXCQl_fHXPu431kdUz0w" title="Batı Trakya">Trakya</a> yılında, Orta <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euboea&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgN83nhiLd0PHygRJN_ZCNOOp9qKw" title="Eğriboz">Eğriboz</a> olarak, dağlarda bulunabilir <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Olympus&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgfaXI2GEcgeaj7uAHCIolx9TSKtg" title="Mount Olympus">Olympus</a> ve <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Ossa_%28Greece%29&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhilsVCe9qYF9oR4WBY_xdl7sZCCtQ" title="Mount Ossa (Yunanistan)">Ossa</a> ve diğer kısımlarında <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thessaly&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjQZAez4mtYrtHl3MYJfrW-xDlLyw" title="Teselya">Teselya</a> ve <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macedonia_%28Greece%29&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgqr0Zgi7y8C43cuorlzW7VUc9aIw" title="Makedonya (Yunanistan)">Makedonya</a> ile.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The great percentage of them have abandoned the nomadic way of life and live in their villages, while their descendants have largely populated the principal Greek cities.</span> Bunların büyük bir yüzdesi yaşam göçebe şekilde terk ve köylerine yaşamak, onların soyundan gelenler ise büyük ölçüde temel Yunan şehir nüfusu var.</span> </p><p><a name="Bulgaria" id="Bulgaria"></a></p><h3> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span class="editsection">[ <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DSarakatsani%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D12&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhAjaI5kKddGaUYMwVGq51kF35K2g" title="Değiştir bölüm: Bulgaristan">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Bulgaria</span></span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DSarakatsani%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D12&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhAjaI5kKddGaUYMwVGq51kF35K2g" title="Değiştir bölüm: Bulgaristan"><span class="editsection">[Değiştir]</span></a> <span class="mw-headline">Bulgaristan</span></span> </h3> <p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">In <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhg8l2KvVKr-f8XGy8E1DH9AenLKEg" title="Bulgaristan">Bulgaria</a> , according to the 2001 census, 4,107 individuals identified as Sarakatsani ( <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgarian_language&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgZ0oYlb6ewQs2S_vde9o96DtjaUQ" title="Bulgarca dil">Bulgarian</a> : <span lang="bg">каракачани</span> , karakachani). <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarakatsani&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhg-xntSUe57LBE9bIMaxSQirHUgcw#cite_note-etnicheski-15"><sup id="cite_ref-etnicheski_15-0" class="reference"><span>[</span> 16 <span>]</span></sup></a> In the census, this identification is considered separate from the identity of the <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greeks_in_Bulgaria&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjeSw9lAXDYbs3DDbNtO3QsV5EedA" title="Yunanlılar Bulgaristan">Greeks in Bulgaria</a> . <sup id="cite_ref-etnicheski_15-1" class="reference"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarakatsani&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhg-xntSUe57LBE9bIMaxSQirHUgcw#cite_note-etnicheski-15"><span>[</span> 16 <span>]</span></a></sup> Local organizations, however, estimate the number of Sarakatsani at up to 20,000. <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarakatsani&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhg-xntSUe57LBE9bIMaxSQirHUgcw#cite_note-16"><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><span>[</span> 17 <span>]</span></sup></a> In Bulgaria, they are regarded as a distinct group of possible <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vlachs&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiDL11Q9Nr-lSOuCnR3hNjbRfO35w" title="Ulah">Vlach</a> or <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavic_peoples&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhXNEanSrbERFmu5BmgojCiqdyzHA" title="Slav halkları">Slavic</a> origin. <sup id="cite_ref-etnicheski_15-2" class="reference"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarakatsani&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhg-xntSUe57LBE9bIMaxSQirHUgcw#cite_note-etnicheski-15"><span>[</span> 16 <span>]</span></a></sup> Most live in the vicinity of <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sliven&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgjUyi1xD2-Zvstjfv_8pBoVQcdlg" title="Sliven">Sliven</a> where their headquarters reside, but also along the <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stara_Planina&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiVkKB8OGKdpF_7SPzAESk5u3iE0g" title="Stara Planina" class="mw-redirect">Stara Planina</a> range; today most of them are <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgarisation&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjfieNSV7YPq6HQFCX642XDgzuLiA" title="Bulgarisation">Bulgarized</a> .</span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhg8l2KvVKr-f8XGy8E1DH9AenLKEg" title="Bulgaristan">Bulgaristan</a> yılında, 2001 nüfus sayımı, 4.107 bireyler Sarakatsani <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgarian_language&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgZ0oYlb6ewQs2S_vde9o96DtjaUQ" title="Bulgarca dil">(Bulgarca:</a> <span lang="bg">каракачани,</span> karakachani). <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarakatsani&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhg-xntSUe57LBE9bIMaxSQirHUgcw#cite_note-etnicheski-15"><sup id="cite_ref-etnicheski_15-0" class="reference"><span>[16]</span></sup></a> olarak tanımlanan göre nüfus sayımı, bu kimlik <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greeks_in_Bulgaria&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjeSw9lAXDYbs3DDbNtO3QsV5EedA" title="Yunanlılar Bulgaristan">Yunanlılar Bulgaristan</a> kimliğini ayrı olarak kabul edilir. <sup id="cite_ref-etnicheski_15-1" class="reference"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarakatsani&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhg-xntSUe57LBE9bIMaxSQirHUgcw#cite_note-etnicheski-15"><span>[16]</span></a></sup> Yerel kuruluşlar, ancak , en fazla 20.000 de Sarakatsani sayısını tahmin ediyoruz. <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarakatsani&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhg-xntSUe57LBE9bIMaxSQirHUgcw#cite_note-16"><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><span>[17]</span></sup></a> Bulgaristan'da, onlar mümkün <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vlachs&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiDL11Q9Nr-lSOuCnR3hNjbRfO35w" title="Ulah">Ulah</a> ve <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavic_peoples&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhXNEanSrbERFmu5BmgojCiqdyzHA" title="Slav halkları">Slav</a> kökenli ayrı bir grup olarak kabul edilmektedir. <sup id="cite_ref-etnicheski_15-2" class="reference"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarakatsani&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhg-xntSUe57LBE9bIMaxSQirHUgcw#cite_note-etnicheski-15"><span>[16]</span></a></sup> En <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sliven&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgjUyi1xD2-Zvstjfv_8pBoVQcdlg" title="Sliven">Sliven</a> ve çevresinde nerede merkezinde ikamet canlı, ama aynı zamanda birlikte <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stara_Planina&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiVkKB8OGKdpF_7SPzAESk5u3iE0g" title="Stara Planina" class="mw-redirect">Stara Planina</a> aralığı bugün çoğu <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgarisation&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjfieNSV7YPq6HQFCX642XDgzuLiA" title="Bulgarisation">Bulgarized</a> vardır.</span> </p> <p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">A Bulgarian theory states that the Sarakatsani are descendants of <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellenization&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhy3Y0mTOTLEh627g-GJz6OVanKcg" title="Yunan uygarlığını benimseme">Hellenized</a> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thracians&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhilZi9ir19dgXn-EWV4Fg_0YqWyZg" title="Traklar">Thracians</a> who, because of their isolation on the mountains, were not <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavicisation&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhvaOsW851O03sxWi6apb6cBHiexA" title="Slavicisation">Slavicised</a> . <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarakatsani&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhg-xntSUe57LBE9bIMaxSQirHUgcw#cite_note-17"><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><span>[</span> 18 <span>]</span></sup></a></span> Bir Bulgar teori devletlerin Sarakatsani <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellenization&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhy3Y0mTOTLEh627g-GJz6OVanKcg" title="Yunan uygarlığını benimseme">Hellenized</a> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thracians&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhilZi9ir19dgXn-EWV4Fg_0YqWyZg" title="Traklar">Traklar</a> ile olan dağlar üzerindeki izolasyonu, nedeniyle, <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavicisation&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhvaOsW851O03sxWi6apb6cBHiexA" title="Slavicisation">Slavicised</a> değildi torunları vardır. <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarakatsani&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhg-xntSUe57LBE9bIMaxSQirHUgcw#cite_note-17"><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><span>[18]</span></sup></a></span> </p> <p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Contrary to these views, the Sarakatsani self-identify as <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greeks&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhg7BnLiWk_7AqphEXDbhFOFLWFJGw" title="Yunanlılar">Greeks</a> because <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_language&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhh7L7FubWRvFoxTz2qe_Oyu_mW5XQ" title="Yunan dili">Greek</a> is their mother tongue and they consider themselves "the purest of Greeks".</span> Çünkü <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_language&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhh7L7FubWRvFoxTz2qe_Oyu_mW5XQ" title="Yunan dili">Yunan</a> kendi anadili ve Yunanlıların kendilerini "saf düşünün bu görüşler aksine, Sarakatsani kendini <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greeks&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhg7BnLiWk_7AqphEXDbhFOFLWFJGw" title="Yunanlılar">Yunanlılar</a> olarak" tanımlamak.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Finally, they add that they are <i>Bulgarian Karakachans</i> only because they live in Bulgaria where they, their children and, in quite a few cases, their ancestors were born. <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarakatsani&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhg-xntSUe57LBE9bIMaxSQirHUgcw#cite_note-18"><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><span>[</span> 19 <span>]</span></sup></a></span> Son olarak, onlar sadece çünkü Bulgaristan'da yaşayan <i>Bulgar Karakachans</i> vardır bakın nerede, çocukları ve tamamen birkaç durumlarda, atalarının doğdu. <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarakatsani&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhg-xntSUe57LBE9bIMaxSQirHUgcw#cite_note-18"><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><span>[19]</span></sup></a></span> </p> <p><a name="Rootlesness_and_ritualization" id="Rootlesness_and_ritualization"></a></p><h2> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span class="editsection">[ <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DSarakatsani%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D13&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgmY3jSMx_cWZR5OAkwqxYZ00Clpw" title="Değiştir bölüm: Rootlesness ve ritualization">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Rootlesness and ritualization</span></span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DSarakatsani%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D13&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgmY3jSMx_cWZR5OAkwqxYZ00Clpw" title="Değiştir bölüm: Rootlesness ve ritualization"><span class="editsection">[Değiştir]</span></a> <span class="mw-headline">Rootlesness ve ritualization</span></span> </h2> <p> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">In her book <i>An Island Apart</i> , the travel writer Sarah Wheeler traces scions of the Sarakatsani in <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euboea&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgN83nhiLd0PHygRJN_ZCNOOp9qKw" title="Eğriboz">Euboea</a> .</span> Adlı kitabında <i>bir Adası dışında</i> olarak, seyahat yazarı Sarah Wheeler <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euboea&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgN83nhiLd0PHygRJN_ZCNOOp9qKw" title="Eğriboz">Eğriboz</a> olarak Sarakatsani ve Scions izleri.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">They can also be found in the island of <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poros&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiAA_VtQvPjZkPaH85Xa14-V-5_ig" title="Poros">Poros</a> .</span> Ayrıca <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poros&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiAA_VtQvPjZkPaH85Xa14-V-5_ig" title="Poros">Poros</a> adasında bulunabilir.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">She writes:</span> Diye yazıyor:</span> </p> <table style="border-style: none; margin: auto; border-collapse: collapse;color:transparent;" class="cquote"><tbody><tr><td style="padding: 10px; color: rgb(178, 183, 242); font-weight: bold; text-align: left;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:35px;" valign="top" width="20"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">"</span> "</span> </td><td style="padding: 4px 10px;" valign="top"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">I was fascinated by this elusive, aloof transhumant tribe with beguilingly mysterious origin.</span> Ben beguilingly gizemli kökenli bu zor, uzak transhumant kabilesi tarafından hayran oldu.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">They fanned out all over the <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balkans&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiOnoDYGRJy85H6nWc6cCLDmoi26g" title="Balkanlar">Balkans</a> and have most closely associated with the Pindus and the Rodopi mountains in the northern mainland: in the fifties there were about 80.000 of them.</span> Onlar <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balkans&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiOnoDYGRJy85H6nWc6cCLDmoi26g" title="Balkanlar">Balkanlar</a> üzerinden ve tüm dışarı Fanlı en yakından Pindus ve kuzey anakaradaki yılında Rodop dağları ilişkili: Ellili orada 80,000 onları yaklaşık vardı.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">They spent half of the year in their mountain pastures and the other half in their lowlands.</span> Onlar dağ otlaklarda ve alçak içinde diğer yarısı yılın yarısında geçirdi.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Their rootlesness was balanced by an elaborate ritualization of almost every aspect of their lives, from costume to the moral code. <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euboea&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgN83nhiLd0PHygRJN_ZCNOOp9qKw" title="Eğriboz">Evia</a> was the only island used by the Sarakatsani except Poros which was the furthest south they ever got (and perhaps <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aegina&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhj5Abq3J6ke_VBG988UMOnK0qbVtQ" title="Aegina">Aegina</a> too).</span> Onların rootlesness yaşamlarının hemen her yönü oluşan ayrıntılı ritualization tarafından, kostüm. <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euboea&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgN83nhiLd0PHygRJN_ZCNOOp9qKw" title="Eğriboz">Evia</a> tek ada Sarakatsani tarafından Poros hariç, onlar var uzak güneyi olarak kullanılan ahlaki kodu arasında dengeli olarak (ve belki <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aegina&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhj5Abq3J6ke_VBG988UMOnK0qbVtQ" title="Aegina">Aegina</a> de).</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">In Evia they were, until this century, only found in the chunk of the island from the <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chalcis&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhizTIsnDpf3_DJsnfvx6GRmCMfYVw" title="Chalcis">Chalcis</a> - <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kymi&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhlPkmMVC9Xze_waDVb8fYpf7sPjA" title="Kymi">Kymi</a> axis northwards about as far an Ayianna, and the cluster of villages around Skiloyanni constituted the most heavily settled Sarakatsani region on the island.</span> Evia onlar, bu yüzyıla kadar, sadece <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chalcis&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhizTIsnDpf3_DJsnfvx6GRmCMfYVw" title="Chalcis">Chalcis</a> gelen adanın chunk bulundu - <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kymi&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhlPkmMVC9Xze_waDVb8fYpf7sPjA" title="Kymi">Kymi</a> kuzeye hakkında kadar bir Ayianna ve Skiloyanni çevresindeki köylerin küme adada en ağır yerleşmiş Sarakatsani bölge oluşturmuştur eksen.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">There were 50 Sarakatsani families living on Mount Kandili, working as resin-gatherers encased in layers of elaborate costume.</span> Orada 50 Sarakatsani aileler Dağı Kandili yaşayan, reçine gibi çalışan-toplayıcı ayrıntılı kostüm katmanları kaplı idi.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Photographs taken only few decades ago of Sarakatsani women in traditional costume sitting outside their wigwam-shaped branch woven huts.</span> Fotoğrafların sadece birkaç on yıl önce Sarakatsani kadınların geleneksel kılık onların kızılderili çadırı şeklinde şube kulübe dokuma dışında oturma alınır.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Many of them had quite an un-Greek looks, and were fair; perhaps that explains the blond heads you see now.</span> Pek çoğu, fuar vardı oldukça un-Yunan görünüyor vardı belki de şimdi bakın sarışın kafaları açıklar.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">The Sarkatsanoi were known by various names by the indigenous population, usually based on where they were perceived to have come from, and in Evia they were generally called Roumi, Romi or Roumeliotes after the <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Greece&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgYoTAS4527MAY6TZ9gzLyY3Il8aA" title="Yunanistan'ın orta">Roumeli</a> region.</span> Sarkatsanoi çeşitli adlar tarafından yerli nüfus tarafından, genellikle nerede algılanmıştır dayalı gelmiş ve bilinen Evia onlar genellikle Roumi, Romi veya Roumeliotes <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Greece&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgYoTAS4527MAY6TZ9gzLyY3Il8aA" title="Yunanistan'ın orta">Rumeli</a> bölge sonra çağrıldı.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">People often spoke of them misleadingly as <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vlachs&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiDL11Q9Nr-lSOuCnR3hNjbRfO35w" title="Ulah">Vlachs</a> .</span> İnsanlar genelde bunların Yanıltıcı <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vlachs&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiDL11Q9Nr-lSOuCnR3hNjbRfO35w" title="Ulah">Ulah</a> gibi konuştu.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">They are settled now, mainly as farmers, with their own permanent pasture land.</span> Şimdi, çiftçiler ağırlıklı olarak, kendi daimi mera arazi ile neticelendirilir.</span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Their story is one of total assimilation.</span> Onların hikayesi, toplam asimilasyon biridir.</span> </td> <td style="padding: 10px; color: rgb(178, 183, 242); font-weight: bold; text-align: right;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-size:36px;" valign="bottom" width="20"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">"</span> "</span> </td> </tr></tbody></table><p><a name="Notable_Sarakatsani" id="Notable_Sarakatsani"></a></p><h2> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span class="editsection">[ <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DSarakatsani%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D14&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjOsAk_uyHSKNZgPRUIQAZtGIhq4g" title="Değiştir bölüm: Önemli Sarakatsani">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Notable Sarakatsani</span></span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DSarakatsani%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D14&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjOsAk_uyHSKNZgPRUIQAZtGIhq4g" title="Değiştir bölüm: Önemli Sarakatsani"><span class="editsection">[Değiştir]</span></a> <span class="mw-headline">Önemli Sarakatsani</span></span> </h2> <dl><dt> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Military figures</span> Askeri figürleri</span> </dt></dl><ul><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonis_Katsantonis&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiD-iY4pegGmfOIz-WlQqKJYkkK7A" title="Antonis Katsantonis">Antonis Katsantonis</a> (1775 - 1809), famous <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klepht&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhg1EYPlF7_3-woW77_aW4HiiRVvtg" title="Yunan savaşçısı">klepht</a> leader in the pre- <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_War_of_Independence&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgdyQV6jRMmN3IwOJg02M6lueXuMA" title="Yunan Bağımsızlık Savaşı">revolutionary</a> period.</span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonis_Katsantonis&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiD-iY4pegGmfOIz-WlQqKJYkkK7A" title="Antonis Katsantonis">Antonis Katsantonis</a> (1775 - 1809), <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_War_of_Independence&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgdyQV6jRMmN3IwOJg02M6lueXuMA" title="Yunan Bağımsızlık Savaşı">ön-devrimci</a> dönemde de ünlü <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klepht&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhg1EYPlF7_3-woW77_aW4HiiRVvtg" title="Yunan savaşçısı">Yunan savaşçısı</a> lideri.</span> </li> <li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Kostas Lepeniotis, Antonis Katsantonis' brother, also a klepht.</span> Kostas Lepeniotis Antonis Katsantonis kardeşi, aynı zamanda bir Yunan savaşçısı.</span> </li> <li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgios_Karaiskakis&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiFeyZn2UToH9VsCzrxXiDCzGTt7Q" title="Georgios Karaiskakis">Georgios Karaiskakis</a> , famous klepht of the <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_War_of_Independence&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgdyQV6jRMmN3IwOJg02M6lueXuMA" title="Yunan Bağımsızlık Savaşı">Greek War of Independence</a></span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgios_Karaiskakis&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiFeyZn2UToH9VsCzrxXiDCzGTt7Q" title="Georgios Karaiskakis">Georgios Karaiskakis,</a> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_War_of_Independence&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgdyQV6jRMmN3IwOJg02M6lueXuMA" title="Yunan Bağımsızlık Savaşı">Yunan Bağımsızlık Savaşı</a> ünlü Yunan savaşçısı</span> </li> <li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anastasios_Karatasos&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhIWJOuBcWOZbrJorTHMgD5l6cGnA" title="Anastasios Karatasos">Anastasios Karatasos</a> , famous klepht of the <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_War_of_Independence&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgdyQV6jRMmN3IwOJg02M6lueXuMA" title="Yunan Bağımsızlık Savaşı">Greek War of Independence</a></span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anastasios_Karatasos&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhIWJOuBcWOZbrJorTHMgD5l6cGnA" title="Anastasios Karatasos">Anastasios Karatasos,</a> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_War_of_Independence&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgdyQV6jRMmN3IwOJg02M6lueXuMA" title="Yunan Bağımsızlık Savaşı">Yunan Bağımsızlık Savaşı</a> ünlü Yunan savaşçısı</span> </li> <li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimitrios_Karatasos&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiGKSCEOa17a6pWXYxC9OfRId8rKA" title="Dimitrios Karatasos">Dimitrios Karatasos</a> , famous klepht of the <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_War_of_Independence&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgdyQV6jRMmN3IwOJg02M6lueXuMA" title="Yunan Bağımsızlık Savaşı">Greek War of Independence</a></span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimitrios_Karatasos&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiGKSCEOa17a6pWXYxC9OfRId8rKA" title="Dimitrios Karatasos">Dimitrios Karatasos,</a> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_War_of_Independence&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgdyQV6jRMmN3IwOJg02M6lueXuMA" title="Yunan Bağımsızlık Savaşı">Yunan Bağımsızlık Savaşı</a> ünlü Yunan savaşçısı</span> </li> </ul><dl><dt> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Elected officials</span> Seçilmiş yetkililer</span> </dt></dl><ul><li><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandros_Karathodoros&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjZcnJuaEBAvwRScrYe3iVkLQomnQ" title="Alexandros Karathodoros">Alexandros Karathodoros</a> , (1908-1981), member of parliament (1946-1967), Minister for Transport and Communications (1952-1954)</span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandros_Karathodoros&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjZcnJuaEBAvwRScrYe3iVkLQomnQ" title="Alexandros Karathodoros">Alexandros Karathodoros,</a> (1908-1981), Meclis (1946-1967), Ulaştırma ve Haberleşme Bakanı (1952-1954) için üyesi</span> </li> <li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lefteris_Zagoritis&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhh--C7tsLQzan1l1PayLVZ6LmY-kA" title="Lefteris Zagoritis">Lefteris Zagoritis</a> , Member of Parliament since 2004, Secretary of the <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Democracy_%28Greece%29&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgBGC54a44_KPHntQEexvhmDffCmQ" title="Yeni Demokrasi (Yunanistan)">New Democracy</a> party.</span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lefteris_Zagoritis&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhh--C7tsLQzan1l1PayLVZ6LmY-kA" title="Lefteris Zagoritis">Lefteris Zagoritis,</a> Milletvekili 2004 yılından bu yana Sekreteri <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Democracy_%28Greece%29&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgBGC54a44_KPHntQEexvhmDffCmQ" title="Yeni Demokrasi (Yunanistan)">Yeni Demokrasi</a> partisi ile.</span> </li> <li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgios_Souflias&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhh3aFLqhWLigTRD-ayrRxZ_5Dj8lQ" title="Georgios Souflias">Georgios Souflias</a> , Member of Parliament 1974-1996 and since 2000, minister in various cabinets since 1977 (currently <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_for_the_Environment,_Physical_Planning_and_Public_Works_%28Greece%29&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhn3O82ayKH53bvjauV3RFUIX5LEw" title="Bakanı Çevre, Fiziksel Planlama ve Kamu İşleri (Yunanistan) için" class="mw-redirect">Minister for the Environment and Public Works</a> ).</span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgios_Souflias&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhh3aFLqhWLigTRD-ayrRxZ_5Dj8lQ" title="Georgios Souflias">Georgios Souflias,</a> Milletvekili 1974-1996 ve 1977 (şu anda <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_for_the_Environment,_Physical_Planning_and_Public_Works_%28Greece%29&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhn3O82ayKH53bvjauV3RFUIX5LEw" title="Bakanı Çevre, Fiziksel Planlama ve Kamu İşleri (Yunanistan) için" class="mw-redirect">Bakanı Çevre ve Bayındırlık için</a> çeşitli dolaplar bakan 2000, yana) beri.</span> </li> <li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Georgios Sourlas, Member of Parliament 1981-2000 and since 2004, formerly Minister for Health, currently Vice-President of the Parliament.</span> Georgios Sourlas, Milletvekili 1981-2000 ve 2004, eski Sağlık Bakanı için, şu anda Başkan Yardımcısı Parlamentosu beri.</span> </li><li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Nikolaos Katsaros - Member of Parliament 1981-2004, formerly Vice-President of the Parliament (1989-2000), author of the book «Αρχαιοελληνικές ρίζες του Σαρακατσιάνικου λόγου» ( <i>"Ancient Greek roots of the speech of the Sarakatsani"</i> ).</span> Nikolaos Katsaros - Milletvekili 1981-2004 ve eski Başkan Yardımcısı Parlamentosu (1989-2000), kitabın yazarı <i>Sarakatsani bir konuşma</i> «Αρχαιοελληνικές ρίζες του Σαρακατσιάνικου λόγου» ( <i>"Eski Yunan kökleri").</i></span> </li> <li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Ioannis Printzos, Prefect of Magnisia 2002-2006.</span> Ioannis Printzos, Magnisia 2002-2006 ve Prefect.</span> </li> <li> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">Loukas Katsaros, Prefect of Larisa since 2002, formerly appointed Prefect of Kozani.</span> Loukas Katsaros, 2002 yılından bu yana Larisa ile Prefect'i eski BC Vali atadı.</span> </li> </ul><p><a name="References" id="References"></a></p><h2> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span class="editsection">[ <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DSarakatsani%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D15&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhJwGVBjBDE1LbMOU13yh-IrN8gFw" title="Değiştir bölüm: Referanslar">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">References</span></span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DSarakatsani%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D15&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhJwGVBjBDE1LbMOU13yh-IrN8gFw" title="Değiştir bölüm: Referanslar"><span class="editsection">[Değiştir]</span></a> <span class="mw-headline">Referanslar</span></span> </h2> <div class="references-small references-column-count references-column-count-2" style="-moz-column-count: 2;"><ol class="references"><li id="cite_note-0"> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarakatsani&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhg-xntSUe57LBE9bIMaxSQirHUgcw#cite_ref-0"><b>^</b></a> <span class="citation web">" <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://www.umbc.edu/eol/4/tammer/tammer6.html&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhThFn5F413Fjv95GH1AXYzE_bQCA" class="external text" title="http://www.umbc.edu/eol/4/tammer/tammer6.html" rel="nofollow">6. Who Plays/Makes the Kaval?</a> ". <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Maryland,_Baltimore_County&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhivNxh1jyVwJjVKW4SfyRrDnHy2qQ" title="Maryland Üniversitesi, Baltimore ve">UMBC</a> <span class="printonly">. <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://www.umbc.edu/eol/4/tammer/tammer6.html&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhThFn5F413Fjv95GH1AXYzE_bQCA" class="external free" title="http://www.umbc.edu/eol/4/tammer/tammer6.html" rel="nofollow">http://www.umbc.edu/eol/4/tammer/tammer6.html</a></span> <span class="reference-accessdate">.</span></span></span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarakatsani&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhg-xntSUe57LBE9bIMaxSQirHUgcw#cite_ref-0"><b>^</b></a> <span class="citation web"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://www.umbc.edu/eol/4/tammer/tammer6.html&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhThFn5F413Fjv95GH1AXYzE_bQCA" class="external text" title="http://www.umbc.edu/eol/4/tammer/tammer6.html" rel="nofollow">"6. Kim çalar / Makes Kaval?".</a> <span class="printonly"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Maryland,_Baltimore_County&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhivNxh1jyVwJjVKW4SfyRrDnHy2qQ" title="Maryland Üniversitesi, Baltimore ve">UMBC.</a> <span class="reference-accessdate"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://www.umbc.edu/eol/4/tammer/tammer6.html&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhThFn5F413Fjv95GH1AXYzE_bQCA" class="external free" title="http://www.umbc.edu/eol/4/tammer/tammer6.html" rel="nofollow">Http://www.umbc.edu/eol/4/tammer/tammer6.html.</a></span></span></span></span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span class="citation web"><span class="reference-accessdate">Retrieved 2008-10-09</span> .</span></span> <span class="reference-accessdate"><span class="citation web">2008/10/09 alındı.</span></span></span> <span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver = Z39.88-2004 & rft_val_fmt = bilgi% 3Aofi% 2Ffmt% 3Akev% 3Amtx% 3Abook & rft.genre = bookitem & rft.btitle = 6. + kim +% 2FMakes çalar + + Kaval% 3F & = & rft.pub =% 5B% rft.atitle 5BUniversity + of +% 2C + Maryland Baltimore County +% 7CUMBC% 5D% 5D & rft_id = http% 3A% 2F% 2Fwww.umbc.edu% 2Feol% 2F4% 2Ftammer% 2Ftammer6.html & rfr_id = info: sid / en.wikipedia.org: Sarakatsani"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-1"><span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarakatsani&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhg-xntSUe57LBE9bIMaxSQirHUgcw#cite_ref-1"><b>^</b></a> <span class="citation web">" <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://www.bnr.bg/print.htm%3Fid%3D%257BF24B3D4C-858A-4B55-91A0-438453E8F8B4%257D%26lng%3Dbg&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiIEaM9l4fcHKJgZtXDQQtaGNoSFg" class="external text" title="http://www.bnr.bg/print.htm?id={F24B3D4C-858A-4B55-91A0-438453E8F8B4}&lng=bg" rel="nofollow">Каракачаните.</a> ".</span></span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarakatsani&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhg-xntSUe57LBE9bIMaxSQirHUgcw#cite_ref-1"><b>^</b></a> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://www.bnr.bg/print.htm%3Fid%3D%257BF24B3D4C-858A-4B55-91A0-438453E8F8B4%257D%26lng%3Dbg&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiIEaM9l4fcHKJgZtXDQQtaGNoSFg" class="external text" title="http://www.bnr.bg/print.htm?id={F24B3D4C-858A-4B55-91A0-438453E8F8B4}&lng=bg" rel="nofollow"><span class="citation web">"Каракачаните.".</span></a></span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span class="citation web"><a href="http://www.bnr.bg/">www.bnr.bg</a> <span class="printonly">. <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://www.bnr.bg/print.htm%3Fid%3D%257BF24B3D4C-858A-4B55-91A0-438453E8F8B4%257D%26lng%3Dbg&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiIEaM9l4fcHKJgZtXDQQtaGNoSFg" class="external free" title="http://www.bnr.bg/print.htm?id={F24B3D4C-858A-4B55-91A0-438453E8F8B4}&lng=bg" rel="nofollow">http://www.bnr.bg/print.htm?id={F24B3D4C-858A-4B55-91A0-438453E8F8B4}&lng=bg</a></span> <span class="reference-accessdate">.</span></span></span> <span class="printonly"><span class="citation web"><a href="http://www.bnr.bg/">www.bnr.bg</a>. <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://www.bnr.bg/print.htm%3Fid%3D%257BF24B3D4C-858A-4B55-91A0-438453E8F8B4%257D%26lng%3Dbg&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiIEaM9l4fcHKJgZtXDQQtaGNoSFg" class="external free" title="http://www.bnr.bg/print.htm?id={F24B3D4C-858A-4B55-91A0-438453E8F8B4}&lng=bg" rel="nofollow">http://www.bnr.bg/print.htm?id = (F24B3D4C-858A-4B55-91A0-438453E8F8B4) & bg = <span class="reference-accessdate">LNG.</span></a></span></span></span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span class="citation web"><span class="reference-accessdate">Retrieved 2009-07-16</span> .</span></span> <span class="reference-accessdate"><span class="citation web">2009/07/16 alındı.</span></span></span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span class="citation web">"translated: Karakachani are one of the smallest ethnic groups in Bulgaria. According to the Federation of culturally-enlightened companies karakachani in Bulgaria, they number around 25,000 people. Most live in the community yuzhnobalgarskiya city Sliven. More significant groups have bases in the villages in Stara Planina, Rila, Pirin and Rhodopes. (original) Каракачаните са един от най-малките етноси в България. По данни от Федерацията на културно-просветите дружества на каракачаните в България те наброяват около 25000 души. Най-голяма общност живее в южнобългарския град град Сливен. По-значителни групи има и в селища по подножията на Стара планина, Рила, Пирин и Родопите"</span></span> <span class="citation web">"Federasyonu Bulgaristan'da kültürel-aydınlanmış şirketler karakachani of 25.000 kişi civarında, bu sayı göre tercüme: Karakachani bir Bulgaristan'da küçük etnik grup vardır.. topluluk yuzhnobalgarskiya Sliven şehirde yaşayan çoğu. Diğer önemli gruplar köylerde üsleri var Stara Planina, Rila, Pirin ve Rodop. içinde () Каракачаните са един от най özgün малките етноси в България. По данни от Федерацията на културно-просветите дружества на каракачаните в България те наброяват около 25.000 души. Най-голяма общност живее в южнобългарския град град Сливен. По-значителни групи има и в селища по подножията на Стара планина, Рила, Пирин и Родопите "</span></span> <span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5.&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=www.bnr.bg&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bnr.bg%2Fprint.htm%3Fid%3D%7BF24B3D4C-858A-4B55-91A0-438453E8F8B4%7D%26lng%3Dbg&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Sarakatsani"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarakatsani&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhg-xntSUe57LBE9bIMaxSQirHUgcw#cite_ref-2"><b>^</b></a> <span class="citation web">" <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://news.ibox.bg/news/id_1628129467&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjzwanKH0zVythHg8TWLd3Wk0_8gw" class="external text" title="http://news.ibox.bg/news/id_1628129467" rel="nofollow">Karakachani.</a> ". <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://news.ibox.bg/&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjmHZtcr56bDJpZ4K8d9TKk1uXF7Q" class="external free" title="http://news.ibox.bg" rel="nofollow">http://news.ibox.bg</a> <span class="printonly">. <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://news.ibox.bg/news/id_1628129467&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjzwanKH0zVythHg8TWLd3Wk0_8gw" class="external free" title="http://news.ibox.bg/news/id_1628129467" rel="nofollow">http://news.ibox.bg/news/id_1628129467</a></span> <span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2009-07-16</span> . "In Bulgaria the community of Karakachani are about 25,000 people, only about 6,000 live in sliven region. (original) България общността на каракачаните е от около 25 000 души , като само 6 000 живеят в Сливенска област"</span> <span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Karakachani.&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.ibox.bg&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.ibox.bg%2Fnews%2Fid_1628129467&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Sarakatsani"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarakatsani&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhg-xntSUe57LBE9bIMaxSQirHUgcw#cite_ref-3"><b>^</b></a> <span class="citation web">" <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://www.nccedi.government.bg/save_pdf.php%3Fid%3D247&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhh4JwTOxQQ3ccnIJSh1ZA2fGuuUTw" class="external text" title="http://www.nccedi.government.bg/save_pdf.php?id=247" rel="nofollow">Etnicheski maltsinstveni obshtnosti</a> " (in Bulgarian). Natsionalen savet za satrudnichestvo po etnicheskite i demografskite vaprosi <span class="printonly">. <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://www.nccedi.government.bg/save_pdf.php%3Fid%3D247&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhh4JwTOxQQ3ccnIJSh1ZA2fGuuUTw" class="external free" title="http://www.nccedi.government.bg/save_pdf.php?id=247" rel="nofollow">http://www.nccedi.government.bg/save_pdf.php?id=247</a></span> <span class="reference-accessdate">.</span></span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span class="citation web"><span class="reference-accessdate">Retrieved 2007-02-18</span> .</span></span> <span class="reference-accessdate"><span class="citation web">2007/02/18 alındı.</span></span></span> <span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Etnicheski+maltsinstveni+obshtnosti&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=Natsionalen+savet+za+satrudnichestvo+po+etnicheskite+i+demografskite+vaprosi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nccedi.government.bg%2Fsave_pdf.php%3Fid%3D247&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Sarakatsani"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarakatsani&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhg-xntSUe57LBE9bIMaxSQirHUgcw#cite_ref-4"><b>^</b></a> Campbell, John, "The Sarakatsani and the klephtic tradition", in Clegg, John (ed.), <i>Minorities in Greece: aspects of a plural society</i> . C. Hurst & Co. Publishers, 2002. <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1850657068&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhh-G2zVGWbEMr3A-GdfvpW6mGmXAA" class="internal">ISBN 1850657068</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarakatsani&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhg-xntSUe57LBE9bIMaxSQirHUgcw#cite_ref-5"><b>^</b></a> Aravantinos, <i>Μονογραφία περι Κουτσόβλαχων</i> . "Τοιούτους Αρβανιτόβλαχους φερεωίκους ποιμενόβιους ολίγιστους απαντώμεν εν Θεσσαλία και Μακεδονία, Σαρακατσάνους καλουμένους καταχρηστίκους διότι οι Σαρακατσάνοι ορμόνται εξελλήνων και αυτόχρημα Έλληνες εισί." </li><li id="cite_note-6"> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarakatsani&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhg-xntSUe57LBE9bIMaxSQirHUgcw#cite_ref-6"><b>^</b></a> Aravantinos. <i>Χρονογραφία</i> . "Σαρακατσιάνοι ή Σακαρετσάνοι έχοντες την καταγωγή εκ Σαρακέτσιου ... Οι Σαρακατσάνοι, οι Πεστανιάνοι, και οι Βλάχοι οι εκ του Σύρρακου εκπατρίσθεντες, οιτίνες και ολιγότερων των άλλων σκηνιτών βαρβαριζούσι. Διάφοροι δε των τριών είσιν οι Αρβανιτόβλαχοι λεγόμενοι Γκαραγκούνιδες ή Κορακούνιδες." </li><li id="cite_note-7"> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarakatsani&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhg-xntSUe57LBE9bIMaxSQirHUgcw#cite_ref-7"><b>^</b></a> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarakatsani&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhg-xntSUe57LBE9bIMaxSQirHUgcw#CITEREFClogg2002">Clogg 2002</a> , p. 167 </li> <li id="cite_note-migrations-8"> ^ <sup><i><b><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarakatsani&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhg-xntSUe57LBE9bIMaxSQirHUgcw#cite_ref-migrations_8-0">a</a> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarakatsani&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhg-xntSUe57LBE9bIMaxSQirHUgcw#cite_ref-migrations_8-1">b</a></b></i></sup> <span class="citation news">" <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://links.jstor.org/sici%3Fsici%3D0002-9475%28197822%2999%253A2%253C263%253AMAIIGA%253E2.0.CO%253B2-1%26size%3DLARGE%26origin%3DJSTOR-enlargePage&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhK9oBxAQXhZFp_38iTnxeYxfje7g" class="external text" title="http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0002-9475%28197822%2999%3A2%3C263%3AMAIIGA%3E2.0.CO%3B2-1&size=LARGE&origin=JSTOR-enlargePage" rel="nofollow">American Journal of Philology</a> ". <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhq0DLVEUOMZ4wQfhvHh5EgFR_WPw" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a> <span class="printonly">. <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://links.jstor.org/sici%3Fsici%3D0002-9475%28197822%2999%253A2%253C263%253AMAIIGA%253E2.0.CO%253B2-1%26size%3DLARGE%26origin%3DJSTOR-enlargePage&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhK9oBxAQXhZFp_38iTnxeYxfje7g" class="external free" title="http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0002-9475%28197822%2999%3A2%3C263%3AMAIIGA%3E2.0.CO%3B2-1&size=LARGE&origin=JSTOR-enlargePage" rel="nofollow">http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0002-9475%28197822%2999%3A2%3C263%3AMAIIGA%3E2.0.CO%3B2-1&size=LARGE&origin=JSTOR-enlargePage</a></span> <span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2008-03-03</span> .</span> <span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=American+Journal+of+Philology&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=%5B%5BJSTOR%5D%5D&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flinks.jstor.org%2Fsici%3Fsici%3D0002-9475%2528197822%252999%253A2%253C263%253AMAIIGA%253E2.0.CO%253B2-1%26size%3DLARGE%26origin%3DJSTOR-enlargePage&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Sarakatsani"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Clogg166-9"> ^ <sup><i><b><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarakatsani&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhg-xntSUe57LBE9bIMaxSQirHUgcw#cite_ref-Clogg166_9-0">a</a> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarakatsani&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhg-xntSUe57LBE9bIMaxSQirHUgcw#cite_ref-Clogg166_9-1">b</a> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarakatsani&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhg-xntSUe57LBE9bIMaxSQirHUgcw#cite_ref-Clogg166_9-2">c</a> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarakatsani&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhg-xntSUe57LBE9bIMaxSQirHUgcw#cite_ref-Clogg166_9-3">d</a></b></i></sup> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarakatsani&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhg-xntSUe57LBE9bIMaxSQirHUgcw#CITEREFClogg2002">Clogg 2002</a> , p. 166 </li> <li id="cite_note-10"> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarakatsani&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhg-xntSUe57LBE9bIMaxSQirHUgcw#cite_ref-10"><b>^</b></a> Γεώργιος Δ. Μπαμπινιώτης (Babiniotis), Λεξικό της νέας Ελληνικής Γλώσσας <i>Dictionary of the Modern Greek Language</i> , Athens, 1998. </li> <li id="cite_note-Sar-11"> ^ <sup><i><b><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarakatsani&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhg-xntSUe57LBE9bIMaxSQirHUgcw#cite_ref-Sar_11-0">a</a> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarakatsani&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhg-xntSUe57LBE9bIMaxSQirHUgcw#cite_ref-Sar_11-1">b</a></b></i></sup> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://www.komvos.edu.gr/glwssa/Odigos/thema_d6/d_6_thema.htm&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhg4LGaKfQjg5r-houL2drhASGxR4Q" class="external text" title="http://www.komvos.edu.gr/glwssa/Odigos/thema_d6/d_6_thema.htm" rel="nofollow">Σαρακατσάνικα στη Bουλγαρία</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarakatsani&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhg-xntSUe57LBE9bIMaxSQirHUgcw#cite_ref-12"><b>^</b></a> Νικόλαος Κατσαρός. <i>Οι αρχαιοελληνικές ρίζες του Σαρακατσάνικου λόγου</i> . Ετυμολογική προσέγγιση, Ι. Σιδέρης, Αθήνα 1995. </li> <li id="cite_note-.CE.A4.CF.83.CE.B1.CE.BF.CF.8D.CF.83.CE.B7.CF.82-13"> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarakatsani&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhg-xntSUe57LBE9bIMaxSQirHUgcw#cite_ref-.CE.A4.CF.83.CE.B1.CE.BF.CF.8D.CF.83.CE.B7.CF.82_13-0"><b>^</b></a> «Σαρακατσάνοι οι σταυραετοί της Πίνδου» ( <i>"Sarakatsani, the <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Booted_Eagle&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjFxV2ssvjJYXYaeI7y9FUDShhr1g" title="Booted Eagle">booted eagles</a> of Pindos"</i> ) - Vasilis Tsaousis, President of the Folklore Museum of the Sarakatsani. <span class="languageicon" style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(85, 85, 85);font-size:0;" >(Greek)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-.CE.A4.CF.83.CE.B1.CE.BF.CF.8D.CF.83.CE.B7.CF.82-hellenictimes.net-14"> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarakatsani&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhg-xntSUe57LBE9bIMaxSQirHUgcw#cite_ref-.CE.A4.CF.83.CE.B1.CE.BF.CF.8D.CF.83.CE.B7.CF.82-hellenictimes.net_14-0"><b>^</b></a> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://www.hellenictimes.net/index.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26task%3Dview%26id%3D7092%26Itemid%3D86%26mosmsg%3D%25C5%25F5%25F7%25E1%25F1%25E9%25F3%25F4%25EF%25FD%25EC%25E5%2B%25E3%25E9%25E1%2B%25F4%25E7%25ED%2B%25F8%25DE%25F6%25EF%2B%25F3%25E1%25F2%21&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgkuruS8AF_vDFNP_O1Eky1i2Movw" class="external text" title="http://www.hellenictimes.net/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=7092&Itemid=86&mosmsg=%C5%F5%F7%E1%F1%E9%F3%F4%EF%FD%EC%E5+%E3%E9%E1+%F4%E7%ED+%F8%DE%F6%EF+%F3%E1%F2%21" rel="nofollow">Hellenic Times, 18 January 2007</a> . <span class="languageicon" style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(85, 85, 85);font-size:0;" >(Greek)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-etnicheski-15"> ^ <sup><i><b><a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarakatsani&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhg-xntSUe57LBE9bIMaxSQirHUgcw#cite_ref-etnicheski_15-0">a</a> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarakatsani&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhg-xntSUe57LBE9bIMaxSQirHUgcw#cite_ref-etnicheski_15-1">b</a> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarakatsani&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhg-xntSUe57LBE9bIMaxSQirHUgcw#cite_ref-etnicheski_15-2">c</a></b></i></sup> <span class="citation web">" <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://www.nccedi.government.bg/save_pdf.php%3Fid%3D247&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhh4JwTOxQQ3ccnIJSh1ZA2fGuuUTw" class="external text" title="http://www.nccedi.government.bg/save_pdf.php?id=247" rel="nofollow">Etnicheski maltsinstveni obshtnosti</a> " (in Bulgarian). Natsionalen savet za satrudnichestvo po etnicheskite i demografskite vaprosi <span class="printonly">. <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://www.nccedi.government.bg/save_pdf.php%3Fid%3D247&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhh4JwTOxQQ3ccnIJSh1ZA2fGuuUTw" class="external free" title="http://www.nccedi.government.bg/save_pdf.php?id=247" rel="nofollow">http://www.nccedi.government.bg/save_pdf.php?id=247</a></span> <span class="reference-accessdate">.</span></span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span class="citation web"><span class="reference-accessdate">Retrieved 2007-02-18</span> .</span></span> <span class="reference-accessdate"><span class="citation web">2007/02/18 alındı.</span></span></span> <span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Etnicheski+maltsinstveni+obshtnosti&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=Natsionalen+savet+za+satrudnichestvo+po+etnicheskite+i+demografskite+vaprosi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nccedi.government.bg%2Fsave_pdf.php%3Fid%3D247&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Sarakatsani"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarakatsani&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhg-xntSUe57LBE9bIMaxSQirHUgcw#cite_ref-16"><b>^</b></a> Karakachanite v Balgariya. Interview with Tanya Varbanova. Makedoniya Newspaper. 1997-09-10. </li> <li id="cite_note-17"> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarakatsani&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhg-xntSUe57LBE9bIMaxSQirHUgcw#cite_ref-17"><b>^</b></a> <span class="citation web">" <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://www.omda.bg/engl/narod/vlassi_engl.html&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhRQcnSlavcfKFzmS-5mVxM_ktn5g" class="external text" title="http://www.omda.bg/engl/narod/vlassi_engl.html" rel="nofollow">Wallachians, Kutzowallachs, Karakachans</a> " (in English, Bulgarian). Wonderland Bulgaria <span class="printonly">. <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://www.omda.bg/engl/narod/vlassi_engl.html&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhRQcnSlavcfKFzmS-5mVxM_ktn5g" class="external free" title="http://www.omda.bg/engl/narod/vlassi_engl.html" rel="nofollow">http://www.omda.bg/engl/narod/vlassi_engl.html</a></span> <span class="reference-accessdate">.</span></span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span class="citation web"><span class="reference-accessdate">Retrieved 2008-03-06</span> .</span></span> <span class="reference-accessdate"><span class="citation web">2008/03/06 alındı.</span></span></span> <span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Wallachians%2C+Kutzowallachs%2C+Karakachans&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=Wonderland+Bulgaria&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.omda.bg%2Fengl%2Fnarod%2Fvlassi_engl.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Sarakatsani"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarakatsani&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhg-xntSUe57LBE9bIMaxSQirHUgcw#cite_ref-18"><b>^</b></a> <span class="citation web">" <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://www.imir-bg.org/imir/books/karakachans.pdf&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjD0DOZUXv83O6j_gDnOTNtQ6_-Mg" class="external text" title="http://www.imir-bg.org/imir/books/karakachans.pdf" rel="nofollow">Karakachans in Bulgaria</a> " (in English) (PDF). <a href="http://imir-bg.org/">imir-bg.org</a> <span class="printonly">. <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://www.imir-bg.org/imir/books/karakachans.pdf&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjD0DOZUXv83O6j_gDnOTNtQ6_-Mg" class="external free" title="http://www.imir-bg.org/imir/books/karakachans.pdf" rel="nofollow">http://www.imir-bg.org/imir/books/karakachans.pdf</a></span> <span class="reference-accessdate">.</span></span> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span class="citation web"><span class="reference-accessdate">Retrieved 2008-03-03</span> .</span></span> <span class="reference-accessdate"><span class="citation web">2008/03/03 alındı.</span></span></span> <span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Karakachans+in+Bulgaria&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=imir-bg.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.imir-bg.org%2Fimir%2Fbooks%2Fkarakachans.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Sarakatsani"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span> </li> </ol></div><p><a name="Bibliograpgy" id="Bibliograpgy"></a></p><h2> <span class="editsection">[ <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DSarakatsani%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D16&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgW3Tf_Rf1Z3pWEyXnabZEA0JBfRQ" title="Edit section: Bibliograpgy">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Bibliograpgy</span> </h2> <div class="references-small"><ul><li> <span class="citation book" id="CITEREFCampbell1964">Campbell, John K. (1964). <span><i>Honour, Family, and Patronage: A Study of Institutions and Moral Values in a Greek Mountain Community</i></span> . <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhh06hc8Oo4ofUtVPfEQSCk7d2euFw" title="Oxford University Press">Clarendon Press</a> , <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjdc0N3GOljI9QbGHiY6NlNKM_P3Q" title="Oxford">Oxford</a> . <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1417915595&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhj1XENMfc0rPVwXM4jHEZ5Dddmjpg" class="internal">ISBN 1-4179-1559-5</a> .</span> <span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Honour%2C+Family%2C+and+Patronage%3A+A+Study+of+Institutions+and+Moral+Values+in+a+Greek+Mountain+Community&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=John+K.&rft.au=Campbell%2C+John+K.&rft.date=1964&rft.pub=%5B%5BOxford+University+Press%7CClarendon+Press%5D%5D%2C+%5B%5BOxford%5D%5D&rft.isbn=1-4179-1559-5&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Sarakatsani"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span> </li> <li> <span class="citation book" id="CITEREFClogg2002">Clogg, Richard (2002). <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://books.google.com/books%3Fid%3D231XALxmFFsC%26dq&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhNTQg-_87yVpAZ2uPLctjIGA00UQ" class="external text" title="http://books.google.com/books?id=231XALxmFFsC&dq" rel="nofollow"><i>Minorities in Greece: aspects of a plural society</i></a> . C. Hurst & Co. Publishers. pp. 165-178. <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1850657068&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhh-G2zVGWbEMr3A-GdfvpW6mGmXAA" class="internal">ISBN 1850657068</a> <span class="printonly">. <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://books.google.com/books%3Fid%3D231XALxmFFsC%26dq&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhNTQg-_87yVpAZ2uPLctjIGA00UQ" class="external free" title="http://books.google.com/books?id=231XALxmFFsC&dq" rel="nofollow">http://books.google.com/books?id=231XALxmFFsC&dq</a></span> .</span> <span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Minorities+in+Greece%3A+aspects+of+a+plural+society&rft.aulast=Clogg&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft.au=Clogg%2C+Richard&rft.date=2002&rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B165-178&rft.pub=C.+Hurst+%26+Co.+Publishers&rft.isbn=1850657068&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D231XALxmFFsC%26dq&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Sarakatsani"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span> </li> <li> <span class="citation book" id="CITEREFKabbadias1965">Kabbadias, Georgios B. (1965). <span><i>Nomadic Shepherds of the Mediterranean: The Sarakatsani of Greece</i></span> . Gauthier-Villars, <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhg_xnaOwcgOCm3whAsIoX4OMZtE2g" title="Paris">Paris</a> .</span> <span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nomadic+Shepherds+of+the+Mediterranean%3A+The+Sarakatsani+of+Greece&rft.aulast=Kabbadias&rft.aufirst=Georgios+B.&rft.au=Kabbadias%2C+Georgios+B.&rft.date=1965&rft.pub=Gauthier-Villars%2C+%5B%5BParis%5D%5D&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Sarakatsani"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span> </li> </ul></div><p><a name="External_links" id="External_links"></a></p><h2> <span onmouseover="_tipon(this)" onmouseout="_tipoff()"><span class="google-src-text" style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;"><span class="editsection">[ <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DSarakatsani%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D17&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiBmF9Wv0DvS7QrQhX9xHfl2uTKfw" title="Değiştir bölümü: Dış bağlantılar">edit</a> ]</span> <span class="mw-headline">External links</span></span> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DSarakatsani%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D17&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiBmF9Wv0DvS7QrQhX9xHfl2uTKfw" title="Değiştir bölümü: Dış bağlantılar"><span class="editsection">[Değiştir]</span></a> <span class="mw-headline">Dış bağlantılar</span></span> </h2> <ul><li> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://www.everyculture.com/Europe/Sarakatsani.html&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhgjSaGYxstkFyjLWwA6gSoZcCSWA" class="external text" title="http://www.everyculture.com/Europe/Sarakatsani.html" rel="nofollow">World Culture Encyclopedia</a> </li> <li> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://www.sarakatsani-folk-museum.gr/&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhh6lSm87twscrRibUlm2OMjq3x2xA" class="external text" title="http://www.sarakatsani-folk-museum.gr/" rel="nofollow">Sarakatsani folklore museum</a> <span class="languageicon" style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(85, 85, 85);font-size:0;" >(Greek)</span> </li> <li> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://www.sarakatsanos.gr/&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhPe9EnP5HPT4RUAMkZrPxdysWprg" class="external text" title="http://www.sarakatsanos.gr" rel="nofollow">The Sarakatsan organization of Evros prefecture</a> <span class="languageicon" style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(85, 85, 85);font-size:0;" >(Greek)</span> </li> <li> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://www.sarakatsanos.org/&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjfTERp-_-6vPa2j54u5hKKSI29-g" class="external text" title="http://www.sarakatsanos.org" rel="nofollow">The Sarakatsan association of Drama prefecture</a> <span class="languageicon" style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(85, 85, 85);font-size:0;" >(Greek)</span> </li> <li> <span class="citation web">" <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://www.dunav.org.il/dance_regions/greece_sarakatsani.html&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhNzBI3Cy6VgfqzWJDE9TEqmiP_cw" class="external text" title="http://www.dunav.org.il/dance_regions/greece_sarakatsani.html" rel="nofollow">Greek folk dance regions: Sarakatsani</a> ". <span><i>Folk with Dunav</i></span> <span class="printonly">. <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://www.dunav.org.il/dance_regions/greece_sarakatsani.html&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhhNzBI3Cy6VgfqzWJDE9TEqmiP_cw" class="external free" title="http://www.dunav.org.il/dance_regions/greece_sarakatsani.html" rel="nofollow">http://www.dunav.org.il/dance_regions/greece_sarakatsani.html</a></span> <span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved October 28 <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgnPKmrNvcn-ifXAktS2C-tyczEDQ" title="2.008">2008</a></span> .</span> <span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Greek+folk+dance+regions%3A+Sarakatsani&rft.atitle=Folk+with+Dunav&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dunav.org.il%2Fdance_regions%2Fgreece_sarakatsani.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Sarakatsani"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span> </li> <li> <span class="citation web">" <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://www.aee.gr/english/5sarakatsani/sarakatsani.html&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiEm_Zf5c9AhboW5nc2Wz3OD4eiQg" class="external text" title="http://www.aee.gr/english/5sarakatsani/sarakatsani.html" rel="nofollow">Sarakatsani - The Most Ancient People of Europe</a> ". <span><i>Anthropological Association of Greece</i></span> <span class="printonly">. <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://www.aee.gr/english/5sarakatsani/sarakatsani.html&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiEm_Zf5c9AhboW5nc2Wz3OD4eiQg" class="external free" title="http://www.aee.gr/english/5sarakatsani/sarakatsani.html" rel="nofollow">http://www.aee.gr/english/5sarakatsani/sarakatsani.html</a></span> <span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved October 28 <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgnPKmrNvcn-ifXAktS2C-tyczEDQ" title="2.008">2008</a></span> .</span> <span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Sarakatsani+-+The+Most+Ancient+People+of+Europe&rft.atitle=Anthropological+Association+of+Greece&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aee.gr%2Fenglish%2F5sarakatsani%2Fsarakatsani.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Sarakatsani"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span> </li> </ul><div class="printfooter"> Retrieved from " <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarakatsani&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhg-xntSUe57LBE9bIMaxSQirHUgcw">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarakatsani</a> " </div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks"> <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Categories&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhixNkzpXKyUTgtrUYAve10ykoiYLA" title="Özel: Kategoriler">Categories</a> : <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Greek_people&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhggyvLquGF1kProtGMeFjZFLUg1_A" title="Category:Greek people"><span dir="ltr">Greek people</span></a> | <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Ethnic_groups_in_Europe&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgQUxp2YdKPcKN--QZJApUV1UdkPQ" title="Category:Ethnic groups in Europe"><span dir="ltr">Ethnic groups in Europe</span></a> | <a href="http://209.85.135.132/translate_c?hl=tr&sl=en&tl=tr&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Ethnic_groups_in_Bulgaria&prev=hp&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhi4jWG7Xnfdpu98ZV5cQrRkXYUWZQ" title="Category:Ethnic groups in Bulgaria"><span dir="ltr">Ethnic groups in Bulgaria</span></a> </div> </div></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2905918545844906697.post-87526898164501518992009-09-12T11:07:00.002+03:002009-09-13T10:14:02.878+03:00Baki Sarısakal - Mubadele yazarı araştırılmalı kimdir? nedir? manupile var mı?<pre> <a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dosya:111111111.jpg" class="image" title="Dosya:111111111.jpg"><img alt="Dosya:111111111.jpg" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/tr/3/36/111111111.jpg" width="287" height="405" /></a><br /></pre> <p style="text-align: left;">Araştırmacı-Tarihçi-Yazar.15 Eylül 1954’de Samsun’da doğdu.İlk ve orta öğrenimini Samsun’da tamamladı. Samsun 19 Mayıs Lisesini bitirdi.Ankara Üniversitesi Dil Tarih ve Coğrafya Fakültesi Tarih Bölümü Türkiye Devrim Tarihi Kürsü’sünde Yüksek öğrenimini tamamladı.’’ Türkiye’de Siyasal Partilerin Sosyal Temelleri ’’adlı mezuniyet tezini Kurtuluş Kayalı yönetiminde hazırladı. Afet İnan, Emre Kongar, Erdal Yavuz,,Metin And, Şerafettin Turan, Kurtuluş Kayalı, Nejat Kaymaz’ın derslerini dinledi. Edirne Lisesi, Erzurum Aşkale ve Pasinler Lisesi’nde Tarih Öğretmenliği yaptı. Samsun Ticaret Meslek ve Anadolu Ticaret Meslek Lisesi’nden emekli oldu. Ulusal ve Yerel Basında çeşitli yazıları yayınlanan Sarısakal; Samsun kent kültürünün ortaya çıkarılmasında, ’’ Protokol Yolu ’’ (Kurtuluş İskelesi) çalışmalarında, Samsun Gazi Müzesi (Atatürk evi) restorasyonunda danışmanlık yaptı. Kentin değişik yerlerinde bulunan tarihi eserlerin künyelerini yazarak Samsun Tarihi’nin aydınlatılmasına katkıda bulundu. Evli ve iki çocuk babası olan Baki SARISAKAL’ın yayınlanmış ve yayına hazır olan eserleri bulunmaktadır.</p><div> </div><p style="text-align: left;">Yayınlanan Eserleri:</p><div style="text-align: left;"> </div><p style="text-align: left;">01-) Bir Kentin Tarihi : SAMSUN (I.Kitap) 02-) Bir Kentin Tarihi : SAMSUN (II.Kitap) 03-) Samsun Basın Tarihi 04-) Samsun Sağlık Tarihi 05-) Samsun Polis Tarih 06-) Samsun Belediye Tarihi 07-) Samsun Eğlence Tarihi 08-) Belge ve Tanıklarla Samsun’da Mübadele 09-) Samsun’da Unutulmayan Olaylar (I.Kitap) 10-) Belge ve Tanıklarla Samsun’dan Ankara’ya (19 Mayıs 1919-23 Nisan 1920) (I.Kitap) 11-) Belge ve Tanıklarla Samsun’dan Ankara’ya (19 Mayıs 1919-23 Nisan 1920) (II.Kitap)</p><div style="text-align: left;"> </div><p style="text-align: left;">Yayına Hazır Olan Eserleri:</p><div style="text-align: left;"> </div><p style="text-align: left;">1-) Samsun Eğitim Tarihi (I.Kitap) 2-) Samsun Eğitim Tarihi (II.Kitap) 3-) Meşrutiyet’ten Cumhuriyet’e Samsun’da Reklamlar ( I.Kitap) 4-) Meşrutiyet’ten Cumhuriyet’e Samsun’da Reklamlar ( II.Kitap) 5-) 100 Yıl Önce Samsun’da Siyasal ve Sosyal Yaşam (I.Kitap) 6-) 100 Yıl Önce Samsun’da Siyasal ve Sosyal Yaşam (II.Kitap) 7-) Samsun’da Unutulmayan Olaylar (II.Kitap) 8-) Samsun’da Unutulmayan Olaylar (III.Kitap) 9-) Samsun’da Unutulmayan Olaylar (IV.Kitap) 10-) Gezginlerin Gözüyle Amisos’tan Samsun’a 11-) Tarihi ve Mimari Özellikleriyle Samsun Evleri 12-) Samsun Demiryolu Tarihi</p><div style="text-align: left;"> <pre> KİTAPLARINDAN BAZILARI<br /> <br /> <a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dosya:88888.jpg" class="image" title="Dosya:88888.jpg"><img alt="Dosya:88888.jpg" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/tr/6/62/88888.jpg" width="414" height="600" /></a><br /></pre> </div><p style="text-align: left;"><br /></p><div style="text-align: left;"> <pre> <a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dosya:5555213E13.jpg" class="image" title="Dosya:5555213E13.jpg"><img alt="Dosya:5555213E13.jpg" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/tr/b/b9/5555213E13.jpg" width="454" height="647" /></a><br /></pre> </div><p style="text-align: left;"><br /></p><div style="text-align: left;"> </div><p style="text-align: left;"><br /></p><div style="text-align: left;"> <pre> <a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dosya:32322.jpg" class="image" title="Dosya:32322.jpg"><img alt="Dosya:32322.jpg" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/tr/2/2f/32322.jpg" width="565" height="686" /></a><br /></pre> </div><p style="text-align: left;"><br /></p><div style="text-align: left;"> </div><p style="text-align: left;"><br /></p><div style="text-align: left;"> <pre> <a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dosya:313313.jpg" class="image" title="Dosya:313313.jpg"><img alt="Dosya:313313.jpg" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/tr/7/72/313313.jpg" width="429" height="659" /></a><br /></pre> </div><p style="text-align: left;"><br /></p><div style="text-align: left;"> </div><p style="text-align: left;"> <a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dosya:2242342342W.jpg" class="image" title="Dosya:2242342342W.jpg"><img alt="Dosya:2242342342W.jpg" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/tr/b/be/2242342342W.jpg" width="456" height="632" /></a><br /></p><div style="text-align: left;"> </div><div style="text-align: left;"> </div><div style="text-align: left;"> </div><div style="text-align: left;"> <pre> <a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%C3%96zel:Y%C3%BCkle&wpDestFile=77777777777.jpg" class="new" title="Dosya:77777777777.jpg">Dosya:77777777777.jpg</a><br /></pre> </div><div style="text-align: left;"> </div><p style="text-align: left;"><br /></p><div style="text-align: left;"> <pre> <a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dosya:88888.jpg" class="image" title="Dosya:88888.jpg"><img alt="Dosya:88888.jpg" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/tr/6/62/88888.jpg" width="414" height="600" /></a><br /></pre></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2905918545844906697.post-9578046449328279342009-09-12T10:40:00.005+03:002009-09-12T11:02:53.999+03:00Sezen Aksu - Haşarı bir rumeli kızı Urumeli- Rize Pazar kırması<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading">Sezen Aksu</h1> <h3 id="siteSub">Vikipedi, özgür ansiklopedi</h3> <div id="jump-to-nav">Git ve: <a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sezen_Aksu#column-one">kullan</a>, <a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sezen_Aksu#searchInput">ara</a></div> <table class="infobox vcard" style="width: 22em; line-height: 1.5em; text-align: left;font-size:88%;"> <tbody><tr> <th style="background: rgb(240, 230, 140) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; text-align: center; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;font-size:125%;" colspan="2"> <span class="fn">Sezen Aksu</span></th> </tr> <tr> <th style="white-space: nowrap;">Doğum adı</th> <td class="nickname">Fatma Sezen Yıldırım</td> </tr> <tr> <th style="white-space: nowrap;">Bilindiği ad(lar)</th> <td class="nickname">Minik serçe<br />Türk popunun kraliçesi</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Doğum</th> <td>13 Temmuz 1954 <span style="display: none;">(<span class="bday">1954-07-13</span>)</span> <span class="noprint">(55 yaşında)</span></td> </tr> <tr> <th>Köken</th> <td><a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denizli" title="Denizli"> </a><a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumeli" title="Rumeli">Rumeli</a> -<a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pazar,_Rize" title="Pazar, Rize">Pazar</a> (Rize) <a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dosya:Flag_of_Turkey.svg" class="image" title="Flag of Turkey.svg"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/22px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" class="thumbborder" height="15" width="22" /></a></td> </tr> <tr> <th style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BCzik_tarz%C4%B1" title="Müzik tarzı" class="mw-redirect">Tarz(lar)</a></th> <td><a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pop" title="Pop">Pop</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th style="white-space: nowrap;">Meslek(ler)</th> <td>Müzisyen, besteci, şarkıcı, oyuncu</td> </tr> <tr> <th style="white-space: nowrap;">Etkin yıllar</th> <td><a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/1975" title="1975">1975</a>-günümüze</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Web sitesi</th> <td><a href="http://www.sezenaksu.com.tr/" class="external text" title="http://www.sezenaksu.com.tr" rel="nofollow">Sezen Aksu - Resmi web sitesi</a></td> </tr> </tbody></table> <p><b>Fatma Sezen Yıldırım</b> veya bilinen adıyla <b>Sezen Aksu</b>, (d. <a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/13_Temmuz" title="13 Temmuz">13 Temmuz</a> <a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/1954" title="1954">1954</a>, <a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarayk%C3%B6y,_Denizli" title="Sarayköy, Denizli">Sarayköy, Denizli</a>), <a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCrk" title="Türk" class="mw-redirect">Türk</a> şarkıcı, besteci, söz yazarı. Öğretmen anne babaya sahip olan Aksu, üç yaşında ailesiyle <a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0zmir_%28il%29" title="İzmir (il)">İzmir</a>'e taşındı.<sup id="cite_ref-biyografi_0-0" class="reference"><a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sezen_Aksu#cite_note-biyografi-0">[1]</a></sup> Bu sürede asi kişiliğiyle dikkat çeken Aksu,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sezen_Aksu#cite_note-1">[2]</a></sup> dansöz olma hayali kurmaya başladı. Sanatçı, daha sonrasında, bu süreç için "<i>Allah babama acıdı da şarkıcı oldum</i>" demiştir.<sup id="cite_ref-biyografi_0-1" class="reference"><a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sezen_Aksu#cite_note-biyografi-0">[1]</a></sup> Gençliğinde sanatın çoğu dalına ilgi duyan sanatçı, 1970 yılında <i>Hafta Sonu</i> adlı derginin açtığı ses yarışmasında altıncı oldu. 1973'te <a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ege_%C3%9Cniversitesi" title="Ege Üniversitesi">Ege Üniversitesi</a> Ziraat Fakültesi'ne başlayan sanatçı, 1974'te üç şarkısını bir plak şirketine gönderdi. Aynı yıl Ali Engin Aksu ile evlenen sanatçı, okulundan da ayrıldı. 1974'ün son aylarında plak yapımı için <a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0stanbul_%28il%29" title="İstanbul (il)" class="mw-redirect">İstanbul</a>'a gitti. İlk kırk beşliğini <i>Sezen Seley</i> adıyla yayımlayan sanatçı, bu <i><a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haydi_%C5%9Eans%C4%B1m_%28alb%C3%BCm%29" title="Haydi Şansım (albüm)">Haydi Şansım</a></i> adını verdiği eserini <a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/1975" title="1975">1975</a>'de yayımladı. Ancak albüm sadece elli kopya sattı.</p> <p>Bunun ardından seksenlerin başına kadar devamlı yeni kırk beşliklerini çıkardı. İlk albümünü ise 1977'de <i><a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allaha%C4%B1smarlad%C4%B1k_%28alb%C3%BCm%29" title="Allahaısmarladık (albüm)">Allahaısmarladık</a></i> adlı ilk albümünü yayımlayan sanatçı, albümdeki "Kaç Yıl Geçti Aradan" adlı şarkısıyla döneme göre büyük bir adım attı. <a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/1978" title="1978">1978</a>'de Hurşid Yenigün'ün iki şarkısına söz yazan sanatçı, döneme göre büyük bir ses getirdi. 1978'de ikinci albümü <i><a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ser%C3%A7e_%28alb%C3%BCm%29" title="Serçe (albüm)">Serçe</a></i>'yi yayımlayan Aksu, başrolünü <a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulut_Aras" title="Bulut Aras">Bulut Aras</a>'la paylaştığı bir <a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/At%C4%B1f_Y%C4%B1lmaz" title="Atıf Yılmaz">Atıf Yılmaz</a> filmi olan <i>Minik Serçe</i>'de oynadı. Sanatçı bu tarihten sonra <i>Minik Serçe</i> adıyla anılmaya başladı. Sanatçı, daha sonra <a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/10_Temmuz" title="10 Temmuz">10 Temmuz</a> <a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/1981" title="1981">1981</a>'de Sinan Özer iler evlendi. 1981 yılında Mithat Can Özer'i dünyaya getirdi.<sup id="cite_ref-Biyografi1_2-0" class="reference"><a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sezen_Aksu#cite_note-Biyografi1-2">[3]</a></sup> Sonrasında <a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Eener_%C5%9Een" title="Şener Şen">Şener Şen</a>, <a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0lyas_Salman" title="İlyas Salman">İlyas Salman</a>, <a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ay%C5%9Fen_Gruda" title="Ayşen Gruda">Ayşen Gruda</a> gibi isimlerle "Bin Yıl Önce, Bin Yıl Sonra" adlı müzikalde rol aldı. Daha sonra 1989'da ikinci filmi olan "Büyük Yalnızlık"ı Yavuz Özkan'nın yönetmenliğinde, <a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferhan_%C5%9Eensoy" title="Ferhan Şensoy">Ferhan Şensoy</a>'la başrolu paylaşarak çekmiştir. 1991'de en çok satan albümü "<a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%BCl%C3%BCmse_%28alb%C3%BCm%29" title="Gülümse (albüm)">Gülümse</a>"yi yayımlayan sanatçı, doksanlar müziğinde çok önemli bir yer ettiği gibi, <a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sertab_Erener" title="Sertab Erener">Sertab Erener</a>, Harun Kolçak, <a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C5%9Fk%C4%B1n_Nur_Yengi" title="Aşkın Nur Yengi">Aşkın Nur Yengi</a>, <a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levent_Y%C3%BCksel" title="Levent Yüksel">Levent Yüksel</a>, <a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%C5%9F%C4%B1n_Karaca" title="Işın Karaca">Işın Karaca</a>, <a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hande_Yener" title="Hande Yener">Hande Yener</a>, <a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y%C4%B1ld%C4%B1z_Tilbe" title="Yıldız Tilbe">Yıldız Tilbe</a> gibi birçok ismi müzik piyasasına kazandırdı ve birçok önemli sanatçıya destek oldu.<sup id="cite_ref-biyografi_0-2" class="reference"><a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sezen_Aksu#cite_note-biyografi-0">[1]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sezen_Aksu#cite_note-3">[4]</a></sup> Sanatçı son olarak 2009'da "<a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y%C3%BCr%C3%BCyorum_D%C3%BC%C5%9F_Bah%C3%A7elerinde" title="Yürüyorum Düş Bahçelerinde" class="mw-redirect">Yürüyorum Düş Bahçelerinde</a>" adlı albümüne imza atmıştır. Albümdeki <a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caz" title="Caz">caz</a> tınıları da albümün özellikleri arasındadır.</p> <p><br /></p> <table id="toc" class="toc" summary="Konu başlıkları"> <tbody><tr> <td> <div id="toctitle"> <h2>Konu başlıkları</h2> <span class="toctoggle">[<a href="javascript:toggleToc()" class="internal" id="togglelink">gizle</a>]</span></div> <ul><li class="toclevel-1"><a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sezen_Aksu#Hayat.C4.B1"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Hayatı</span></a> <ul><li class="toclevel-2"><a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sezen_Aksu#1954-1973:_.C3.87ocukluk_ve_Gen.C3.A7lik"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">1954-1973: Çocukluk ve Gençlik</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2"><a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sezen_Aksu#1975-1983:_K.C4.B1rk_be.C5.9Flikler_d.C3.B6nemi"><span class="tocnumber">1.2</span> <span class="toctext">1975-1983: Kırk beşlikler dönemi</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2"><a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sezen_Aksu#1983-1989:_Seksenler"><span class="tocnumber">1.3</span> <span class="toctext">1983-1989: Seksenler</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-2"><a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sezen_Aksu#1989-1999:_Doksanlar"><span class="tocnumber">1.4</span> <span class="toctext">1989-1999: Doksanlar</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2"><a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sezen_Aksu#2000-2009:_2000.27ler"><span class="tocnumber">1.5</span> <span class="toctext">2000-2009: 2000'ler</span></a></li></ul> </li><li class="toclevel-1"><a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sezen_Aksu#Diskografi"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Diskografi</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1"><a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sezen_Aksu#.C3.96d.C3.BClleri"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Ödülleri</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1"><a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sezen_Aksu#Kritikler"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Kritikler</span></a> <ul><li class="toclevel-2"><a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sezen_Aksu#Ak_Partinin_K.C3.BCrt_a.C3.A7.C4.B1l.C4.B1m.C4.B1na_deste.C4.9Fi"><span class="tocnumber">4.1</span> <span class="toctext">Ak Partinin Kürt açılımına desteği</span></a></li> </ul> </li><li class="toclevel-1"><a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sezen_Aksu#Kaynak.C3.A7a"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Kaynakça</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1"><a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sezen_Aksu#D.C4.B1.C5.9F_ba.C4.9Flant.C4.B1lar"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Dış bağlantılar</span></a></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody></table> <p><a name="Hayat.C4.B1" id="Hayat.C4.B1"></a></p> <h2> <span class="mw-headline">Hayatı</span> <span style="font-weight: normal; float: none; margin-left: 0px;font-size:x-small;" class="editsection" >[<a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sezen_Aksu&action=edit&section=1" title="Değiştirilen bölüm: Hayatı">değiştir</a>]</span></h2> <p><a name="1954-1973:_.C3.87ocukluk_ve_Gen.C3.A7lik" id="1954-1973:_.C3.87ocukluk_ve_Gen.C3.A7lik"></a></p> <h3> <span class="mw-headline">1954-1973: Çocukluk ve Gençlik</span> <span style="font-weight: normal; float: none; margin-left: 0px;font-size:x-small;" class="editsection" >[<a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sezen_Aksu&action=edit&section=2" title="Değiştirilen bölüm: 1954-1973: Çocukluk ve Gençlik">değiştir</a>]</span></h3> <p>Sezen Aksu, <a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denizli" title="Denizli">Denizli</a> ilinin <a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarayk%C3%B6y,_Denizli" title="Sarayköy, Denizli">Sarayköy</a> ilçesinde doğdu. Fen bilgisi öğretmeni ve <a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selanik" title="Selanik">Selanik</a>'ten mübadelede gelen bir aileden olan Şehriban Hanım annesi, <a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rize" title="Rize" class="mw-redirect">Rize</a> <a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pazar" title="Pazar">Pazar</a><a href="http://tr.fgulen.com/content/view/14679/11/" class="external autonumber" title="http://tr.fgulen.com/content/view/14679/11/" rel="nofollow">[1]</a> kökenli<a href="http://www.haber3.com/sezen-aksunun-babasi-fethullahci-505362h.htm" class="external autonumber" title="http://www.haber3.com/sezen-aksunun-babasi-fethullahci-505362h.htm" rel="nofollow">[2]</a> <a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematik" title="Matematik">matematik</a> öğretmeni olan <a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sami_Y%C4%B1ld%C4%B1r%C4%B1m" title="Sami Yıldırım">Sami Yıldırım</a> Bey de babasıdır.<sup id="cite_ref-imdb_4-0" class="reference"><a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sezen_Aksu#cite_note-imdb-4">[5]</a></sup> Aksu, üç yaşına kadar <a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denizli" title="Denizli">Denizli</a>'de oturduktan sonra, ailesiyle <a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0zmir" title="İzmir">İzmir</a>'e taşındı. Nihat adındaki kardeşi ile beraber büyüyen Aksu, gençlik yıllarında bir çok sanat dalına merak saldı. Öyle ki; <a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cengiz_Bozkurt" title="Cengiz Bozkurt">Cengiz Bozkurt</a>'tan bir süre resim dersleri aldı. Tiyatro ve dans derslerini de bu süreye sığdırdı. <a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/1970" title="1970">1970</a> yılında <i>Hafta Sonu</i> dergisinin açtığı, jüri başkanlığını <a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajda_Pekkan" title="Ajda Pekkan">Ajda Pekkan</a>'ın yaptığı 'Altın Ses' yarışmasında altıncı oldu. Ama bir diğer <a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pop_m%C3%BCzik" title="Pop müzik">pop</a> sanatçısı <a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nil%C3%BCfer_Yumlu" title="Nilüfer Yumlu">Nilüfer</a> aynı yıl birinci oldu. Böylece <a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nil%C3%BCfer_Yumlu" title="Nilüfer Yumlu">Nilüfer</a>, Sezen Aksu'dan önce ilk albümünü yayımladı. <a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/1973" title="1973">1973</a> yılında <a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ege_%C3%9Cniversitesi_Ziraat_Fak%C3%BCltesi" title="Ege Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi">Ege Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi</a>'ne girdi. 1974'ün Kasım ayında Ali Engin Aksu ile evlendi.<sup id="cite_ref-imdb_4-1" class="reference"><a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sezen_Aksu#cite_note-imdb-4">[5]</a></sup></p> <p><a name="1975-1983:_K.C4.B1rk_be.C5.9Flikler_d.C3.B6nemi" id="1975-1983:_K.C4.B1rk_be.C5.9Flikler_d.C3.B6nemi"></a></p> <h3> <span class="mw-headline">1975-1983: Kırk beşlikler dönemi</span> <span style="font-weight: normal; float: none; margin-left: 0px;font-size:x-small;" class="editsection" >[<a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sezen_Aksu&action=edit&section=3" title="Değiştirilen bölüm: 1975-1983: Kırk beşlikler dönemi">değiştir</a>]</span></h3> <p><a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/1975" title="1975">1975</a>'e girildiğinde piyasaya çıkan ilk kırk beşliğinin adı <i><a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haydi_%C5%9Eans%C4%B1m_%28alb%C3%BCm%29" title="Haydi Şansım (albüm)">Haydi Şansım</a></i>'dı. Aksu, <a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/1975" title="1975">1975</a> yılında içinde kendi şarkılarının yer aldığı ikinci kırk beşliği <i><a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kusura_Bakma_%28alb%C3%BCm%29" title="Kusura Bakma (albüm)">Yaşanmamış Yıllar/Kusura Bakma</a></i>'yı çıkardı. Kendisini uzun süre "Plak Kırk Beşlikler" listesinde bir numara yapacak üçüncü kırk beşliği <i><a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olmaz_Olsun_%28alb%C3%BCm%29" title="Olmaz Olsun (albüm)">Olmaz Olsun/Vurdumduymaz</a></i>'ı <a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/1976" title="1976">1976</a> yılında çıkardı.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sezen_Aksu#cite_note-5">[6]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-kimkimdir_6-0" class="reference"><a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sezen_Aksu#cite_note-kimkimdir-6">[7]</a></sup></p> <p>Sanatçı, sonrasında 1976 yılında ilk sahne çalışmasına başladı. Bebek Belediye Gazinosu'nda sahne almaya başlayan Aksu, 1977 yılında <a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allaha%C4%B1smarlad%C4%B1k_%28alb%C3%BCm%29" title="Allahaısmarladık (albüm)">Allahaısmarladık</a>/Kaç Yıl Geçti Aradan, <a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaybolan_Y%C4%B1llar_%28alb%C3%BCm%29" title="Kaybolan Yıllar (albüm)">Kaybolan Yıllar</a>/Neye Yarar kırk beşlikleri ve ilk otuz üçlüğü olan "Allahaısmarladık" albümlerini yayımladı.</p> <table style="background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; width: auto; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; margin-bottom: 0.5em; font-size: 95%; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-align: left;" cellpadding="0"> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding: 0pt 1.2em; vertical-align: top;"><br /></td> <td style="padding: 0pt 1.2em 0pt 0pt;"><span style="font-style: normal;font-size:125;" ><b>«</b></span> Yıllar yılı seviştik de neden mutlu olmadık. Aşkımıza aşk değil yıllarca yalan kattık. Sana son bir sözüm var, O da 'Allahaısmarladık' <span style="font-size:125;"><b>»</b></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 0pt 1.2em;"><br /></td> <td style="padding: 0pt 1.2em 0pt 0pt;"> <div style="font-style: normal;">( <small><i><a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allaha%C4%B1smarlad%C4%B1k" title="Allahaısmarladık" class="mw-redirect">Allahaısmarladık</a></i> kapağında da bulunan bir dörtlük.</small> )</div> </td> </tr> </tbody></table> <p>1978 yılında Hurşid Yenigün'ün iki bestesi için söz yazan Aksu, <a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6lge_Etme_%28alb%C3%BCm%29" title="Gölge Etme (albüm)">Gölge Etme/Aşk</a> kırk beşliğini yaptı. Yine aynı yıl, piyasadaki en eski Sezen Aksu albümü olma özelliğini taşıyan <i><a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ser%C3%A7e_%28alb%C3%BCm%29" title="Serçe (albüm)">Serçe</a></i>, çift <a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/LP" title="LP" class="mw-redirect">LP</a> olarak piyasaya çıktı. <a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/1979" title="1979">1979</a> yılında <i><a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0lk_G%C3%BCn_Gibi_%28alb%C3%BCm%29" title="İlk Gün Gibi (albüm)">İlk Gün Gibi/Yalancı</a></i> ve <i>Allahaşkına/Sensiz İçime Sinmiyor</i> kırk beşlikleri piyasaya çıktı. Aynı yıl sanatçı, sinema sektöründe de göründü. Sanatçının ilk filmi, başrolünü <a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulut_Aras" title="Bulut Aras">Bulut Aras</a>'la paylaştığı; bir <a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/At%C4%B1f_Y%C4%B1lmaz" title="Atıf Yılmaz">Atıf Yılmaz</a> filmi olan <i>Minik Serçe</i> oldu. Bir ünlünün doğarken, başka bir ünlünün sönüşünü anlatan film, o dönemde fazla beğeni toplamadı. Aksu, bu filmi 1999 yılında <a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okan_Bay%C3%BClgen" title="Okan Bayülgen">Okan Bayülgen</a>'in <a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaga" title="Zaga">Zaga</a> programında tekrar seyretmiş ve bu rolüne gülmüştür.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sezen_Aksu#cite_note-7">[8]</a></sup></p> <p>1980 yılında <a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sevgilerimle_%28alb%C3%BCm%29" title="Sevgilerimle (albüm)">Sevgilerimle</a> albümünü çıkaran sanatçı, 1981'de <i>Sezen Aksu Aile Gazinosu</i> adlı müzikal için çalışmalar yaptı. Sanatçı, <a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/10_Temmuz" title="10 Temmuz">10 Temmuz</a> <a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/1981" title="1981">1981</a>'de <i>Beşiktaş Evlendirme Dairesi</i>'nde <a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sinan_%C3%96zer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sinan Özer (sayfa mevcut değil)">Sinan Özer</a> ile evlendi.<sup id="cite_ref-Sezen_Aksu_Biyografisi_8-0" class="reference"><a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sezen_Aksu#cite_note-Sezen_Aksu_Biyografisi-8">[9]</a></sup> Ancak o sıralarda Aksu'nun Özer'den 4,5 aylık gebe olduğu konuşuluyordu. Bu süreçten sonra, <a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/11_Kas%C4%B1m" title="11 Kasım">11 Kasım</a> <a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/1981" title="1981">1981</a>'de Aksu, oğlu <i>Mithat Can Özer</i>'i dünyaya getirdi.<sup id="cite_ref-Sezen_Aksu_Biyografisi_8-1" class="reference"><a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sezen_Aksu#cite_note-Sezen_Aksu_Biyografisi-8">[9]</a></sup> Sanatçı, aynı yıl <a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aral%C4%B1k" title="Aralık">Aralık</a> ayında <i>Sezen Aksu Aile Gazinosu</i> için tekrar çalışmaya başladı.</p> <p>1982 yılında <i>Şan Müzikholü</i>'nde <i>Sezen Aksu Aile Gazinosu</i> gösterime girdi. <a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adile_Na%C5%9Fit" title="Adile Naşit">Adile Naşit</a>, <a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Eener_%C5%9Een" title="Şener Şen">Şener Şen</a>, <a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ay%C5%9Fen_Gruda" title="Ayşen Gruda">Ayşen Gruda</a> ve <a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altan_Erbulak" title="Altan Erbulak">Altan Erbulak</a> ile aynı oyunu paylaşan Aksu, sahnede yedi farklı karakteri canlandırdı. Sonrasında <i><a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firuze_%28alb%C3%BCm%29" title="Firuze (albüm)">Firuze</a></i> albümünü yayımlayan sanatçı, aynı yıl, dönemin popüler dergisi <i>Hey</i> tarafından "Yılın Kadın Şarkıcısı" seçildi. 1983 yılında Aksu, Hey'in <i>Geleneksel Oskar Konseri</i>'ne de <i>Yılın Kadın Şarkıcısı</i> olarak katıldı.</p> <p><a name="1983-1989:_Seksenler" id="1983-1989:_Seksenler"></a></p> <h3> <span class="mw-headline">1983-1989: Seksenler</span> <span style="font-weight: normal; float: none; margin-left: 0px;font-size:x-small;" class="editsection" >[<a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sezen_Aksu&action=edit&section=4" title="Değiştirilen bölüm: 1983-1989: Seksenler">değiştir</a>]</span></h3> <p>1983 yılında Sezen Aksu, <a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurovision" title="Eurovision" class="mw-redirect">Eurovision</a>'a katılma kararı aldı. Söz ve müziği Ali Kocatepe'ye ait "Heyamola" parçası, <a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_Kocatepe" title="Ali Kocatepe">Ali Kocatepe</a> ve Coşkun Demir ile birlikte seslendirildi. Türkiye finaline kalan bu parça Eurovision finallerinde Türkiye'yi temsil edemedi. 1983 yılında "Heyamola" parçasının 45'liği "Hey Dergisi" tarafından yılın plağı seçildi. Aynı yıl Aksu, Sinan Özer'den boşandı.</p> <p>1984 yılında sanatçının tekrar Eurovision adaylığına girdiği görülmektedir. Sanatçı bu yıl da <i>Halay</i>, <i>1945</i> ve <i>Merhaba Ümit</i> adlı parçalarla Türkiye finaline kaldı. İlk olarak "Merhaba Ümit"i bırakan Sezen Türkiye finalinde "Halay" ve "1945"i seslendirmeye karar verdi. Türkiye finali gerçekleşmeden iki hafta önce Türkiye'ye gelen yabancı bir arkadaşı Aksu'ya sadece "1945"i seslendirmesini önerdi. "1945"'in sözlerinin tüm dünyayla ilgili olduğunu düşünen Aksu bu parçanın yurtdışında da ülkemizi daha iyi temsil edeceğini düşünerek "Halay"dan vazgeçti. Türkiye finalinde "1945"i seslendiren Sezen Aksu, beklenenin aksine bu kez de seçilememişti.</p> <p>Sanatçı, <a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/6_Eyl%C3%BCl" title="6 Eylül">6 Eylül</a> <a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/1984" title="1984">1984</a>'de <a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sen_A%C4%9Flama_%28alb%C3%BCm%29" title="Sen Ağlama (albüm)">Sen Ağlama</a> albümünü piyasaya çıkardı. <a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCrkiye_Radyo_Televizyon_Kurumu" title="Türkiye Radyo Televizyon Kurumu">TRT</a>'nin denetiminden geçemediği için en başta televizyonda şarkıları yayımlanmayan Aksu, 1985'in başından itibaren bu fırsatı elde etti. Albüm TRT'de yayımlanmaya başlar başlamaz büyük bir ilgi gördü ve albüm satış listelerinin haftalarca zirvesinde yer aldı. Aksu, albümün 56. haftasında "Hey Dergisi"ne yaptığı açıklamada "<i>Bekliyordum ama bu kadarını değil... Ne yalan söyleyeyim, 1 yılı aşkın sürece listelerde kalacağımı sanmıyordum. Tüm müzikseverlere candan, gönülden teşekkürlerimi sunuyorum.</i>" şeklinde beyanatta bulundu.</p> <p>1985 yılında Aksu, <a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurovision" title="Eurovision" class="mw-redirect">Eurovision</a>'da yine Türkiye finaline katıldı. Bu sefer parçanın adı <i>Küçük Bir Aşk Masalı</i>'ydı. Sözleri Aksu'ya ait olan bu parçayı Sezen Aksu ve Özdemir Erdoğan birlikte seslendirdi. Ama sonuç değişmedi. Bu yıl da Sezen yurtdışında Türkiye'yi temsil edemedi. Aynı yıl, sanatçı "<i>Bin Yıl Önce, Bin Yıl Sonra</i>" isimli müzikal için hazırlandı. Müzikal, 1986 yılının ilk haftasından itibaren gösterime girdi. Şan Müzikholü'nde kapalı gişe oynayan bu müzikal, dönemin dünyasını ve <a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCrkiye" title="Türkiye">Türkiye</a>'sini Ti'ye alıyordu. Sahnede büyük beğeni toplayan Aksu, sahneyi <a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Eener_%C5%9Een" title="Şener Şen">Şener Şen</a>, <a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0lyas_Salman" title="İlyas Salman">İlyas Salman</a>, <a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ay%C5%9Fen_Gruda" title="Ayşen Gruda">Ayşen Gruda</a> gibi isimlerle paylaştı.</p> <p>1986'da "<a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Git_%28alb%C3%BCm%29" title="Git (albüm)">Git</a>" ile büyük beğeni toplayan Aksu, "Onyedi" dergisinin Ocak 1986 sayısında okuyucu anketinde "1985'in en büyük kadın şarkıcısı" seçildi. Aksu, 1988 yılında "<a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sezen_Aksu%2788" title="Sezen Aksu'88" class="mw-redirect">Sezen Aksu'88</a>"'i çıkardı. Bu albüm Aksu'nun son plağı olma özelliği taşımaktaydı. Aynı şekilde 1989 yılında "<a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sezen_Aksu_S%C3%B6yl%C3%BCyor" title="Sezen Aksu Söylüyor" class="mw-redirect">Sezen Aksu Söylüyor</a>" albümüyle beliren Aksu, bu albümle çok büyük bir beğeni topladı.</p> <p><a name="1989-1999:_Doksanlar" id="1989-1999:_Doksanlar"></a></p> <h3> <span class="mw-headline">1989-1999: Doksanlar</span> <span style="font-weight: normal; float: none; margin-left: 0px;font-size:x-small;" class="editsection" >[<a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sezen_Aksu&action=edit&section=5" title="Değiştirilen bölüm: 1989-1999: Doksanlar">değiştir</a>]</span></h3> <p>1990'larda Sezen Aksu, <a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alb%C3%BCm_yap%C4%B1mc%C4%B1s%C4%B1" title="Albüm yapımcısı">yapımcı</a> olarak dinleyicilerin karşısına çıktı. Sezen Aksu'nun o sıralardaki vokalisti <a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C5%9Fk%C4%B1n_Nur_Yengi" title="Aşkın Nur Yengi">Aşkın Nur Yengi</a>, Sezen Aksu desteğiyle beraber "<i>Sevgiliye</i>" albümüyle müzikseverlerin karşısına çıktı. Albüm Sezen Aksu yapımıydı ve bir milyona yakın satış elde etti.</p> <p>1990 yılında Sezen Aksu beyaz perdede göründü. Yönetmenliğini <a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yavuz_%C3%96zkan" title="Yavuz Özkan">Yavuz Özkan</a>'ın yaptığı "<i>Büyük Yalnızlık</i>"ta Sezen Aksu, <a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferhan_%C5%9Eensoy" title="Ferhan Şensoy">Ferhan Şensoy</a> ile rolleri paylaştı. Film, 1990 yılındaki <a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alt%C4%B1n_Portakal_Film_Festivali" title="Altın Portakal Film Festivali" class="mw-redirect">Altın Portakal Film Festivali</a>'nde <i>En İyi Görüntü</i> dalında ödül aldı. Filmin müziklerini de Aksu'nun yapımcısı <a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onno_Tun%C3%A7" title="Onno Tunç">Onno Tunç</a> yapmıştı. Onno Tunç bestesi olan "<i>Uçurtma Bayramları</i>" da enstrumantal olarak bu filmde bulunmaktaydı.</p> <p>Sezen 1991'de Aşkın Nur Yengi'nin ikinci albümü "<i>Hesap Ver</i>"in yapımını da üstlendi. Albüm Yengi'nin ilk albümü gibi yüksek bir satış elde etti. 1991'de müzik yönetmenliğini Onno Tunç'un yaptığı "<a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%BCl%C3%BCmse" title="Gülümse" class="mw-redirect">Gülümse</a>" çıktı. Albüm, 2 milyonu aşan bir satış rakamı elde etmişti. Albümün bu kadar çok satmasının sebeplerinden biri Aksu'nun hitap kesimiydi. Aksu bu albümle halktaki her zıt kesime hitap etmekteydi. 1991'de bu albüme ait "Hadi Bakalım"'ın Avrupa'da teklisi çıktı.</p> <p>1992'de Aksu yine vokalistlerine albüm yapmaya devam etti. <a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sertab_Erener" title="Sertab Erener">Sertab Erener</a> ile çalışan Aksu, Erener'in ilk albümü "<a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sakin_Ol_%28alb%C3%BCm%29" title="Sakin Ol (albüm)" class="mw-redirect">Sakin Ol</a>"u yayımladı. Albüm beklenenin üzerine satış rakamları elde etti. Bu albümden birkaç ay sonra <a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levent_Y%C3%BCksel" title="Levent Yüksel">Levent Yüksel</a> ile çalışan Aksu, Yüksel'in ilk albümü "Med-Cezir"i de satışa sundu. Bu albüm de yüksek bir satış rakamına ulaşarak Levent Yüksel'i 90'larda tanınır biri hâline getirdi.</p> <p>Sanatçı, 1993 yılında bir başka kendi albümü olan "<a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deli_K%C4%B1z%C4%B1n_T%C3%BCrk%C3%BCs%C3%BC" title="Deli Kızın Türküsü" class="mw-redirect">Deli Kızın Türküsü</a>"nü piyasaya sürdü. Albümde <a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzay_Hepar%C4%B1" title="Uzay Heparı">Uzay Heparı</a> ile çalışan Aksu, farklı tarzlar denedi. Bu farklı albümde "Küçüğüm" ve "Masum Değiliz" gibi tanınan Aksu şarkıları çıktı. Albümün etkisi sürerken, <a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/20_May%C4%B1s" title="20 Mayıs">20 Mayıs</a> <a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/1994" title="1994">1994</a> tarihinde albümde beraber çalıştığı Heparı, motosikletini kullanırken oyuncu <a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demet_Akba%C4%9F" title="Demet Akbağ">Demet Akbağ</a>'ın duran haldeki arabasına çarparak bitkisel hayata girdi. O dönemde altı aylık evli olan ve kazadan önceki gün baba olacağını öğrenen Heparı, <a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/31_May%C4%B1s" title="31 Mayıs">31 Mayıs</a> tarihinde öldü. Aksu, bu olayın ardından, Uzay Heparı'yı anmak üzere "Yas" adlı bir şarkı besteledi. Ancak kendisi bu şarkıyı okumak yerine, Levent Yüksel'in sonraki albümüne koydu. Tüm bu çalkantılardan sonra, Aksu, Sertab Erener'in ikinci albümü "<a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A2%27l" title="Lâ'l">Lâ'l</a>"in yapımını üstlendi. Bu albüm de yüksek bir satış elde ederken Sezen Aksu, 90'larda müzik toplulukları arasında yaygın bir yer elde etti.</p> <p>Bir sene sonra 1995 yılında Aksu, "<a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%C5%9F%C4%B1k_Do%C4%9Fudan_Y%C3%BCkselir" title="Işık Doğudan Yükselir" class="mw-redirect">Işık Doğudan Yükselir</a>" albümünü yayımladı. Albümde <a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pop_m%C3%BCzik" title="Pop müzik">pop müzikten</a> çok <a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCrk_Halk_M%C3%BCzi%C4%9Fi" title="Türk Halk Müziği">Anadolu müzikleri</a> yer almaktaydı. Sözlerde ağırlıklı olarak <a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yunus_Emre" title="Yunus Emre">Yunus Emre</a>'nin, <a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mevlana" title="Mevlana">Mevlana</a>'nın ve <a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C5%9F%C4%B1k_Daimi" title="Aşık Daimi">Aşık Daimi</a>'nin eserleri bulunmaktaydı. <a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fahir_Atako%C4%9Flu" title="Fahir Atakoğlu">Fahir Atakoğlu</a>'nun da iki eseri vardı albümde. Bunlardan birincisi, sonradan yayımlanan "Alâturka" adlı şarkıyken, diğeri de "Yaktılar Halim'imi" idi. <a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%BCl%C3%BCmse_%28alb%C3%BCm%29" title="Gülümse (albüm)">Gülümse</a>'nin müziğini yapan <a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arto_Tun%C3%A7" title="Arto Tunç" class="mw-redirect">Arto Tunç</a>'un da bu albümde iki bestesi vardı. Albümde yer alan bir başka şarkıda <a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedri_Rahmi_Ey%C3%BCbo%C4%9Flu" title="Bedri Rahmi Eyüboğlu">Bedri Rahmi Eyüboğlu</a>'nun aşağıdaki dizeleri yer almaktaydı;</p> <table style="background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; width: auto; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; margin-bottom: 0.5em; font-size: 95%; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-align: left;" cellpadding="0"> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding: 0pt 1.2em; vertical-align: top;"><br /></td> <td style="padding: 0pt 1.2em 0pt 0pt;"><span style="font-style: normal;font-size:125;" ><b>«</b></span> <i>Bu Anadolu var ya bu Anadolu. Bu misli menendi görülmemiş cömert ana. Bu her yanı meme, bu her yanı dudak, bu her yanı gül. Bu zırnık almadan veren, habire veren yedi gül.</i> <span style="font-size:125;"><b>»</b></span></td> </tr> <tr class="hiddenStructure noprint"> <td style="padding: 0pt 1.2em;"><br /></td> <td style="padding: 0pt 1.2em 0pt 0pt;"><br /></td> </tr> </tbody></table> <p>Aralık 1997'de satışa çıkan "<a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%BC%C4%9F%C3%BCn_ve_Cenaze" title="Düğün ve Cenaze" class="mw-redirect">Düğün ve Cenaze</a>" yine eleştirilen bir Aksu albümüydü. Albüm müzikal olarak olumlu karşılansa da yoğun eleştiriler sonucunda yüksek bir satış rakamı elde edemedi. Albüme adını veren şarkıyla beraber dokuz tane Goran Bregoviç, bir tane Kurtis Jasavev bestesinden oluşan albümün sözlerini ise Aksu, <a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakize_Bar%C4%B1%C5%9Fta" title="Pakize Barışta">Pakize Barışta</a> ve <a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meral_Okay" title="Meral Okay">Meral Okay</a> ile birlikte yazdı. 1998 yılında albümün en ses getiren şarkısı "Erkekler" teklisi yayımlandı. 1998'in Nisan ayında ise Levent Yüksel'in üçüncü albümü "Adı Menekşe" piyasaya çıktı.</p> <p>Aynı yıl Aksu, Aralık 1998'de "<a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ad%C4%B1_Bende_Sakl%C4%B1" title="Adı Bende Saklı" class="mw-redirect">Adı Bende Saklı</a>" adlı bir başka albümünü daha piyasaya çıkardı. Albüm geniş çevrelerden olumlu yorumlar elde etti. "Tutuklu" ve "Adı Bende Saklı" şarkıları ise o dönemin en bilinen şarkıları haline geldi. 1999'da bunu "<a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sar%C4%B1_Odalar" title="Sarı Odalar" class="mw-redirect">Sarı Odalar</a>" teklisi izledi. Parçaya klip, <a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0stanbul" title="İstanbul">İstanbul</a>'a yapılması amaçlanan 3. köprüye karşı çıkmak amacıyla <a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnavutk%C3%B6y" title="Arnavutköy">Arnavutköy</a>'de çekildi.</p> <p><a name="2000-2009:_2000.27ler" id="2000-2009:_2000.27ler"></a></p> <h3> <span class="mw-headline">2000-2009: 2000'ler</span> <span style="font-weight: normal; float: none; margin-left: 0px;font-size:x-small;" class="editsection" >[<a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sezen_Aksu&action=edit&section=6" title="Değiştirilen bölüm: 2000-2009: 2000'ler">değiştir</a>]</span></h3> <p><a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/2_Haziran" title="2 Haziran">2 Haziran</a> <a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000" title="2000">2000</a> tarihinde Aksu, yeni albümü "<a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deliveren_%28alb%C3%BCm%29" title="Deliveren (albüm)">Deliveren</a>"i çıkardı. Bu albümde "Oh Oh", "Sarı Odalar", "Kahpe Kader" ve "Keskin Bıçak" gibi dönemin en bilinen şarkıları bulunmaktaydı. Albüm, bir milyona yakın sattı. Aksu, bir açıklamasında <i>Deliveren</i> adının <i>içindeki şeytanla meleği yönlendiren</i> anlamına geldiğini belirtti.</p> <p>Aksu, 2001 yılında sağlık sorunlarıyla uğraştı. O yaz altı konser veren Aksu, büyük ilgi gördü. Eski vokalistlerinden <a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%C5%9F%C4%B1n_Karaca" title="Işın Karaca">Işın Karaca</a>, <a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001_Eurovision_%C5%9Eark%C4%B1_Yar%C4%B1%C5%9Fmas%C4%B1" title="2001 Eurovision Şarkı Yarışması">2001 Eurovision Şarkı Yarışması</a>'nın seçmelerine katıldı. Ancak seçilemedi. Bu yılın sonunda Aksu, altı yıldır vokalistliğini yapan Karaca'nın yeni albümü "Anadilim Aşk"ın yayımlanmasına yardım etti. Albüm, baştan sona Aksu imzası taşıyordu.</p> <p><a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/20_May%C4%B1s" title="20 Mayıs">20 Mayıs</a> <a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002" title="2002">2002</a> tarihinde Sezen Aksu, "<a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Eark%C4%B1_S%C3%B6ylemek_Laz%C4%B1m" title="Şarkı Söylemek Lazım" class="mw-redirect">Şarkı Söylemek Lazım</a>" albümünü satışa sundu. Bu albüm sanatçının DMC firmasından çıkarttığı ilk albümüydü. 12 Haziran 2002'de albümü izleyen konser turu düzenleyen sanatçı, Türkiye'nin bütün dillerini ve medeniyetlerini bir araya getiren "<i>Türkiye Şarkıları</i>" isimli konser serisini sundu. Konserlerde sanatçıya <a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rum" title="Rum">Rum</a>, <a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ortodoks" title="Ortodoks">Ortodoks</a>, <a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ermeni" title="Ermeni" class="mw-redirect">Ermeni</a> ve <a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musevi" title="Musevi" class="mw-redirect">Musevi</a> korolarıyla birlikte Diyarbakır Belediyesi Çocuk Korosu da eşlik etti. Sahnede <a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCrk%C3%A7e" title="Türkçe">Türkçe</a>, <a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%BCrt%C3%A7e" title="Kürtçe">Kürtçe</a>, <a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ermenice" title="Ermenice">Ermenice</a> ve <a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumca" title="Rumca" class="mw-redirect">Rumca</a> şarkılar, türküler söylendi. Sanatçı konserinin sonunda "Şarkı Söylemek Lazım"ı ve <a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mevlana" title="Mevlana">Mevlana</a>'nın sözlerinden oluşan "Yeniliğe Doğru" şarkısını söyledi.</p> <p>Bu konser dizisi sadece <a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCrkiye" title="Türkiye">Türkiye</a>'de değil birçok ülkede de haber oldu. AP ajansının çektiği bir fotoğraf birçok ülkede yayımlandı. 2003 yılının başında <a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Be%C5%9Fikta%C5%9F,_%C4%B0stanbul" title="Beşiktaş, İstanbul">Beşiktaş</a>'ta BKM'de Unplugged konserler veren Sezen yoğun ilgi üzerine konserlerine önce Maltepe Yayla Sanat Merkezi'nde daha sonra Türkiye'nin değişik şehirlerinde devam etti. 2003 yazı bitmeden sanatçının yeni albümü "<a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaz_Bitmeden" title="Yaz Bitmeden" class="mw-redirect">Yaz Bitmeden</a>" çıktı. Biri enstümental olmak üzere dört yeni şarkı içeren albümde ayrıca daha önce başka yorumcuların seslendirdiği Sezen Aksu şarkıları vardı. Yeni şarkılardan biri olan "Farkındayım"a <a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van" title="Van">Van</a>'ın <a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geva%C5%9F" title="Gevaş" class="mw-redirect">Gevaş</a> ilçesinde klip çekildi.</p> <p>Sezen Aksu'nun uzun bir aradan sonra 2005 yılında piyasaya sürülen yeni albümü "<a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahane_%28alb%C3%BCm%29" title="Bahane (albüm)">Bahane</a>", beklenenin de üzerinde ilgi gördü. Albüm, ilk iki haftalık sürede 320 bin sattı. Bu albümde "Perişanım Şimdi" ve "Eskidendi, Çok Eskiden" gibi şarkılar yayımlandı. Sene sonunda albüm, Türkiye'nin 2005 yılında en çok satan albümü oldu.</p> <p>Aksu son olarak 2008 yılının Haziran ayında "<a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deniz_Y%C4%B1ld%C4%B1z%C4%B1_%28alb%C3%BCm%29" title="Deniz Yıldızı (albüm)">Deniz Yıldızı</a>" adlı albümünü yayımladı. Albümde Aksu'nun uzun yıllar beraber çalıştığı <a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onno_Tun%C3%A7" title="Onno Tunç">Onno Tunç</a>'un çaldığı <a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piyano" title="Piyano">piyano</a> örnekleri yer almaktadır. Albüm, yine önceki Aksu albümlerinden farklı olarak <a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caz" title="Caz">caz</a> tınıları taşıyan ve <a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balad" title="Balad" class="mw-redirect">baladlar</a> içeren bir albümdür.</p> <p><small><small><small><a href="http://pvpserverler.net/" class="external text" title="http://pvpserverler.net" rel="nofollow">PvPServerler</a></small></small></small></p> <p><a name="Diskografi" id="Diskografi"></a></p> <h2> <span class="mw-headline">Diskografi</span> <span style="font-weight: normal; float: none; margin-left: 0px;font-size:x-small;" class="editsection" >[<a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sezen_Aksu&action=edit&section=7" title="Değiştirilen bölüm: Diskografi">değiştir</a>]</span></h2> <dl><dd> <div class="noprint"><i>Ana madde: <a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sezen_Aksu_diskografisi" title="Sezen Aksu diskografisi">Sezen Aksu diskografisi</a></i></div> </dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allaha%C4%B1smarlad%C4%B1k" title="Allahaısmarladık" class="mw-redirect">Allahaısmarladık</a> (1977)</li><li><a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ser%C3%A7e_%28alb%C3%BCm%29" title="Serçe (albüm)">Serçe</a> (1978)</li> <li><a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sevgilerimle" title="Sevgilerimle" class="mw-redirect">Sevgilerimle</a> (1980)</li><li><a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C4%9Flamak_G%C3%BCzeldir" title="Ağlamak Güzeldir" class="mw-redirect">Ağlamak Güzeldir</a> (1981)</li> <li><a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firuze" title="Firuze" class="mw-redirect">Firuze</a> (1982)</li><li><a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sen_A%C4%9Flama" title="Sen Ağlama" class="mw-redirect">Sen Ağlama</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Git" title="Git" class="mw-redirect">Git</a> (1986)</li><li><a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sezen_Aksu%2788" title="Sezen Aksu'88" class="mw-redirect">Sezen Aksu'88</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sezen_Aksu_S%C3%B6yl%C3%BCyor" title="Sezen Aksu Söylüyor" class="mw-redirect">Sezen Aksu Söylüyor</a> (1989)</li><li><a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%BCl%C3%BCmse" title="Gülümse" class="mw-redirect">Gülümse</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deli_K%C4%B1z%C4%B1n_T%C3%BCrk%C3%BCs%C3%BC" title="Deli Kızın Türküsü" class="mw-redirect">Deli Kızın Türküsü</a> (1993)</li><li><a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%C5%9F%C4%B1k_Do%C4%9Fudan_Y%C3%BCkselir" title="Işık Doğudan Yükselir" class="mw-redirect">Işık Doğudan Yükselir</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%BC%C5%9F_Bah%C3%A7eleri" title="Düş Bahçeleri" class="mw-redirect">Düş Bahçeleri</a> (1996)</li><li><a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%BC%C4%9F%C3%BCn_ve_Cenaze" title="Düğün ve Cenaze" class="mw-redirect">Düğün ve Cenaze</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ad%C4%B1_Bende_Sakl%C4%B1" title="Adı Bende Saklı" class="mw-redirect">Adı Bende Saklı</a> (1998)</li><li><a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deliveren" title="Deliveren" class="mw-redirect">Deliveren</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Eark%C4%B1_S%C3%B6ylemek_Laz%C4%B1m_%28alb%C3%BCm%29" title="Şarkı Söylemek Lazım (albüm)">Şarkı Söylemek Lazım</a> (2002)</li><li><a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaz_Bitmeden" title="Yaz Bitmeden" class="mw-redirect">Yaz Bitmeden</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahane" title="Bahane" class="mw-redirect">Bahane</a> (2005)</li><li><a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bahane_Remixes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahane Remixes (sayfa mevcut değil)">Bahane Remixes</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kardelen" title="Kardelen">Kardelen</a> (2005)</li><li><a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deniz_Y%C4%B1ld%C4%B1z%C4%B1" title="Deniz Yıldızı" class="mw-redirect">Deniz Yıldızı</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y%C3%BCr%C3%BCyorum_D%C3%BC%C5%9F_Bah%C3%A7eleri%27nde..." title="Yürüyorum Düş Bahçeleri'nde...">Yürüyorum Düş Bahçeleri'nde...</a> (2009)</li></ul> <p><a name=".C3.96d.C3.BClleri" id=".C3.96d.C3.BClleri"></a></p> <h2> <span class="mw-headline">Ödülleri</span> <span style="font-weight: normal; float: none; margin-left: 0px;font-size:x-small;" class="editsection" >[<a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sezen_Aksu&action=edit&section=8" title="Değiştirilen bölüm: Ödülleri">değiştir</a>]</span></h2> <table style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); margin: 1em 1em 1em 0pt; background: rgb(249, 249, 249) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;" border="2" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0"> <tbody><tr align="center" bgcolor="#cccccc"> <th>Yıl</th> <th>Kategori</th> <th>Ödül Töreni</th> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1"><a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005" title="2005">2005</a></td> <td>En iyi Türk Pop Müziği kadın solisti</td> <td>Altın Kelebek 2005 TV Yıldızları Yarışması</td> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1"><a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007" title="2007">2007</a></td> <td>En iyi Türk Pop Müziği kadın solisti</td> <td>Powertürk Müzik Ödülleri 2007</td> </tr> </tbody></table> <p><a name="Kritikler" id="Kritikler"></a></p> <h2> <span class="mw-headline">Kritikler</span> <span style="font-weight: normal; float: none; margin-left: 0px;font-size:x-small;" class="editsection" >[<a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sezen_Aksu&action=edit&section=9" title="Değiştirilen bölüm: Kritikler">değiştir</a>]</span></h2> <p><a name="Ak_Partinin_K.C3.BCrt_a.C3.A7.C4.B1l.C4.B1m.C4.B1na_deste.C4.9Fi" id="Ak_Partinin_K.C3.BCrt_a.C3.A7.C4.B1l.C4.B1m.C4.B1na_deste.C4.9Fi"></a></p> <h3> <span class="mw-headline">Ak Partinin Kürt açılımına desteği</span> <span style="font-weight: normal; float: none; margin-left: 0px;font-size:x-small;" class="editsection" >[<a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sezen_Aksu&action=edit&section=10" title="Değiştirilen bölüm: Ak Partinin Kürt açılımına desteği">değiştir</a>]</span></h3> <p>Sezen Aksu, AK Parti'nin kürt açılımına destek vermekten<a href="http://www.takvim.com.tr/Son24Saat/2009/08/21/basbakandan_aksuya_tesekkur" class="external autonumber" title="http://www.takvim.com.tr/Son24Saat/2009/08/21/basbakandan_aksuya_tesekkur" rel="nofollow">[3]</a> ötürü Cumhuriyet Yazarı <a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hikmet_%C3%87etinkaya" title="Hikmet Çetinkaya">Hikmet Çetinkaya</a> tarafından eleştirilmiş ve babasının Fethullahçı olduğu iddia edilmiştir<a href="http://www.haber3.com/sezen-aksunun-babasi-fethullahci-505362h.htm" class="external autonumber" title="http://www.haber3.com/sezen-aksunun-babasi-fethullahci-505362h.htm" rel="nofollow">[4]</a> . Hatta bu olaylardan ve yazılardan sonra<a href="http://www.google.com.tr/search?hl=tr&safe=off&client=firefox-a&rls=org.mozilla%3Atr%3Aofficial&hs=wSg&q=sezen+aksu+fethullah%C3%A7%C4%B1+&btnG=Ara&meta=" class="external autonumber" title="http://www.google.com.tr/search?hl=tr&safe=off&client=firefox-a&rls=org.mozilla%3Atr%3Aofficial&hs=wSg&q=sezen+aksu+fethullah%C3%A7%C4%B1+&btnG=Ara&meta=" rel="nofollow">[5]</a>, İzmir Büyükşehir Beledeyi Başkanı Aziz Kocaoğlu, İzmir'in Kurtuluş törenleri kapsamındaki 2009 Sezen Aksu İzmir konserinin şehit haberleri ve sel felaketleri nedeniyle iptal edildi açıklamasıyla konser iptal edilmiştir.<a href="http://www.cnnturk.com/2009/kultur.sanat/muzik/09/09/izmirde.sezen.aksu.konseri.iptal.edildi/542717.0/index.html" class="external autonumber" title="http://www.cnnturk.com/2009/kultur.sanat/muzik/09/09/izmirde.sezen.aksu.konseri.iptal.edildi/542717.0/index.html" rel="nofollow">[6]</a></p> <p><a name="Kaynak.C3.A7a" id="Kaynak.C3.A7a"></a></p> <h2> <span class="mw-headline">Kaynakça</span> <span style="font-weight: normal; float: none; margin-left: 0px;font-size:x-small;" class="editsection" >[<a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sezen_Aksu&action=edit&section=11" title="Değiştirilen bölüm: Kaynakça">değiştir</a>]</span></h2> <div class="references-small" style="-moz-column-count: 2;"> <ol class="references"><li id="cite_note-biyografi-0"><strong>^</strong> <a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sezen_Aksu#cite_ref-biyografi_0-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sezen_Aksu#cite_ref-biyografi_0-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sezen_Aksu#cite_ref-biyografi_0-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://www.biyografi.info/kisi/sezen-aksu" class="external text" title="http://www.biyografi.info/kisi/sezen-aksu" rel="nofollow">http://www.biyografi.info Sezen Aksu biyografisi</a>. <a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekim" title="Ekim">Ekim</a> <a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008" title="2008">2008</a> tarihinde erişilmiştir.</li> <li id="cite_note-1"><strong><a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sezen_Aksu#cite_ref-1">^</a></strong> "<a href="http://www.tumgazeteler.com/?a=970695" class="external text" title="http://www.tumgazeteler.com/?a=970695" rel="nofollow">Sezen Aksu`nun üvey kızları</a>", <i><a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vakit_gazetesi" title="Vakit gazetesi" class="mw-redirect">Vakit gazetesi</a></i>. Ekim 2008 tarihinde erişilmiştir.</li> <li id="cite_note-Biyografi1-2"><strong><a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sezen_Aksu#cite_ref-Biyografi1_2-0">^</a></strong> Sezen Aksu.com (2008-09-03). <i><a href="http://www.sezenaksu.com.tr/sezen/default.aspx" class="external text" title="http://www.sezenaksu.com.tr/sezen/default.aspx" rel="nofollow">Sezen Aksu Biyografi</a></i>. Basın duyurusu. Ekim 2008 tarihinde erişilmiştir.</li> <li id="cite_note-3"><strong><a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sezen_Aksu#cite_ref-3">^</a></strong> "<a href="http://www.sabah.com.tr/2008/09/25/gny/haber,C2AD682678A44D6983BF661D5C4E4103.html" class="external text" title="http://www.sabah.com.tr/2008/09/25/gny/haber,C2AD682678A44D6983BF661D5C4E4103.html" rel="nofollow">Ferhat Göçer'in Aksu hakkındaki beyanatları</a>", <i><a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabah_gazetesi" title="Sabah gazetesi" class="mw-redirect">Sabah gazetesi</a></i>. 2008-09-03 tarihinde erişilmiştir.</li> <li id="cite_note-imdb-4"><strong>^</strong> <a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sezen_Aksu#cite_ref-imdb_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sezen_Aksu#cite_ref-imdb_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0015574/" class="external text" title="http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0015574/" rel="nofollow">www.imdb.com</a></li> <li id="cite_note-5"><strong><a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sezen_Aksu#cite_ref-5">^</a></strong> <a href="http://www.sezen-aksu.com/" class="external text" title="http://www.sezen-aksu.com/" rel="nofollow">Sezen Aksu</a>. <i><a href="http://sezen-aksu.com/">sezen-aksu.com</a></i>. Ekim 2008 tarihinde erişilmiştir.</li> <li id="cite_note-kimkimdir-6"><strong><a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sezen_Aksu#cite_ref-kimkimdir_6-0">^</a></strong> <a href="http://www.kimkimdir.gen.tr/kimkimdir.php?id=794" class="external text" title="http://www.kimkimdir.gen.tr/kimkimdir.php?id=794" rel="nofollow">Sezen Aksu hakkında</a>. Ekim 2008 tarihinde erişilmiştir.</li> <li id="cite_note-7"><strong><a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sezen_Aksu#cite_ref-7">^</a></strong> <a href="http://www.sezen-aksu.com/m12.html" class="external text" title="http://www.sezen-aksu.com/m12.html" rel="nofollow">Sezen Aksu hakkında</a>. <i><a href="http://sezen-aksu.com/">sezen-aksu.com</a></i>. 24 Haziran 2009 tarihinde erişilmiştir.</li> <li id="cite_note-Sezen_Aksu_Biyografisi-8"><strong>^</strong> <a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sezen_Aksu#cite_ref-Sezen_Aksu_Biyografisi_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sezen_Aksu#cite_ref-Sezen_Aksu_Biyografisi_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://www.kirikplaklar.com/biyografiler_detay.asp?Biyografi=13" class="external text" title="http://www.kirikplaklar.com/biyografiler_detay.asp?Biyografi=13" rel="nofollow">Sezen Aksu Biyografisi</a>. <i><a href="http://kirikplaklar.com/">kirikplaklar.com</a></i>. 24 Haziran 2009 tarihinde erişilmiştir.</li> </ol> </div> <p><a name="D.C4.B1.C5.9F_ba.C4.9Flant.C4.B1lar" id="D.C4.B1.C5.9F_ba.C4.9Flant.C4.B1lar"></a></p> <h2> <span class="mw-headline">Dış bağlantılar</span> <span style="font-weight: normal; float: none; margin-left: 0px;font-size:x-small;" class="editsection" >[<a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sezen_Aksu&action=edit&section=12" title="Değiştirilen bölüm: Dış bağlantılar">değiştir</a>]</span></h2> <ul><li><a href="http://www.sezenaksu.com.tr/" class="external text" title="http://www.sezenaksu.com.tr/" rel="nofollow"><b>Sezen Aksu</b> resmî sitesi</a></li><li><a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMDb" title="IMDb" class="mw-redirect">IMDb</a>'de <i><a href="http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0015574/" class="extiw" title="imdbname:0015574">Sezen Aksu</a></i></li> </ul> <table id="collapsibleTable0" class="navbox collapsible autocollapse nowraplinks" style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); margin: 1em 0em 0em; padding: 2px; background: white none repeat scroll 0% 0%; clear: both; text-align: center; width: 100%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;font-size:90%;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="background: rgb(240, 230, 140) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; text-align: center; width: 100%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;"> <span style="float: right; font-weight: normal; text-align: right; width: 6em;">[<a href="javascript:collapseTable(0);" id="collapseButton0">gizle</a>]</span> <div style="float: left; width: 6em; text-align: left;"> <div class="noprint plainlinksneverexpand" style="border: medium none ; padding: 0pt; background: rgb(240, 230, 140) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-size: xx-small; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"> <a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Eablon:Sezen_Aksu" title="Şablon:Sezen Aksu"><span title="Bu şablonu gör" style="border: medium none ; background: rgb(240, 230, 140) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;">g</span></a> <span style="font-size:80;">•</span> <a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%C5%9Eablon_tart%C4%B1%C5%9Fma:Sezen_Aksu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Şablon tartışma:Sezen Aksu (sayfa mevcut değil)"><span style="border: medium none ; background: rgb(240, 230, 140) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;" title="Bu şablon üzerinde tartışma">t</span></a> <span style="font-size:80;">•</span> <a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%C5%9Eablon:Sezen_Aksu&action=edit" class="external text" title="http://tr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%C5%9Eablon:Sezen_Aksu&action=edit" rel="nofollow"><span style="border: medium none ; background: rgb(240, 230, 140) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;" title="Bu şablonu değiştirebilirsiniz. Lütfen kaydetmeden önce önizleme butonunu kullanın.">d</span></a></div> </div> <span style="font-size:110;"><strong class="selflink">Sezen Aksu</strong></span></th> </tr> <tr> <th style="background: rgb(221, 221, 255) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; white-space: nowrap; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; text-align: right;"> Albümler</th> <td colspan="1" style="text-align: left; width: 100%; font-size: 95%;"><a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allaha%C4%B1smarlad%C4%B1k_%28alb%C3%BCm%29" title="Allahaısmarladık (albüm)">Allahaısmarladık</a> (1977)<span style="font-weight: bold;"> ·</span><a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ser%C3%A7e_%28alb%C3%BCm%29" title="Serçe (albüm)">Serçe</a> (1978)<span style="font-weight: bold;"> ·</span><a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sevgilerimle_%28alb%C3%BCm%29" title="Sevgilerimle (albüm)">Sevgilerimle</a> (1980)<span style="font-weight: bold;"> ·</span><a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C4%9Flamak_G%C3%BCzeldir_%28alb%C3%BCm%29" title="Ağlamak Güzeldir (albüm)">Ağlamak Güzeldir</a> (1981)<span style="font-weight: bold;"> ·</span><a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firuze_%28alb%C3%BCm%29" title="Firuze (albüm)">Firuze</a> (1982)<span style="font-weight: bold;"> ·</span><a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sen_A%C4%9Flama_%28alb%C3%BCm%29" title="Sen Ağlama (albüm)">Sen Ağlama</a> (1984)<span style="font-weight: bold;"> ·</span><a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Git_%28alb%C3%BCm%29" title="Git (albüm)">Git</a> (1986)<span style="font-weight: bold;"> ·</span><a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sezen_Aksu%2788_%28alb%C3%BCm%29" title="Sezen Aksu'88 (albüm)">Sezen Aksu'88</a> (1988)<span style="font-weight: bold;"> ·</span><a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sezen_Aksu_S%C3%B6yl%C3%BCyor_%28alb%C3%BCm%29" title="Sezen Aksu Söylüyor (albüm)">Sezen Aksu Söylüyor</a> (1989)<span style="font-weight: bold;"> ·</span><a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%BCl%C3%BCmse_%28alb%C3%BCm%29" title="Gülümse (albüm)">Gülümse</a> (1991)<span style="font-weight: bold;"> ·</span><a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deli_K%C4%B1z%C4%B1n_T%C3%BCrk%C3%BCs%C3%BC_%28alb%C3%BCm%29" title="Deli Kızın Türküsü (albüm)">Deli Kızın Türküsü</a> (1993)<span style="font-weight: bold;"> ·</span><a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%C5%9F%C4%B1k_Do%C4%9Fudan_Y%C3%BCkselir_%28alb%C3%BCm%29" title="Işık Doğudan Yükselir (albüm)">Işık Doğudan Yükselir</a> (1995)<span style="font-weight: bold;"> ·</span><a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%BC%C5%9F_Bah%C3%A7eleri_%28alb%C3%BCm%29" title="Düş Bahçeleri (albüm)">Düş Bahçeleri</a> (1996)<span style="font-weight: bold;"> ·</span><a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%BC%C4%9F%C3%BCn_ve_Cenaze_%28alb%C3%BCm%29" title="Düğün ve Cenaze (albüm)">Düğün ve Cenaze</a> (1997)<span style="font-weight: bold;"> ·</span><a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ad%C4%B1_Bende_Sakl%C4%B1_%28alb%C3%BCm%29" title="Adı Bende Saklı (albüm)">Adı Bende Saklı</a> (1998)<span style="font-weight: bold;"> ·</span><a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deliveren_%28alb%C3%BCm%29" title="Deliveren (albüm)">Deliveren</a> (2000)<span style="font-weight: bold;"> ·</span><a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Eark%C4%B1_S%C3%B6ylemek_Laz%C4%B1m_%28alb%C3%BCm%29" title="Şarkı Söylemek Lazım (albüm)">Şarkı Söylemek Lazım</a> (2002)<span style="font-weight: bold;"> ·</span><a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaz_Bitmeden_%28alb%C3%BCm%29" title="Yaz Bitmeden (albüm)">Yaz Bitmeden</a> (2003)<span style="font-weight: bold;"> ·</span><a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahane_%28alb%C3%BCm%29" title="Bahane (albüm)">Bahane</a> (2005)<span style="font-weight: bold;"> ·</span><a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deniz_Y%C4%B1ld%C4%B1z%C4%B1_%28alb%C3%BCm%29" title="Deniz Yıldızı (albüm)">Deniz Yıldızı</a> (2008)<span style="font-weight: bold;"> ·</span><a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y%C3%BCr%C3%BCyorum_D%C3%BC%C5%9F_Bah%C3%A7eleri%27nde..." title="Yürüyorum Düş Bahçeleri'nde...">Yürüyorum Düş Bahçeleri'nde...</a> (2009)</td> </tr> <tr> <th style="background: rgb(221, 221, 255) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; white-space: nowrap; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; text-align: right;"> Tekliler</th> <td colspan="1" style="background: rgb(247, 247, 247) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; text-align: left; width: 100%; font-size: 95%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;"> <a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumartesi_T%C3%BCrk%C3%BCs%C3%BC_%28alb%C3%BCm%29" title="Cumartesi Türküsü (albüm)">Cumartesi Türküsü</a> (1996)<span style="font-weight: bold;"> ·</span><a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erkekler_%28alb%C3%BCm%29" title="Erkekler (albüm)">Erkekler</a> (1998)<span style="font-weight: bold;"> ·</span><a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sar%C4%B1_Odalar_%28alb%C3%BCm%29" title="Sarı Odalar (albüm)">Sarı Odalar</a> (1999)<span style="font-weight: bold;"> ·</span><a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kardelen_%28alb%C3%BCm%29" title="Kardelen (albüm)">Kardelen</a> (2005)<span style="font-weight: bold;"> ·</span><a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepsi_%26_Sezen_Aksu_-_Tempo_%28Single_/_Pepsi_%C3%96zel%29" title="Hepsi & Sezen Aksu - Tempo (Single / Pepsi Özel)" class="mw-redirect">Tempo</a> (2006)</td> </tr> <tr> <th style="background: rgb(221, 221, 255) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; white-space: nowrap; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; text-align: right;"> Düzenleme albümler</th> <td colspan="1" style="text-align: left; width: 100%; font-size: 95%;"><a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remix_Maxi_Single_%28alb%C3%BCm%29" title="Remix Maxi Single (albüm)">Remix Maxi Single</a> (2001)<span style="font-weight: bold;"> ·</span><a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahane_Remix_%28alb%C3%BCm%29" title="Bahane Remix (albüm)">Bahane Remix</a> (2005)</td> </tr> <tr> <th style="background: rgb(221, 221, 255) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; white-space: nowrap; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; text-align: right;"> Kırk beşlikler</th> <td colspan="1" style="background: rgb(247, 247, 247) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; text-align: left; width: 100%; font-size: 95%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;"> <a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haydi_%C5%9Eans%C4%B1m_%28alb%C3%BCm%29" title="Haydi Şansım (albüm)">Haydi Şansım-Gel Bana</a> (1975)<span style="font-weight: bold;"> ·</span><a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kusura_Bakma_%28alb%C3%BCm%29" title="Kusura Bakma (albüm)">Kusura Bakma-Yaşanmamış Yıllar</a> (1976)<span style="font-weight: bold;"> ·</span><a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olmaz_Olsun_%28alb%C3%BCm%29" title="Olmaz Olsun (albüm)">Olmaz Olsun-Vurdumduymaz</a> (1976)<span style="font-weight: bold;"> ·</span><a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaybolan_Y%C4%B1llar_%28alb%C3%BCm%29" title="Kaybolan Yıllar (albüm)">Kaybolan Yıllar-Neye Yarar</a> (1977)<span style="font-weight: bold;"> ·</span><a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6lge_Etme_%28alb%C3%BCm%29" title="Gölge Etme (albüm)">Gölge Etme-Aşk</a> (1977)<span style="font-weight: bold;"> ·</span><a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0lk_G%C3%BCn_Gibi_%28alb%C3%BCm%29" title="İlk Gün Gibi (albüm)">İlk Gün Gibi-Yalancı</a> (1979)<span style="font-weight: bold;"> ·</span><a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allaha%C5%9Fk%C4%B1na_%2845%27lik%29" title="Allahaşkına (45'lik)">Allahaşkına-Sensiz İçime Sinmiyor</a> (1979)<span style="font-weight: bold;"> ·</span><a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heyamola_%28Eurovision%29&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heyamola (Eurovision) (sayfa mevcut değil)">Heyamola</a> (1983)</td> </tr> <tr> <th style="background: rgb(221, 221, 255) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; white-space: nowrap; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; text-align: right;"> Şarkı ve klipler</th> <td colspan="1" style="text-align: left; width: 100%; font-size: 95%;"><a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yol_Arkada%C5%9F%C4%B1m_%28%C5%9Fark%C4%B1%29" title="Yol Arkadaşım (şarkı)">Yol Arkadaşım</a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> ·</span><a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Be%C5%9Fik_%28%C5%9Fark%C4%B1%29" title="Beşik (şarkı)">Beşik</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th style="background: rgb(221, 221, 255) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; white-space: nowrap; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; text-align: right;"> Diğer</th> <td colspan="1" style="background: rgb(247, 247, 247) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; text-align: left; width: 100%; font-size: 95%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;"> <a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sezen_Aksu_diskografisi" title="Sezen Aksu diskografisi">Diskografi</a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> ·</span><a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eksik_%C5%9Eiir" title="Eksik Şiir" class="mw-redirect">Eksik Şiir</a></td> </tr> </tbody></table> <div class="printfooter"> "<a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sezen_Aksu">http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sezen_Aksu</a>" adresinden alındı.</div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96zel:Kategoriler" title="Özel:Kategoriler">Sayfa kategorileri</a>: <span dir="ltr"><a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kategori:1954_do%C4%9Fumlular" title="Kategori:1954 doğumlular">1954 doğumlular</a></span> | <span dir="ltr"><a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kategori:Sezen_Aksu" title="Kategori:Sezen Aksu">Sezen Aksu</a><br /><br /></span><h1 class="title">''Sezen Aksu'nun babası Fethullahçı''</h1><div class="image_title"><img class="image" src="http://www.haber3.com/images/news/sezen-aksunun-babasi-fethullahci-272359.jpg" alt="''Sezen Aksu'nun babası Fethullahçı''" title="''Sezen Aksu'nun babası Fethullahçı''" align="left" /><div class="spot_date"><div class="short_content">Cumhuriyet gazetesinin bir yazarından Sezen Aksu’ya ilginç iddialar..</div><div class="date">11 Eylül 2009 / 14:55</div></div></div><div class="banner_middle"><iframe id="a935c84c" name="a935c84c" src="http://ads2.haber3.com/adframe.php?n=a935c84c&what=zone:373&target=_blank" framespacing="0" frameborder="no" height="60" scrolling="no" width="468">&lt;a href='http://ads2.haber3.com/adclick.php?n=a935c84c' target='_blank'&gt;&lt;img src='http://ads2.haber3.com/adview.php?what=zone:373&amp;amp;n=a935c84c' border='0' alt=''&gt;&lt;/a&gt;</iframe> </div><div id="news_content" class="content content_13"><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">Kürt açılımına destek verdiği için İzmirlileri kendisine küstüren ve ulusalcı kesimleri kızdıran <nobr><span style="border-bottom: 3px double rgb(255, 0, 0); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.7; color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">sanatçı</span></nobr> Sezen Aksu ile ilgili bir ay önce pek de dikkat çekmeyen bir yazı çıkmıştı.</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">Cumhuriyet gazetesi yazarı Hikmet Çetinkaya’nın kaleme aldığı yazı mail zincirleri halinde halen kişiden kişiye ulaşmaya ve tartışılmaya devam ediyor.</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">Hikmet Çetinkaya’ya göre Sezen Aksu’nun babası bir “Fethullahçı”. Çetinkaya, Sami Yıldırım’a (Aksu’nun babası) dair ilginç bilgiler veriyor. İşte o yazı:</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><strong style="">MEHDİ GELİYOR MEHDİ...<br /><br /><o:p></o:p></strong></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">Gözünüz aydın, Mehdi yola çıkmış geliyor...<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">İran’ın ruhani lideri Ayetullah Hamaney haber verdi Mehdi’nin geleceğini...<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">Haber vermeseydi ne yapardık?<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">Onun için de açıklama yaptı Hamaney:<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">“İslam ülkeleri birleşin!”<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">Demek ki İran’a gelecek Mehdi!<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">Ben ABD’den Türkiye’ye geleceğini sanıyordum ama yanılmışım...<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">Demek ki İran’a gelecek...<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">CHP’li Mustafa Özyürek “Bir Mehdimiz eksikti” derken, MHP’li Oktay Vural “Bunu Akif Beki’ye sormak gerekir” deyip ekliyor:<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">“Beki, Erdoğan’ı sandıktan çıkan Mehdi ilan etmişti. Beki bu konunun uzmanı.”<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">Bence de Beki bilir bu işleri, baksanız ya deneyim sahibi.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">Bu konularda Hüseyin Gülerce de uzman sayılır bana sorarsanız...<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">Bir de Sezen Aksu’nun babası Sami Yıldırım’a sorsak mı acaba?<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">Yıldırım’ın Gülen’le ilişkisi, İzmir Milli Eğitim Müdür Yardımcılığı yaptığı yıllarda başlar.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">Yıldırım, 1979 yılında emekli olunca Özel Yamanlar Koleji’nin müdürü oldu. Ardından tüm okulların genel müdürü ya da başdanışmanı.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">82 yaşındaki Sami Bey, Başbakan Erdoğan’ın hemşerisidir, yani Rizelidir.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">Sezen Aksu, anneciğini, babacığını aramış, onlarla konuşmuş açılımı...<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">Anne Şehriban Hanım, “İstersen ABD’yi <nobr><span style="border-bottom: 3px double rgb(255, 0, 0); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.7; color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">ara</span></nobr>, Fethullah amcana bir sor, bilirsin o doğru karar verir” demiş önce.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">Ardından da eklemişler:<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">“Güzel kızım sen bir gün bekle, bizi yeniden ara!”<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">***<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">Fethullahçılar Güneydoğu’yu çok severler...<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">Hele Fethullah Gülen, Tunceli’ye hayrandır. Okul açmış, ışık evlerini çoğaltmıştır.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">Düşlerinde Munzur Vadisi’ni görür rivayete göre.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">15 yıl önce miydi ne, 100 mü 200 mü kurbanlık koyun göndermişti Tunceli Belediyesi’ne (Başkan CHP’liydi), kesilip yoksullara dağıtılsın diye.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">Her neyse geçelim bunları!<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">Sezen Aksu, Tunceli’ye gitti biliyorsunuz. On binler izledi Minik Serçe’yi. Kürtçe şarkı da söyledi yerel bir sanatçıyla.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">Belki de Fethullah Gülen amcası “Paranın lafı mı olur” deyip, Minik Serçe’ye “Git oralara” demiştir.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">Bilemem!..<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">Dedim ya bunlar hep rivayet!<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">Bilse bilse “F Tipi” bilir, benim işim değil...<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">Dedikoducular, Minik Serçe düşmanları durur mu hiç! Durmadan dedikodu yapıyorlar sağda solda.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">Sezen’in annesi ve babası şöyle demişler dedikoduculara bakılırsa:<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">“Haydi kızım,Tayyip Bey’i ara, tam destek ver, ne de olsa hemşerimizdir. Fethullah amcanın da selamları var sana, hemen arasın diyor. Maddi ve ma-nevi her desteğe hazırmış Hocaefendimiz senin için.”<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">Ben inanmadım, düpedüz Sezen’i çekemeyenlerin sözleri bunlar.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">Minik Serçe ertesi gün <nobr><span style="border-bottom: 3px double rgb(255, 0, 0); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.7; color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">telefon</span></nobr> ediyor Başbakanlık’a. Tayyip Bey’e tam destek verdiğini söylüyor.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">Aksu, gayet masum eleştirileri yanıtlıyor:<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">“Ben yurttaş olarak aradım Başbakanımızı. Tek isteğim akan kanın durması. Sürecin karşısında duranları iki cihanda lekeli kabul ediyoruz. Bu kararı ailece aldık.”<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">Mehdi’yi anlatacaktım, bakın nereden nereye geldim...<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">***<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">Açılımı destekleyen Sezen Hanım, annesi ve babasına her konuyu danışır mı?<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">Olmadı Minik Serçe olmadı...<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">Ben de destekliyorum, bireysel özgürlükleri, çağdaş sivil bir anayasayı, eşitliği...<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">Üniter devlet çatısı altında ulus devlet... Din, dil, ırk, mezhep, <nobr><span style="border-bottom: 3px double rgb(255, 0, 0); font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.7; color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">renk</span></nobr> ayrımı gözetmeden Türkiye Cumhuriyeti yurttaşlığı...<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">Ama demokrasilerde her türlü düşünceye yer vardır...<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">Eğer liberalseniz, demokratsanız, sağcı ya da solcuysanız, açılıma karşı çıkanları “iki cihanda lekeli” kabul edemezsiniz.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">Bu sözcüğü sık sık kullanan kişi kim biliyor musunuz?<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">Babanıza ya da Fethullahçılara sorun, kulağınıza fısıldarlar.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">İmralı’daki Apo da Fethullah Gülen’e ve ABD’ye öpücükler gönderiyor zaman zaman.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">Apo’nun da Mehdi’yi bekler bir hali var.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">Şu Mehdi işi de kafamı karıştırmaya başladı zaten...<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">Mehdi İran’a mı gelecek yoksa Türkiye’ye mi?<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">Bence Mehdi ABD’den Türkiye’ye gelecek...<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">Ama yine de bu işlerin uzmanı Hüseyin Gülerce’ye, Akif Beki’ye ya da Sezen Aksu’nun babası Sami Yıldırım’a sormakta yarar var...<o:p></o:p></p><script type="text/javascript">changeTarget(document.getElementById("news_content"))</script></div><br />http://www.haber3.com/sezen-aksunun-babasi-fethullahci-505362h.htm<br /></div> </div><h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading">Sami Yıldırım</h1> <h3 id="siteSub">Vikipedi, özgür ansiklopedi</h3> <div id="jump-to-nav">Git ve: <a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sami_Aksu#column-one">kullan</a>, <a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sami_Aksu#searchInput">ara</a></div> <p>İzmir il Milli Eğitim Müdürü, Yamanlar Lisesi'nin ilk müdür şarkıcı <a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sezen_Aksu" title="Sezen Aksu">Sezen Aksu</a>'nun babası.</p> <p><a name="Hayat.C4.B1" id="Hayat.C4.B1"></a></p> <h2> <span class="mw-headline">Hayatı</span> <span style="font-weight: normal; float: none; margin-left: 0px;font-size:x-small;" class="editsection" >[<a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sami_Aksu&action=edit&section=1" title="Değiştirilen bölüm: Hayatı">değiştir</a>]</span></h2> <p>Rize'nin Pazar ilçesinde 1927 yılında doğdu. Babası adliyede memuru, annesi ev hanımıdır. İlk ve ortaokulu Rize Pazar ilçesinde okumuştur. Liseyi ise yatılı kaldığı Erzurum <a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%C3%96%C4%9Fretmen_Okulu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Öğretmen Okulu (sayfa mevcut değil)">Öğretmen Okulunda</a> (yani o zaman ki adıyla <a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Muallim_Mektebi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Muallim Mektebi (sayfa mevcut değil)">Muallim Mektebi</a>'ni bitirir. 1946 da <a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%C4%B0stanbul_E%C4%9Fitim_Enstit%C3%BCs%C3%BC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="İstanbul Eğitim Enstitüsü (sayfa mevcut değil)">İstanbul Eğitim Enstitüsü</a>'nden mezun olur. Öğretmenlikteki ilk görev yeri Trabzon'un <a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Be%C5%9Fikd%C3%BCz%C3%BC" title="Beşikdüzü" class="mw-redirect">Beşikdüzü</a> ilçesidir. Beşikdüzü'nde askere gider. <a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0stanbul" title="İstanbul">İstanbul</a>-<a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alemda%C4%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alemdağ (sayfa mevcut değil)">Alemdağ</a>'da yedek subaylık yapar. Askerlik bitiminde Denizli'nin Sarayköy ilçesine ilk kez ortaokul Müdürü olarak tayin edilir. Saray'da tanıştığı Manisa-Alaşehirli fen bilgisi öğretmeni Şehriban Aksu'yla 1953'te evlenir. Nihat ve Fatma Sezen isimli çocukları dünyaya gelir. 1958 'de İzmir'e tayini edildi. İzmir Üçkuyular'a <a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC_Lisesi" title="İnönü Lisesi">İnönü Lisesi</a>'nde 2,5 yıl müdürlük yaptı. Daha sonra 12 yıl <a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%C4%B0zmir_%C4%B0l_Milli_E%C4%9Fitim&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="İzmir İl Milli Eğitim (sayfa mevcut değil)">İzmir İl Milli Eğitim</a> Müdürü muavinliği yaptı. Bir yıl da il milli eğitim müdür vekilliği yaptı. 1979'da emekliye yaş haddinden emekli oldu.</p> <p><a name="Sezenle_k.C3.BCsl.C3.BC.C4.9F.C3.BC" id="Sezenle_k.C3.BCsl.C3.BC.C4.9F.C3.BC"></a></p> <h2> <span class="mw-headline">Sezenle küslüğü</span> <span style="font-weight: normal; float: none; margin-left: 0px;font-size:x-small;" class="editsection" >[<a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sami_Aksu&action=edit&section=2" title="Değiştirilen bölüm: Sezenle küslüğü">değiştir</a>]</span></h2> <p>Babası Sezen Aksuyu evlatlıktan reddetmiş ve yıllarca konuşmamıştır. Sezen Aksu'da babası kendisine sorulunca “Ben onunla ilgili konuşmak istemiyorum, Hayatımda öyle biri yok” <a href="http://www.haberturk.com/yazioku.asp?id=10910" class="external autonumber" title="http://www.haberturk.com/yazioku.asp?id=10910" rel="nofollow">[1]</a> demiştir. Daha sonra Sezen Aksu 50 li yaşlarda babası ve annesiyle barışmış ve beraber istişare eder olmuşlardır. Hatta kürt açılımına desteğinide ailesiyle beraber karar alarak yapmıştır.</p> <p><a name="Kaynaklar" id="Kaynaklar"></a></p> <h2> <span class="mw-headline">Kaynaklar</span> <span style="font-weight: normal; float: none; margin-left: 0px;font-size:x-small;" class="editsection" >[<a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sami_Aksu&action=edit&section=3" title="Değiştirilen bölüm: Kaynaklar">değiştir</a>]</span></h2> <ul><li><a href="http://tr.fgulen.com/content/view/14679/11/" class="external free" title="http://tr.fgulen.com/content/view/14679/11/" rel="nofollow">http://tr.fgulen.com/content/view/14679/11/</a> | <a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fethullah_G%C3%BClen" title="Fethullah Gülen">Fethullah Gülen</a> Sami Aksu'yu anlatıyır.</li> <li><a href="http://www.haberturk.com/yazioku.asp?id=10910" class="external free" title="http://www.haberturk.com/yazioku.asp?id=10910" rel="nofollow">http://www.haberturk.com/yazioku.asp?id=10910</a> |Fatih altaylının yazısı</li> <li><a href="http://www.internetajans.com/default.asp?nid=80269" class="external free" title="http://www.internetajans.com/default.asp?nid=80269" rel="nofollow">http://www.internetajans.com/default.asp?nid=80269</a> | Babasının hayatı ve babası yüzünden sezen aksunun Atatürkçülükten sıfırlanması ile ilgili okur yorumları</li> <li><a href="http://webarsiv.hurriyet.com.tr/1999/09/18/144116.asp" class="external free" title="http://webarsiv.hurriyet.com.tr/1999/09/18/144116.asp" rel="nofollow">http://webarsiv.hurriyet.com.tr/1999/09/18/144116.asp</a> |Hurriyet gaztesi ropörtajı</li> </ul><br /><br /><br />"Yaman" dede - Sezen Aksunun babası<br /><br />Yamanlar'ın ilk müdürü, 80 yaşındaki Sami Yıldırım, 59 yıl önce başladığı eğitimcilik maratonunu sürdürüyor. Görev yaptığı bu kurumlardaki öğretmenlerin farkını ise "Hepsi mefkûre insanı" diye özetliyor. <p>Eğer, sabah arabasını görmüşseniz saat mutlaka 8'e çeyrek vardır. Eğer yemekhanedeyse saat kesinlikle 12.00'dir. Kantindeyse saat 12.33'tür. Eğer koridorlarda dolaşıyorsa saat 12.55'tir. Öğleden sonra arabasına binerse saatinize bakın, kesinlikle 17.05'i gösteriyordur. O, saatin akrep ve yelkovanıdır adeta. Günün her anını aynı titizlik ve istikrar ile değerlendiren birisidir. Şaşmaz prensipleri vardır. Bir lokmayı 28 kez çiğner mesela. Kararlıdır da. Ama onu asıl farklı kılan 59 yıldır eğitime adanmış bir ömrün sahibi olmasıdır. 15 Kasım 1982'de kurulan Yamanlar Eğitim Kurumları'nın da ilk müdürüdür aynı zamanda. 80 yaşındaki Sami Yıldırım'ın bir başka ayrıcalığı da sanatçı Sezen Aksu'nun babası olmaktır.<br /><br />Yamanlar Eğitim Kurumları, kuruluşunun ardından çeyrek asrı geride bıraktı geçtiğimiz günlerde. Uluslararası arenada Türkiye'nin gözbebeği olan bu liseden kimler geldi kimler geçti… Nice öğrenci nice öğretmen dünyanın dört bir yanına yayıldı bu liseden. Ama lisenin kuruluşundan bugüne değişmeyen tek bir kişi vardı: O da ilk gün müdür olarak kapıdan içeri giren ve bugün hâlâ danışman sıfatıyla burada hizmetlerine devam eden Sami Yıldırım.<br /><br />Sami hoca 1927 yılında Rize'nin Pazar ilçesinde dünyaya gelir. Babası adliyede memur, annesi ise ev hanımıdır. İlk ve ortaokulu burada okur. Daha sonra yatılı kaldığı Erzurum'da Muhallim Mektebi'ni bitirir. 1946 senesinde İstanbul Eğitim Enstitüsü'nden mezun olur. Öğretmenlikteki ilk görev yeri Trabzon'un Beşikdüzü ilçesidir. Araya askerlik girer. İstanbul-Alemdağ'da yedek subay elbiseleri içindedir. Askerliğinin hemen ardından yolu Denizli'nin Sarayköy ilçesine düşer. Artık ortaokul müdürüdür. Burada tanıştığı Manisa-Alaşehirli fen bilgisi öğretmeni Şehriban Hanım'la dünya evine girer 1953'te. Bu evliliğinden Nihat ve Fatma Sezen dünyaya gelir. Birkaç okul değişikliğinin ardından 1958 yılında İzmir'e tayini çıkar Sami Bey'in. Üçkuyular'daki İnönü Lisesi'nde 2 buçuk sene çalışır. Ardından İzmir İl Milli Eğitim Müdürü muavinidir. Bu görevinde 12 yıl kalır. Bir yıl da il milli eğitim müdür vekilliği yapar. 1979'da, yani 28 yıl önce emekliye ayrılır.<br /><br />Yamanlar'ın ilk müdürü olması ise milli eğitimde beraber çalıştığı bir dostu vesilesiyle gerçekleşir: "Bir gün beni aradı. 'Hocam, böyle böyle bir okul açılacak. Oraya müdür arıyorlar. Ben de sizi önerdim' dedi. 'Yahu ben bundan sonra tekrar milli eğitime bulaşmak istemiyorum, ben halimden memnunum' dediysem de dinletemedim. 'Ben de o zaman içişleri bakanı ile bir konuşayım' dedim."<br /><br />Sami Bey'in 'içişleri bakanı' dediği, eşidir tabii ki. Şehriban Hanım 'sen çalışmayı seviyorsun' diyerek onay verince Bozyaka'da 15 Kasım 1982 tarihinde eğitim hayatına atılan Yamanlar'ın ilk müdürü olur. Bu arada müdürlük için tek bir şartı vardır. O da her kafadan bir ses çıkmasındır. "Benim sizden istediğim tek bir şey var dedim. Ben eğitim, öğretim, yönetim ile ilgili bir şeyi yapmak istediğim zaman, yok hocam öyle olmasın da böyle olsun, diyecekseniz ben bu işe hiç girmeyeyim. Hocam olur mu öyle şey dediler. Yanlış anlamayın, ben despot bir insan değilim. İstişareye büyük önem veririm. Ama herkes müdahale ederse de hizmet veremeyiz"<br /><br /><b>MUSTAFA KEMAL, İLK ÖĞRENCİ…</b><br /><br />Okul ilk açıldığında 28 öğrencileri vardır. Okula kayıt olan ilk öğrencinin adı da Mustafa Kemal'dir. Bu 28 öğrenciden bazıları şehir, bazıları okul değiştirir; ama 12'si bu okuldan mezun olur. Daha sonra Yamanlar yeni şubeler açar. Lise Karşıyaka'ya taşınır. Bozyaka bir ara fen lisesi olur, bir ara ilköğretime dönüşür. Derken yıllar yılları kovalar. Sami hoca bu yaşta olmasına rağmen hizmete devam ediyor. "Neden ediyorum? Çünkü ben bu okulların istikbal vaat ettiğine inanıyorum. Çok da güzel öğrenciler yetişti buradan. Olimpiyatlarda olağanüstü başarılar elde edildi. Bir taraftan bayrağını, vatanını, memleketini, milletini seven, manevi dinamikleri ihmal etmeyen, diğer taraftan müspet ilimde zirvelerde dolaşan öğrenciler yetişti. Bu okullardaki öğrencilerin sayısı ne kadar artarsa ben Türkiye'nin geleceğinin o kadar daha sağlam temeller üzerine oturacağına inanıyorum."<br /><br />Sami hoca kendi çağında olanların çoğunun öldüğünü, geri kalanların ya kahve köşelerinde ömür tükettiklerini ya da hasta yataklarında gün saydıklarını dile getiriyor. "Biz kahve köşelerinde oturmadık. Bu yolu seçtik. İlk günden beri hareket halindeyim. Halen mevzuat kitaplarını günü gününe takip ederim. Bakın 25 sene az bir zaman değil. 25 sene biz birbirimizi kırmadan, üzmeden aynı çatı altında çalıştık. Madalyalar alındı. Çok büyük gelişmeler oldu. Bu gelişmeleri görünce benim şevk ve heyecanım arttı. Hâlâ derslere ara ara girerim. Yeni hocalara tecrübelerimi aktarırım. Onları sınıfta alkışlattırırım. Öğretmenlerimizi ders anlatırken izlerim. Önce iyi taraflarını söylerim. Varsa eksikliklerini de üslubunca söylemeye gayret ederim."<br /><br />Sami hoca bu okullarla adı gündeme gelen Fethullah Gülen Hocaefendi ile ilk Bozyaka'daki okulda görüştüğünü söylüyor. Orada her gün öğrencilere 5-10 dakikalık sabah konuşması yaptığı günler... Hocaefendi bazen kulak misafiri olduğu bu konuşmalardan dolayı çok memnun kalıyordur. Bir gün Sami hocayı yemeğe davet eder. Sami hocanın Gülen'le ilk sohbet etme imkanı bulduğu ortamdır bu. İlerleyen yıllarda Hocaefendi, Sami Bey'e makamında ziyarette bulunur. Kendisine bir takım elbise hediye eder. "Bir gün spor salonunda güzel bir konuşma yaptı. Salon çok kalabalıktı. İçeride 5 bin, dışarıda da bir o kadar kişi vardı. Ben de oradaydım. Kürsüden beni gördü. İltifat etti. 'Hocam da buradaymış' dedi. 'Hocaların hocası' diye beni oradakilere lanse etti. Büyük bir alkış koptu. Sonra dışarı çıktım. Bahçede etrafıma toplanan gençler elimi öpmeye başladı. Hocaefendi'nin iltifat ettiği birine gösterilen saygıydı bu."<br /><br />Sami bey Hocaefendi ile çok az bir araya gelir. Bu 'az'lardan biri de İstanbul'da yaşanır: "Altunizade'deydik. Salonda Hülya Koçyiğit'in de aralarında bulunduğu tanınmış sanatçılar vardı. Orada bir öğle yemeği yedik. Hocaefendi o zaman da şeker hastasıydı. Bana 'hocam' dedi, 'okullarımızı misafirlerimize anlatabilir misiniz?' Ben misafirlere yaklaşık 45 dakika okulları anlattım. Hocaefendi 'bu kadarını bilmiyordum' dedi. Oradaki sanatçılar da okullarımızın başarıları karşısında hayretlerini gizleyemedi." Sami hoca, az temasları olmasına rağmen Hocaefendi'yi sevdiğini, Hocaefendi'nin de kendisini sevdiğini dile getiriyor.<br /><br /><b>OKULU KAPATMAYA GELMİŞLER, AMA…</b><br /><br />Sami Yıldırım'ın Yamanlar ile o kadar çok hatırası var ki. "Bu söylediklerim ta a harfinde" diyor. Öyle boy göstermeyi ya da basına çok konuşmayı sevmediğini dile getiriyor. O konuşmak istemiyor; ama biz bu okullarla ilgili daha çok ayrıntı istiyoruz. Bizim de Karadenizli olmamız onu biraz daha açıyor; ama 'yazacaklarını önceden görmem lazım' şartını da öne sürmeyi ihmal etmiyor. Gerekli garantiyi aldıktan sonra İstanbul'da başından geçen bir başka olayı anlatıyor. "Gazeteciler ve Yazarlar Vakfı'nın bir toplantısıydı. O zaman Süleyman Demirel cumhurbaşkanıydı. Bana da yılın eğitimcisi ödülü verdiler. Kürsüye çıktım. Orada okulları anlattım. Salon alkışla inliyordu. Sonra Süleyman Demirel yanındakilere beni sordu, bu kim diye."<br /><br />Sami hocadan ilk yıllara dair anekdotlar rica ediyoruz. 1980 ihtilalinden hemen sonra kurulan okul ne gibi zorluklar yaşamıştı? "O zaman Milli Eğitim Bakanı Hasan Sağlam Bey idi. 28 öğrenci ile başladık. Mefkureci arkadaşlarımız vardı. İdealist çalışma yapısı vardı. Birinci yılın sonunda müfettişler geldi, bizi denetlemeye. Okul, yurttan dönmeydi. Okulda başlarında sarık, ayaklarında takunya bulunan öğrenciler eğitim yapıyor sanıyorlar. Bana dediler ki, 'Hocam burayı nasıl bu hale getirdiniz? Biz burayı böyle böyle zannettiğimiz için aslında okulu kapatmaya gelmiştik. Ama gördük ki, burada çok modern, çok gelişmiş, çok mükemmel bir eğitim veriliyor'. Ben de 'Burası okul. Okul başka türlü olabilir mi' diye kendilerine sordum. O denetlemede bizim için çok güzel bir rapor yazdılar."<br /><br /><b>25 SENE DE SAKLANMAZ Kİ KARDEŞİM!</b><br /><br />Velilerin çocuklarını bu okullara verdiği zaman gözlerinin arkada kalmadığını dile getiren Sami hoca bu okullardan rahatsız olanlara da bir anlam veremiyor: "Veliler biliyor ki çocuk burada her bakımdan başarılı olacak, ahlâk sahibi olacak, dürüst olacak, namuslu olacak; bayrağını, vatanını sevecek. Atatürk ve Türk büyüklerine karşı saygılı olacak. Birçok özel okul, öğrenci bulmakta zorluk çeker. Biz hiç zorluk çekmedik. Çünkü vatandaş burada ne yapıldığını yakından görüyor. Sadece öğrencileri değil, velilerimizi de eğitiyoruz biz." Velilerin en çok kendilerine, 'hocam çocuğumuz bu okula girdikten sonra çok değişti. Artık yatağını düzeltiyor, elbisesini sağa sola atmıyor, bize saygıda kusur etmiyor. Sizlerden Allah razı olsun' dediklerini anlatan Sami hoca, bazen de kendisine "Hocam hâlâ orada nasıl çalışıyorsun, şöyle şöyle, böyle böyle…" demelerine çok kızıyor. "Ben de soruyorum onlara; sen bu müesseseleri gördün mü? Görmedim. Gezdin mi? Gezmedim. Kaldın mı? Kalmadım. O zaman niye böyle konuşuyorsun? Bir gel, gör bakayım ondan sonra konuş yahu. Hadi ne diyorsanız; onu benden iki sene sakladılar, 3 sene sakladılar, bu şey her ne ise 25 sene de saklanmaz ki kardeşim."<br /><br /><b>OLİMPİYAT BAŞARISI ÖNEMSENMELİ</b><br /><br />İnsanların bilmeden kulaktan dolma bilgilerle konuşmalarına üzülen Sami Yıldırım, yurtdışından gelen misafirleriyle ilgili bir anısını da hemen araya serpiştiriyor. "Bir gün Almanya'dan bir eğitimci kadrosu geldi. İçlerinden üç tanesi Türk'tü. Sağdan soldan duydukları bu tür haberler sebebiyle okulumuza karşı önyargı içindeydiler. Bunu da son gün onlarla vedalaşırken öğreniyoruz. Alman müdürleri, 'hocam' dedi. Bu üçü var ya, buraya gelmek istemediler. Şimdi burayı gezip gördükten sonra sizden özür diliyorlar."<br /><br />Türkiye'ye bilim olimpiyatlarında ilk altın madalyayı da Yamanlar kazandırdı. 1993 yılında Salih Adem fizik dalında bu başarıya ulaşır. Sami hoca o günlerde yakalanan bu büyük başarının yeterli derecede önemsenmemesinden şikayetçi. Ona göre bilim olimpiyatlarında madalya almak herhangi bir spor organizasyonunda madalya almaktan aşağı kalır bir şey değildir. Salih Adem'in çok zeki bir çocuk olduğunu, Bilkent'i de 3 yılda bitirdiğini gururlanarak anlatıyor bize.<br /><br />Sami hoca 1938 yılında hayata gözlerini yuman Atatürk'ün ölümünü hatırlıyor. O yıl ilkokul 3. sınıfta olduğunu belirtiyor. Atatürk'le ilgili bugüne kadar sayısız kitap okuduğunu ve onun büyük bir devlet adamı olduğunu dile getiriyor. Sami hoca ayrıca Türk insanının kendi tarihini okumamasından da şikayetçi. Bir örnek veriyor. "Bize hep Abdülhamit 'kızıl sultan' diye okutuldu. Ben onunla ilgili çeşitli kitaplar okudum. Ne gördüm biliyor musunuz? O mükemmel bir padişahtı. O en çalkantılı günlerde 33 yıl Devlet-i Aliye'yi ayakta tuttu."<br /><br /><b>ÇOCUKLARIMLA GURUR DUYUYORUM</b><br /><br />Sami Yıldırım'ın oğlu Nihat Bey makine mühendisi. Sezen Aksu'yu ise tanıtmaya hacet yok. İki çocuğuyla da gurur duyuyor Sami hoca. Her iki çocuğundan da birer torun sahibi. Nihat Bey'in bugünlerde ikinci çocuğu dünyaya gelecek. Torunlarını çok seviyor Sami hoca: "Bana hep derlerdi torun sevgisi ayrı diye. Ben de olur mu öyle şey derdim. Evlat evlattır. Ama inanın torunun yeri hakikaten ayrıymış."<br /><br />O, eşi Şehriban hanımla 54 yıldır evli. Gençlerin basit bir mevzu yüzünden ayrılmalarına çok üzülüyor: "Evlilik ciddi bir müessesedir. Hiç mi problem olmayacak? Olacak. O biraz yüksekten alınca sen biraz aşağıdan alacaksın. Hoşgörülü olmak lazım. Ailendir, hayat arkadaşındır. Sonra hemşerim Karadeniz'de kolay kolay boşanma olmaz. Bizde emanete hıyanet edilmez. Hanımlarımız bize emanet. Bak 54 yıldır beraberiz."<br /><br /><b>SANA-VİTA YAĞLARIYLA BÜYÜDÜNÜZ SİZ!</b><br /><br />Sami hoca 1958 yılında yerleştiği İzmir'i çok seviyor. Buraya taşındıktan sonra Karadeniz'e birkaç defa gittiğini belirtiyor. Oradaki akrabaları ile bağını koparmamış. Telefonla da olsa ilgi ve alakasını sürdürüyor. Sağlığına çok dikkat ediyor. Bir lokmayı 28 kere çiğneyerek yiyor. Bu yüzden yemekhanede kendisine eşlik edecek arkadaş bulmakta zorluk çekiyor. Her gece saat 10'da yatıyor. Sabah 5'te kalkıyor. Bu yaşına rağmen her gün 45 dakika kültür-fizik hareketi yapmayı ihmal etmiyor. Onun dışında evdeki pedallı aleti 250 kez çeviriyor. 100 defa da sırt üstü yatıp bisiklet hareketi yapıyor. Yine her gün sahilde 15-20 dakika yürümeye gayret ediyor. Bugün bile merdivenleri çifter çifter çıkıyor. Bu haline şaşıranlara da 'siz Sana-Vita yağları ile büyüdünüz. Ben ise tereyağıyla' diyor.<br /><br /><b>SEZEN, HER KONSERDEN ÖNCE DUA İSTER</b><br /><br />Sami Yıldırım'ın önemli bir sağlık problemi yok. Birkaç sene önce safra kesesinden ameliyat oldu, o kadar. Sami hoca bir de sağlam inançlı olduğunu belirtiyor. Yani hep iyi olacağına inanıyor. Bu çok önemli psikolojik bir güç onun için. Duaların faziletine de çok inanıyor. 'Evvela dualarımı yapar, ondan sonra işe başlarım' diyor. "Evden çıkarken, yemekte, akşam yatarken mutlaka dua okurum. Hem müspet ilme inanan bir insanım -uzay çağını fethedecek kadar müspet ilim- ama ona elektromotor kuvveti vazifesi sağlayacak manevi güç de lazım. İkisi bir araya gelmeli. Sonra ben hiç ümitsizliğe düşmem. Bir hastalığım olduğu zaman evvela tıbbî tedbir. Sonra bitkisel tedavi. Sonra da dua." Sami hoca kızı Sezen'in de her konserden önce kendisinden dua istediğini belirtiyor. Sami Yıldırım hoca, yakın zamanda vefat eden bir siyasetçiyle, ölümünden sonra bir gazetede yapılan son röportajlardan birini okuduğunu ve çok üzüldüğünü söylüyor. "O siyasi, orada 'ölüm çok kötü bir son' mealinde bir şeyler söyledi. Şimdi tabii bu inanç meselesi. Ama bizim gibi inananlar böyle düşünmüyor. Ölüm herkesin tadacağı bir şey. İnanan bir insan için ölüm demek kompartıman değiştirmek demek."<br /><br /><b>MİLLİ EĞİTİM BAKANINI ÇOK BEĞENİYOR</b><br /><br />Eğitimin asırlık çınarı, anılarını kitaplaştırmayı düşünmüyor. Dedik ya ön plana çıkma gibi bir gayreti yok. Geçmişte İzmir'de çıkan öğretmenler gazetesinde eğitimle ilgili çok makalesi yayınlanmış. Sami hoca, bugünkü Milli Eğitim Bakanı Hüseyin Çelik'i de çok beğeniyor. Çelik ile birlikte Sağlık Bakanı Recep Akdağ'ın Türkiye'de ve özellikle Güneydoğu'da yaptıkları çalışmalar çok hoşuna gitmiş. "Zaten Ak Parti de bu iki bakan sayesinde oradan o kadar oy aldı." diyor.<br /><br /><b>BUNDAN DAHA BÜYÜK HİZMET OLUR MU?</b><br /><br />Sami hoca bugüne kadar çok öğrenci yetiştirdiğini ve öğrencileri içerisinde kötü durumda olan birine rastlamadığını kaydediyor: "Beşikdüzü'nde, Denizli'de, İzmir'de ve 25 yıldır da Yamanlar'da. Özellikle de buradan mezun olan öğrenciler hangi mesleği seçtiyseler başarılı oldular, dürüst oldular. Biz, bu büyük milletimizin istediği nitelikte insanlar yetiştirdik. Bu insanlardan millete fayda gelir, zarar gelmez. Topluma bak; neler oluyor? Annesini babasını vuranlar var. Daha bir sürü şey. Bizim talebelerimizin hiçbiri bu duruma gelmedi. İnşallah da gelmez. Beni buraya bağlayan bu oldu. Pilav günlerimiz oluyor. Çocuklar geliyor. Hepsi bir yerde başarılı olmuş, itibar kazanmış. Bundan daha büyük hizmet olur mu?"<br /><br />Sami hocaya 1982'den önce bulunduğu milli eğitim camiasıyla şu an görev yaptığı okullar arasındaki farkı soruyoruz. "Ben 31 sene devlete çalıştım. Orasını gördüm. Aradaki fark şu: Buradaki arkadaşların hepsi mefkûre insanı. 25 yıl düşün, ben bir kez öğretmenler odasında dedikodu işitmedim. Siyaset konuşulduğuna şahit olmadım. Bir öğretmenimizin sigara içtiğini görmedim. Bizim öğretmenler odasında 'hep bu çocuklara nasıl daha iyi eğitim verebiliriz, onları yarınlara daha iyi nasıl hazırlarız' diye konuşulurdu. Şimdi böyle bir kurumun başarısız olması mümkün mü?"<br /><br /><b>İNSAN, ÖLENE KADAR KOŞTURMALI</b><br /><br />Sami hocaya en çok 'ne zaman emekli olacaksın?' diye soruyorlar. Bu soruya "Hele 2027 yılına (yüz yaşına) bir gelelim, o zaman hep beraber oturup, tamam mı devam mı diye bir karar veririz" diye cevap veriyormuş: "Ben bu işi seviyorum. Arkadaşlar da beni seviyor ve bırakmıyor. Elim ayağım da tutuyor. İnsanın emeklilik yaşı diye bir yaşı olmaz yahu. İnsan ölünceye kadar hizmet edebildiği sürece hizmet edecek. Bayrağı götürebileceği yere kadar götürecek. Bayrağı devrettiklerine de 'Sami bey gitti bu iş bitti' dedirtmeyecek. Maksadımız ülkemize ve milletimize hizmet etmektir. Bu millete ne kadar hizmet edersen o kadar iyidir."<br /><br /><b>AMATÖR RUH, PROFESYONEL DONANIM</b><br /><br />Özel Yamanlar Eğitim Kurumları, kuruluşunun 25. yılında, 8 ayrı kampus ve 12 okulda toplam 3950 öğrenci, 377 öğretmen ile yoluna devam ediyor. Genel Müdür Sebahattin Kasap, kurumun bugünkü bilimsel, kültürel ve sportif alanlardaki erişilmez başarısını ilk günkü amatör ruha bağlıyor. "Profesyonel dünyada amatör kalınamaz; ama asla da ilk günkü amatör ruhu ve heyecanı kaybetmemek gerekir." diyor ve ekliyor: "İşte bu amatör ruh ve profesyonel donanım ile geleceğe koşuyoruz." Yahya Kemal'in "Hülyası kalmayınca hayatın ne zevki var" sözünü hatırlatarak heyecanla pek çok yeni projeden bahsediyor Sebahattin hoca:<br /><br />"Hani derler ya; sandalın bir gücü vardır, bir kişi fazlaysa olmaz. Toplumun da bir gücü vardır, bir kişi eksikse olmaz. Bu kurumun her santimetrekaresinde mutlaka samimi insanların teri, her tuğlanın altında onların bir izi var. Kökü mazide olan âtîyiz. Bilginin efendisi, davranışlarının hâkimi öğrenciler yetiştirmeyi hedefliyoruz. Fen bilimleri ile donanımlı; İngilizce, Almanca ve bir ilave dil bilen, teknoloji ile barışık öğrenciler… Ama kurulduğu ilk günden bu yana görev yapmış onlarca idarecinin, yüzlerce öğretmen ve personelin, binlerce gönül vermiş samimi insanın tıpkı bir bahçıvan gibi gönül pınarlarından sulayarak yetiştirdikleri, solmaması için gece gündüz çalıştıkları asla unutulmamalı." </p><br /><br /><br /><span style="font-size:6;color:#cc0000;">Sezen Aksu: Onno'yu silahla kovaladım </span><br /><br /><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="font-size:100%;"> </span></span><p> </p><p> </p><p> </p><p><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="font-size:100%;">Sadece şarkıları, besteleri, şiirleri değil; hayat tarzı, sevecenliği, doğallığı ve ne olursa olsun yaşamla sımsıkı kucaklaşması da on numara... </span></span></p><p> </p><p><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="font-size:100%;">Onun gibi zirvede olup ünlü gibi yaşamayan, şatafatı sevmeyen, lüks arabasının direksiyonuna dokunmayıp ata binen, en muhteşem bestelerini şarkıcı dostlarına dağıtan bir başka Sezen Aksu var mı dersiniz! Bize sorarsanız, yok... </span></span></p><p> </p><p><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="font-size:100%;">Özgür ve özgün Sezen Aksu'nun hayatında şöyle bir gezinti yaptık... Çocukluğundan genç kızlığına, acılarından mutluluklarına kadar, yaşadıklarına bir göz attık... </span></span></p><p> </p><p><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><b>HABİRE EVDEN KAÇARDIM... </b></span></span></p><p> </p><p><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="font-size:100%;">Fen öğretmeni Şehriban Hanım ile matematik öğretmeni Sami Bey, Denizli'de tanışıp evlenirken, dünyaya gelecek çocuklarını disiplinli bir şekilde yetiştirmeye karar verirler... Ve sonunda Sezen Yıldırım dünyaya gelir (1954)... Çocukluğu, dünyaya geldiği Denizli Sarayköy'de geçer Sezen'in... Annesi ve babasıyla birlikte yaşadığı, Sarayköy'deki tam derenin yanındaki iki katlı o evi hiç unutmaz... </span></span></p><p> </p><p><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><b>'Alt katta Huriye teyzem otururdu... Üst katta ise anneannemle biz... Babamla annem, aldıkları eğitim gereği bana karşı hep mesafeli dururlardı... Bir yaşıma kadar saçım yok, kabak kafalı bir Sezen'dim... Bir tek dudaklar ve gene böyle, iri etli dudaklar... Beni epey özgür bırakmışlardı... Nasıl bırakmasınlar ki, adım </b>'Cüce bela'<b>ya çıkmıştı... İlle de dikkat çekeceğim... Hiçbir şey yapamasam, durduk yerde düşüp bayılırdım... İnsanlar benimle ilgilensinler diye neler yapmazdım ki... Ha bire evden kaçardım mesela... 10 yaşımda makyaj yapardım... Annemler bir ara benimle ilgili olarak çok çaresiz kalmışlar. Beni kendi halime bırakma kararları da ondan sonra kendiliğinden gündeme gelmiş zaten.' </b></span></span></p><p> </p><p><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><b>KARA KUZU'NUN İLK ACISI... </b></span></span></p><p> </p><p><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="font-size:100%;">Oysa, Sezen Aksu'nun çocukluk yaramazlıklarındaki en önemli müsekkini anneannesidir... Eski Osmanlı kadınlarından, karizmatik ve etkileyicidir Nadire Hanım... Ve onun <b>'kara kuzu'</b>sudur... Ancak, Sezen'in yaşadığı ilk ve en önemli acı da onunla ilgili olur ne yazık ki... Ünlü sanatçı hayatı boyunca unutmaz, unutamaz o acıyı... </span></span></p><p> </p><p><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><b>'Çok özel bir kadındı anneannem. Mücadele içinde yaşamış, hayatı tırnaklarıyla kazımış. Annem henüz altı yaşındayken dedem ölmüş, çiftlikteki tüm işler onun üzerine kalmış. Her şeyi, tüm yükü göğüslemiş. </b></span></span></p><p> </p><p><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><b>Tam bir hanım ağa... At binen bir kadın. Zeki, ileri görüşlü. </b>'Doğurdum diye sevmem evladımı, faziletli olması gerek, sevgiyi hak etmesi gerek'<b> derdi. Kişiliğimde derin izleri var onun. </b></span></span></p><p> </p><p><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><b>14 yaşımdaydım. İlk acımı onunla yaşadım. Elimi tutarken öldü. </b>'Elimi ovar mısın?'<b> dedi ve ben ağlamaya başladım. Bana </b>'kara kuzum'<b> derdi. </b>'Kara kuzum ağlama, üzülürüm. Dilerim sen de benim gibi mutlu gidersin'<b> dedi. Dua ederken, nefesi kesildi. O gece anneannemin yanında uyudum, hiç korkmadım.' </b></span></span></p><p> </p><p><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><b>SAÇLARI BEMBEYAZ </b></span></span></p><p> </p><p><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="font-size:100%;">Aradan yıllar geçer ve Sezen Aksu tıpkı ona benzeyen bir acı daha yaşar. Bu kez yitirdiği Onno Tunç'tur... Son nefesinde, onun elini tutamaz ama inanılmaz bir matemdir yaşadığı... Tam 17 gün oturduğu yerden kalkmaz, kımıldamaz, gözleri bir noktada öylece kala kalır... Derken birden resim yapmak gelir içinden... Tuvalin üzerinde beliren siyah beyaz resimdeki kişi, Onno Tunç değil, ona <b>'kara kuzum'</b> diyen anneannesi Nadire Hanım'dır... Bu iki acı, yalnız zamanı yoğurmakla kalmaz, 1994 mayısındaki Uzay Heparı'nınkini de ekleyerek üçlü bir yas yelpazesi oluşturur birden... Altı ay evinden dışarı adım atmaz Sezen Aksu... </span></span></p><p> </p><p><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><b>'Resim yapmak iyi geldi... Ama bu arada hep düşündüm, düşündüm... Sonra bir gün aynaya baktım ki, saçlarım bembeyaz olmuş... Aslında beyaz saçlar da yakışıyor bana... Farklı bir görüntü...' </b></span></span></p><p> </p><p><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><b>ONNO'YU HIRSIZ ZANNETTİLER </b></span></span></p><p> </p><p><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="font-size:100%;">Sonra, anıların kucağında, yıllar öncesinin bir İstanbul akşamıdır, gülerek hatırlanan... Yer, Ulus sırtlarındaki evdir... Ve bir daha asla geri gelemeyecek olan o bahar akşamıdır canlanıveren anılarda... </span></span></p><p> </p><p><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><b>'Sabah saatlerinde başladık tartışmaya Onno'yla. Akşam oldu, hala tartışıyoruz. Ağlamaktan gözlerim şişti. Evlerimiz de karşılıklı... Döne döne tartışma, kavga... Sonunda bu geldi, kapımı tekmelemeye başladı. Birden yukarı fırladım ve Smith Wesson marka silahımı kaptım. </b></span></span></p><p> </p><p><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><b>Ne diyorsun sen Onno! diye namluyu doğrultup kapıya fırlayınca, bu adeta ışınlandı... Yok oldu birden... Zigzaklar çizerek kaçtı... Ben onu duvar dibine sindi sandım... Meğer karayoluna fırlamış, koşuyor... O halini görünce, ben de asfalta çıktım, gülmekten sırtüstü uzanıp debeleniyorum asfaltta. Nasılsa o korkuyla uzun süre geri dönmez dedim, içeri girdim... </b></span></span></p><p> </p><p><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><b>Meğer o akşam Levent civarında beş ev soyulmuş. Polis gece karanlığında panik halinde koşan Onno'yu görünce </b>'Hırsız budur mutlaka'<b> diyerek hemen enselemiş. Doğru karakola... </b></span></span></p><p> </p><p><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="font-size:100%;">'Ben Onno Tunç'um'<b> demiş ama karakoldaki hiçbir polis tanımamış bunu... Kavga ettiğimiz için benim adımı da verememiş... Sabahı karakolda etmiş... Derken, onu tanıyan bir polis gelmiş sabah... Sevincinden polisin boynuna sarılmış... Ancak o zaman salıvermişler... </b></span></span></p><p> </p><p><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><b>Bir daha kapımı hiç tekmelemedi!' </b></span></span></p><p> </p><p><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><b>İLK PLAĞI 50 TANE SATTI... </b></span></span></p><p> </p><p><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="font-size:100%;">Acılar, neşeler, hıçkırıklar, kahkahalar, coşkular ve şarkılar... Hepsi içiçedir Sezen Aksu'nun hayatında... Günümüzün efsane <b>'Minik Serçe'</b>sinin ilk yaptığı plağın sadece 50 tane sattığını kaç kişi hatırlar acaba... Lise yıllarında kendini iyiden iyiye müziğe veren Aksu, 1970'te <b>HAFTA SONU</b> gazetesinin açtığı Altın Ses Yarışması'nda 6. olur. Ziraat Fakültesi'ne ikinci sınıfta eldeva der, çünkü aklı fikri ve yüreği müziktedir. Bir süre sonra da Yeşil Giresunlu'dan, ilk plağını yapması için teklif alır. 1975'e girerken piyasaya çıkan <b>'Haydi Şansım'</b> adlı bu 45'lik plak, sadece 50 tane satar. </span></span></p><p> </p><p><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><b>'Moralim çok bozulmuştu... Çünkü o ilk plağımdan kendim ve yakınlarım almıştı sadece... Kimbilir, belki de dağıtımı iyi yapılamamıştı...' </b></span></span></p><p> </p><p><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="font-size:100%;">Sonrasında <b>'Kaybolan Yıllar'</b> adlı plağıyla büyük bir çıkış yapar (1976)... <b>'Olmaz Olsun'</b>, <b>'Yaşanmamış Yıllar'</b> ve <b>'Seni Gidi Vurdumduymaz'</b>ın ardından Bebek Belediye Gazinosu'nda ilk sahne çalışmasını yapar... Ve 1979'da <b>'Minik Serçe'</b> adlı ilk filmini çevirir... İkinci ve son filmi ise 1990'da Ferhan Şensoy'la oynadığı <b>'Büyük Yalnızlık'</b>tır. </span></span></p><p> </p><p><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><b>NEFRETE YER YOK... </b></span></span></p><p> </p><p><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="font-size:100%;">Ünlülerin dünyasındaki alışılagelmiş aşkları Sezen Aksu'nun hayatında aramak çok büyük bir yanılgıdır... Kavgalı gürültülü ayrılıkları <b>'Şeytan görsün yüzünü'</b>yle başlayan açıklamaları yoktur onun... Sevdiği birinden daha sonra nefret etmez, edemez... Ayrılık kelimesi Sezen Aksu lügatında asla yer almaz... İlk evliliğini yaptığı Hasan Yüksektepe'si, soyadını aldığı Engin Aksu'su, Onno Tunç'u, Uzay Heparı'sı, Ahmet Utlu'su, Cem Baba'sı her zaman vardır onun için... Mithat Can'ın babası Sinan Özer keza... </span></span></p><p> </p><p><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="font-size:100%;">Şimdi Londra Music Schooll'da okuyacak Mithat Can... Ve Sezen Aksu, onun hasret provaları içinde, arada bir iki gözü iki çeşme şimdiden... </span></span></p><p> </p><p><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><b>ÇİNGENE RUHLU SEZEN </b></span></span></p><p> </p><p><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="font-size:100%;">Hayatının her döneminde para, pul hep ikinci plandadır onun için... Zaten bunu gizleme gereği de duymaz hiç... </span></span></p><p> </p><p><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><b>'Yatırımla hiç işim olmaz... Dört tane duvar, meraklısı alsın valla... Hiç işim olmaz... Canım istese, duvar üstüne duvar koyardım ben... Ben gidince her şey burada kalacak... Giden sadece ben olacağım... </b></span></span></p><p> </p><p><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><b>Benim iki tane evim var... Bir tanesi her an satılmak üzere, sinirlenince satın diyorum... Mustafa Oğuz </b>bir dakika bekle<b> diyor... On senedir sattırmamayı başardı Mustafa... </b></span></span></p><p> </p><p><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><b>Ben mekansızlığı çok seviyorum... Bütün dillerde bir sürü atasözü var... Çingenelerin ise bir tane atasözü var, biliyor musunuz! </b></span></span></p><p> </p><p><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="font-size:100%;">'Evde oturan adam, ölür!'<b>' </b></span></span></p><p> </p><p><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><b>Şahane bir söz! Mekansızlık... Sokak, insan, börtü böcek... Dokunacağım... Mutlaka dışarda olmalıyım... Çingene ruhluyum ben... Ev dediğimiz şey, ortak dostlarla paylaşılan bir mekan... İçinde insan olmayan ne toprak isterim, ne sokak isterim... Her yer insanla manalıdır...'</b> </span></span></p><p> </p><p> </p><p><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><b>Sezen Aksu albümünden</b> </span></span></p><p> </p><p> </p><p><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><b>BABA OCAĞINDA </b></span></span></p><p> </p><p><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="font-size:100%;">Yıl 1979 Sezen Aksu, İzmir'de, babası Sami Yıldırım ve annesi Şehriban Yıldırım'ın yanında. </span></span></p><p> </p><p> </p><p><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><b>TELLİ DUVAKLI SERÇE... </b></span></span></p><p> </p><p><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="font-size:100%;">Tarih; 10 Temmuz 1981. Burası, Beşiktaş Evlendirme memurluğu. Çiçekler, konfetiler, kalabalığın alkışları, telli duvaklı Sezen Aksu ile beyaz smokinli Sinan Özer içindir. Aksu'nun nikah sırasında Mithat Can'a 4.5 aylık hamile olduğu gündeme gelir.11 Kasım 1981'de Mithat Can doğar. İki yıl sonra da bu evlilik son bulur. Ama dostlukları asla bitmez. </span></span></p><p> </p><p> </p><p><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="font-size:100%;">Onno Tunç'un, çok özel bir yeri vardır Sezen Aksu'da. Onunla sevgiyi, dostluğu, müziği ve mutlulukları paylaşmıştır. 16 Ocak 1996 tarihinde uçağı düşen Onno'nun acısı hala yüreğindedir Minik Serçe'nin. </span></span></p><p> </p><p> </p><p><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><b>BABAANNE OLMA ÖZLEMİ... </b></span></span></p><p> </p><p><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="font-size:100%;">Mithat Can, Özel Atanur Oğuz Lisesi'nden mezun oldu. Sezen Aksu, bir de itirafta bulunuyor: <b>'Mithat Can’ın bir aşk bebeği yapmasını isterim. Ve ona ben bakarım.'</b> </span></span></p><p> </p><p> </p><p><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><b>SEVGİLİ ATLARI </b></span></span></p><p> </p><p><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="font-size:100%;">İki atı var Sezen Aksu'nun.Glaryus ve Rasputin. </span></span></p><p> </p><p><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="font-size:100%;">Bu yüzden Sarıgazi'deki Ferhat Bey Çiftliği'ne çok sık uğramakta ünlü sanatçı.<b>'Otomo-biller beni hiç ilgilendirmiyor. Atlara bayılıyorum'</b> derken sevgiden sesi titriyor. </span></span></p>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2905918545844906697.post-67545765407198439522009-09-05T01:32:00.002+03:002009-09-05T11:59:17.824+03:00Köpeklerin ilk ehlileştiren Çin mi? URUMçi mi? URUMeli kökenliler mi? Yangzı nehri URUMçi'de , yani Türk bölgesi ,Yamgzı dünyanın en uzun 3. nehiri , Yazgı nehrine Çinliler şimdi başka şey diyor.<a class="a2a_dd" href="http://www.addtoany.com/share_save"><img border="0" width="171" alt="Share/Save/Bookmark" src="http://static.addtoany.com/buttons/share_save_171_16.png" height="16"/></a><script type="text/javascript">a2a_linkname="www.eyupsarikartal.com";a2a_linkurl=location.href;a2a_show_title=1;a2a_hide_embeds=0;a2a_num_services=22;</script><script charset="utf-8" src="http://static.addtoany.com/menu/locale/tr-TR.js" type="text/javascript"></script><script src="http://static.addtoany.com/menu/page.js" type="text/javascript"></script><br /><strong>Köpeklerin ataları olan kurtların ilk defa 16 bin yıl önce Çin'in Yangzı nehrinin güneyinde evcilleştirildiği bildirildi.</strong><br /><span id="ctl00_Contentplaceholder2_ucCommentListBox_Dlcomments_ctl04_lblBody">Yangzı resmen türk ismi, yangzı ırmağı eski göktürk ve uygur toprakları bugün haritada çin sınırları (işgal altındadır) içine olabilir ama köpeklerin kurtların evcilleştirildiği tarihte oralarda türk devletleri ve türkler vardı.</span><br /><span style="font-size:+0;"></span><br /><span style="font-size:+0;">Tabii ki evcilleşmeyi de <strong>Urum'çil</strong>iler <strong>Urum'eli</strong>liler <strong>Urum'iye</strong>liler, <strong>Urum'cuk</strong>lular yapmıştır </span><br /><span style="font-size:+0;"></span><br /><span style="font-size:+0;">Zaten ben diyordum bizim ailedede olan <strong>Kaçenikler</strong> (çok hızlı koşanlar demektir yani kaçan enik belki)) Yeniçerilerde olan <strong>Korkusuz Köpek</strong> gibi devrinin iltifatı olan kelimeler nereden geliyor?</span><br /><span style="font-size:+0;"> Ruslarda ayı gibi demek iltifat. demek ülkeye göre anlam değişiyor. zamana görede .</span><br /><span style="font-size:+0;">Şimdi ortaya çıktıki bizde çok zengin bir köpek kültürü var</span><br /><span style="font-size:+0;"></span><br /><span style="font-size:+0;">Biliyorsunuz baskurtlar var göktürkler var bayrakları mavi kurt bir de şimdi yerli kurtlar var :D))))</span><br /><br />ANKARA (A.A) - Köpeklerin ataları olan kurtların ilk defa 16 bin yıl önce Çin'in Yangzı nehrinin güneyinde evcilleştirildiği bildirildi.<br /><br />Köpek ve kurt türlerinin genleri incelenerek yapılan araştırmayla köpeklerin ana vatanının Çin'in Yangzı nehrinin güneyi olduğu belirlendi.<br /><br />İsveç Kraliyet Teknoloji Enstitüsünden Peter Savolainen ve meslektaşlarının yaptığı araştırmada, Yangzı nehrinin güneyindeki köpek türlerinin, Avrupa ve Afrika türlerine kıyasla daha fazla rastlantısal mutasyonlar içeren DNA çeşitliliğine sahip olduğu ve köpeklerin atası olan kurtların ilk defa 16 bin yıl önce bu bölgede evcilleştirildiği ifade edildi.<br /><br />Dünya genelinde 1500 köpek ve 40 kurt türünün DNA'sını ve genlerindeki değişkenliği inceleyen bilim adamları, bu türler arasından 8 kurt ve 169 köpek türünün de mitokondrial DNA'sını tümüyle çözdü. Dişiler tarafından değişmeden nesilden nesile aktarılan mitokondrial DNA'lar köpek popülasyonunun ilk evrelerindeki çeşitliliğini saptamayı sağladı.<br /><br />Araştırma, köpeklerin gen havuzunun 10 ana haplogruptan (genetik dal) oluştuğunu ve bu 10 haplogrubun genetik özelliğini taşıyan örneklerin ise sadece Yangzı nehrinin güneyindeki köpeklerde bulunduğunu gösterdi.<br /><br /><h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading">Yangtze River</h1><div id="bodyContent"><h3 id="siteSub">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</h3><div id="contentSub"></div><div id="jump-to-nav">Jump to: <a href="http://mail.google.com/mail/?ui=2&view=js&name=js&ver=gQlSNWCDjxc.tr.&am=!UqIxmxNMkDHpRd_gweQyQlTBWpu9iQGS6Z2s_CFv#column-one">navigation</a>, <a href="http://mail.google.com/mail/?ui=2&view=js&name=js&ver=gQlSNWCDjxc.tr.&am=!UqIxmxNMkDHpRd_gweQyQlTBWpu9iQGS6Z2s_CFv#searchInput">search</a></div><table class="metadata plainlinks ambox ambox-content"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div style="WIDTH: 52px"><a class="image" title="Question book-new.svg" href="http://mail.google.com/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" width="50" height="39" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text">This article <b>needs additional <a title="Wikipedia:Citing sources" href="http://mail.google.com/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations">citations</a> for <a title="Wikipedia:Verifiability" href="http://mail.google.com/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a>.</b><br /><small>Please help <a class="external text" title="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yangtze_River&action=edit" rel="nofollow" action="edit">improve this article</a> by adding <a title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources" href="http://mail.google.com/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources">reliable references</a>. Unsourced material may be <a class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Fact" href="http://mail.google.com/wiki/Template:Fact">challenged</a> and <a title="Wikipedia:Verifiability" href="http://mail.google.com/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence">removed</a>. <small><i><span style="font-size:85%;">(July 2008)</span></i></small></small></td></tr></tbody></table><table style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; LINE-HEIGHT: 1.5em; WIDTH: 22em; FONT-SIZE: 88%" class="infobox" cellspacing="5"><tbody><tr><td style="TEXT-ALIGN: center; BACKGROUND-COLOR: #cedeff; FONT-SIZE: 125%; FONT-WEIGHT: bold" colspan="2">Yangtze River</td></tr><tr><td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: #cedeff 1px solid; TEXT-ALIGN: center; BORDER-LEFT: #cedeff 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: #cedeff 1px solid; BORDER-RIGHT: #cedeff 1px solid" colspan="2"><a class="image" title="Yangtze River Map.png" href="http://mail.google.com/wiki/File:Yangtze_River_Map.png"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Yangtze_River_Map.png/288px-Yangtze_River_Map.png" width="288" height="178" /></a><br /><span style="font-size:+0;">The course of the Yangtze River through China</span></td></tr><tr><th><a title="Drainage basin" href="http://mail.google.com/wiki/Drainage_basin">Basin</a> countries</th><td><a title="People's Republic of China" href="http://mail.google.com/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China">China</a></td></tr><tr><th>Length</th><td>6,380 km (3,960 mi)<sup id="cite_ref-0" class="reference"><a href="http://mail.google.com/mail/?ui=2&view=js&name=js&ver=gQlSNWCDjxc.tr.&am=!UqIxmxNMkDHpRd_gweQyQlTBWpu9iQGS6Z2s_CFv#cite_note-0"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="font-size:+0;">[</span>1<span style="font-size:+0;">]</span></span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th><a title="Source (river or stream)" href="http://mail.google.com/wiki/Source_(river_or_stream)">Source</a> elevation</th><td>5,042 m (16,540 ft)</td></tr><tr><th>Avg. <a title="Discharge (hydrology)" href="http://mail.google.com/wiki/Discharge_(hydrology)">discharge</a></th><td>31,900 m³/s (1,127,000 ft³/s)</td></tr><tr><th>Basin area</th><td>1,800,000 km<sup><span style="font-size:85%;">2</span></sup> (690,000 sq mi)</td></tr></tbody></table><table style="LINE-HEIGHT: 1.2em; WIDTH: 27em; BORDER-COLLAPSE: collapse; CLEAR: right; FONT-SIZE: 83%" class="infobox" cellpadding="3"><tbody><tr><td style="WIDTH: 65px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: middle"><div class="center"><div class="floatnone"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Zhongwen.svg/65px-Zhongwen.svg.png" width="65" height="33" /></div></div></td><td style="VERTICAL-ALIGN: middle"><b>This article contains <a title="Chinese language" href="http://mail.google.com/wiki/Chinese_language">Chinese</a> text.</b> Without proper <a title="Help:Multilingual support (East Asian)" href="http://mail.google.com/wiki/Help:Multilingual_support_(East_Asian)">rendering support</a>, you may see <a title="Mojibake" href="http://mail.google.com/wiki/Mojibake">question marks, boxes, or other symbols</a> instead of <a title="Chinese character" href="http://mail.google.com/wiki/Chinese_character">Chinese characters</a>.</td></tr></tbody></table><p>The <b>Yangtze River</b>, or <b>Chang Jiang</b> (<a title="Simplified Chinese characters" href="http://mail.google.com/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters">simplified Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hans"><a class="extiw" title="wiktionary:长" href="http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E9%95%BF">长</a><a class="extiw" title="wiktionary:江" href="http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%B1%9F">江</a></span>; <a title="Traditional Chinese characters" href="http://mail.google.com/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters">traditional Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hant"><a class="extiw" title="wiktionary:長" href="http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E9%95%B7">長</a><a class="extiw" title="wiktionary:江" href="http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%B1%9F">江</a></span>; <a title="Pinyin" href="http://mail.google.com/wiki/Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <a class="extiw" title="wikt:Cháng" href="http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A1ng">Cháng</a> <a class="extiw" title="wikt:Jiāng" href="http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Ji%C4%81ng">Jiāng</a>), Tibetan: '<b>Bri-chu</b>, is the longest <a title="River" href="http://mail.google.com/wiki/River">river</a> in China and <a title="Asia" href="http://mail.google.com/wiki/Asia">Asia</a>, and the <a title="List of rivers by length" href="http://mail.google.com/wiki/List_of_rivers_by_length">third-longest</a> in the world, after the <a title="Nile" href="http://mail.google.com/wiki/Nile">Nile</a> in <a title="Africa" href="http://mail.google.com/wiki/Africa">Africa</a> and the <a title="Amazon River" href="http://mail.google.com/wiki/Amazon_River">Amazon</a> in <a title="South America" href="http://mail.google.com/wiki/South_America">South America</a>.</p><p>The river is about 6,385 <a title="Kilometre" href="http://mail.google.com/wiki/Kilometre">km</a> long (3915 mi) and flows from its source in <a class="mw-redirect" title="Qinghai Province" href="http://mail.google.com/wiki/Qinghai_Province">Qinghai Province</a>, eastwards into the <a title="East China Sea" href="http://mail.google.com/wiki/East_China_Sea">East China Sea</a> at <a title="Shanghai" href="http://mail.google.com/wiki/Shanghai">Shanghai</a>. It acts as a dividing line between <a title="Northern and southern China" href="http://mail.google.com/wiki/Northern_and_southern_China">North and South China</a>, although geographers generally consider the <a class="mw-redirect" title="Qinling" href="http://mail.google.com/wiki/Qinling">Qinling</a>-<a title="Huai River" href="http://mail.google.com/wiki/Huai_River">Huai River</a> line to be the official line of geographical division. As the largest river in the region, the Yangtze is historically, culturally, and economically important to <a title="China" href="http://mail.google.com/wiki/China">China</a>. One of the dams on the river, the <a title="Three Gorges Dam" href="http://mail.google.com/wiki/Three_Gorges_Dam">Three Gorges Dam</a>, is the <a title="List of the largest hydroelectric power stations" href="http://mail.google.com/wiki/List_of_the_largest_hydroelectric_power_stations">largest hydro-electric power station in the world</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="http://mail.google.com/mail/?ui=2&view=js&name=js&ver=gQlSNWCDjxc.tr.&am=!UqIxmxNMkDHpRd_gweQyQlTBWpu9iQGS6Z2s_CFv#cite_note-1"><span style="font-size:+0;">[</span>2<span style="font-size:+0;">]</span></a></sup> The section of the river flowing through deep gorges in <a title="Yunnan" href="http://mail.google.com/wiki/Yunnan">Yunnan</a> province is part of the <a title="Three Parallel Rivers of Yunnan Protected Areas" href="http://mail.google.com/wiki/Three_Parallel_Rivers_of_Yunnan_Protected_Areas">Three Parallel Rivers of Yunnan Protected Areas</a>: a UNESCO <a title="World Heritage Site" href="http://mail.google.com/wiki/World_Heritage_Site">World Heritage Site</a>.</p><p>The name <i>Yangtze River</i>, as well as various similar names such as <b>Yangtse River</b>, <b>Yangzi River</b>, <b>Yangtze Kiang</b>, etc., is derived from <b>Yangzi Jiang</b> (<a title="Simplified Chinese characters" href="http://mail.google.com/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters">simplified Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hans"><a class="extiw" title="wikt:扬" href="http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%89%AC">扬</a><a class="extiw" title="wikt:子" href="http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%AD%90">子</a><a class="extiw" title="wikt:江" href="http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%B1%9F">江</a></span>; <a title="Traditional Chinese characters" href="http://mail.google.com/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters">traditional Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hant"><a class="extiw" title="wikt:揚" href="http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%8F%9A">揚</a><a class="extiw" title="wikt:子" href="http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%AD%90">子</a><a class="extiw" title="wikt:江" href="http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%B1%9F">江</a></span>; <a title="Pinyin" href="http://mail.google.com/wiki/Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i>Yángzǐ Jiāng</i>) <span style="WHITE-SPACE: nowrap" class="unicode"><a title="Chinese-YangZiJiang.ogg" href="http://mail.google.com/wiki/File:Chinese-YangZiJiang.ogg"><img alt="Chinese-YangZiJiang.ogg" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/11px-Loudspeaker.svg.png" width="11" height="11" /></a> <a class="internal" title="Chinese-YangZiJiang.ogg" href="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/64/Chinese-YangZiJiang.ogg">listen</a> <small style="CURSOR: help" class="metadata audiolinkinfo"><span style="font-size:85%;">(</span><a title="Wikipedia:Media help" href="http://mail.google.com/wiki/Wikipedia:Media_help"><span style="CURSOR: help"><span style="font-size:85%;">help</span></span></a><span style="font-size:85%;">·</span><a title="File:Chinese-YangZiJiang.ogg" href="http://mail.google.com/wiki/File:Chinese-YangZiJiang.ogg"><span style="CURSOR: help"><span style="font-size:85%;">info</span></span></a><span style="font-size:85%;">)</span></small></span>, which, beginning in the <a title="Sui Dynasty" href="http://mail.google.com/wiki/Sui_Dynasty">Sui Dynasty</a>, was the Chinese name for the river in its lower reaches, specifically, the stretch between <a title="Yangzhou" href="http://mail.google.com/wiki/Yangzhou">Yangzhou</a> (扬州) and <a title="Zhenjiang" href="http://mail.google.com/wiki/Zhenjiang">Zhenjiang</a> (镇江). The name comes from the ancient ferry crossing Yangzi Jin (扬子津, meaning "Yangzi Crossing"). From the Ming Dynasty, the name was sometimes written 洋子 (yángzĭ). Because it was the name first heard by missionaries and traders, this name was applied in English to the whole river. In Chinese, <i>Yangzi Jiang</i> is considered a historical or poetic name for the river. The modern Chinese name, <i>Chang Jiang</i> (长江/長江 <i>Cháng Jiāng</i>), literally means "long 'Jiang'" (Jiang is the <a title="Classical Chinese" href="http://mail.google.com/wiki/Classical_Chinese">classical Chinese</a> of Yangtze, but now it means river) and may sometimes also be used in English. It is also known to many as the 'Main Street' of China.</p><p>Like many rivers, the river is known by different names over its course. At its source, it is called in Chinese the <b>Dangqu</b> (当曲, from the <a class="mw-redirect" title="Tibetan language" href="http://mail.google.com/wiki/Tibetan_language">Tibetan</a> for "marsh river"). Downstream, it is called the <b>Tuotuo River</b> (沱沱河) and then the <b><a title="Tongtian River" href="http://mail.google.com/wiki/Tongtian_River">Tongtian River</a></b> (通天河, literally "river passing through heaven"). Where it runs through deep gorges parallel to the <a title="Mekong" href="http://mail.google.com/wiki/Mekong">Mekong</a> and the <a class="mw-redirect" title="Salween" href="http://mail.google.com/wiki/Salween">Salween</a> before emerging onto the plains of <a title="Sichuan" href="http://mail.google.com/wiki/Sichuan">Sichuan</a>, it is known as the <b><a title="Jinsha River" href="http://mail.google.com/wiki/Jinsha_River">Jinsha River</a></b> (金沙江 <i>Jīnshā Jiāng</i>, literally "golden sands river").</p><div class="thumb tright"><div style="WIDTH: 302px" class="thumbinner"><a class="image" title="The first turn of the Yangtze at Shigu (石鼓), Yunnan Province, where the river turns 180 degrees from south- to north-bound." href="http://mail.google.com/wiki/File:Cn1202-03.jpg"><img class="thumbimage" alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Cn1202-03.jpg/300px-Cn1202-03.jpg" width="300" height="110" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a class="internal" title="Enlarge" href="http://mail.google.com/wiki/File:Cn1202-03.jpg"><img alt="" src="http://mail.google.com/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" height="11" /></a></div>The first turn of the Yangtze at Shigu (石鼓), <a title="Yunnan" href="http://mail.google.com/wiki/Yunnan">Yunnan</a> Province, where the river turns 180 degrees from south- to north-bound.</div></div></div><div class="thumb tright"><div style="WIDTH: 302px" class="thumbinner"><a class="image" title="Yangtze watershed" href="http://mail.google.com/wiki/File:Map_of_the_Yangtze_River.gif"><img class="thumbimage" alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1d/Map_of_the_Yangtze_River.gif" width="300" height="139" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a class="internal" title="Enlarge" href="http://mail.google.com/wiki/File:Map_of_the_Yangtze_River.gif"><img alt="" src="http://mail.google.com/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" height="11" /></a></div>Yangtze watershed</div></div></div><p>The Yangtze was earlier known to the Chinese as simply <b>Jiang</b> (江 <i>Jiāng</i>), which has become a generic name meaning "river", or the <b>Da Jiang</b> (大江 <i>Dà Jiāng</i>, literally "great river"). The Tibetan name for the river is <b>Drichu</b> (<a title="Tibetan script" href="http://mail.google.com/wiki/Tibetan_script">Tibetan</a>: <span style="font-family:Jomolhari, 'Tibetan Machine Uni;font-size:larger;">འབྲི་ཆུ་<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="http://mail.google.com/mail/?ui=2&view=js&name=js&ver=gQlSNWCDjxc.tr.&am=!UqIxmxNMkDHpRd_gweQyQlTBWpu9iQGS6Z2s_CFv#cite_note-2"><span style="font-size:+0;">[</span>3<span style="font-size:+0;">]</span></a></sup></span>; <a title="Wylie transliteration" href="http://mail.google.com/wiki/Wylie_transliteration">Wylie</a>: <i>'bri chu</i>, lit. "river of the female yak"). The Yangtze is sometimes referred to as the <b>Golden Waterway</b>.</p><table id="toc" class="toc" summary="Contents"><tbody><tr><td><div id="toctitle"><h2>Contents</h2><span class="toctoggle">[<a id="togglelink" class="internal" href="javascript:toggleToc()">hide</a>]</span></div><ul><li class="toclevel-1"><a href="http://mail.google.com/mail/?ui=2&view=js&name=js&ver=gQlSNWCDjxc.tr.&am=!UqIxmxNMkDHpRd_gweQyQlTBWpu9iQGS6Z2s_CFv#Geography"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Geography</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1"><a href="http://mail.google.com/mail/?ui=2&view=js&name=js&ver=gQlSNWCDjxc.tr.&am=!UqIxmxNMkDHpRd_gweQyQlTBWpu9iQGS6Z2s_CFv#Characteristics"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Characteristics</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1"><a href="http://mail.google.com/mail/?ui=2&view=js&name=js&ver=gQlSNWCDjxc.tr.&am=!UqIxmxNMkDHpRd_gweQyQlTBWpu9iQGS6Z2s_CFv#History"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">History</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1"><a href="http://mail.google.com/mail/?ui=2&view=js&name=js&ver=gQlSNWCDjxc.tr.&am=!UqIxmxNMkDHpRd_gweQyQlTBWpu9iQGS6Z2s_CFv#The_arrival_of_steamships"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">The arrival of steamships</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1"><a href="http://mail.google.com/mail/?ui=2&view=js&name=js&ver=gQlSNWCDjxc.tr.&am=!UqIxmxNMkDHpRd_gweQyQlTBWpu9iQGS6Z2s_CFv#Major_cities_along_the_river"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Major cities along the river</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1"><a href="http://mail.google.com/mail/?ui=2&view=js&name=js&ver=gQlSNWCDjxc.tr.&am=!UqIxmxNMkDHpRd_gweQyQlTBWpu9iQGS6Z2s_CFv#Crossings"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Crossings</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1"><a href="http://mail.google.com/mail/?ui=2&view=js&name=js&ver=gQlSNWCDjxc.tr.&am=!UqIxmxNMkDHpRd_gweQyQlTBWpu9iQGS6Z2s_CFv#Dams"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Dams</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1"><a href="http://mail.google.com/mail/?ui=2&view=js&name=js&ver=gQlSNWCDjxc.tr.&am=!UqIxmxNMkDHpRd_gweQyQlTBWpu9iQGS6Z2s_CFv#Tributaries"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">Tributaries</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1"><a href="http://mail.google.com/mail/?ui=2&view=js&name=js&ver=gQlSNWCDjxc.tr.&am=!UqIxmxNMkDHpRd_gweQyQlTBWpu9iQGS6Z2s_CFv#Protected_areas"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">Protected areas</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1"><a href="http://mail.google.com/mail/?ui=2&view=js&name=js&ver=gQlSNWCDjxc.tr.&am=!UqIxmxNMkDHpRd_gweQyQlTBWpu9iQGS6Z2s_CFv#Miscellaneous"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">Miscellaneous</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1"><a href="http://mail.google.com/mail/?ui=2&view=js&name=js&ver=gQlSNWCDjxc.tr.&am=!UqIxmxNMkDHpRd_gweQyQlTBWpu9iQGS6Z2s_CFv#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">11</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1"><a href="http://mail.google.com/mail/?ui=2&view=js&name=js&ver=gQlSNWCDjxc.tr.&am=!UqIxmxNMkDHpRd_gweQyQlTBWpu9iQGS6Z2s_CFv#References"><span class="tocnumber">12</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1"><a href="http://mail.google.com/mail/?ui=2&view=js&name=js&ver=gQlSNWCDjxc.tr.&am=!UqIxmxNMkDHpRd_gweQyQlTBWpu9iQGS6Z2s_CFv#Further_reading"><span class="tocnumber">13</span> <span class="toctext">Further reading</span></a></li></ul></td></tr></tbody></table><p><a id="Geography" name="Geography"></a></p><h2><span class="editsection">[<a title="Edit section: Geography" href="http://mail.google.com/w/index.php?title=Yangtze_River&action=edit&section=1">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Geography</span></h2><p>The river originates in a glacier lying on the west of <a title="Geladandong" href="http://mail.google.com/wiki/Geladandong">Geladandong</a> Mountain in the <a title="Tanggula Mountains" href="http://mail.google.com/wiki/Tanggula_Mountains">Dangla Mountain Range</a> on the eastern part of the <a class="mw-redirect" title="Tibetan plateau" href="http://mail.google.com/wiki/Tibetan_plateau">Tibetan plateau</a>. It runs eastward through <a title="Qinghai" href="http://mail.google.com/wiki/Qinghai">Qinghai</a>, turning southward down a deep valley at the border of <a title="Sichuan" href="http://mail.google.com/wiki/Sichuan">Sichuan</a> and <a title="Tibet" href="http://mail.google.com/wiki/Tibet">Tibet</a> to reach <a title="Yunnan" href="http://mail.google.com/wiki/Yunnan">Yunnan</a>. In the course of this valley, the river's elevation drops from above 5000 m to less than 1000 m. The headwaters of the Yangtze are situated at an elevation of about 4,900 m (16,000 ft). In its descent to sea level, the river falls to an altitude of 305 m (1,000 ft) at Yibin, Sichuan Province, the head of navigation for riverboats, and to 192 m (630 ft) at Chongqing. Between Chongqing and Yichang (I-ch'ang), at an altitude of 40 m (130 ft) and a distance of about 320 km (200 mi), it passes through the spectacular Yangtze Gorges, which are noted for their natural beauty but are dangerous to shipping.</p><p>It enters the basin of Sichuan at <a title="Yibin" href="http://mail.google.com/wiki/Yibin">Yibin</a>. While in the Sichuan basin, it receives several mighty tributaries, increasing its water volume significantly. It then cuts through <a class="new" title="Mount Wushan (page does not exist)" href="http://mail.google.com/w/index.php?title=Mount_Wushan&action=edit&redlink=1">Mount Wushan</a> bordering <a title="Chongqing" href="http://mail.google.com/wiki/Chongqing">Chongqing</a> and <a title="Hubei" href="http://mail.google.com/wiki/Hubei">Hubei</a> to create the famous <a title="Three Gorges" href="http://mail.google.com/wiki/Three_Gorges">Three Gorges</a>. Eastward of the Three Gorges, <a title="Yichang" href="http://mail.google.com/wiki/Yichang">Yichang</a> is the first city on the Yangtze Plain.</p><p>After entering <a title="Hubei" href="http://mail.google.com/wiki/Hubei">Hubei</a>, the Yangtze receives more water from thousands of lakes. The largest of these lakes is <a class="mw-redirect" title="Dongting Lake" href="http://mail.google.com/wiki/Dongting_Lake">Dongting Lake</a>, which is located on the border of <a title="Hunan" href="http://mail.google.com/wiki/Hunan">Hunan</a> and Hubei provinces, and is the outlet for most of the rivers in Hunan. At <a title="Wuhan" href="http://mail.google.com/wiki/Wuhan">Wuhan</a>, it receives its biggest tributary, the <a title="Han River (Hanshui)" href="http://mail.google.com/wiki/Han_River_(Hanshui)">Han River</a>, bringing water from its northern basin as far as <a title="Shaanxi" href="http://mail.google.com/wiki/Shaanxi">Shaanxi</a>.</p><p>At the northern tip of Jiangxi, <a title="Lake Poyang" href="http://mail.google.com/wiki/Lake_Poyang">Lake Poyang</a>, the biggest freshwater lake in China, merges into the river. The river then runs through <a title="Anhui" href="http://mail.google.com/wiki/Anhui">Anhui</a> and <a title="Jiangsu" href="http://mail.google.com/wiki/Jiangsu">Jiangsu</a> provinces, receiving more water from innumerable smaller lakes and rivers, and finally reaches the East China Sea at <a title="Shanghai" href="http://mail.google.com/wiki/Shanghai">Shanghai</a>.</p><p>Four of China's five main freshwater lakes contribute their waters to the Yangtze River. Traditionally, the upstream part of the Yangtze River refers to the section from Yibin to Yichang; the middle part refers to the section from Yichang to <a title="Hukou" href="http://mail.google.com/wiki/Hukou">Hukou</a>, where <a title="Lake Poyang" href="http://mail.google.com/wiki/Lake_Poyang">Lake Poyang</a> meets the river; the downstream part is from Hukou to Shanghai. It is home to many thousands of people.</p><p><a id="Characteristics" name="Characteristics"></a></p><h2><span class="editsection">[<a title="Edit section: Characteristics" href="http://mail.google.com/w/index.php?title=Yangtze_River&action=edit&section=2">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Characteristics</span></h2><div class="thumb tright"><div style="WIDTH: 202px" class="thumbinner"><a class="image" title="Tombs on a hill facing the Yangtze as it flows by" href="http://mail.google.com/wiki/File:Yangzi_river_shrines_on_hill_top.jpg"><img class="thumbimage" alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/56/Yangzi_river_shrines_on_hill_top.jpg/200px-Yangzi_river_shrines_on_hill_top.jpg" width="200" height="150" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a class="internal" title="Enlarge" href="http://mail.google.com/wiki/File:Yangzi_river_shrines_on_hill_top.jpg"><img alt="" src="http://mail.google.com/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" height="11" /></a></div>Tombs on a hill facing the Yangtze as it flows by</div></div></div><div class="thumb tright"><div style="WIDTH: 202px" class="thumbinner"><a class="image" title="Southbound ferry near Nantong" href="http://mail.google.com/wiki/File:Ferry_on_the_Yangtze_near_Nantong.JPG"><img class="thumbimage" alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Ferry_on_the_Yangtze_near_Nantong.JPG/200px-Ferry_on_the_Yangtze_near_Nantong.JPG" width="200" height="150" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a class="internal" title="Enlarge" href="http://mail.google.com/wiki/File:Ferry_on_the_Yangtze_near_Nantong.JPG"><img alt="" src="http://mail.google.com/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" height="11" /></a></div>Southbound ferry near Nantong</div></div></div><p>The Yangtze flows into the <a title="East China Sea" href="http://mail.google.com/wiki/East_China_Sea">East China Sea</a> and was navigable by ocean-going vessels up to a thousand miles from its mouth even before the <a title="Three Gorges Dam" href="http://mail.google.com/wiki/Three_Gorges_Dam">Three Gorges Dam</a> was built. As of June 2003, this dam spans the river, flooding <a class="mw-redirect" title="Fengjie" href="http://mail.google.com/wiki/Fengjie">Fengjie</a>, the first of a number of towns affected by the massive flood control and power generation project. This is the largest comprehensive <a title="Irrigation" href="http://mail.google.com/wiki/Irrigation">irrigation</a> project in the world and has a significant impact on <a title="Agriculture in China" href="http://mail.google.com/wiki/Agriculture_in_China">China's agriculture</a>. Its proponents argue that it will free people living along the river from floods that have repeatedly threatened them in the past and will offer them <a title="Electricity" href="http://mail.google.com/wiki/Electricity">electricity</a> and <a class="mw-redirect" title="Water transport" href="http://mail.google.com/wiki/Water_transport">water transport</a>—though at the expense of permanently flooding many existing towns (including numerous ancient cultural relics) and causing large-scale changes in the local <a title="Ecology" href="http://mail.google.com/wiki/Ecology">ecology</a>.</p><p>Opponents of the dam point out that there are three different kinds of floods on the Yangtze River: floods which originate in the upper reaches, floods which originate in the lower reaches, and floods along the entire length of the river. They argue that the Three Gorges dam will actually make flooding in the upper reaches worse and have little or no impact on floods which originate in the lower reaches. Twelve hundred years of low water marks on the river were recorded in the inscriptions and the carvings of carp at <a title="Baiheliang" href="http://mail.google.com/wiki/Baiheliang">Baiheliang</a>, now submerged.</p><p>The Yangtze is flanked with metallurgical, power, chemical, auto, building materials and machinery industrial belts and high-tech development zones. It is playing an increasingly crucial role in the river valley's economic growth and has become a vital link for international shipping to the inland provinces. The river is a major transportation artery for China, connecting the interior with the coast.</p><p>The river is one of the world's busiest waterways. Traffic includes commercial traffic transporting bulk goods such as coal as well as manufactured goods and passengers. Cargo transportation reached 795 million tons in 2005.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="http://mail.google.com/mail/?ui=2&view=js&name=js&ver=gQlSNWCDjxc.tr.&am=!UqIxmxNMkDHpRd_gweQyQlTBWpu9iQGS6Z2s_CFv#cite_note-3"><span style="font-size:+0;">[</span>4<span style="font-size:+0;">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="http://mail.google.com/mail/?ui=2&view=js&name=js&ver=gQlSNWCDjxc.tr.&am=!UqIxmxNMkDHpRd_gweQyQlTBWpu9iQGS6Z2s_CFv#cite_note-4"><span style="font-size:+0;">[</span>5<span style="font-size:+0;">]</span></a></sup> River cruises several days long, especially through the beautiful and scenic <a title="Three Gorges" href="http://mail.google.com/wiki/Three_Gorges">Three Gorges</a> area, are becoming popular as the tourism industry grows in China.</p><p>Flooding along the river has been a major problem. The rainy season in China is May and June in areas south of Yangtze River, and July and August in areas north of it. The huge river system receives water from both southern and northern flanks, which causes its flood season to extend from May to August. Meanwhile, the relatively dense population and rich cities along the river make the floods more deadly and costly. The most recent major floods were the 1998 Yangtze River floods, but more disastrous were the 1954 Yangtze River floods, killing around 30,000 people. Other severe floods included those of 1911, which killed around 100,000, 1931 (145,000 dead), and 1935 (142,000 dead).</p><p>The Yangtze is very polluted, especially in <a title="Hubei" href="http://mail.google.com/wiki/Hubei">Hubei</a> (<a title="Shashi District" href="http://mail.google.com/wiki/Shashi_District">Shashi District</a>).</p><p><a id="History" name="History"></a></p><h2><span class="editsection">[<a title="Edit section: History" href="http://mail.google.com/w/index.php?title=Yangtze_River&action=edit&section=3">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline">History</span></h2><div class="thumb tleft"><div style="WIDTH: 202px" class="thumbinner"><a class="image" title="Afternoon light on the jagged grey mountains rising from the Yangtze River gorge" href="http://mail.google.com/wiki/File:Yangzi_River_gorge.jpg"><img class="thumbimage" alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Yangzi_River_gorge.jpg/200px-Yangzi_River_gorge.jpg" width="200" height="150" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a class="internal" title="Enlarge" href="http://mail.google.com/wiki/File:Yangzi_River_gorge.jpg"><img alt="" src="http://mail.google.com/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" height="11" /></a></div>Afternoon light on the jagged grey mountains rising from the Yangtze River gorge</div></div></div><p>The Yangtze Harbor is important to the cultural origins of southern China. Human activity was found in the Three Gorges area as far back as 27 thousand years ago, initiating debate over the origin of the Chinese people.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="http://mail.google.com/mail/?ui=2&view=js&name=js&ver=gQlSNWCDjxc.tr.&am=!UqIxmxNMkDHpRd_gweQyQlTBWpu9iQGS6Z2s_CFv#cite_note-5"><span style="font-size:+0;">[</span>6<span style="font-size:+0;">]</span></a></sup> In the <a title="Spring and Autumn Period" href="http://mail.google.com/wiki/Spring_and_Autumn_Period">Spring and Autumn Period</a>, <a title="Ba (state)" href="http://mail.google.com/wiki/Ba_(state)">Ba</a> and <a title="Shu (state)" href="http://mail.google.com/wiki/Shu_(state)">Shu</a> were located along the western part of the river, covering modern Sichuan, Chongqing, and western Hubei; <a title="Chu (state)" href="http://mail.google.com/wiki/Chu_(state)">Chu</a> was located along the central part of river, corresponding to <a title="Hubei" href="http://mail.google.com/wiki/Hubei">Hubei</a>, <a title="Hunan" href="http://mail.google.com/wiki/Hunan">Hunan</a>, <a title="Jiangxi" href="http://mail.google.com/wiki/Jiangxi">Jiangxi</a>, and southern <a title="Anhui" href="http://mail.google.com/wiki/Anhui">Anhui</a>. <a title="Wu (state)" href="http://mail.google.com/wiki/Wu_(state)">Wu</a> and <a title="Yue (state)" href="http://mail.google.com/wiki/Yue_(state)">Yue</a> were located along the eastern part of the river, now <a title="Jiangsu" href="http://mail.google.com/wiki/Jiangsu">Jiangsu</a>, <a title="Zhejiang" href="http://mail.google.com/wiki/Zhejiang">Zhejiang</a>, and <a title="Shanghai" href="http://mail.google.com/wiki/Shanghai">Shanghai</a>. Although the <a title="Yellow River" href="http://mail.google.com/wiki/Yellow_River">Yellow River</a> region was richer and more developed at that time, the milder climate and more peaceful environment made the Yangtze River area more suitable for agriculture.</p><p>From the <a title="Han Dynasty" href="http://mail.google.com/wiki/Han_Dynasty">Han Dynasty</a>, the region of the Yangtze River became more and more important in China's economy. The establishment of irrigation systems (the most famous one is <a title="Dujiangyan Irrigation System" href="http://mail.google.com/wiki/Dujiangyan_Irrigation_System">Dujiangyan</a>, northwest of Chengdu, built during the <a class="mw-redirect" title="Warring States" href="http://mail.google.com/wiki/Warring_States">Warring States</a> period) made agriculture very stable and productive. Early in the Qing dynasty, the region called <a title="Jiangnan" href="http://mail.google.com/wiki/Jiangnan">Jiangnan</a> (that includes the southern part of <a title="Jiangsu" href="http://mail.google.com/wiki/Jiangsu">Jiangsu</a>, the northern part of <a title="Zhejiang" href="http://mail.google.com/wiki/Zhejiang">Zhejiang</a>, and the southeastern part of <a title="Anhui" href="http://mail.google.com/wiki/Anhui">Anhui</a>) provided 1/3-1/2 of the nation's revenues.</p><p>Historically, the Yangtze became the political boundary between north China and south China several times (see <a title="History of China" href="http://mail.google.com/wiki/History_of_China">History of China</a>) because of the difficulty of crossing the river. Many battles took place along the river, the most famous being the <a title="Battle of Red Cliffs" href="http://mail.google.com/wiki/Battle_of_Red_Cliffs">Battle of Red Cliffs</a> in 208 AD during the <a title="Three Kingdoms" href="http://mail.google.com/wiki/Three_Kingdoms">Three Kingdoms</a> period.</p><p>Politically, <a title="Nanjing" href="http://mail.google.com/wiki/Nanjing">Nanjing</a> was the capital of China several times, although most of the time its territory only covered the southeastern part of China, such as the <a class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Wu" href="http://mail.google.com/wiki/Kingdom_of_Wu">Wu kingdom</a> in the Three Kingdoms period, the <a class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Jin Dynasty" href="http://mail.google.com/wiki/Eastern_Jin_Dynasty">Eastern Jin Dynasty</a>, and smaller countries in the <a class="mw-redirect" title="Northern and Southern Dynasties" href="http://mail.google.com/wiki/Northern_and_Southern_Dynasties">Northern and Southern Dynasties</a> and <a class="mw-redirect" title="Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms" href="http://mail.google.com/wiki/Five_Dynasties_and_Ten_Kingdoms">Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms</a> periods. Only the <a title="Ming Dynasty" href="http://mail.google.com/wiki/Ming_Dynasty">Ming</a> occupied most parts of China from their capital at <a title="Nanjing" href="http://mail.google.com/wiki/Nanjing">Nanjing</a>, though it later moved the capital to <a title="Beijing" href="http://mail.google.com/wiki/Beijing">Beijing</a>. The <a class="mw-redirect" title="ROC" href="http://mail.google.com/wiki/ROC">ROC</a> capital was located in <a title="Nanjing" href="http://mail.google.com/wiki/Nanjing">Nanjing</a> in the periods 1911-1912, 1927-1937, and 1945-1949.</p><p><a id="The_arrival_of_steamships" name="The_arrival_of_steamships"></a></p><h2><span class="editsection">[<a title="Edit section: The arrival of steamships" href="http://mail.google.com/w/index.php?title=Yangtze_River&action=edit&section=4">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline">The arrival of steamships</span></h2><div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a title="Steamboats on the Yangtze River" href="http://mail.google.com/wiki/Steamboats_on_the_Yangtze_River">Steamboats on the Yangtze River</a></div><p>The first merchant steamer in China, the <i>Jardine</i>, was built to order for the Firm in 1835. She was a small vessel intended for use as a mail and passenger carrier between <a class="mw-redirect" title="Lintin Island" href="http://mail.google.com/wiki/Lintin_Island">Lintin Island</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" title="Macao" href="http://mail.google.com/wiki/Macao">Macao</a>, and <a title="Whampoa" href="http://mail.google.com/wiki/Whampoa">Whampoa</a>. However, after several trips, the Chinese authorities, for reasons best known to themselves, prohibited her entrance into the river. <a class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Palmerston" href="http://mail.google.com/wiki/Lord_Palmerston">Lord Palmerston</a>, the British Foreign Secretary who personified <a title="Gunboat diplomacy" href="http://mail.google.com/wiki/Gunboat_diplomacy">gunboat diplomacy</a>, decided mainly on the "suggestions" of <i>Jardine</i> to wage war on China. In mid-1840, a large fleet of warships appeared on the China coast, and with the first cannon fire aimed at a British ship, the <i>Royal Saxon</i>, the British started the first of the <a title="Opium Wars" href="http://mail.google.com/wiki/Opium_Wars">Opium Wars</a>. British warships destroyed numerous shore batteries and enemy warships, laid waste to several coastal forts, indiscriminately bombarding town after town with heavy cannon fire, even pushing up north to threaten the <a title="Imperial Palace" href="http://mail.google.com/wiki/Imperial_Palace">Imperial Palace</a> in Beijing itself. The Imperial Government, forced to surrender, gave in to the demands of the British. British military superiority was clearly evident during the armed conflict. British warships, constructed using such innovations as steam power combined with sail and the use of iron in shipbuilding, wreaked havoc on coastal towns; such ships (like the <i>Nemesis</i>) were not only virtually indestructible but also highly mobile and able to support a gun platform with very heavy guns. In addition, the British troops were armed with modern muskets and cannons, unlike the Qing forces. After the British took <a title="Guangzhou" href="http://mail.google.com/wiki/Guangzhou">Canton</a>, they sailed up the Yangtze and took the tax barges, a devastating blow to the Empire as it slashed the revenue of the imperial court in Beijing to just a small fraction of what it had been.</p><p>In 1842, the Qing authorities sued for peace, which concluded with the <a class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Nanjing" href="http://mail.google.com/wiki/Treaty_of_Nanjing">Treaty of Nanjing</a> signed on a gunboat in the river, negotiated in August of that year and ratified in 1843. In the treaty, China was forced to pay an indemnity to Britain, open five ports to Britain, and cede Hong Kong to Queen Victoria. In the supplementary Treaty of the Bogue, the Qing empire also recognized Britain as an equal to China and gave British subjects extraterritorial privileges in treaty ports.</p><p>The US, at the same time, wanting to protect its interests and expand trade, ventured the USS <i><a title="USS Wachusett (1861)" href="http://mail.google.com/wiki/USS_Wachusett_(1861)">Wachusett</a></i> six-hundred miles up the river to <a class="mw-redirect" title="Hankou District" href="http://mail.google.com/wiki/Hankou_District">Hankow</a> in about 1860, while the USS <i><a title="USS Ashuelot (1865)" href="http://mail.google.com/wiki/USS_Ashuelot_(1865)">Ashuelot</a></i>, a sidewheeler, made her way up the river to Ichang in 1874. The first USS Monocacy a sidewheel gunboat began charting the Yangtze River in 1871. The first USS Palos an armed tug was on Asiatic Station into 1891, cruising the Chinese and Japanese coasts, visiting the open treaty ports and making occasional voyages up the Yangtze River. From June to September 1891, anti-foreign riots up the Yangtze forced the warship to make an extended voyage as far as Hankow, 600 miles upriver. Stopping at each open treaty port, the gunboat cooperated with naval vessels of other nations and repairing damage. She then operated along the north and central China coast and on the lower Yangtze until June 1892. The cessation of bloodshed with the <a title="Taiping Rebellion" href="http://mail.google.com/wiki/Taiping_Rebellion">Taiping Rebellion</a>, Europeans put more steamers on the river. The French, not to sit idle and get rice crumbs, engaged the Chinese in war over the rule of Vietnam. The Sino-French Wars of the 1880s emerged with the <a title="Battle of Shipu" href="http://mail.google.com/wiki/Battle_of_Shipu">Battle of Shipu</a> having French cruisers in the lower Yangtze.</p><div class="thumb tleft"><div style="WIDTH: 402px" class="thumbinner"><a class="image" title="USS Luzon" href="http://mail.google.com/wiki/File:USSLuzonPG-7.jpg"><img class="thumbimage" alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9f/USSLuzonPG-7.jpg/400px-USSLuzonPG-7.jpg" width="400" height="236" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a class="internal" title="Enlarge" href="http://mail.google.com/wiki/File:USSLuzonPG-7.jpg"><img alt="" src="http://mail.google.com/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" height="11" /></a></div><a title="USS Luzon" href="http://mail.google.com/wiki/USS_Luzon">USS Luzon</a></div></div></div><p>China Navigation Company was an early shipping company founded in 1876 in London, initially to trade up the Yangtze River from their Shanghai base with passengers and cargo. Chinese coastal trade started shortly after and in 1883 a regular service to Australia was initiated. Most of the company's ships were seized by Japan in 1941 and services did not resume until 1946. <a title="Robert Dollar" href="http://mail.google.com/wiki/Robert_Dollar">Robert Dollar</a> was a later shipping magnate, who became enormously influential moving Californian and Canadian lumber to the Chinese and Japanese market.</p><p>Yichang or <a class="mw-redirect" title="Ichang" href="http://mail.google.com/wiki/Ichang">Ichang</a>, 1,600 km (990 mi) from the sea, is the head of navigation for river steamers; oceangoing vessels may navigate the river to Hankow, a distance of almost 1000 km (almost 600 mi) from the sea. For about 320 km (200 mi) inland from its mouth, the river is virtually at sea level.</p><p>The Chinese Government, too, had steamers. It had its own naval fleet, the <a title="Nanyang Fleet" href="http://mail.google.com/wiki/Nanyang_Fleet">Nanyang Fleet</a>, which fell prey to the French fleet. The Chinese would rebuild its fleet, only to be ravaged by another war with Japan (1895) , Revolution (1911) and ongoing inefficiency and corruption. Chinese companies ran their own steamers, but were second tier to European operations at the time.</p><p>Steamers came late to the upper river. The three gorges and the strong current hindered plans. Achibald Little attempted a voyage with the Lee-Chuan, and the Kuling, delays and weak engines meant that he only succeeded in the first vessel in 1898. Little soon built the first truly successful boat, the Pioneer, about 1899—she plied the river for two more decades and was even the flagship for the Royal Navy on the China Station. There were a few commercial steamers on the upper river by the turn of the century and the Boxer Rebellion. The Commercial firms of <a class="mw-redirect" title="Jardine Matheson" href="http://mail.google.com/wiki/Jardine_Matheson">Jardine Matheson</a>, Butterfield and Swire, and <a title="Standard Oil" href="http://mail.google.com/wiki/Standard_Oil">Standard Oil</a> had their own steamers on the river. Until 1881, the India and China coastal and river services were operated by several companies. In that year, however, these were merged into the Indo-China Steam Navigation Company, Ltd., a public company under the management of Jardines. The Jardine company pushed inland up the Yangtsze River on which a specially designed fleet was built to meet all requirements of the river trade. For many years, this fleet gave unequalled service. Jardines established an enviable reputation for the efficient handling of shipping. As a result, the Royal Mail Steam Packet Company invited the firm to attend to the Agency of their Shire Line which operated in the Far East. Standard Oil ran the tankers Mei Ping, Mei An, and Mei Hsia.</p><p>With the Treaty Ports, the European powers and Japan were allowed to float navy ships into China's internal waters. The British, US and French did this. A full international fleet featured on Chinese waters: Austro-Hungarians, Portuguese, Italian, Russian, and German navy ships came to Shanghaii and the treaty ports. The Japanese engaged in open war with the Chinese twice, and Russians twice, over conquest of the Chinese Qing empire-- in the First and Second Sino-Japanese War 1895, and 1905;and the Russo-Japanese war of 1904. Incidently, both the French and Japanese navies were heavily involved in running opium and narcotics to Shanghai, where it was refined into morphine. It was then transhipped by liner back to Marseille and France (ie. <a title="French Connection" href="http://mail.google.com/wiki/French_Connection">French Connection</a>) for processing in Germany and eventual sale in the US or Europe.</p><div class="thumb tright"><div style="WIDTH: 302px" class="thumbinner"><a class="image" title="JN Izumo in Shanghai, 1937; she sank riverboats in 1941" href="http://mail.google.com/wiki/File:IJN_Izumo_in_Shanghai.jpg"><img class="thumbimage" alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/IJN_Izumo_in_Shanghai.jpg/300px-IJN_Izumo_in_Shanghai.jpg" width="300" height="307" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a class="internal" title="Enlarge" href="http://mail.google.com/wiki/File:IJN_Izumo_in_Shanghai.jpg"><img alt="" src="http://mail.google.com/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" height="11" /></a></div>JN Izumo in Shanghai, 1937; she sank riverboats in 1941</div></div></div><p>In 1909 the gunboat USS Samar changed station to Shanghai, where she regularly patrolled the lower Yangtze River up to Nanking and Wuhu. Following an anti-foreign riots in Changsha in April 1910, which destroyed a number of missions and merchant warehouses, Samar sailed up the Yangtze River to Hankow and then Changsa to show the flag and help restore order. The gunboat was also administratively assigned to the Asiatic Fleet that year, which had been reestablished by the Navy to better protect, in the words of the Bureau of Navigation, "American interests in the Orient." After returning to Shanghai in August, she sailed up river again the following summer, passing Wuhu in June but then running aground off Kichau on 1 July 1911. After staying stuck in the mud for two weeks, Samar broke free and sailed back down river to coal ship. Returning upriver, the gunboat reached Hankow in August and Ichang in September where she wintered over owing to both the dry season and the outbreak of rebellion at Wuchang in October 1911. Tensions eased and the gunboat turned downriver in July 1912, arriving at Shanghai in October. Samar patrolled the lower Yangtze after fighting broke out in the summer 1913, a precursor to a decade of conflict between provincial warlords in China. In 1919, she was placed on the disposal list at Shanghai following a collision with a Yangtze river steamer that damaged her bow. The Spanish boats were replaced in the twenties by the <a title="USS Luzon (PG-47)" href="http://mail.google.com/wiki/USS_Luzon_(PG-47)"><i>Luzon</i></a> and <a title="USS Mindanao (PR-8)" href="http://mail.google.com/wiki/USS_Mindanao_(PR-8)"><i>Mindanao</i></a> were the largest, <a class="new" title="USS Oahu (PR-36) (page does not exist)" href="http://mail.google.com/w/index.php?title=USS_Oahu_(PR-36)&action=edit&redlink=1"><i>Oahu</i></a> and <a title="USS Panay (PR-5)" href="http://mail.google.com/wiki/USS_Panay_(PR-5)"><i>Panay</i></a> next in size, and <a class="mw-redirect" title="USS Guam (PG-43)" href="http://mail.google.com/wiki/USS_Guam_(PG-43)"><i>Guam</i></a> and <a class="mw-redirect" title="USS Tutuila (PG-44)" href="http://mail.google.com/wiki/USS_Tutuila_(PG-44)"><i>Tutuila</i></a> the smallest. China in the first fifty years of the twentieth century, was in low-grade chaos. Warlords, revolutions, natural disasters, civil war and invasions contributed. Yangtze boats were involved in the <a title="Nanjing Incident" href="http://mail.google.com/wiki/Nanjing_Incident">Nanjing Incident</a> in 1927 when the Communists and Nationalists broke into open war. The Chiang's massacre of the Communists in Shanghai in 1927 furthered the unrest, US Marines with tanks were landed. River steamers were popular targets for both Nationalists and Communists, and peasants who would take periodic pot-shots at vessels. During the course of service the second <a title="USS Palos" href="http://mail.google.com/wiki/USS_Palos">USS Palos</a> protected American interests in China down the entire length of the Yangtze, at times convoying U.S. and foreign vessels on the river, evacuating American citizens during periods of disturbance and in general giving credible presence to U.S. consulates and residences in various Chinese cities. In the period of great unrest in central China in the 1920s, Palos was especially busy patrolling the upper Yangtze against bands of warlord soldiers and outlaws. The warship engaged in continuous patrol operations between Ichang and Chungking throughout 1923, supplying armed guards to merchant ships, and protecting Americans at Chungking while that city was under siege by a warlord army</p><p>The British had a series of <a title="Insect class gunboat" href="http://mail.google.com/wiki/Insect_class_gunboat">Insect class gunboat</a> which patrolled between <a class="mw-redirect" title="Chungking" href="http://mail.google.com/wiki/Chungking">Chungking</a> and <a title="Shanghai" href="http://mail.google.com/wiki/Shanghai">Shanghai</a>. Cruisers and destroyers and Fly class vessels also patrolled. The most infamous incident was when <a title="USS Panay" href="http://mail.google.com/wiki/USS_Panay">USS Panay</a> and HMS Bee in 1937,were dive bombed by Japanese airplanes during the <a title="Nanking Massacre" href="http://mail.google.com/wiki/Nanking_Massacre">Nanking Massacre</a>. The Europeans were forced to leave the Yangtse River with the Japanese takeover in 1941. The former steamers were either sabotaged or pressed into Japanese or Chinese service.</p><p>See Also</p><ul><li><a title="China Station" href="http://mail.google.com/wiki/China_Station">China Station</a></li><li><a title="The Sand Pebbles (film)" href="http://mail.google.com/wiki/The_Sand_Pebbles_(film)">The Sand Pebbles (film)</a></li><li><a title="USS Asheville (PG-21)" href="http://mail.google.com/wiki/USS_Asheville_(PG-21)">USS Asheville (PG-21)</a></li><li><a class="mw-redirect" title="Brown water navy" href="http://mail.google.com/wiki/Brown_water_navy">Brown water navy</a></li><li><a title="Yangtze Patrol" href="http://mail.google.com/wiki/Yangtze_Patrol">Yangtze Patrol</a></li><li><a title="HMS Amethyst (F116)" href="http://mail.google.com/wiki/HMS_Amethyst_(F116)">HMS Amethyst (F116)</a></li></ul><p><a id="Major_cities_along_the_river" name="Major_cities_along_the_river"></a></p><h2><span class="editsection">[<a title="Edit section: Major cities along the river" href="http://mail.google.com/w/index.php?title=Yangtze_River&action=edit&section=5">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Major cities along the river</span></h2><div class="thumb tright"><div style="WIDTH: 502px" class="thumbinner"><a class="image" title="Map of the location of the Three Gorges Dam" href="http://mail.google.com/wiki/File:Threegorges.png"><img class="thumbimage" alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Threegorges.png/500px-Threegorges.png" width="500" height="188" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a class="internal" title="Enlarge" href="http://mail.google.com/wiki/File:Threegorges.png"><img alt="" src="http://mail.google.com/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" height="11" /></a></div>Map of the location of the <a title="Three Gorges Dam" href="http://mail.google.com/wiki/Three_Gorges_Dam">Three Gorges Dam</a></div></div></div><div class="thumb tright"><div style="WIDTH: 402px" class="thumbinner"><a class="image" title="A loading point for coal barges on the Yangtze River" href="http://mail.google.com/wiki/File:Yangzi_river_coal_barge_loading_point.jpg"><img class="thumbimage" alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e0/Yangzi_river_coal_barge_loading_point.jpg/400px-Yangzi_river_coal_barge_loading_point.jpg" width="400" height="300" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a class="internal" title="Enlarge" href="http://mail.google.com/wiki/File:Yangzi_river_coal_barge_loading_point.jpg"><img alt="" src="http://mail.google.com/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" height="11" /></a></div>A loading point for coal barges on the Yangtze River</div></div></div><div class="thumb tright"><div style="WIDTH: 602px" class="thumbinner"><a class="image" title="The First Bridge at Wuhan. This view is downstream, backward the distant Three Gorges and Chongqing" href="http://mail.google.com/wiki/File:YangtzeWuhanFirstBridge.jpg"><img class="thumbimage" alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/74/YangtzeWuhanFirstBridge.jpg/600px-YangtzeWuhanFirstBridge.jpg" width="600" height="125" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a class="internal" title="Enlarge" href="http://mail.google.com/wiki/File:YangtzeWuhanFirstBridge.jpg"><img alt="" src="http://mail.google.com/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" height="11" /></a></div>The <i>First Bridge</i> at <a title="Wuhan" href="http://mail.google.com/wiki/Wuhan">Wuhan</a>. This view is downstream, backward the distant <a title="Three Gorges" href="http://mail.google.com/wiki/Three_Gorges">Three Gorges</a> and <a title="Chongqing" href="http://mail.google.com/wiki/Chongqing">Chongqing</a></div></div></div><ul><li><a title="Panzhihua" href="http://mail.google.com/wiki/Panzhihua">Panzhihua</a></li><li><a title="Yibin" href="http://mail.google.com/wiki/Yibin">Yibin</a></li><li><a title="Luzhou" href="http://mail.google.com/wiki/Luzhou">Luzhou</a></li><li><a title="Chongqing" href="http://mail.google.com/wiki/Chongqing">Chongqing</a></li><li><a title="Yichang" href="http://mail.google.com/wiki/Yichang">Yichang</a></li><li><a title="Jingzhou" href="http://mail.google.com/wiki/Jingzhou">Jingzhou</a></li><li><a title="Shashi" href="http://mail.google.com/wiki/Shashi">Shashi</a></li><li><a title="Shishou" href="http://mail.google.com/wiki/Shishou">Shishou</a></li><li><a title="Yueyang" href="http://mail.google.com/wiki/Yueyang">Yueyang</a></li><li><a title="Xianning" href="http://mail.google.com/wiki/Xianning">Xianning</a></li><li><a title="Wuhan" href="http://mail.google.com/wiki/Wuhan">Wuhan</a></li><li><a title="Ezhou" href="http://mail.google.com/wiki/Ezhou">Ezhou</a></li><li><a title="Huangshi" href="http://mail.google.com/wiki/Huangshi">Huangshi</a></li><li><a class="mw-redirect" title="Huanggang, Hubei" href="http://mail.google.com/wiki/Huanggang,_Hubei">Huanggang</a></li><li><a title="Chaohu" href="http://mail.google.com/wiki/Chaohu">Chaohu</a></li><li><a title="Chizhou" href="http://mail.google.com/wiki/Chizhou">Chizhou</a></li><li><a title="Jiujiang" href="http://mail.google.com/wiki/Jiujiang">Jiujiang</a></li><li><a title="Anqing" href="http://mail.google.com/wiki/Anqing">Anqing</a></li><li><a title="Tongling" href="http://mail.google.com/wiki/Tongling">Tongling</a></li><li><a title="Wuhu" href="http://mail.google.com/wiki/Wuhu">Wuhu</a></li><li><a title="Hefei" href="http://mail.google.com/wiki/Hefei">Hefei</a></li><li><a title="Chuzhou" href="http://mail.google.com/wiki/Chuzhou">Chuzhou</a></li><li><a class="mw-redirect" title="Maanshan" href="http://mail.google.com/wiki/Maanshan">Maanshan</a></li><li><a title="Taizhou, Jiangsu" href="http://mail.google.com/wiki/Taizhou,_Jiangsu">Taizhou</a></li><li><a title="Yangzhou" href="http://mail.google.com/wiki/Yangzhou">Yangzhou</a></li><li><a title="Zhenjiang" href="http://mail.google.com/wiki/Zhenjiang">Zhenjiang</a></li><li><a title="Nanjing" href="http://mail.google.com/wiki/Nanjing">Nanjing</a></li><li><a title="Jiangyin" href="http://mail.google.com/wiki/Jiangyin">Jiangyin</a></li><li><a title="Nantong" href="http://mail.google.com/wiki/Nantong">Nantong</a></li><li><a title="Shanghai" href="http://mail.google.com/wiki/Shanghai">Shanghai</a></li><li><a class="mw-redirect" title="Fengdu" href="http://mail.google.com/wiki/Fengdu">Fengdu</a></li></ul><p>Yangtze river is the longest river in China.</p><p><a id="Crossings" name="Crossings"></a></p><h2><span class="editsection">[<a title="Edit section: Crossings" href="http://mail.google.com/w/index.php?title=Yangtze_River&action=edit&section=6">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Crossings</span></h2><p>The main crossings by the province names in the order of downstream to upstream are:</p><p><a title="Shanghai" href="http://mail.google.com/wiki/Shanghai">Shanghai</a>:</p><ul><li><a class="mw-redirect" title="Shanghai Yangtze River Tunnel" href="http://mail.google.com/wiki/Shanghai_Yangtze_River_Tunnel">Shanghai Yangtze River Tunnel</a> (road & metro tunnel, expected 2010)</li></ul><p><a title="Jiangsu" href="http://mail.google.com/wiki/Jiangsu">Jiangsu</a> and <a title="Shanghai" href="http://mail.google.com/wiki/Shanghai">Shanghai</a>:</p><ul><li><a title="Chongqi Bridge" href="http://mail.google.com/wiki/Chongqi_Bridge">Chongqi Bridge</a> (road bridge, expected 2010)</li></ul><p><a title="Jiangsu" href="http://mail.google.com/wiki/Jiangsu">Jiangsu</a>:</p><ul><li><a title="Nanjing Yangtze River Bridge" href="http://mail.google.com/wiki/Nanjing_Yangtze_River_Bridge">Nanjing Yangtze River Bridge</a> (road/rail bridge, opened 1968)</li><li><a title="Runyang Bridge" href="http://mail.google.com/wiki/Runyang_Bridge">Runyang Bridge</a> (road bridge, opened 2005)</li><li><a title="Jiangyin Suspension Bridge" href="http://mail.google.com/wiki/Jiangyin_Suspension_Bridge">Jiangyin Suspension Bridge</a> (road bridge, opened 1999)</li><li><a title="Sutong Bridge" href="http://mail.google.com/wiki/Sutong_Bridge">Sutong Bridge</a> (road bridge, opened 2008)</li></ul><p><a title="Anhui" href="http://mail.google.com/wiki/Anhui">Anhui</a>:</p><ul><li><a class="new" title="Anqing Bridge (page does not exist)" href="http://mail.google.com/w/index.php?title=Anqing_Bridge&action=edit&redlink=1">Anqing Bridge</a><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="http://mail.google.com/mail/?ui=2&view=js&name=js&ver=gQlSNWCDjxc.tr.&am=!UqIxmxNMkDHpRd_gweQyQlTBWpu9iQGS6Z2s_CFv#cite_note-6"><span style="font-size:+0;">[</span>7<span style="font-size:+0;">]</span></a></sup> (road bridge, opened 2005)</li><li><a class="new" title="Tongling Bridge (page does not exist)" href="http://mail.google.com/w/index.php?title=Tongling_Bridge&action=edit&redlink=1">Tongling Bridge</a><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="http://mail.google.com/mail/?ui=2&view=js&name=js&ver=gQlSNWCDjxc.tr.&am=!UqIxmxNMkDHpRd_gweQyQlTBWpu9iQGS6Z2s_CFv#cite_note-7"><span style="font-size:+0;">[</span>8<span style="font-size:+0;">]</span></a></sup> (road bridge, opened 1995)</li><li><a title="Wuhu Yangtze River Bridge" href="http://mail.google.com/wiki/Wuhu_Yangtze_River_Bridge">Wuhu Yangtze River Bridge</a> (road/rail bridge, opened 2000)</li></ul><p><a title="Jiangxi" href="http://mail.google.com/wiki/Jiangxi">Jiangxi</a>:</p><ul><li><a title="Jiujiang Yangtze River Bridge" href="http://mail.google.com/wiki/Jiujiang_Yangtze_River_Bridge">Jiujiang Yangtze River Bridge</a> (road/rail bridge, opened 1992)</li></ul><p><a title="Hubei" href="http://mail.google.com/wiki/Hubei">Hubei</a>:</p><ul><li><a class="new" title="Huangshi Yangtze River Bridge (page does not exist)" href="http://mail.google.com/w/index.php?title=Huangshi_Yangtze_River_Bridge&action=edit&redlink=1">Huangshi Yangtze River Bridge</a><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="http://mail.google.com/mail/?ui=2&view=js&name=js&ver=gQlSNWCDjxc.tr.&am=!UqIxmxNMkDHpRd_gweQyQlTBWpu9iQGS6Z2s_CFv#cite_note-8"><span style="font-size:+0;">[</span>9<span style="font-size:+0;">]</span></a></sup> (road bridge, opened 1996)</li><li><a class="new" title="Zhicheng Bridge (page does not exist)" href="http://mail.google.com/w/index.php?title=Zhicheng_Bridge&action=edit&redlink=1">Zhicheng Bridge</a><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="http://mail.google.com/mail/?ui=2&view=js&name=js&ver=gQlSNWCDjxc.tr.&am=!UqIxmxNMkDHpRd_gweQyQlTBWpu9iQGS6Z2s_CFv#cite_note-9"><span style="font-size:+0;">[</span>10<span style="font-size:+0;">]</span></a></sup> (road/rail bridge, opened 1971)</li><li><a class="new" title="Wuhan Junshan Yangtze River Bridge (page does not exist)" href="http://mail.google.com/w/index.php?title=Wuhan_Junshan_Yangtze_River_Bridge&action=edit&redlink=1">Wuhan Junshan Yangtze River Bridge</a> (a part of Beijing-Zhuhai Express Way/Wuhan Forth Circle Road, opened 2003)</li><li><a class="new" title="Wuhan Baishazhou Yangtze River Bridge (page does not exist)" href="http://mail.google.com/w/index.php?title=Wuhan_Baishazhou_Yangtze_River_Bridge&action=edit&redlink=1">Wuhan Baishazhou Yangtze River Bridge</a> (a part of Wuhan Third Circle Road, opened 2000)</li><li><a title="Wuhan Yangtze River Bridge" href="http://mail.google.com/wiki/Wuhan_Yangtze_River_Bridge">Wuhan Yangtze River Bridge</a> (road/rail bridge, a part of Wuhan Inner Circle Road, opened 1957)</li><li><a class="new" title="Wuhan Qingdao Road Yangtze River Tunnel (page does not exist)" href="http://mail.google.com/w/index.php?title=Wuhan_Qingdao_Road_Yangtze_River_Tunnel&action=edit&redlink=1">Wuhan Qingdao Road Yangtze River Tunnel</a> (expected the end of 2008)</li><li><a title="Second Wuhan Yangtze River Bridge" href="http://mail.google.com/wiki/Second_Wuhan_Yangtze_River_Bridge">Second Wuhan Yangtze River Bridge</a> (a part of Wuhan Inner Circle Bridge]] (road/rail bridge,expected 2009)</li><li><a class="new" title="Wuhan Yangluo Yangtze River Bridge (page does not exist)" href="http://mail.google.com/w/index.php?title=Wuhan_Yangluo_Yangtze_River_Bridge&action=edit&redlink=1">Wuhan Yangluo Yangtze River Bridge</a><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="http://mail.google.com/mail/?ui=2&view=js&name=js&ver=gQlSNWCDjxc.tr.&am=!UqIxmxNMkDHpRd_gweQyQlTBWpu9iQGS6Z2s_CFv#cite_note-10"><span style="font-size:+0;">[</span>11<span style="font-size:+0;">]</span></a></sup> (a part of Wuhan Fourth Circle Road, road bridge, opened 2008)</li><li><a class="new" title="Jingzhou Yangtze River Bridge (page does not exist)" href="http://mail.google.com/w/index.php?title=Jingzhou_Yangtze_River_Bridge&action=edit&redlink=1">Jingzhou Yangtze River Bridge</a><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="http://mail.google.com/mail/?ui=2&view=js&name=js&ver=gQlSNWCDjxc.tr.&am=!UqIxmxNMkDHpRd_gweQyQlTBWpu9iQGS6Z2s_CFv#cite_note-11"><span style="font-size:+0;">[</span>12<span style="font-size:+0;">]</span></a></sup> (road bridge, opened 2002)</li><li><a title="Yichang Bridge" href="http://mail.google.com/wiki/Yichang_Bridge">Yichang Yangtzhe Highway Bridge</a>, on the Hu-Rong (Shanghai-Chongqing) Expressway downstream of <a title="Yichang" href="http://mail.google.com/wiki/Yichang">Yichang</a> (opened in 2001)</li><li><a class="new" title="Yiling Bridge (page does not exist)" href="http://mail.google.com/w/index.php?title=Yiling_Bridge&action=edit&redlink=1">Yiling Bridge</a>, in downtown <a title="Yichang" href="http://mail.google.com/wiki/Yichang">Yichang</a> (<a title="Xiling District" href="http://mail.google.com/wiki/Xiling_District">Xiling District</a>) (road bridge)</li><li><a title="Xiling Bridge" href="http://mail.google.com/wiki/Xiling_Bridge">Xiling Bridge</a>, in <a title="Yiling District" href="http://mail.google.com/wiki/Yiling_District">Yiling District</a> upstream of Yichang (road bridge, opened in 1996)</li><li><a class="new" title="Badong Bridge (page does not exist)" href="http://mail.google.com/w/index.php?title=Badong_Bridge&action=edit&redlink=1">Badong Bridge</a>, in <a title="Badong County" href="http://mail.google.com/wiki/Badong_County">Badong</a> (road bridge)</li></ul><p><a title="Chongqing" href="http://mail.google.com/wiki/Chongqing">Chongqing</a></p><ul><li><a class="new" title="Chaotianmen Bridge (page does not exist)" href="http://mail.google.com/w/index.php?title=Chaotianmen_Bridge&action=edit&redlink=1">Chaotianmen Bridge</a> (road bridge, opened in 2009)</li></ul><p><a title="Sichuan" href="http://mail.google.com/wiki/Sichuan">Sichuan</a></p><ul><li><a class="new" title="Jiang'an Bridge (page does not exist)" href="http://mail.google.com/w/index.php?title=Jiang%27an_Bridge&action=edit&redlink=1">Jiang'an Bridge</a> (road bridge, opened in 2008)</li></ul><p><a id="Dams" name="Dams"></a></p><h2><span class="editsection">[<a title="Edit section: Dams" href="http://mail.google.com/w/index.php?title=Yangtze_River&action=edit&section=7">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Dams</span></h2><p>By 2007, there are two dams on the Yangtze river: <a title="Three Gorges Dam" href="http://mail.google.com/wiki/Three_Gorges_Dam">Three Gorges Dam</a> and <a title="Gezhouba Dam" href="http://mail.google.com/wiki/Gezhouba_Dam">Gezhouba Dam</a>. The third one <a title="Xiluodu Dam" href="http://mail.google.com/wiki/Xiluodu_Dam">Xiluodu Dam</a> is under construction. More dams are in planning stage, such as Wudongde, Baihetan, and Xiangjiaba.</p><p><a id="Tributaries" name="Tributaries"></a></p><h2><span class="editsection">[<a title="Edit section: Tributaries" href="http://mail.google.com/w/index.php?title=Yangtze_River&action=edit&section=8">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Tributaries</span></h2><div class="thumb tright"><div style="WIDTH: 302px" class="thumbinner"><a class="image" title="A shipyard on the banks of the Yangtze building commercial river freight boats" href="http://mail.google.com/wiki/File:Yangzi_river_ship_yard_on_river_bank.jpg"><img class="thumbimage" alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Yangzi_river_ship_yard_on_river_bank.jpg/300px-Yangzi_river_ship_yard_on_river_bank.jpg" width="300" height="225" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a class="internal" title="Enlarge" href="http://mail.google.com/wiki/File:Yangzi_river_ship_yard_on_river_bank.jpg"><img alt="" src="http://mail.google.com/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" height="11" /></a></div>A shipyard on the banks of the Yangtze building commercial river freight boats</div></div></div><p>The Yangtze River has over 700 <a class="mw-redirect" title="Tributaries" href="http://mail.google.com/wiki/Tributaries">tributaries</a>; the principal tributaries are:</p><ul><li><a title="Yalong River" href="http://mail.google.com/wiki/Yalong_River">Yalong River</a></li><li><a title="Min River (Sichuan)" href="http://mail.google.com/wiki/Min_River_(Sichuan)">Min River</a></li><li><a title="Jialing River" href="http://mail.google.com/wiki/Jialing_River">Jialing River</a></li><li><a title="Tuo River" href="http://mail.google.com/wiki/Tuo_River">Tuo River</a></li><li><a title="Han River (Hanshui)" href="http://mail.google.com/wiki/Han_River_(Hanshui)">Han River</a></li><li><a title="Fushui River" href="http://mail.google.com/wiki/Fushui_River">Fushui River</a></li></ul><p><a id="Protected_areas" name="Protected_areas"></a></p><h2><span class="editsection">[<a title="Edit section: Protected areas" href="http://mail.google.com/w/index.php?title=Yangtze_River&action=edit&section=9">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Protected areas</span></h2><ul><li><a class="mw-redirect" title="Three Parallel Rivers of Yunnan" href="http://mail.google.com/wiki/Three_Parallel_Rivers_of_Yunnan">Three Parallel Rivers of Yunnan</a></li></ul><p><a id="Miscellaneous" name="Miscellaneous"></a></p><h2><span class="editsection">[<a title="Edit section: Miscellaneous" href="http://mail.google.com/w/index.php?title=Yangtze_River&action=edit&section=10">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Miscellaneous</span></h2><ul><li>The Yangtze is home to at least two critically endangered species: The <a title="Chinese Alligator" href="http://mail.google.com/wiki/Chinese_Alligator">Chinese Alligator</a> and the <a class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese Paddlefish" href="http://mail.google.com/wiki/Chinese_Paddlefish">Chinese Paddlefish</a>. (This is the only other place besides the U.S. that is native to an alligator species.) In December 2006, the <a title="Baiji" href="http://mail.google.com/wiki/Baiji">Baiji</a> (Chinese River Dolphin) was declared <a title="Functional extinction" href="http://mail.google.com/wiki/Functional_extinction">functionally extinct</a> after an extensive search of the river revealed no signs of the dolphin's inhabitance; however, one was sighted soon after.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="http://mail.google.com/mail/?ui=2&view=js&name=js&ver=gQlSNWCDjxc.tr.&am=!UqIxmxNMkDHpRd_gweQyQlTBWpu9iQGS6Z2s_CFv#cite_note-12"><span style="font-size:+0;">[</span>13<span style="font-size:+0;">]</span></a></sup></li><li><a title="Cheung Kong Holdings" href="http://mail.google.com/wiki/Cheung_Kong_Holdings">Cheung Kong Holdings</a>, from the <a class="mw-redirect" title="Yue Chinese" href="http://mail.google.com/wiki/Yue_Chinese">Cantonese</a> form of Chang Jiang and named after the river, is the name of the <a title="Holding company" href="http://mail.google.com/wiki/Holding_company">holding company</a> controlled by <a class="mw-redirect" title="Li Ka-Shing" href="http://mail.google.com/wiki/Li_Ka-Shing">Li Ka-Shing</a>, one of Asia's richest <a class="mw-redirect" title="Tycoon" href="http://mail.google.com/wiki/Tycoon">tycoons</a>.</li><li>In 2004 <a title="Martin Strel" href="http://mail.google.com/wiki/Martin_Strel">Martin Strel</a> from <a title="Slovenia" href="http://mail.google.com/wiki/Slovenia">Slovenia</a> swam the river from the <a title="Tiger Leaping Gorge" href="http://mail.google.com/wiki/Tiger_Leaping_Gorge">Tiger Leaping Gorge</a> to <a title="Shanghai" href="http://mail.google.com/wiki/Shanghai">Shanghai</a> (4,600 km (2,900 mi).</li><li>In 1342 the Yangtze River in Jiangsu Province was reported to have run dry. Water completely disappeared for a day and the riverbed became visible. This event occurred again on January 13, 1954.<sup id="cite_ref-yangtzedry_13-0" class="reference"><a href="http://mail.google.com/mail/?ui=2&view=js&name=js&ver=gQlSNWCDjxc.tr.&am=!UqIxmxNMkDHpRd_gweQyQlTBWpu9iQGS6Z2s_CFv#cite_note-yangtzedry-13"><span style="font-size:+0;">[</span>14<span style="font-size:+0;">]</span></a></sup></li><li>The river was first rafted from source to mouth in 1986 by all-Chinese teams attempting to beat a Sino-American team to the first descent. Ten of the rafters drowned. The event was widely followed by the Chinese press, and became a source of national pride.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="http://mail.google.com/mail/?ui=2&view=js&name=js&ver=gQlSNWCDjxc.tr.&am=!UqIxmxNMkDHpRd_gweQyQlTBWpu9iQGS6Z2s_CFv#cite_note-14"><span style="font-size:+0;">[</span>15<span style="font-size:+0;">]</span></a></sup></li><li>As the Yangtze is undergoing a transformation due to the Three Gorges Dam, Canadian documentary filmmaker Yung Chang made an award-winning documentary called <a class="external text" title="http://www.zeitgeistfilms.com/film.php?directoryname=" href="http://www.zeitgeistfilms.com/film.php?directoryname=uptheyangtze" rel="nofollow">Up the Yangtze</a>.</li><li>The <a title="Finless Porpoise" href="http://mail.google.com/wiki/Finless_Porpoise">Finless Porpoise</a> is also found here</li></ul><p><a id="See_also" name="See_also"></a></p><h2><span class="editsection">[<a title="Edit section: See also" href="http://mail.google.com/w/index.php?title=Yangtze_River&action=edit&section=11">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline">See also</span></h2><div class="thumb tright"><div style="WIDTH: 502px" class="thumbinner"><a class="image" title="scenery on the river" href="http://mail.google.com/wiki/File:Yangtze-Ships.JPG"><img class="thumbimage" alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Yangtze-Ships.JPG/500px-Yangtze-Ships.JPG" width="500" height="375" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a class="internal" title="Enlarge" href="http://mail.google.com/wiki/File:Yangtze-Ships.JPG"><img alt="" src="http://mail.google.com/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" height="11" /></a></div>scenery on the river</div></div></div><table style="BORDER-BOTTOM: #aaa 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: #aaa 1px solid; BACKGROUND-COLOR: #f9f9f9; BORDER-TOP: #aaa 1px solid; BORDER-RIGHT: #aaa 1px solid" class="metadata plainlinks mbox-small"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><a title="Search Wikimedia Commons" href="http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Yangtze_River"><img alt="Search Wikimedia Commons" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png" width="40" height="54" /></a></td><td class="mbox-text"><a title="Wikimedia Commons" href="http://mail.google.com/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons">Wikimedia Commons</a> has media related to: <i><b><a class="extiw" title="commons:Chang Jiang" href="http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Chang_Jiang">Chang Jiang</a></b></i></td></tr></tbody></table><ul><li><a title="Yangtze River Delta" href="http://mail.google.com/wiki/Yangtze_River_Delta">Yangtze River Delta</a></li><li><a title="List of rivers in China" href="http://mail.google.com/wiki/List_of_rivers_in_China">List of rivers in China</a></li><li><a class="mw-redirect" title="1998 Yangtze River Floods" href="http://mail.google.com/wiki/1998_Yangtze_River_Floods">1998 Yangtze River Floods</a></li><li><a title="Three Gorges Dam" href="http://mail.google.com/wiki/Three_Gorges_Dam">Three Gorges Dam</a></li><li><a title="Geography of China" href="http://mail.google.com/wiki/Geography_of_China">Geography of China</a></li><li><a title="Shen Nong Stream" href="http://mail.google.com/wiki/Shen_Nong_Stream">Shen Nong Stream</a></li><li><a title="Yangtze Service Medal" href="http://mail.google.com/wiki/Yangtze_Service_Medal">Yangtze Service Medal</a></li><li><a class="mw-redirect" title="Dragon Boat" href="http://mail.google.com/wiki/Dragon_Boat">Dragon Boat</a></li><li><a class="mw-redirect" title="Ship lifts in China" href="http://mail.google.com/wiki/Ship_lifts_in_China">Ship lifts in China</a></li><li><a class="mw-redirect" title="Chang Jiang Motorcycle" href="http://mail.google.com/wiki/Chang_Jiang_Motorcycle">Chang Jiang Motorcycle</a></li><li><a title="Tiger Leaping Gorge" href="http://mail.google.com/wiki/Tiger_Leaping_Gorge">Tiger Leaping Gorge</a></li><li><a title="Yangtze River Crossing" href="http://mail.google.com/wiki/Yangtze_River_Crossing">Yangtze River Crossing</a></li><li><a title="South-North Water Transfer Project" href="http://mail.google.com/wiki/South-North_Water_Transfer_Project">South-North Water Transfer Project</a></li><li><a title="River cruise" href="http://mail.google.com/wiki/River_cruise">River cruise</a></li><li><a class="mw-redirect" title="HMS Amethyst (U16)" href="http://mail.google.com/wiki/HMS_Amethyst_(U16)#Yangtze_Incident">Yangtze Incident</a></li><li><a title="Baiji" href="http://mail.google.com/wiki/Baiji">Baiji</a></li><li><a title="Finless Porpoise" href="http://mail.google.com/wiki/Finless_Porpoise">Finless Porpoise</a></li><li><a title="Three Furnaces" href="http://mail.google.com/wiki/Three_Furnaces">Three Furnaces</a></li><li><a class="new" title="ChinaTravelGuide:Yangtze River (page does not exist)" href="http://mail.google.com/w/index.php?title=ChinaTravelGuide:Yangtze_River&action=edit&redlink=1">China Travel Guide - Yangtze River</a></li><li><a title="Steamboats on the Yangtze River" href="http://mail.google.com/wiki/Steamboats_on_the_Yangtze_River">Steamboats on the Yangtze River</a></li><li><a class="new" title="Hydraulic geoengineering (page does not exist)" href="http://mail.google.com/w/index.php?title=Hydraulic_geoengineering&action=edit&redlink=1">Hydraulic geoengineering</a> (China Region)</li><li><i><a title="Rediscovering the Yangtze River" href="http://mail.google.com/wiki/Rediscovering_the_Yangtze_River">Rediscovering the Yangtze River</a></i> (documentary)</li><li><a title="Third Wuhan Yangtze River Bridge" href="http://mail.google.com/wiki/Third_Wuhan_Yangtze_River_Bridge">Third Wuhan Yangtze River Bridge</a></li></ul><p><a id="References" name="References"></a></p><h2><span class="editsection">[<a title="Edit section: References" href="http://mail.google.com/w/index.php?title=Yangtze_River&action=edit&section=12">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline">References</span></h2><div class="references-small"><ol class="references"><li id="cite_note-0"><b><a href="http://mail.google.com/mail/?ui=2&view=js&name=js&ver=gQlSNWCDjxc.tr.&am=!UqIxmxNMkDHpRd_gweQyQlTBWpu9iQGS6Z2s_CFv#cite_ref-0">^</a></b> Encyclopaedia Britannica: Yangtze River <a class="external free" title="http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9110538/Yangtze-River" href="http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9110538/Yangtze-River" rel="nofollow">http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9110538/Yangtze-River</a></li><li id="cite_note-1"><b><a href="http://mail.google.com/mail/?ui=2&view=js&name=js&ver=gQlSNWCDjxc.tr.&am=!UqIxmxNMkDHpRd_gweQyQlTBWpu9iQGS6Z2s_CFv#cite_ref-1">^</a></b> <a class="external text" title="http://internationalrivers.org/node/356" href="http://internationalrivers.org/node/356" rel="nofollow">International Rivers, Three Gorges Dam profile</a>, Accessed August 3, 2009</li><li id="cite_note-2"><b><a href="http://mail.google.com/mail/?ui=2&view=js&name=js&ver=gQlSNWCDjxc.tr.&am=!UqIxmxNMkDHpRd_gweQyQlTBWpu9iQGS6Z2s_CFv#cite_ref-2">^</a></b> <a class="external free" title="http://www.khoryug.org/id63.html" href="http://www.khoryug.org/id63.html" rel="nofollow">http://www.khoryug.org/id63.html</a></li><li id="cite_note-3"><b><a href="http://mail.google.com/mail/?ui=2&view=js&name=js&ver=gQlSNWCDjxc.tr.&am=!UqIxmxNMkDHpRd_gweQyQlTBWpu9iQGS6Z2s_CFv#cite_ref-3">^</a></b> <a class="external text" title="http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2006-01/23/content_4089542.htm" href="http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2006-01/23/content_4089542.htm" rel="nofollow">Xinhua - English</a></li><li id="cite_note-4"><b><a href="http://mail.google.com/mail/?ui=2&view=js&name=js&ver=gQlSNWCDjxc.tr.&am=!UqIxmxNMkDHpRd_gweQyQlTBWpu9iQGS6Z2s_CFv#cite_ref-4">^</a></b> <a class="external text" title="http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2006-02/04/content_4133140.htm" href="http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2006-02/04/content_4133140.htm" rel="nofollow">Xinhua - English</a></li><li id="cite_note-5"><b><a href="http://mail.google.com/mail/?ui=2&view=js&name=js&ver=gQlSNWCDjxc.tr.&am=!UqIxmxNMkDHpRd_gweQyQlTBWpu9iQGS6Z2s_CFv#cite_ref-5">^</a></b> <a class="external text" title="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v378/n6554/abs/378275a0.html" href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v378/n6554/abs/378275a0.html" rel="nofollow">Early Homo and associated artefacts from Asia</a></li><li id="cite_note-6"><b><a href="http://mail.google.com/mail/?ui=2&view=js&name=js&ver=gQlSNWCDjxc.tr.&am=!UqIxmxNMkDHpRd_gweQyQlTBWpu9iQGS6Z2s_CFv#cite_ref-6">^</a></b> <a class="external text" title="http://en.structurae.de/structures/data/index.cfm?ID=" href="http://en.structurae.de/structures/data/index.cfm?ID=s0014848" rel="nofollow">Anqing Bridge</a> in the <a title="Structurae" href="http://mail.google.com/wiki/Structurae">Structurae</a> database</li><li id="cite_note-7"><b><a href="http://mail.google.com/mail/?ui=2&view=js&name=js&ver=gQlSNWCDjxc.tr.&am=!UqIxmxNMkDHpRd_gweQyQlTBWpu9iQGS6Z2s_CFv#cite_ref-7">^</a></b> <a class="external text" title="http://en.structurae.de/structures/data/index.cfm?ID=" href="http://en.structurae.de/structures/data/index.cfm?ID=s0001884" rel="nofollow">Tongling Bridge</a> in the <a title="Structurae" href="http://mail.google.com/wiki/Structurae">Structurae</a> database</li><li id="cite_note-8"><b><a href="http://mail.google.com/mail/?ui=2&view=js&name=js&ver=gQlSNWCDjxc.tr.&am=!UqIxmxNMkDHpRd_gweQyQlTBWpu9iQGS6Z2s_CFv#cite_ref-8">^</a></b> <a class="external text" title="http://en.structurae.de/structures/data/index.cfm?ID=" href="http://en.structurae.de/structures/data/index.cfm?ID=s0014848" rel="nofollow">Huangshi Yangtze River Bridge</a> in the <a title="Structurae" href="http://mail.google.com/wiki/Structurae">Structurae</a> database</li><li id="cite_note-9"><b><a href="http://mail.google.com/mail/?ui=2&view=js&name=js&ver=gQlSNWCDjxc.tr.&am=!UqIxmxNMkDHpRd_gweQyQlTBWpu9iQGS6Z2s_CFv#cite_ref-9">^</a></b> <a class="external text" title="http://bridge.tongji.edu.cn/chinabridge/beam/41.HTM" href="http://bridge.tongji.edu.cn/chinabridge/beam/41.HTM" rel="nofollow">枝城长江大桥 Zhicheng Bridge over Yangtze River</a></li><li id="cite_note-10"><b><a href="http://mail.google.com/mail/?ui=2&view=js&name=js&ver=gQlSNWCDjxc.tr.&am=!UqIxmxNMkDHpRd_gweQyQlTBWpu9iQGS6Z2s_CFv#cite_ref-10">^</a></b> <a class="external text" title="http://en.structurae.de/structures/data/index.cfm?ID=" href="http://en.structurae.de/structures/data/index.cfm?ID=s0014848" rel="nofollow">Yangluo Bridge</a> in the <a title="Structurae" href="http://mail.google.com/wiki/Structurae">Structurae</a> database</li><li id="cite_note-11"><b><a href="http://mail.google.com/mail/?ui=2&view=js&name=js&ver=gQlSNWCDjxc.tr.&am=!UqIxmxNMkDHpRd_gweQyQlTBWpu9iQGS6Z2s_CFv#cite_ref-11">^</a></b> <a class="external text" title="http://en.structurae.de/structures/data/index.cfm?ID=" href="http://en.structurae.de/structures/data/index.cfm?ID=s0001855" rel="nofollow">Jingzhou Yangtze River Bridge</a> in the <a title="Structurae" href="http://mail.google.com/wiki/Structurae">Structurae</a> database</li><li id="cite_note-12"><b><a href="http://mail.google.com/mail/?ui=2&view=js&name=js&ver=gQlSNWCDjxc.tr.&am=!UqIxmxNMkDHpRd_gweQyQlTBWpu9iQGS6Z2s_CFv#cite_ref-12">^</a></b> <a class="external text" title="http://sciencemode.com/2007/09/02/river-dolphin-thought-to-be-extinct-spotted-again-in-china/" href="http://sciencemode.com/2007/09/02/river-dolphin-thought-to-be-extinct-spotted-again-in-china/" rel="nofollow">ScienceMode » River Dolphin Thought to be Extinct Spotted Again in China</a></li><li id="cite_note-yangtzedry-13"><b><a href="http://mail.google.com/mail/?ui=2&view=js&name=js&ver=gQlSNWCDjxc.tr.&am=!UqIxmxNMkDHpRd_gweQyQlTBWpu9iQGS6Z2s_CFv#cite_ref-yangtzedry_13-0">^</a></b> According to p. 140 of the 986th edition of Australian <i>Chinese Daily</i> magazine published on 18 August 2007.</li><li id="cite_note-14"><b><a href="http://mail.google.com/mail/?ui=2&view=js&name=js&ver=gQlSNWCDjxc.tr.&am=!UqIxmxNMkDHpRd_gweQyQlTBWpu9iQGS6Z2s_CFv#cite_ref-14">^</a></b> <a class="external text" title="http://www.shangri-la-river-expeditions.com/1stdes/yangtze/yangtzesummary.html" href="http://www.shangri-la-river-expeditions.com/1stdes/yangtze/yangtzesummary.html" rel="nofollow">Yangtze River Pictures</a></li></ol></div><p><a id="Further_reading" name="Further_reading"></a></p><h2><span class="editsection">[<a title="Edit section: Further reading" href="http://mail.google.com/w/index.php?title=Yangtze_River&action=edit&section=13">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Further reading</span></h2><ul><li>Grover, David H. 1992 <i>American Merchant Ships on the Yangtze, 1920-1941</i>. Wesport, Conn.: Praeger Publishers.</li><li>Van Slyke, Lyman P. 1988. <i>Yangtze: nature, history, and the river</i>. A Portable Stanford Book. <a class="internal" href="http://mail.google.com/wiki/Special:BookSources/0201088940">ISBN 0-201-08894-0</a></li><li>Winchester, Simon. 1996. <i>The River at the Center of the World: A Journey up the Yangtze & Back in Chinese Time</i>, Holt, Henry & Company, 1996, hardcover, <a class="internal" href="http://mail.google.com/wiki/Special:BookSources/0805038884">ISBN 0-8050-3888-4</a>; trade paperback, Owl Publishing, 1997, <a class="internal" href="http://mail.google.com/wiki/Special:BookSources/0805055088">ISBN 0-8050-5508-8</a>; trade paperback, St. Martins, 2004, 432 pages, <a class="internal" href="http://mail.google.com/wiki/Special:BookSources/0312423373">ISBN 0-312-42337-3</a></li></ul><p><span style="font-size:small;"><span id="coordinates"><a title="Geographic coordinate system" href="http://mail.google.com/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system"><span style="font-size:85%;">Coordinates</span></a><span style="font-size:85%;">: <span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><img style="PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; PADDING-LEFT: 0px; PADDING-RIGHT: 3px; CURSOR: pointer; PADDING-TOP: 0px" class="noprint" title="show location on an interactive map" alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Erioll_world.svg/18px-Erioll_world.svg.png" width="18" height="18" /><a class="external text" title="http://stable.toolserver.org/geohack/geohack.php?pagename=" href="http://stable.toolserver.org/geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Yangtze_River&params=33_28_05_N_91_11_45_E_region:CN_type:river_source:dewiki" rel="nofollow" params="33_28_05_N_91_11_45_E_region:CN_type:river_source:dewiki"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">33°28′05″N</span> <span class="longitude">91°11′45″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">33.46806°N 91.19583°E</span><span style="DISPLAY: none"> / <span class="geo">33.46806; 91.19583</span></span></span></a></span></span></span></span></p><div class="printfooter">Retrieved from "<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yangtze_River">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yangtze_River</a>"</div><div id="catlinks" class="catlinks"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks"><a title="Special:Categories" href="http://mail.google.com/wiki/Special:Categories">Categories</a>: <span dir="ltr"><a title="Category:Yangtze River" href="http://mail.google.com/wiki/Category:Yangtze_River">Yangtze River</a></span> <span dir="ltr"><a title="Category:Rivers of China" href="http://mail.google.com/wiki/Category:Rivers_of_China">Rivers of China</a></span></div></div></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2905918545844906697.post-35518376341404594962009-08-14T18:43:00.003+03:002009-09-05T11:52:57.892+03:00Ekşi sözlük : enik maddesi [Kaç-enik veya (kaçan-ik) ve enik]<div class="gmail_quote"><br clear="all"><div></div><ol><li value="1"><p>talk arasında kedi - köpek yawrularına verilen, "sempati dolu" ad.<br /><br />enilmiş olan...<br /></p><div>(<a href="http://mail.google.com/mail/show.asp?t=cyrano" target="_blank">cyrano</a>, 20.01.2000 23:21)<br /><table style="FLOAT: right"><tbody><tr><td style="WHITE-SPACE: nowrap"> </td><td><a>#89635</a></td><td> </td><td title="şikayet et"><a> !? </a></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><br /></div></li><li value="2">kedi-kopek yavrusu.<br />mis gibi et suyu bulyon kokan pembe agizlari olan, mikmik diye ses yapan ufacik, yenilesi seyler.<br /><div>(<a href="http://mail.google.com/mail/show.asp?t=partizan" target="_blank">partizan</a>, 02.06.2002 16:30)<br /><table style="FLOAT: right"><tbody><tr><td style="WHITE-SPACE: nowrap"> </td><td><a>#1328488</a></td><td> </td><td title="şikayet et"><a> !? </a></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><br /></div></li><li value="3">bizim yörede yavru kedi/köpek belirtmek için kullanılır.<br /><div>(<a href="http://mail.google.com/mail/show.asp?t=baria" target="_blank">baria</a>, 26.02.2003 22:29)<br /><table style="FLOAT: right"><tbody><tr><td style="WHITE-SPACE: nowrap"> </td><td><a>#2428850</a></td><td> </td><td title="şikayet et"><a> !? </a></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><br /></div></li><li value="4">(bkz: <a href="http://mail.google.com/mail/show.asp?t=yavru+kopek" target="_blank">yavru kopek</a>)<br /><div>(<a href="http://mail.google.com/mail/show.asp?t=x+daemon" target="_blank">x daemon</a>, 08.03.2003 04:00)<br /><table style="FLOAT: right"><tbody><tr><td style="WHITE-SPACE: nowrap"> </td><td><a>#2477290</a></td><td> </td><td title="şikayet et"><a> !? </a></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><br /></div></li><li value="5">1 yaşını geçmemiş köpeklerin genel adı<br /><div>(<a href="http://mail.google.com/mail/show.asp?t=sarge" target="_blank">sarge</a>, 29.03.2003 15:03)<br /><table style="FLOAT: right"><tbody><tr><td style="WHITE-SPACE: nowrap"> </td><td><a>#2581276</a></td><td> </td><td title="şikayet et"><a> !? </a></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><br /></div></li><li value="6"><a href="http://mail.google.com/mail/show.asp?t=ayas" target="_blank">ayas</a> civarinda kopeklere verilen ad.<br />yavrusu icin:<br />(bkz: <a href="http://mail.google.com/mail/show.asp?t=goglez" target="_blank">goglez</a>)<br />yaygın bir küfür olarak da kullanılır aynı zamanda:<br />- vay <a href="http://mail.google.com/mail/show.asp?t=gavur" target="_blank">gavur</a>un eniği.<br /><div>(<a href="http://mail.google.com/mail/show.asp?t=riddevi" target="_blank">riddevi</a>, 30.07.2004 21:01 ~ 21:06)<br /><table style="FLOAT: right"><tbody><tr><td style="WHITE-SPACE: nowrap"> </td><td><a>#5205769</a></td><td> </td><td title="şikayet et"><a> !? </a></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><br /></div></li><li value="7">(bkz: <a href="http://mail.google.com/mail/show.asp?t=en%c3%bck" target="_blank">enük</a>)<br /><div>(<a href="http://mail.google.com/mail/show.asp?t=darbeli+matkap" target="_blank">darbeli matkap</a>, 04.01.2005 11:17)<br /><table style="FLOAT: right"><tbody><tr><td style="WHITE-SPACE: nowrap"> </td><td><a>#6608142</a></td><td> </td><td title="şikayet et"><a> !? </a></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><br /></div></li><li value="8">çocukken ilk olarak <a href="http://mail.google.com/mail/show.asp?t=%c3%bcnye" target="_blank">ünye</a>de "<a href="http://mail.google.com/mail/show.asp?t=en%c3%bck" target="_blank">enük</a>" olarak duyduğum için uzun süre okunuşunun bu şekilde olduğunu sandığım sözcük.<br /><div>(<a href="http://mail.google.com/mail/show.asp?t=demir+celik" target="_blank">demir celik</a>, 26.09.2005 09:22)<br /><table style="FLOAT: right"><tbody><tr><td style="WHITE-SPACE: nowrap"> </td><td><a>#8260993</a></td><td> </td><td title="şikayet et"><a> !? </a></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><br /></div></li><li value="9">arapça'da <a href="http://mail.google.com/mail/show.asp?t=sikeyim" target="_blank">sikeyim</a>, <a href="http://mail.google.com/mail/show.asp?t=am%c4%b1na+koyim" target="_blank">amına koyim</a> anlamına gelen kelime.<br /><div>(<a href="http://mail.google.com/mail/show.asp?t=ravioli" target="_blank">ravioli</a>, 26.09.2005 09:24)<br /><table style="FLOAT: right"><tbody><tr><td style="WHITE-SPACE: nowrap"> </td><td><a>#8260999</a></td><td> </td><td title="şikayet et"><a> !? </a></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><br /></div></li></ol><li value="10"><ol><li>without a bark die bi albümü var..başkada bişi bilmiorum....bilen yardım etsin....hatta enik türkiyeye gelsin...<br /></li><li><div>(<a href="http://mail.google.com/mail/show.asp?t=mini+anden" target="_blank">mini anden</a>, 09.02.2006 13:52)<br /></div></li></ol><div><table style="FLOAT: right"><tbody><tr><td style="WHITE-SPACE: nowrap"><ol><li></li></ol></td><td><ol><li><a>#9100720</a></li></ol></td><td><ol><li></li></ol></td><td title="şikayet et"><ol><li><a> !? </a></li></ol></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div><br /></div></li></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2905918545844906697.post-46374224486884573532009-08-14T18:41:00.004+03:002009-09-05T11:56:10.239+03:00yörük yürük üzerine kaçanik veya kaçenik ve yer adlarının değişritilmesi merzifon da urumcuk tamamen türk köyü onu da değiştirdiler.<table style="WIDTH: 100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"><tbody><tr><td style="PADDING-BOTTOM: 10px; WIDTH: 300px; HEIGHT: 220px" valign="top" rowspan="2" align="left"><table><tbody><tr><td style="HEIGHT: 220px" valign="top" width="296" align="left"><img id="ctl00_Contentplaceholder2_imgNews" class="manset_8li" src="http://image.samanyoluhaber.com/Images/News/2009813/82518.jpg" /></td></tr></tbody></table></td><td style="PADDING-BOTTOM: 5px; WIDTH: 245px; HEIGHT: 200px" valign="top" rowspan="2" align="left"><table style="WIDTH: 95%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"><tbody><tr><td style="PADDING-BOTTOM: 5px" valign="top" align="left"><span style="WIDTH: 260px; DISPLAY: inline-block" id="ctl00_Contentplaceholder2_LblBaslik" class="haberdetay_baslik">Kaç yerin ismi değiştirildi?</span></td></tr><tr><td style="PADDING-BOTTOM: 10px" valign="top" align="left"><span style="WIDTH: 260px; DISPLAY: inline-block" id="ctl00_Contentplaceholder2_LblAbstract" class="haberdetay">Cumhurbaşkanı Abdullah Gül'ün Bitlis ziyaretinde Güroymak ilçesinin eski adı 'Norşin'i kullanması; Türkiye'de ismi değiştirilen il, ilçe, köy, dere, çay, nehir isimlerini yeniden gündeme taşıdı.</span></td></tr><tr><td style="PADDING-RIGHT: 10px; HEIGHT: 30px; PADDING-TOP: 10px" valign="bottom" align="left"><table style="WIDTH: 200px" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" align="right"><tbody><tr><td style="HEIGHT: 20px; FONT-WEIGHT: boldcolor:#7a7a7a;" valign="bottom" align="right" ><span id="ctl00_Contentplaceholder2_Label1">Yazı Boyutu</span> <a class="haberdetay_10pt" href="javascript:ChangeSize(10);"><span id="ctl00_Contentplaceholder2_Label3">10</span></a> <a class="haberdetay_12pt" href="javascript:ChangeSize(12);"><span id="ctl00_Contentplaceholder2_Label4">12</span></a> <a class="haberdetay_14pt" href="javascript:ChangeSize(14);"><span id="ctl00_Contentplaceholder2_Label5">14</span></a> <a class="haberdetay_16pt" href="javascript:ChangeSize(16);"><span id="ctl00_Contentplaceholder2_Label6">16</span></a> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td style="PADDING-TOP: 2px" valign="top" align="left"></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr></tr><tr><td class="article" valign="center" colspan="2" align="middle"></td></tr><tr><td style="HEIGHT: 19px" class="article" valign="top" colspan="2" align="left"><div class="manset_detay"><span id="ctl00_Contentplaceholder2_LtrDetay" class="haber_ozet">Yapılan araştırmalara göre, Türkiye'de yaklaşık 28 bin kadar yerleşim adı değiştirildi. Bunların 12 binden fazlasını köy adları oluşturuyor. Adı değiştirilen köyler ülke geneline yayılırken; daha çok Doğu Karadeniz ile Doğu ve Güneydoğu Anadolu bölgelerinde yoğunlaşıyor.<br /><br />Türkiye'deki yer adları doğal, sosyal ve kültürel ortamdan etkileniyor. Köy adlarını, Türkçe olanlar ve olmayanlar şeklinde iki gruba ayırmak mümkün. Bu isimlerin önemli bir kısmı 1940 yılından günümüze geçen süreçte değiştirilerek yeni isimler verildi. Bu değiştirme işlemleri hem Türkçe köy adlarında hem de Türkçe olmayanlarda yapıldı.<br /><br />İsimleri değiştirilen köyler tüm yurda yayılmış olsa da Doğu Karadeniz ile Doğu ve Güneydoğu Anadolu bölgelerinde belirgin bir yoğunlaşma söz konusu. Köylerin yeni isimleri henüz halk tarafından tümüyle benimsenmiş değil. Özellikle orta yaştakiler ile yaşlılar hâlâ eski isimleri kullanmayı tercih ediyor.<br /><br />Fırat Üniversitesi öğretim üyesi Doç. Dr. Harun Tuncel'in, üniversitenin 'Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi'nde 2000 yılında yayımlanan 'Türkiye'de İsmi Değiştirilen Köyler' başlıklı yazısı, son 50 yılda yapılan değişikliklere ışık tutuyor. 1949 yılında yürürlüğe giren İl İdaresi Kanunu'nun verdiği yasal dayanakla 1957'de kurulan 'Ad Değiştirme İhtisas Komisyonu', 1957 ile 1978 arasında 75 bin civarında yerleşim yeri adını inceleyip 28 bin kadarının ismini değiştirdi. 1965-1970 ve 1975- 1976 arasında doğal yer adlarıyla da ilgilenen komisyon, bunların ise yaklaşık 2 binini değiştirdi.<br /><br />İçişleri Bakanlığı'nın 1982 yılında yayınladığı 'Köylerimiz' adlı çalışmada 1981 yılına kadar yapılmış olan köy adı değişikliklerinin, ilçeler esas alınarak miktarları tespit edildi. Çalışmanın bu aşamasında 11 bin 931 adı değiştirilen köy listelendi. Bakanlığın arşiv kayıtları incelenerek 1981 yılı sonrasında isim değişikliği yapılan köylerin bir listesi de çıkarıldı. Arşiv çalışmasına göre 1981 yılı sonrasında 280 tane daha köy adı değiştirildi.<br /><br />TÜRKÇE DAHİ OLSA DEĞİŞTİRİLDİ<br /><br />Türkiye'de ismi değiştirilen köylerin sayısı 12 binden fazla, bir başka ifadeyle köylerin yüzde 35'inin ismi değiştirildi. İsim değiştirme işlemleri yapılırken en çok dikkat edilen özellik, Türkçe olmayan yahut olmadığı düşünülenler ile karışıklığa sebep olan isimlerin öncelikle ele alınması ve değiştirilmesi oldu.<br /><br />Doç. Dr. Harun Tuncel'in yazısına göre, birbirlerine yakın mekânlarda bulunan ama aynı adı taşıyan köylerin isimleri de karışıklığa meydan vermemek amacıyla değiştirildi. Aptaldam, Aşıran, Atkafası, Cadı, Çakal, Çürük, Deliler, Domuzağı, Dönek, Haraççı, Hırsızpınar, Hıyar, Kaltaklı, Kansız, Karabelalı, Keçi, Kıllı, Komik, Kötüköy, Kuduzlar, Sinir, Şeytanabat, Zurna gibi anlamları güzel çağrışımlar uyandırmayan, insanları utandıran, gururunu incitici, yahut alay edilmesine fırsat tanıyan kelimelerden oluşan isimler Türkçe dahi olsalar değiştirildi.<br /><br />Bazı isim değişiklikleri ise mevcut adın yazı diline dönüştürülme çabasıyla sadece bir-iki harf farklılığından ibaret. Şıh kelimesi içerenler şeyh, viranlar ören, ağlar ak, yörükler yürük haline dönüştürüldü. Bunun dışında Kürt, Gürcü, Tatar, Çerkez, Laz, Arap, muhacir gibi kelimeler içeren köy isimleri de bulundukları ortamda bölücülüğe meydan vermemek amacıyla değiştirildi.<br /><br />Artvin'de köy isimlerinin değiştirilmesi ise çok daha önce 1925 yılında yapıldı. Karadeniz Bölgesi'nde en çok dikkati çeken özellik Trabzon ile Rize arasında kalan alandaki yoğunlaşma. Trabzon ve Rize'de toplam 495 köyün ismi değiştirildi. Bunların 20 tanesi Türkçe, diğerleri Rumca, Lazca, Ermenice, Gürcüce oldukları için değiştirildi.<br />Diğer yoğunlaşma alanları olarak dikkati çeken Samsun, Kastamonu ve Sakarya çevresinde de ağırlıklı olarak Türkçe isimlerin harf değişiklikleri şeklinde yenileştirmeler söz konusu.<br /><br />DOĞU'DA ERMENİ, KÜRTÇE VE ARAPÇA İSİMLER DEĞİŞTİRİLDİ<br /><br />Doğu ve Güneydoğu Anadolu'da ise Karadeniz Bölgesi'nde olduğu gibi değiştirilen Türkçe köy adları bulunuyor. Fakat çoğunlukla isimler Ermenice, Kürtçe veya Arapça kökenli oldukları için değiştirildi. Doç. Dr. Harun Tuncel, Anadolu'daki inceleme gezileri ve çeşitli çalışmalar sırasında konuya ilişkin olarak yaptıkları soruşturmalar, inceleme ve gözlemlerin, bu isim değişikliklerinin çoğu yerde henüz tümüyle halk tarafından benimsenmiş ve kullanılır olmadığını gösterdiğini belirtiyor.<br /><br />Özellikle orta yaşlı ve yaşlı olanların hâlâ yerleşim yerlerini eski ismiyle andıklarına dikkat çeken Tuncel, daha çok gençlerin ve çocukların yeni isimleri öncelikli olarak bilip kullandığını ifade ediyor. Bu durumun, yeni isimlerin kullanımının tümüyle yerleşmesi için yeterli sürenin geçmediğini gösterdiğini anlatan Tuncel, eski isimlerin toplumsal hafızadan tümüyle silinmediğine işaret ediyor.<br /><br />Konunun, halkın ev içinde kullandığı dil, yerel ağız, lehçe ve vurgu özellikleriyle de alakalı olduğuna dikkat çeken Tuncel, şunları ifade etti: "Ancak tüm ülkede yaygın olarak dikkati çeken özellik ise artık yeni isimlerin de bilinir oluşudur. Bunda okuldaki eğitim sırasında, tapu ve nüfus işlemleri gibi çeşitli resmi işlerde yeni isimlerin kullanılmasının da payının olduğu göz ardı edilmemelidir. Ancak eski isimlerin uzunca bir süre daha kullanılmaya devam edeceği kesin görünmektedir. Türkçe olmasına rağmen yazı diline uygun hale getirmek amacıyla yapılan, özellikle birkaç harf değişikliğinden ibaret olan isim değişikliklerinin ise hiçbir zaman yöre halkı tarafından benimsenmeyeceği ve eski haliyle daha yüzyıllar boyunca kullanılmaya devam edeceği de bir gerçektir." </span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div id="inbdy"><a name="msg_161d7e8864af1e57"></a><span class="fixed_width" style="font-family:Courier, Monospaced;"><p>Malum Türkçede hem yörük ve yürük kullanımı var.<br /><p>Maalesef yazılı metinlerde ve TDK ilkelerinde ve sözlüğünde, sadece<br />yörük kelimesini kullanıyor.<br /><p>Halbu ki yedi düvel hatta bütün yabancı ansiklopediler dahil herkes<br />bilir ki; yörük kelimesi hakikaten köken olarak yürükten ve yürümekten<br />gelir.<br /><p>O zaman en doğru kullanım yürük olmalı değil mi?<br /><p>Urumeli de malumdur ki yörük diyemez, dilide zaten yörük demeye dönmez<br />ve yürük der.<br /><p>Demek hangisi doğruymuş ; bildiniz Urumeli şivesiyle yürük doğruymuş.<br /><p>Peki TDK'nın yürük kelimesini de kullanması gerekmez miydi?<br /><p>Kullanmıyorlarsa ;<br /><p>O zaman sormak lazım TDK nın başındakiler mi acaba aslen Türk değil?<br />Yoksa hazretler Türkçe mi bilmiyorlar?<br /><p>Türk Dilini Köreltme (TDK ) kuruluşu acaba diye kendi kendime<br />sorguladığım bu kurumda neden bu olaya bu kavrama biğane.<br /><p>Zaten TDK denen kurum, lokal şiveleri yok etti.<br /><p>Evet kayı, bayat , çepni vb boy şive farklarını ortaya koymamakla ve<br />yok olmalarını sağlamakla acayip cinayet işledi.<br /><p>Lokal şiveleri, boy şive farklarını yaşatmaları gerekirken<br />aynılaştırdılar.<br /><p>Yani bir kültürü yok ettiler.<br /><p>Bizimkiler İstanbul şivesiyle konuşurken , Amasya'da komşu çocukları<br />bize gülerdi. Hatta babanenemin "-gelin çocuklar gidelim<br />derler" ,lafını bile dile dolarlar espiri konusu olurdu. Zira onlar "-<br />gelin uşaklar hadi gidek diyolar, derlerdi. Neden her yerde istanbul<br />ve kayı şivesi olacak ki . Şahsen ben onların da bu üslubunu özledim.<br /><p>Neyse yakında bir yürük , TDK'nın başına geçinciye kadar eleştirlerle<br />ve kalemlerle aktif sabır lazım.<br /><p>Bu yazının telif hakkı Sürmene Kaymakamı Eyüp Sabri Kartal'a ait olup<br />kaynak belirtilmeden alıntılanamaz.<br /><p><a href="http://groups.google.com/group/kailar/web/yrk-m-yrk-m-hangi-kullanm-doru" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">http://groups.google.com/group/kailar/web/yrk-m-yrk-m-hangi-kullanm-doru</a><br />bağlantısını tıklayın veya bağlantı çalışmazsa tarayıcınızın adres<br />çubuğuna kopyalayın.<br /></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p></span></div><br /><table class="haber_ozet" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"><tbody><tr><td style="WIDTH: 80px" valign="top"><span id="ctl00_Contentplaceholder2_lblLabels">Etiketler : </span> </td><td valign="top" align="left"><table style="BORDER-COLLAPSE: collapse" id="ctl00_Contentplaceholder2_dlLables" border="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr><td><a style="COLOR: red" class="vdetay" href="http://mail.google.com/mail/Label.aspx?Param=türkiye">türkiye </a></td><td><a style="COLOR: red" class="vdetay" href="http://mail.google.com/mail/Label.aspx?Param=kürt">kürt </a></td><td><a style="COLOR: red" class="vdetay" href="http://mail.google.com/mail/Label.aspx?Param=türk">türk </a></td><td><a style="COLOR: red" class="vdetay" href="http://mail.google.com/mail/Label.aspx?Param=demokrasi">demokrasi </a></td><td><a style="COLOR: red" class="vdetay" href="http://mail.google.com/mail/Label.aspx?Param=açılım">açılım </a></td><td><a style="COLOR: red" class="vdetay" href="http://mail.google.com/mail/Label.aspx?Param="> </a></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><table class="haber_ozet" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"><tbody><tr><td style="WIDTH: 80px" valign="top"><span id="ctl00_Contentplaceholder2_lblLabels">Etiketler : </span> </td><td valign="top" align="left"><table style="BORDER-COLLAPSE: collapse" id="ctl00_Contentplaceholder2_dlLables" border="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr><td><a style="COLOR: red" class="vdetay" href="http://mail.google.com/mail/Label.aspx?Param=türkiye">türkiye </a></td><td><a style="COLOR: red" class="vdetay" href="http://mail.google.com/mail/Label.aspx?Param=kürt">kürt </a></td><td><a style="COLOR: red" class="vdetay" href="http://mail.google.com/mail/Label.aspx?Param=türk">türk </a></td><td><a style="COLOR: red" class="vdetay" href="http://mail.google.com/mail/Label.aspx?Param=demokrasi">demokrasi </a></td><td><a style="COLOR: red" class="vdetay" href="http://mail.google.com/mail/Label.aspx?Param=açılım">açılım </a></td><td><a style="COLOR: red" class="vdetay" href="http://mail.google.com/mail/Label.aspx?Param="> </a></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><br /><a class="a2a_dd" href="http://www.addtoany.com/share_save"><img border="0" width="171" alt="Share/Save/Bookmark" src="http://static.addtoany.com/buttons/share_save_171_16.png" height="16"/></a><script type="text/javascript">a2a_linkname="www.eyupsarikartal.com";a2a_linkurl=location.href;a2a_show_title=1;a2a_hide_embeds=0;a2a_num_services=22;</script><script charset="utf-8" src="http://static.addtoany.com/menu/locale/tr-TR.js" type="text/javascript"></script><script src="http://static.addtoany.com/menu/page.js" type="text/javascript"></script>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2905918545844906697.post-1633569510803991192009-08-14T17:46:00.000+03:002009-08-14T17:47:20.551+03:00Kaçanik, KaçenikUnknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2905918545844906697.post-75339944270191634032009-08-14T17:20:00.001+03:002009-09-05T11:45:06.881+03:00Kaçanik veya Kaçenik ;Yörük veya Yürük üzerine bir değerlendirme ve Nişanyan<div style="OVERFLOW: auto" id="g_body"><p><em><span style="font-size:0;">Bu yazının <strong>telif hakkı</strong> Sürmene Kaymakamı <strong>Eyüp Sabri Kartal</strong>'a ait olup kaynak belirtilmeden alıntılanamaz.
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<br /></span></em></p><p><em></em></p><h2><strong><span style="font-size:130%;">"Yörük" mü "Yürük" mü? Hangi kullanım şekli doğrudur?</span></strong></h2><p></p><p>Malum Türkçede; "<strong>nomad"</strong> anlamına hem "<strong>yörük"</strong> hem "<strong>yürük"</strong> kullanımı vardır. </p><p></p><p>Peki bunlardan hangi kullanım şekli en doğrusudur?</p><p></p><p>Şimdi sözlükleri inceleyelim.</p><p></p><p></p><p>Ermeni Asıllı Sevan NİŞANYANA göre ise <strong>yörük</strong> olmak, <strong>kötü</strong> olmak demektir. </p><p></p><p>Aslında hazret Türklüğe dolaylı hakaret olan ve kaynak gösteremeyeceği bu ilk buluşu için hazret yörük demek Türk olmak demek olduğundan büyük bir buluş veya yafta yaparak hayret bir şekilde <strong>yörük</strong> = "<strong>berduş </strong>" diyebilmektedir.</p><p></p><p><a href="http://www.nisanyansozluk.com/search.asp?w=y%F6r%FCk" rel="nofollow">http://www.nisanyansozluk.com/search.asp?w=y%F6r%FCk</a></p><p></p><p>Nişanyanı bizim en ala dilcilere değişmem. Ama onun kaynaksız berduş anlamını yüklemesine bir yörük olarak elbette kabul edemem. Şunu unutmamak lazım Türk kelimesi 1911 e kadar ki eski ingilizce sözlük ve ansiklopedilerde güzel yakışıklı asil ırk anlamları genç taze anlamları veriliken sonraları ahmak , idiot vb anlamlar verilmeye çalışılıyor. Nişanyan bana kaynak gösteremezse bu memlekete ve yörüklerin her birine özür borcu olacak.Berduş'un etimolojik anlamından çok ıstılahi anlamı daha önemlidir. Niyet okumuyorum. Sadece ilk kez, sözlükte yörük için berduş diyor. Niyet okumuyorum, tam aksine onun yazdığını yazıyorum. "<a title="Etrak-ı bi-idrak" href="http://tr.wiktionary.org/wiki/Etrak-%C4%B1_bi-idrak" rel="nofollow">Etrak-ı bi-idrak</a>" ;"İdraksız Türkler" demek olup Osmani kültürde <a title="tevazuu" href="http://tr.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=tevazuu&action=edit" rel="nofollow">tevazuu</a> (kendini <a title="alçaltma" href="http://tr.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=al%C3%A7altma&action=edit" rel="nofollow">alçaltma</a>) vardır. Netekim <a title="Osmani" href="http://tr.wiktionary.org/wiki/Osmani" rel="nofollow">Osmani</a>'ler <a title="Kayılar" href="http://tr.wiktionary.org/wiki/Kay%C4%B1lar" rel="nofollow">Kayılar</a>'lılar kendileri dışındaki her milleti değişik <a title="ünvan" href="http://tr.wiktionary.org/wiki/%C3%BCnvan" rel="nofollow">ünvanlarla</a> <a title="taltif" href="http://tr.wiktionary.org/wiki/taltif" rel="nofollow">taltif</a> etti. Mesela ; Ermenilere <a title="Millet-i Sadıka" href="http://tr.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=Millet-i_Sad%C4%B1ka&action=edit" rel="nofollow">Millet-i Sadıka</a> , <a title="Kürt" href="http://tr.wiktionary.org/wiki/K%C3%BCrt" rel="nofollow">Kürtlere</a> <a title="nim" href="http://tr.wiktionary.org/wiki/nim" rel="nofollow">nim</a>-<a title="seyyid" href="http://tr.wiktionary.org/wiki/seyyid" rel="nofollow">seyyid</a> , <a title="Arap" href="http://tr.wiktionary.org/wiki/Arap" rel="nofollow">Araplara</a> <a title="nesli peygamberi" href="http://tr.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=nesli_peygamberi&action=edit" rel="nofollow">nesli peygamberi</a> veya doğrudan <a title="seyyid" href="http://tr.wiktionary.org/wiki/seyyid" rel="nofollow">seyyid</a>, rumlara ,siz ne <a title="asil" href="http://tr.wiktionary.org/wiki/asil" rel="nofollow">asil</a> milletsiniz bize <a title="Kur'an" href="http://tr.wiktionary.org/wiki/Kur%27an" rel="nofollow">Kur'an</a>'da bir ayet bile yok size koskoca <a title="Rum Suresi" href="http://tr.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=Rum_Suresi&action=edit" rel="nofollow">Rum Suresi</a> var , demişlerdir. Peki siz kimsiniz? deyince biz <b>etrak-ı bi idrak'ız</b> derlerdi. (Ama bu arada imparatorluk idare ederlermiş ,herkese iltifat ederek .) ve necisiniz? denince kendilerini gösterek acizane <b><a title="bende" href="http://tr.wiktionary.org/wiki/bende" rel="nofollow">bendeniz</a> (yani farsça</b> köle<b>niz demek)</b> eşi için de bu da <b><a title="cariye" href="http://tr.wiktionary.org/wiki/cariye" rel="nofollow">cariyeniz</a> (bu da kadın köleniz)</b> , size ne getirsinler, derlerdi. Bir kavme <a title="hadim" href="http://tr.wiktionary.org/wiki/hadim" rel="nofollow">hadim</a> olan, o kavmin <a title="efendi" href="http://tr.wiktionary.org/wiki/efendi" rel="nofollow">efendisi</a> olur, derlermiş. Bu kullanım el an büyük tüccarlarda da vardır , işler nasıl deseniz? trilyonları çeviren işadamları "<b>fakirhane de idare ediyoruz, işte"</b> diyorlar. <a title="Tatar" href="http://tr.wiktionary.org/wiki/Tatar" rel="nofollow">Tatarları</a> posta idaresinde , <a title="Rum" href="http://tr.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=Rum&action=edit" rel="nofollow">Rumları</a> <a title="hariciye" href="http://tr.wiktionary.org/wiki/hariciye" rel="nofollow">hariciyede</a> , <a title="Ermeni" href="http://tr.wiktionary.org/wiki/Ermeni" rel="nofollow">Ermenileri</a> <a title="sanat" href="http://tr.wiktionary.org/wiki/sanat" rel="nofollow">sanatta</a> , <a title="Süryani" href="http://tr.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=S%C3%BCryani&action=edit" rel="nofollow">Süryani</a>'leri <a title="mali" href="http://tr.wiktionary.org/wiki/mali" rel="nofollow">mali</a> işlerde istihdam etmişler. Nişanyanda sadıkane olsun ben bi idrak olmaya razıyım. Ama sözlüklere sadakat olmadan uydurma açıklamlarla yörüklere berduş diyemez. Onu edebe davet eder "Adem zade biedeb nest, adem nist" derim. Bizden korkulmaz 301 e bende karşıyım. Fikir özgürlüğüne sonuna kadar tarafım ama kabalığa hele atalarıma hakarete asla katlanamam. Edep Yahu der, edebe davet ederim. Bu korkunç olmaksa korkunçluğu kabul ederim. </p><p>Bunu bir türk yapsa ona da aynısını derdim. Ama usta bir dilciyse özür dilemesse asla affetmem. Irkçılık konusuna gelince kafatasçı olmadığımı zaten yazılarımdan anlarsın. Ama kayı, yörük konusuna özel ilgim olduğu doğru. Bu ırkçılıksa , ne diyeyim ondan olsun.</p><p></p><p>Şimdi sözlüğe bakalım;</p><p></p><p><a href="http://www.nisanyansozluk.com/default.asp" rel="nofollow"><img border="0" alt="" src="http://www.nisanyansozluk.com/img/banner.gif" width="589" height="100" /></a></p><p></p><table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"><tbody><tr><td style="PADDING-RIGHT: 4px;color:#ffffff;" ><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-size:0;"><strong>yörük</strong> </span></span></td><td bgcolor="#000000" width="1"></td><td style="PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; PADDING-LEFT: 4px; PADDING-RIGHT: 4px"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-size:0;">[<tü]<></span> </span></td><td bgcolor="#000000" width="1"></td><td style="PADDING-BOTTOM: 4px; PADDING-LEFT: 5px; PADDING-RIGHT: 5px"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-size:0;">yürük </span><span style="font-size:0;">[xvii Men] </span><span style="font-size:0;">gezgin, berduş, sabit konutu olmayan </span></span><td bgcolor="#000000" width="1"></td><td style="PADDING-BOTTOM: 4px; PADDING-LEFT: 5px; PADDING-RIGHT: 5px"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-size:0;"><span style="font-size:0;">< </span><span title="Türkçe">Tü </span><span style="font-size:0;">yörü-/yürü- </span><span style="font-size:0;"></span><span style="font-size:0;"><span style="font-family:Wingdings 3;">"</span> <a href="http://www.nisanyansozluk.com/search.asp?w=y%C3%BCr%C3%BC-" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#000000;">yürü-</span></a></span> </span></span></td></td></tr></tbody></table><p></p><p></p><p><strong></strong></p><p><strong>Şimdi de 1911 deki İngiliz Ansiklopedi Yazarlarının Yazdığına bakalım. İçimizdeki azınlıkları çok severiz . Ama atalarımıza da kaynaksız atmalarınada dayanamayız. Bari komşularınızla beraber yaşamanın hatırına az saygı gösterseniz , olmaz mı? Millet-i Sadıkaya sadakat yaraşır, değil mi?</strong> </p><p></p><ul><li><div align="left">The <a title="1911 Edition" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1911_Edition&action=edit" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#0000cc;">1911 Edition</span></a> of <a title="Encyclopaedia Britannica" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopaedia_Britannica" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#0000cc;">Encyclopaedia Britannica</span></a> about <a title="Yuruks" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuruks" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#0000cc;">Yuruks</span></a>, <a title="Kailars" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kailars&action=edit" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#0000cc;">Kailars</span></a> and <a title="Konariotes" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konariotes" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#0000cc;">Konariotes</span></a> </div></li></ul><p style="TEXT-ALIGN: left"><a title="http://www.google.com/search?q=" href="http://www.google.com/search?q=cache:9gwAgSqEuPcJ:encyclopedia.jrank.org/LUP_MAL/MACEDONIA.html+Yuruks+kailar+turks&hl=en&gl=uk&ct=clnk&cd=2" rel="nofollow" ct="clnk&cd=" hl="en&gl="><span style="color:#0000cc;">see link</span></a></p><p style="TEXT-ALIGN: left"></p><table style="BORDER-BOTTOM-STYLE: none; BORDER-RIGHT-STYLE: none; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; BORDER-COLLAPSE: collapse; BORDER-TOP-STYLE: none; BORDER-LEFT-STYLE: none" align="center"><tbody><tr><td style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; PADDING-BOTTOM: 10px; PADDING-LEFT: 10px; PADDING-RIGHT: 10px; FONT-FAMILY: serif; COLOR: #b2b7f2; FONT-SIZE: 40px; FONT-WEIGHT: bold; PADDING-TOP: 10px" valign="top" width="20">“</td><td style="PADDING-BOTTOM: 4px; PADDING-LEFT: 10px; PADDING-RIGHT: 10px; PADDING-TOP: 4px" valign="top"><p>The first <a title="Turkish" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#0000cc;">Turkish</span></a> <a title="Immigration" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immigration" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#0000cc;">immigration</span></a> from <a title="Asia Minor" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia_Minor" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#0000cc;">Asia Minor</span></a> took place under the <a title="Byzantine" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#0000cc;">Byzantine</span></a> emperors before the conquest of the country. <b>The first purely Turkish town, Yenije-Vardar</b>, was founded on the ruins of <a title="Vardar" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vardar" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#0000cc;">Vardar</span></a> in 1362. After the capture of <a title="Salonica" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salonica" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#0000cc;">Salonica</span></a> (1430), a strong Turkish population was settled in the city, and similar colonies were founded in <a title="Monastir" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monastir" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#0000cc;">Monastir</span></a>, <a title="Ochrida" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ochrida" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#0000cc;">Ochrida</span></a>, <a title="Serres" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serres" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#0000cc;">Serres</span></a>, <a title="Drama" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drama" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#0000cc;">Drama</span></a> and other important places. In many of these towns half or more of the population is still Turkish. A series of <a title="Military" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#0000cc;">military</span></a> colonies were subsequently established at various points of strategic importance along the <a title="Principal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principal" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#0000cc;">principal</span></a> lines of <a title="Communication" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communication" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#0000cc;">communication</span></a>. <b>Before 1360 large numbers of <a title="Nomad" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nomad" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#0000cc;">nomad</span></a> <a title="Shepherds" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shepherds" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#0000cc;">shepherds</span></a>, or <a title="Yuruks" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuruks" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#0000cc;">Yuruks</span></a>, from the district of <a title="Konia" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konia" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#0000cc;">Konia</span></a>, in <a title="Asia Minor" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia_Minor" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#0000cc;">Asia Minor</span></a>, had settled in the country; their descendants are still</b> <b>known as <a title="Konariotes" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konariotes" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#0000cc;">Konariotes</span></a></b>. Further immigration from this region took place from time to time up to the middle of the <a title="18th century" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/18th_century" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#0000cc;">18th century</span></a>.</p><p>After the establishment of the <a title="Feudal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feudal" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#0000cc;">feudal</span></a> <a title="System" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#0000cc;">system</span></a> in <b>1397 many of the <a title="Seljuk" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seljuk" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#0000cc;">Seljuk</span></a> <a title="Noble" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noble" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#0000cc;">noble</span></a> families came over from Asia Minor; their descendants may be recognized among the <a title="Beys" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beys" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#0000cc;">beys</span></a> or <a title="Moslem" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moslem" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#0000cc;">Moslem</span></a> <a title="Landowners" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landowners" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#0000cc;">landowners</span></a> in southern <a title="Macedonia" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macedonia" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#0000cc;">Macedonia</span></a></b> .</p><p>At the beginning of the 18th century the <a title="Turkish population" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Turkish_population&action=edit" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#0000cc;">Turkish population</span></a> was very considerable, but since that time it has continuously decreased. A low birth rate, the exhaustion of the male population by <a title="Military service" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_service" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#0000cc;">military service</span></a>, and great mortality from <a title="Epidemic" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidemic" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#0000cc;">epidemics</span></a>, against which <a title="Moslem fatalism" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Moslem_fatalism&action=edit" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#0000cc;">Moslem fatalism</span></a> takes no pre-cautions, have brought about a decline which has latterly been hastened by <a title="Emigration" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emigration" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#0000cc;">emigration</span></a></p><p><i>The Turkish rural population is found in three principal groups:</i></p><ul><li>the most easterly extends from the <a title="Mesta" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesta" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#0000cc;">Mesta</span></a> to <a title="Drama" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drama" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#0000cc;">Drama</span></a>, <a title="Pravishta" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pravishta&action=edit" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#0000cc;">Pravishta</span></a> and <a title="Orfano" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Orfano&action=edit" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#0000cc;">Orfano</span></a>, reaching the sea-coast on either side of <a title="Kavala" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kavala" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#0000cc;">Kavala</span></a>, which is partly <a title="Turkish" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#0000cc;">Turkish</span></a>, partly <a title="Greece" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#0000cc;">Greek</span></a>. <li>The second, or central group begins on the sea-coast, a little west of the mouth of the <a title="Strymon" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strymon" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#0000cc;">Strymon</span></a>, where a <a title="Greeks" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greeks" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#0000cc;">Greek</span></a> population intervenes, and extends to the north-west along the <a title="Kara-Dagh" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kara-Dagh" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#0000cc;">Kara-Dagh</span></a> and <a title="Belasitza" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belasitza" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#0000cc;">Belasitza</span></a> ranges in the direction of <a title="Strumnitza" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Strumnitza&action=edit" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#0000cc;">Strumnitza</span></a>, <a title="Veles" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veles" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#0000cc;">Veles</span></a>, <a title="Shtip" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shtip" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#0000cc;">Shtip</span></a> and <a title="Radovisht" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radovisht" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#0000cc;">Radovisht</span></a>. <li><b>The third, or southern, group is centred around</b> <a title="KAİLAR" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=KA%C4%B0LAR&action=edit" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#0000cc;">KAİLAR</span></a><b>, an entirely <a title="Turkish" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#0000cc;">Turkish</span></a> town, and extends from <a title="Lake" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#0000cc;">Lake</span></a> <a title="Ostrovo" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ostrovo&action=edit" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#0000cc;">Ostrovo</span></a> to <a title="Selfije" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selfije" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#0000cc;">Selfije</span></a> (<a title="Servia" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Servia" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#0000cc;">Servia</span></a>). The second and third groups are mainly composed of <a title="Konariot" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konariot" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#0000cc;">Konariot</span></a> shepherds. Besides these fairly compact settlements there are numerous isolated <a title="Turkish colonies" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Turkish_colonies&action=edit" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#0000cc;">Turkish colonies</span></a> in various parts of the country.</b> THE TURKISH RURAL POPULATION IS <a title="Quiet" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quiet" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#0000cc;">quiet</span></a>, <a title="SOBER" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SOBER" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#0000cc;">SOBER</span></a> and <a title="ORDERLY" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ORDERLY&action=edit" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#0000cc;">ORDERLY</span></a>, PRESENTING SOME OF THE BEST CHARACTERISRICS OF THE <a title="RACE" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RACE" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#0000cc;">RACE</span></a></li></ul></td></tr></tbody></table><p></p><p><strong>Bizim Nişanyan Amca ise ; berduş diyor , ne diyelim , "- Allah" deriz. Ağzı olanın konuşma ,kalemi olanın yazma hakkı var , az edep lazım.</strong></p><p></p><table style="BORDER-BOTTOM-STYLE: none; BORDER-RIGHT-STYLE: none; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; BORDER-COLLAPSE: collapse; BORDER-TOP-STYLE: none; BORDER-LEFT-STYLE: none" align="center"><tbody><tr><td style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; PADDING-BOTTOM: 10px; PADDING-LEFT: 10px; PADDING-RIGHT: 10px; COLOR: #b2b7f2; FONT-SIZE: 30px; FONT-WEIGHT: bold; PADDING-TOP: 10px" valign="top" width="20">“</td><td style="PADDING-BOTTOM: 4px; PADDING-LEFT: 10px; PADDING-RIGHT: 10px; PADDING-TOP: 4px" valign="top">Adem-i zâde eger bî-edeb est, âdem nist (âdem oğlu eğer ki edepsizdir, âdem değildir.)
<br /><p>Fark der cism-i benî âdem ü hayvan edeb est(âdem ve hayvan cinslerinin cismindeki fark edeptir)
<br />Çeşm be küşâ-yı bi-bîn cümle kelâmullâh râ (gözünü aç bak cümle kelamullaha)
<br />Ayet âyet hemegî ma’nî-i kur’ân edeb est (ayet ayet bütün manası kur’an’ın edeptir)
<br /><a title="Mevlana Celaleddin-i Rumi" href="http://tr.wikiquote.org/wiki/Mevlana_Celaleddin-i_Rumi" rel="nofollow">Mevlana Celaleddin-i Rumi</a></p></td><td style="TEXT-ALIGN: right; PADDING-BOTTOM: 10px; PADDING-LEFT: 10px; PADDING-RIGHT: 10px; COLOR: #b2b7f2; FONT-SIZE: 30px; FONT-WEIGHT: bold; PADDING-TOP: 10px" valign="bottom" width="20">”</td></tr><tr><td style="PADDING-TOP: 10px" colspan="3"></td></tr></tbody></table><p></p><p>
<br /></p><ul><li>Edep bir tac imiş nur-i hüda’dan ,Giy ol tacı emin ol her belâdan - <a title="Türk atasözleri" href="http://tr.wikiquote.org/wiki/T%C3%BCrk_atas%C3%B6zleri" rel="nofollow">Türk atasözleri</a> </li></ul><ul><li>Eddibu’n-nefse eyyühe’l-ahbabu (nefsinizi edepli kılın ey dostlar) , Turuku’d-dini kulluha edebu' (dinin tüm yolları edeptir) - İslam Atasözü </li></ul><ul><li>El-fazlu bi’l-edeb, lâ bil asli ve’n-neseb(erdem edeptedir, soy sopta değil) - İslam Atasözü </li></ul><ul><li>Men lem yüeddibhü’l-ebevan (Ailesinde edeplenmeyenleri) ,Yüeddibhü’l-melevan.(zaman ve koşullar edeplendirir) - İslam Atasözü </li></ul><ul><li>Bi-edeb ra edeb kerden edeb est (Edepsize edeple karşılık vermek edeptendir) - Pers Atasözü </li></ul><ul><li>Hadd-i zâtında kim olmazsa edib (edebli) ,Feleğin sillesi eyler te’dib (edeplendirir) <a title="Nabi" href="http://tr.wikiquote.org/wiki/Nabi" rel="nofollow">Nabi</a> </li></ul><p><strong>Amma ; yürük</strong> kelimesine gelince sizin pek çoğunuzun bilmeyeceği bir şeyi millet-i sadıkanın Nişanyanı bilerek enteresan bilgiler vermektedir.Üstelik inanılmaz şekilde, doğruya yakın bilgilere ulaşmaktadır. </p><p></p><p>Sayfaarda geçen <strong>"Kaçenik"</strong> kelimesiyle kıyaslayınız.</p><p></p><p><a href="http://www.nisanyansozluk.com/default.asp" rel="nofollow"><img border="0" alt="" src="http://www.nisanyansozluk.com/img/banner.gif" width="589" height="100" /></a><a href="http://www.nisanyansozluk.com/default.asp" rel="nofollow"></a></p><p></p><table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"><tbody><tr><td style="PADDING-RIGHT: 4px;color:#ffffff;" ><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-size:0;"><strong>yürük</strong> </span></span></td><td bgcolor="#000000" width="1"></td><td style="PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; PADDING-LEFT: 4px; PADDING-RIGHT: 4px"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-size:0;">[Tü]</span></span> </td><td bgcolor="#000000" width="1"></td><td style="PADDING-BOTTOM: 4px; PADDING-LEFT: 5px; PADDING-RIGHT: 5px"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-size:0;">yügrük </span><span style="font-size:0;">[xi] </span><span style="font-size:0;"><strong>hızlı</strong>, <strong>koşucu</strong> </span>
<br /><span style="font-size:0;">yürük </span><span style="font-size:0;">[xix LO] </span><span style="font-size:0;">Türk müziğinde <strong>hızlı bir tempo</strong> </span></span><td bgcolor="#000000" width="1"></td><td style="PADDING-BOTTOM: 4px; PADDING-LEFT: 5px; PADDING-RIGHT: 5px"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-size:0;"><span style="font-size:0;">< </span><span title="Türkçe">Tü </span><span style="font-size:0;">yüğür- </span><span style="font-size:0;">[viii] </span><span style="font-size:0;"><strong>hızlı gitmek</strong>, <strong>koşmak</strong> </span><span style="font-size:0;"></span><span style="font-size:0;">
<br />———————
<br />• Yörük (göçebe) sözcüğüyle karıştırılmamalıdır. </span></span></span></td></td></tr></tbody></table><p></p><p></p><p></p><p><span style="font-size:130%;"><strong>Kosova'da bulunan "<span style="color:#ff0000;">Kaçenik</span>" veya "<span style="color:#ff0000;">Kaçanik</span>" hangisi doğru kullanım?</strong></span></p><p><strong></strong></p><p><strong><span style="color:#000099;"><span style="font-family:Trebuchet MS;font-size:100%;">Kaçenik ' ler yani kaçenik sülalesi (familyası) Kayıların Erdoğmuş karyesinde var.. </span></span></strong></p><p><strong><span style="color:#000099;"><span style="font-family:Trebuchet MS;font-size:100%;"></span></span></strong></p><p><strong><span style="color:#000099;"><span style="font-family:Trebuchet MS;font-size:100%;">Erdemuş da Bayram Ağalarda ve Molla İsiinlerde (Bu teleffuz Antalya Korkuteli yürüklerinde de aynen kullanılır , mahsus Hüseyin demeyip orjinal muhacir teleffuzu İsiin'i kullanıyorum.) bu sülaleden.</span></span></strong></p><p><strong><span style="font-family:Trebuchet MS;font-size:100%;color:#000099;"></span></strong></p><p><strong><span style="color:#000099;"><span style="font-family:Trebuchet MS;font-size:100%;">Atalarımız "<span style="color:#ff0000;">Kaçenik</span>" derken "<span style="color:#ff0000;">çok koşan</span>" anlamına kullanıyorlardı. </span></span></strong></p><p><strong><span style="color:#000099;"><span style="font-family:Trebuchet MS;font-size:100%;"></span></span></strong></p><p><strong><span style="color:#000099;"><span style="font-family:Trebuchet MS;font-size:100%;">Kaçenik etimolojik olarak "<span style="color:#ff0000;">Kaç</span>" ve "<span style="color:#ff0000;">Enik</span>" terkibinden oluşuyordu.</span></span></strong></p><p><strong><span style="color:#000099;"><span style="font-family:Trebuchet MS;font-size:100%;"></span></span></strong></p><p><strong><span style="font-family:Trebuchet MS;font-size:100%;color:#000099;">Demek <em>Kaçenik</em> kullanımı oğrudur.</span></strong> </p><p><strong><span style="color:#000099;"><span style="font-family:Trebuchet MS;font-size:100%;"></span></span></strong></p><p><strong><span style="color:#000099;"><span style="font-family:Trebuchet MS;font-size:100%;">Erdoğmuş karyesinin en asilleri için bu lakap kullanılırdı. </span></span></strong></p><p><strong><span style="color:#000099;"><span style="font-family:Trebuchet MS;font-size:100%;"></span></span></strong></p><p><strong><span style="color:#000099;"><span style="font-family:Trebuchet MS;font-size:100%;">Buna benzer kullanımlar Osmanlılarda da vardı.</span></span></strong></p><p><strong><span style="color:#000099;"><span style="font-family:Trebuchet MS;font-size:100%;"></span></span></strong></p><p><strong><span style="color:#000099;"><span style="font-family:Trebuchet MS;font-size:100%;">Gayri müslimlerden devşirdikleri Yeniçerilerin kahramanlık sıfatları da şöyleydi: "<span style="color:#ff0000;">Korkusuz Köpek</span>!" derlerdi.</span></span></strong></p><p><strong><span style="color:#000099;"><span style="font-family:Trebuchet MS;font-size:100%;"></span></span></strong></p><p><strong><span style="color:#000099;"><span style="font-family:Trebuchet MS;font-size:100%;">Onları devşiren yani zekasına karakterine bakarak beğenerek alan Kayılar kazasının Laları , Acaları , Ağaları , Beyleri idi.</span></span></strong></p><p><strong><span style="font-family:Trebuchet MS;font-size:100%;color:#000099;"></span></strong></p><p><strong><span style="font-family:Trebuchet MS;font-size:100%;color:#000099;">Kızılderelilerde "korkusuz köpek " "oturan boğa" derler.</span></strong></p><p><strong><span style="font-family:Trebuchet MS;font-size:100%;color:#000099;"></span></strong></p><p><strong><span style="font-family:Trebuchet MS;font-size:100%;color:#000099;">Kızılderelilerin kızıllığı Berring boğazını geçen türklerden olmaları rivayetleriyle konuyu değerlendirirsek</span></strong></p><p><strong><span style="font-family:Trebuchet MS;font-size:100%;color:#000099;"></span></strong></p><p><strong><span style="font-family:Trebuchet MS;font-size:100%;color:#000099;">Kültürler örtüşüyor, demektir.</span></strong></p><p><strong></strong></p><p><strong>Şu enteresandır ki <em>yürük</em> anlamıyla</strong> Kaçenik <strong>kelimelerinin anlamı örtüşüyor.</strong></p><p><strong></strong></p><p><strong>Bana göre bizimkilerden iyi koşucu olur.</strong></p><p><strong></strong></p><p><strong>Bunu denemek lazım.</strong></p><p><strong></strong></p><p><strong>Mesela Necmi Perekli gibi bizim oranın popüler kahramanları bunun güzel örneğidir.</strong></p><p><strong></strong></p><p><strong></strong></p><p><strong>Latino hurufuyla</strong> yazılan resmi metinlerde ve <strong><span style="font-size:6;">TDK sözlüğünde</span></strong>, birer bilim adamı olarak yüce Türk dil bilimcilerimiz ise "<strong>yörük"</strong> kelimesini aşağıdaki şekilde kullanıyorlar.</p><p></p><p align="center"><strong><span style="color:crimson;"><strong><span style="color:darkblue;"></span></strong>Yörük (II) <strong><span style="color:darkblue;">-k'ü</span></strong></span></strong>
<br /><i><strong><span style="color:mediumblue;">özel, <i>isim</i></span></strong><strong><span style="color:mediumblue;"> (yörüğü) </span></strong></i></p><p></p><table border="1" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" width="80%" align="center"><tbody><tr><td><b><span style="color:orangered;"><strong><span style="color:darkblue;"></span></strong></span></b>Hayvancılıkla geçinen, genellikle Toroslar'da yaşayan göçebe Türk oymağı.</td></tr></tbody></table><p></p><p align="center"><span style="font-size:130%;color:red;"><strong>Birleşik Sözler</strong></span></p><p></p><table border="1" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" width="80%" align="center"><tbody><tr><td><a href="http://www.tdk.gov.tr/TR/sozbul.ASPX?F6E10F8892433CFFAAF6AA849816B2EF05A79F75456518CA&Kelime=Y%C3%B6r%C3%BCk%20%C3%A7ad%C4%B1r%C4%B1&EskiSoz=Y%C3%B6r%C3%BCk&GeriDon=2" rel="nofollow"><span style="font-size:85%;">Yörük çadırı</span></a></td><td><span style="font-size:85%;"></span></td><td><span style="font-size:85%;"></span></td><td><span style="font-size:85%;"></span></td></tr></tbody></table><p></p><p align="center"></p><p align="center"><strong><span style="color:crimson;"><strong><span style="color:darkblue;"></span></strong>Yörük çadırı </span></strong>
<br /><i><strong><span style="color:mediumblue;"><i>isim</i></span></strong><strong><span style="color:mediumblue;"></span></strong></i></p><p></p><table border="1" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" width="80%" align="center"><tbody><tr><td><b><span style="color:orangered;"><strong><span style="color:darkblue;"></span></strong></span></b>Yörüklerin iyi korunmuş, kıldan yapılmış, büyük ve geniş çadırı, çatma.</td></tr></tbody></table><p></p><p></p><p>"<strong>yürük</strong>" hakkında ise aşağıdaki şekilde bilgi veriyor:</p><p align="center"><strong><span style="color:crimson;"><strong><span style="color:darkblue;"></span></strong>yürük <strong><span style="color:darkblue;">-ğü</span></strong></span></strong>
<br /><i><strong><span style="color:mediumblue;"><i>isim, tarih</i></span></strong><strong><span style="color:mediumblue;"></span></strong></i></p><p></p><table border="1" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" width="80%" align="center"><tbody><tr><td><b><span style="color:orangered;"><strong><span style="color:royalblue;">1 . </span></strong><strong><span style="color:darkblue;"></span></strong></span></b>Osmanlı İmparatorluğu'nda otuzar kişilik ocaklar olarak Rumeli'ye yerleştirilen ve savaş zamanlarında geri hizmetlerde çalıştırılan tımarlı asker.</td></tr><tr><td><b><span style="color:orangered;"><strong><span style="color:royalblue;">2 . </span></strong><strong><span style="color:darkblue;"></span></strong></span></b><i>sıfat</i> Göçebe olan:
<br /><i>"Fakat göç ve yürük hayatı hareme ve kapalılığa gelmez."- </i><span style="font-size:85%;color:#3399ff;">F. R. Atay</span>.</td></tr></tbody></table><p></p><p align="center"><span style="font-size:130%;color:red;"><strong>Birleşik Sözler</strong></span></p><p></p><table border="1" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" width="80%" align="center"><tbody><tr><td><a href="http://www.tdk.gov.tr/TR/sozbul.ASPX?F6E10F8892433CFFAAF6AA849816B2EF05A79F75456518CA&Kelime=y%C3%BCr%C3%BCk%20aksak&EskiSoz=y%C3%BCr%C3%BCk&GeriDon=2" rel="nofollow"><span style="font-size:85%;">yürük aksak</span></a></td><td><a href="http://www.tdk.gov.tr/TR/sozbul.ASPX?F6E10F8892433CFFAAF6AA849816B2EF05A79F75456518CA&Kelime=y%C3%BCr%C3%BCk%20semai&EskiSoz=y%C3%BCr%C3%BCk&GeriDon=2" rel="nofollow"><span style="font-size:85%;">yürük semai</span></a></td></tr></tbody></table><p></p><p></p><p align="center"><strong><span style="color:crimson;"><strong><span style="color:darkblue;"></span></strong>yürük semai </span></strong>
<br /><i><strong><span style="color:mediumblue;"><i>isim, müzik</i></span></strong><strong><span style="color:mediumblue;"></span></strong></i></p><p></p><table border="1" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" width="80%" align="center"><tbody><tr><td><b><span style="color:orangered;"><strong><span style="color:darkblue;"></span></strong></span></b>Türk müziği usullerinden biri, sengin semai.</td></tr></tbody></table><p></p><p></p><p align="center"><strong><span style="color:crimson;"><strong><span style="color:darkblue;"></span></strong>yürük aksak <strong><span style="color:darkblue;">-ğı</span></strong></span></strong>
<br /><i><strong><span style="color:mediumblue;"><i>isim, müzik</i></span></strong><strong><span style="color:mediumblue;"></span></strong></i></p><p></p><table border="1" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" width="80%" align="center"><tbody><tr><td><b><span style="color:orangered;"><strong><span style="color:darkblue;"></span></strong></span></b>Aksak usulünün en hareketlisi</td></tr></tbody></table><p></p><p></p><p>Yani yukardaki alıntıdan da anlaşılacağı üzere ilke olarakta TDK, sadece <strong>yörük</strong> lafını kabul ediyor. Yürük lafını ise göçebe ve 30 kişilik tımarlı olarak kullanıyor.</p><p></p><p>Açıklma:(Bu açıklamanın telif hakkı Kaymakam Eyüp Sabri KARTAL'a aittir. Kaynağın kimliği yazılı belirtilmeden kullanılamaz.)</p><p></p><p>Yedi <strong>düvel </strong>hatta bütün yabancı <strong>ansiklopediler</strong> dahil herkes bilir ki; <strong>yörük</strong> kelimesi hakikaten köken olarak <strong>yürükten</strong> ve <strong>yürümek</strong>ten gelir. </p><p></p><p>Aşağıda Wikipedia'dan da bu husus açıklanmıştır.. </p><p></p><p>O zaman en doğru kullanım <strong>yürük</strong> olmalı değil mi?</p><p></p><p>Peki bizim oraların ahalisi yani Kayılar ahalisi ne der?</p><p></p><p><strong>Urumeli</strong> de malumdur ki <strong>yörük</strong> denmez, dedenemez, diyemez, zaten dili de <strong>yörük</strong> demeye dönmez ve tabii olarak <strong>yürük</strong> der. </p><p></p><p><span style="font-size:130%;">Şimdi dili inceleyelim.</span></p><p></p><p>İstanbul Türkçesinde (gyani Garbi Türkçede) <strong>yürümek</strong> mi denir? yoksa <strong>yörümek</strong> mi denir?</p><p></p><p>Tabii ki <strong>yürümek</strong> denir. </p><p></p><p>Peki nerelerde köylüler ve yaşlılar <strong>yürümek</strong> olarak teleffuz eder? </p><p></p><p>Urumeli , de değil mi? </p><p></p><p>Oysa Anadolu'nun pek çok yöresinde Çağatay türkçesine uygun olarak <strong>yörümek </strong>olarak teleffuzu kullanılır? </p><p></p><p><strong>Çorum</strong> dolaylarında, <strong>İç Anadolu</strong>da, <strong>Konya</strong>da ...</p><p></p><p>Mesela bir insana İç Anadolu'da Mersin'de Şalpazarında "<strong>yürü, git</strong>" denmez .</p><p></p><p>Şarki Türkçeye uygun olarak "<strong>Yörü, get</strong>" <strong>hemşerim ya!</strong> derler.</p><p></p><p>Hala da böyle kullanılır.</p><p></p><p><span style="font-size:130%;">Yani Anadolu şivelerine göre; "<strong>yörümek"</strong>ten "<strong><em>yörük"</em></strong> ibaresini kullanırlar.</span></p><p></p><p></p><p>Bu yörelerin şivelerine göre; <em>yörümekten <strong>yörük</strong> doğrudur</em>.</p><p></p><p>Ama İstanbul şivesine göre ise; <em>yürümekten <strong>yürük</strong> doğrudur</em>.</p><p></p><p></p><p>Demek İstanbul şivesine göre hangisi doğruymuş ;?</p><p></p><p>Bildiniz...</p><p></p><p><strong>Urumeli</strong> şivesiyle yürümekten <strong>yürük</strong> doğruymuş.</p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p><span style="font-size:130%;">TDK'nın İstanbul şivesine uyarak, <strong>yürük</strong> kelimesini kullanması gerekmez mi?</span></p><p></p><p>Kullanmıyorlarsa o zaman bazı sualler sormak lazım;</p><p></p><p><strong>TDK</strong> nın başındakiler acaba aslen <strong>Türk</strong> mü ? </p><p></p><p>Yoksa hazretler <strong>Türkçe</strong> mi bilmiyorlar?</p><p></p><p>Malum Ağop Dilaçarlar bu kuruma başkanlık yapmıştı.</p><p></p><p></p><p><strong>Bu gariplikleri görünce, "yoksa bu kurum "Türk Dilini Köreltme"</strong> (<strong>TDK</strong> ) kurumu mu?" diye kendi kendime sorguluyorum.</p><p></p><p><span style="font-size:130%;">Zaten malum <strong>TDK</strong> denen kurum, <strong>lokal şiveleri</strong> yok etti.</span></p><p></p><p>Şimdilerde Azeriler şiveleri yok olmasın diye Türkçe filmlerin altına Azerice dublaj konulması kuralını geitrdi.</p><p></p><p>Evet <strong>kayı, bayat , çepni vb boy şive farklarını</strong> ortaya koymamakla ve <strong>yok olmalarını</strong> sağlamakla acayip cinayet işledi.</p><p></p><p>Lokal şiveleri, <strong>boy şive farklarını</strong> yaşatmaları gerekirken aynılaştırdılar. </p><p></p><p>Yani bir <strong>kültürü</strong> yok ettiler.</p><p></p><p><span style="font-size:130%;">Bizim aile, <strong>Gümüşhacıköy</strong> de bile <strong>İstanbul şivesiyle</strong> konuşurdu.</span></p><p></p><p>Hem de yaşlıları, <strong>90 lıkları bile , İstanbul şivesiyle konuşurdu?</strong></p><p></p><p>Ama lokal şiveyle konuşmuyor diye komşu çocukları <strong>bizim nenelerin teleffuzuna gülerlerdi</strong>.</p><p></p><p>Hatta babanenemin <strong>"-gelin çocuklar gidelim derler"</strong> ,lafını bile dillerine dolarlar espiri ve taklit konusu yaparlardı. </p><p></p><p>Zira onlar <strong>"-gelin göbeller hadi gidek diyolar"</strong>, derlerdi. </p><p></p><p>Bu arada anti parantez belirtmek lazım; benim bacı İstanbul Bayrampaşa da Manasdır civarından gelme yarı arnavut yarı türk karışımı bir bayanla tanışmış,.</p><p></p><p>Bayan Bayrampaşa da Manasdır mahallesi olduğunu toplu olarak oraya göç olduğunu söylemiş.</p><p></p><p>Sonra da "<strong>sizinkilerin konuşma şivesi nasıldı?"</strong></p><p></p><p>"Şöyle derler mi idi?" Gibi sorular sormuş.</p><p></p><p>"Yoo bizimkiler öyle konuşmaz dı. ", deyince kadın şaşırmış.</p><p></p><p><strong>"Yoksa siz, İstanbul şivesiyle konuşan o asil gruptan mısınız"</strong> demiş.</p><p></p><p>Evet bu anekdotu buraya almış olalım.</p><p></p><p>Neyse neden her yerde <strong>İstanbul</strong> ve kayı <strong>şivesi</strong> olacakmış ki . </p><p></p><p>Şahsen ben onların O Gümüşhacıköy'ün <strong>eski şivelerini özledim.</strong></p><p></p><p>Neyse yakında bir <strong>yürük</strong> , TDK'nın başına geçinciye kadar yapıcı <strong>eleştirilerle</strong> ve kalemlerle <strong>aktif sabır</strong> lazım.</p><p></p><h1>Yörük</h1><h3>From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</h3><div style="TEXT-ALIGN: right; FONT-SIZE: 87%">• <i><a title="Wikipedia:Researching with Wikipedia" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Researching_with_Wikipedia" rel="nofollow">Learn more about using Wikipedia for research</a></i> •</div>
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<br /><table style="TEXT-ALIGN: center; MARGIN-TOP: 0.75em; WIDTH: 22em; BACKGROUND: #fff6d9; FONT-SIZE: 95%" cellpadding="2"><tbody><tr><th style="TEXT-ALIGN: center; BACKGROUND: #b08261; COLOR: #fee8ab; FONT-SIZE: larger">Yörük</th></tr><tr><th style="BACKGROUND: #fee8ab">Total population</th></tr><tr><td><p>n/a</p></td></tr><tr><th style="LINE-HEIGHT: 14pt; BACKGROUND: #fee8ab">Regions with significant populations</th></tr><tr><td><a title="Turkey" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey" rel="nofollow">Turkey</a></td></tr><tr><th style="BACKGROUND: #fee8ab">Language(s)</th></tr><tr><td><a title="Turkish language" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_language" rel="nofollow">Turkish</a></td></tr><tr><th style="BACKGROUND: #fee8ab">Religion(s)</th></tr><tr><td><a title="Islam" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam" rel="nofollow">Islam</a></td></tr><tr><th style="BACKGROUND: #fee8ab">Related ethnic groups</th></tr><tr><td><a title="Turkish people" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_people" rel="nofollow">Turkish people</a> and other <a title="Turkic peoples" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkic_peoples" rel="nofollow">Turkic peoples</a></td></tr></tbody></table>
<br /><p>The <b>Yörük</b> (also Yürük) are a <a title="Turkish people" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_people" rel="nofollow">Turkish people</a> ultimately of <a title="Oghuz Turks" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oghuz_Turks" rel="nofollow">Oghuz</a> descent, some of whom are still <a title="Nomad" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nomad" rel="nofollow">nomadic</a>, primarily inhabiting the mountains of the southeast European <a title="Balkan peninsula" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balkan_peninsula" rel="nofollow">Balkan peninsula</a> and <a title="Anatolia" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatolia" rel="nofollow">Anatolia</a>. Their name is generally accepted to derive from the Turkish verb yürü- (<i>yürümek</i> in <a title="Infinitive" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infinitive" rel="nofollow">infinitive</a>), which means "to walk", with the word <i>Yörük</i> designating "those who walk, walkers".<sup><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y%C3%B6r%C3%BCk#_note-0" rel="nofollow"><span style="font-size:85%;">[1]</span></a></sup></p><table><tbody><tr><td><h2>Contents</h2><span style="font-size:0;">[<a href="javascript:void(0);" rel="nofollow">hide</a>]</span>
<br /><ul><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y%C3%B6r%C3%BCk#Y.C3.B6r.C3.BCks_in_Europe" rel="nofollow"><span style="font-size:0;">1</span> <span style="font-size:0;">Yörüks in Europe</span></a> <ul><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y%C3%B6r%C3%BCk#Y.C3.B6r.C3.BCks_and_Sarakatsani" rel="nofollow"><span style="font-size:0;">1.1</span> <span style="font-size:0;">Yörüks and Sarakatsani</span></a> <li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y%C3%B6r%C3%BCk#Kailar_Y.C3.B6r.C3.BCks" rel="nofollow"><span style="font-size:0;">1.2</span> <span style="font-size:0;">Kailar Yörüks</span></a> </li></ul><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y%C3%B6r%C3%BCk#Y.C3.B6r.C3.BCks_in_Anatolia_and_the_Middle_East" rel="nofollow"><span style="font-size:0;">2</span> <span style="font-size:0;">Yörüks in Anatolia and the Middle East</span></a> <ul><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y%C3%B6r%C3%BCk#Clans.2C_related_tribes_and_off-shots" rel="nofollow"><span style="font-size:0;">2.1</span> <span style="font-size:0;">Clans, related tribes and off-shots</span></a> </li></ul><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y%C3%B6r%C3%BCk#Gallery" rel="nofollow"><span style="font-size:0;">3</span> <span style="font-size:0;">Gallery</span></a> <li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y%C3%B6r%C3%BCk#See_also" rel="nofollow"><span style="font-size:0;">4</span> <span style="font-size:0;">See also</span></a> <li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y%C3%B6r%C3%BCk#References" rel="nofollow"><span style="font-size:0;">5</span> <span style="font-size:0;">References</span></a> <li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y%C3%B6r%C3%BCk#External_links" rel="nofollow"><span style="font-size:0;">6</span> <span style="font-size:0;">External links</span></a> </li></ul></td></tr></tbody></table>
<br /><p><a href="javascript:void(0);" name="Y.C3.B6r.C3.BCks_in_Europe" rel="nofollow"></a></p><h2><span style="font-size:0;">[<a title="Edit section: Yörüks in Europe" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Y%C3%B6r%C3%BCk&action=edit&section=1" rel="nofollow">edit</a>]</span> <span style="font-size:0;">Yörüks in Europe</span></h2><div style="WIDTH: 182px"><a title="Kailar Yörük baby in traditional Taç from a family today settled in Turkey and which lived for centuries in what is today Greece" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Kailar_%28_Kay%C4%B1lar_%29_baby.JPG" rel="nofollow"><img border="0" alt="Kailar Yörük baby in traditional Taç from a family today settled in Turkey and which lived for centuries in what is today Greece" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Kailar_%28_Kay%C4%B1lar_%29_baby.JPG/180px-Kailar_%28_Kay%C4%B1lar_%29_baby.JPG" width="180" height="240" /></a> <div style="FLOAT: right"><a title="Enlarge" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Kailar_%28_Kay%C4%B1lar_%29_baby.JPG" rel="nofollow"><img alt="" src="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" height="11" /></a></div><a title="Kailar" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kailar" rel="nofollow">Kailar</a> Yörük <a title="Baby" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baby" rel="nofollow">baby</a> in traditional <a title="Taç" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ta%C3%A7&action=edit" rel="nofollow">Taç</a> from a family today settled in Turkey and which lived for centuries in what is today Greece
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<br /><p></p><p></p><p>The Yörük to this day appear as a distinct segment of the population of the <a title="Republic of Macedonia" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Macedonia" rel="nofollow">Republic of Macedonia</a> and <a title="Thrace" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thrace" rel="nofollow">Thrace</a> where they settled as early as the 14th century. While today the Yörük are increasingly settled, many of them still maintain their <a title="Nomad" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nomad" rel="nofollow">nomadic</a> lifestyle, breeding goats and sheep in the <a title="Pindus Mountains" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pindus_Mountains" rel="nofollow">Pindus</a> (<a title="Epirus (periphery)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epirus_%28periphery%29" rel="nofollow">Epirus</a>, <a title="Greece" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece" rel="nofollow">Greece</a> and southern <a title="Albania" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albania" rel="nofollow">Albania</a>), <a title="Shar Mountains" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shar_Mountains" rel="nofollow">Shar</a> (Republic of Macedonia), <a title="Pirin Mountains" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pirin_Mountains" rel="nofollow">Pirin</a>, <a title="Rhodope Mountains" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhodope_Mountains" rel="nofollow">Rhodope</a> (<a title="Bulgaria" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria" rel="nofollow">Bulgaria</a>) and <a title="Dobrudja" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dobrudja" rel="nofollow">Dobrudja</a>. An earlier off-shot of the Yörüks, the Kailars or Kayılar Turks are amongs the first Turkish colonists in Europe, (<a title="Kailar" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kailar" rel="nofollow">Kailar</a> being the <a title="Turkish language" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_language" rel="nofollow">Turkish</a> name for the newly renamed Greek town of <a title="Ptolemaida" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptolemaida" rel="nofollow">Ptolemaida</a> <sup><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y%C3%B6r%C3%BCk#_note-1" rel="nofollow"><span style="font-size:85%;">[2]</span></a></sup>) formerly inhabited parts of <a title="Thessaly" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thessaly" rel="nofollow">Thessaly</a> and <a title="Greek Macedonia" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_Macedonia" rel="nofollow">Greek Macedonia</a>. Settled Yörüks could be found until <a title="1923" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1923" rel="nofollow">1923</a> especially near and in the town of <a title="Kozani" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kozani" rel="nofollow">Kozani</a>. The Yörüks are credited with converting in the 18th century to the <a title="Muslim" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim" rel="nofollow">Muslim</a> religion, after a period of cohabitation, a part of the native <a title="Megleno-Romanian" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megleno-Romanian" rel="nofollow">Megleno-Romanians</a> or "Meglen-Vlachs" of what is today Greece who in 1923 were expelled by the Greek authorities to <a title="Turkey" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey" rel="nofollow">Turkey</a>.</p><div style="WIDTH: 182px"><a title="Main areas inhabited by Yörük tribes in Anatolia" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Yoruk-map.gif" rel="nofollow"><img border="0" alt="Main areas inhabited by Yörük tribes in Anatolia" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/52/Yoruk-map.gif/180px-Yoruk-map.gif" width="180" height="99" /></a> <div style="FLOAT: right"><a title="Enlarge" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Yoruk-map.gif" rel="nofollow"><img alt="" src="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" height="11" /></a></div>Main areas inhabited by Yörük tribes in Anatolia
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<br /><p><a href="javascript:void(0);" name="Y.C3.B6r.C3.BCks_and_Sarakatsani" rel="nofollow"></a></p><h3><span style="font-size:0;">[<a title="Edit section: Yörüks and Sarakatsani" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Y%C3%B6r%C3%BCk&action=edit&section=2" rel="nofollow">edit</a>]</span> <span style="font-size:0;">Yörüks and Sarakatsani</span></h3><p>Their nomadic way of life and the fact that they spread through the Balkans led <a title="Arnold van Gennep" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold_van_Gennep" rel="nofollow">Arnold van Gennep</a> to try and establish a connection between the Yörüks and the <a title="Sarakatsani" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarakatsani" rel="nofollow">Sarakatsani</a> or <a title="Karakachans" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karakachans" rel="nofollow">Karakachans</a> of <a title="Greece" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece" rel="nofollow">Greece</a>. However, the <a title="Sarakatsani" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarakatsani" rel="nofollow">Sarakatsani</a> when for the first time mentioned under this name were already <a title="Orthodox Christian" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthodox_Christian" rel="nofollow">Orthodox Christians</a> and speaking a <a title="Varieties of Modern Greek" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varieties_of_Modern_Greek" rel="nofollow">Greek dialect</a>. While there are no actual linguistic or religious links to the Yörük, there are nevertheless connections and similarities as to the transhumant, nomadic way of life. According to Gennep both of these pastoral ethnic groups may ultimately share a common <a title="Turkic peoples" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkic_peoples" rel="nofollow">Turkic</a> ancestry.<sup><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y%C3%B6r%C3%BCk#_note-2" rel="nofollow"><span style="font-size:85%;">[3]</span></a></sup></p><p><a href="javascript:void(0);" name="Kailar_Y.C3.B6r.C3.BCks" rel="nofollow"><span style="font-size:85%;"></span></a></p><h3><span style="font-size:0;">[<a title="Edit section: Kailar Yörüks" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Y%C3%B6r%C3%BCk&action=edit&section=3" rel="nofollow">edit</a>]</span> <span style="font-size:0;">Kailar Yörüks</span></h3><p>A particular puzzle constitute the above mentioned so-called <a title="Kailar" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kailar" rel="nofollow">Kailar</a> Turks, who formerly inhabited parts of <a title="Thessaly" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thessaly" rel="nofollow">Thessaly</a> and <a title="Macedonia (Greece)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macedonia_%28Greece%29" rel="nofollow">Macedonia</a> (especially near the town of <a title="Kozani" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kozani" rel="nofollow">Kozani</a> and modern <a title="Ptolemaida" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptolemaida" rel="nofollow">Ptolemaida</a>). These Turks, associated often by scholars with the Yörüks too, whose splinter group they are generally recognised to be, were a group of semi-settled cattle breeders -who adopted <a title="Christianity" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity" rel="nofollow">Christianity</a> in order to avoid expulsion after Thessaly became part of Greece in 1881<sup><span style="WHITE-SPACE: nowrap" title="This claim needs references to reliable sources since February 2007"><span style="font-size:85%;">[<i><a title="Wikipedia:Citation needed" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" rel="nofollow">citation needed</a></i>]</span></span></sup> respectively Southern Macedonia in <a title="1913" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1913" rel="nofollow">1913</a>. These Kailar Turks are known also by the alternate name of <a title="Konariotes" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konariotes" rel="nofollow">Konariotes</a>. These <a title="Konariotes" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konariotes" rel="nofollow">Konariotes</a> designate themselves also by the Turkish word "<i>Konevi</i>". The Kailar Turks, especially those of the Erdemuş village of <a title="Kailar" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kailar" rel="nofollow">Kailar</a> claim descent from what they describe the "noble, sober Yörükhan family" who hail in turn from the so-called Pervaneoğulları '<a title="Timariot" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timariot" rel="nofollow">timariot</a>' according to the <a title="Ottoman Empire" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" rel="nofollow">Ottoman</a> archives.</p><p><a href="javascript:void(0);" name="Y.C3.B6r.C3.BCks_in_Anatolia_and_the_Middle_East" rel="nofollow"></a></p><h2><span style="font-size:0;">[<a title="Edit section: Yörüks in Anatolia and the Middle East" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Y%C3%B6r%C3%BCk&action=edit&section=4" rel="nofollow">edit</a>]</span> <span style="font-size:0;">Yörüks in Anatolia and the Middle East</span></h2><div style="WIDTH: 182px"><a title="Yörük shepherd in the Taurus Mountains." href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:AlaDaglarYoruk.jpg" rel="nofollow"><img border="0" alt="Yörük shepherd in the Taurus Mountains." src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/AlaDaglarYoruk.jpg/180px-AlaDaglarYoruk.jpg" width="180" height="119" /></a> <div style="FLOAT: right"><a title="Enlarge" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:AlaDaglarYoruk.jpg" rel="nofollow"><img alt="" src="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" height="11" /></a></div>Yörük shepherd in the <a title="Taurus Mountains" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taurus_Mountains" rel="nofollow">Taurus Mountains</a>.
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<br /><p>The Yörüks of Anatolia are often called by historians and ethnologists by the additional appellative 'Yörük <a title="Oghuz Turks" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oghuz_Turks" rel="nofollow">Turcoman</a>' or 'Turkmens'. In Turkey's general parlance today, the terms "Türkmen" and "Yörük" indicate the gradual degrees of preserved attachment with the former semi-nomadic lifestyle of the populations concerned, with the "<a title="Türkmen" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCrkmen" rel="nofollow">Türkmen</a>" now leading a fully sedentary life, while keeping parts of their heritage through folklore and traditions, in arts like carpet-weaving, with the continued habit of keeping a <i>yayla</i> house for the summers, sometimes in relation to the <a title="Alevi" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alevi" rel="nofollow">Alevi</a> community etc. and with Yörüks maintaining a yet stronger association with nomadism. These names ultimately hint to their <a title="Oghuz Turks" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oghuz_Turks" rel="nofollow">Oghuz</a> <a title="Turkic peoples" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkic_peoples" rel="nofollow">Turkish</a> roots. The remaining transhumant or "true" Yörüks of today's Anatolian region traditionally use the <a title="Camel" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camel" rel="nofollow">camel</a> as means of transportation though these are more and more replaced by trucks.</p><p><a href="javascript:void(0);" name="Clans.2C_related_tribes_and_off-shots" rel="nofollow"></a></p><h3><span style="font-size:0;">[<a title="Edit section: Clans, related tribes and off-shots" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Y%C3%B6r%C3%BCk&action=edit&section=5" rel="nofollow">edit</a>]</span> <span style="font-size:0;">Clans, related tribes and off-shots</span></h3><p>Clans closely related to the Yörüks are scattered throughout the Anatolian peninsula and beyond its boundaries, particularly around the chain of <a title="Taurus Mountains" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taurus_Mountains" rel="nofollow">Taurus Mountains</a> and further east around the shores of the <a title="Caspian sea" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caspian_sea" rel="nofollow">Caspian sea</a>. Of the Turcomans of <a title="Iran" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran" rel="nofollow">Iran</a>, the <a title="Yomuts" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yomuts&action=edit" rel="nofollow">Yomuts</a> come the closest to the definition of the Yörüks. An interesting offshoot of the Yörük mass are the <a title="Tahtadji" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tahtadji&action=edit" rel="nofollow">Tahtadji</a> of the mountainous regions of Western Anatolia who, as their name implies, have been occupied with forestry work and wood craftsmanship for centuries, although they share similar traditions (with markedly matriarchal tones in their society structure) with their other Yörük cousins. The <a title="Qashqai" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qashqai" rel="nofollow">Qashqai</a> people of southern Iran (around <a title="Shiraz" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiraz" rel="nofollow">Shiraz</a>), and the <a title="Chepni" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chepni&action=edit" rel="nofollow">Chepni</a> of Turkey's <a title="Black Sea Region, Turkey" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Sea_Region%2C_Turkey" rel="nofollow">Black Sea</a> region are also worthy of mention due to their shared characteristics. A considerable number of the original Turkish population of <a title="Northern Cyprus" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Cyprus" rel="nofollow">Northern Cyprus</a> are also of Yörük descent.</p><p><a href="javascript:void(0);" name="Gallery" rel="nofollow"></a></p><h2><span style="font-size:0;">[<a title="Edit section: Gallery" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Y%C3%B6r%C3%BCk&action=edit&section=6" rel="nofollow">edit</a>]</span> <span style="font-size:0;">Gallery</span></h2><table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"><tbody><tr><td><div style="WIDTH: 155px"><div style="PADDING-BOTTOM: 13px; PADDING-LEFT: 0px; WIDTH: 150px; PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; PADDING-TOP: 13px"><div style="WIDTH: 120px; MARGIN-LEFT: auto; MARGIN-RIGHT: auto"><a title="Yoruks.jpg" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Yoruks.jpg" rel="nofollow"><img border="0" alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/d0/Yoruks.jpg/82px-Yoruks.jpg" width="82" height="120" /></a></div></div><p>A Yörük couple near <a title="Eğirdir" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E%C4%9Firdir" rel="nofollow">Eğirdir</a>, <a title="Turkey" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey" rel="nofollow">Turkey</a></p><p>
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<br /></div></td><td><div style="WIDTH: 155px"><div style="PADDING-BOTTOM: 13px; PADDING-LEFT: 0px; WIDTH: 150px; PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; PADDING-TOP: 13px"><div style="WIDTH: 120px; MARGIN-LEFT: auto; MARGIN-RIGHT: auto"><a title="Lutfullah Kayalar.jpg" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Lutfullah_Kayalar.jpg" rel="nofollow"><img border="0" alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a7/Lutfullah_Kayalar.jpg/94px-Lutfullah_Kayalar.jpg" width="94" height="119" /></a></div></div><p><a title="Lütfullah Kayalar" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%BCtfullah_Kayalar" rel="nofollow">Lütfullah Kayalar</a>, A <a title="Bey" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bey" rel="nofollow">bey</a> family of Yörüks of <a title="Kailar" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kailar" rel="nofollow">Kailar</a></p><p>
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<br /><p><a href="javascript:void(0);" name="See_also" rel="nofollow"></a></p><h2><span style="font-size:0;">[<a title="Edit section: See also" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Y%C3%B6r%C3%BCk&action=edit&section=7" rel="nofollow">edit</a>]</span> <span style="font-size:0;">See also</span></h2><ul><li><a title="Kailar" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kailar" rel="nofollow">Kailar</a> <li><a title="Turkmen people" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmen_people" rel="nofollow">Turkmen people</a> <li><a title="Serik" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serik" rel="nofollow">Serik</a>; town in <a title="Turkey" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey" rel="nofollow">Turkey</a>'s <a title="Antalya Province" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antalya_Province" rel="nofollow">Antalya Province</a> <li><a title="Chepni" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chepni&action=edit" rel="nofollow">Chepni</a> </li></ul>
<br /><ul><li><a title="Qashqai" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qashqai" rel="nofollow">Qashqai</a> <li><a title="Yaylag" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaylag" rel="nofollow">Yaylag</a> </li></ul><p><a href="javascript:void(0);" name="References" rel="nofollow"></a></p><h2><span style="font-size:0;">[<a title="Edit section: References" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Y%C3%B6r%C3%BCk&action=edit&section=8" rel="nofollow">edit</a>]</span> <span style="font-size:0;">References</span></h2><ul><li>Brailsford, H.N. <i>Macedonia: Its Races and Their Future</i>. Methuen & Co., London, 1906. <a title="http://www.promacedonia.org/en/hb/hb_4_6.html" href="http://www.promacedonia.org/en/hb/hb_4_6.html" rel="nofollow"><i>Kailar Turks</i></a> <li>Cribb, Roger. <i>Nomads in Archaeology</i>. Cambridge University Press, 2004. <a title="http://books.google.com/books?id=" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=TFnE3YQ6VjsC&pg=PP1&dq=Nomads+in+Archaeology&sig=F-KD57LpUwUYIogpk9SQQAJWp6Y" rel="nofollow" sig="F-KD57LpUwUYIogpk9SQQAJWp6Y" pg="PP1&dq="><i>web page</i></a> </li></ul><ol><li><b><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y%C3%B6r%C3%BCk#_ref-0" rel="nofollow">^</a></b> Türk Dil Kurumu - <i>TDK Online Dictionary</i>. <a title="http://www.tdk.gov.tr/TR/SozBul.aspx?F6E10F8892433CFFAAF6AA849816B2EF4376734BED947CDE&Kelime=" href="http://www.tdk.gov.tr/TR/SozBul.aspx?F6E10F8892433CFFAAF6AA849816B2EF4376734BED947CDE&Kelime=y%c3%b6r%c3%bck" rel="nofollow"><i>yörük</i></a>, <a title="http://www.tdk.gov.tr/TR/SozBul.aspx?F6E10F8892433CFFAAF6AA849816B2EF4376734BED947CDE&Kelime=" href="http://www.tdk.gov.tr/TR/SozBul.aspx?F6E10F8892433CFFAAF6AA849816B2EF4376734BED947CDE&Kelime=y%c3%bcr%c3%bck" rel="nofollow"><i>yürük</i></a> <li><b><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y%C3%B6r%C3%BCk#_ref-1" rel="nofollow">^</a></b> Ptolemaida.net - <i>History of Ptolemaida</i> <a title="http://www.ptolemaida.net/p-istoria.html" href="http://www.ptolemaida.net/p-istoria.html" rel="nofollow"><i>web page</i></a> <li><b><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y%C3%B6r%C3%BCk#_ref-2" rel="nofollow">^</a></b> Kavadias, Georges B. <i>Pasteurs-Nomades Mediterraneens: Les Saracatsans de Grece</i>. Gauthier-Villars, 1965. <a title="http://books.google.com/books?id=" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=ID4BAAAAMAAJ&q=Les+Sarakatsans+gennep+turcs&dq=Les+Sarakatsans+gennep+turcs&pgis=1" rel="nofollow" pgis="1" q="Les+Sarakatsans+gennep+turcs&dq="><i>page 6</i></a>, <a title="http://books.google.com/books?spell=" href="http://books.google.com/books?spell=1&q=Les+Sarakatsans+gennep+turcs&btnG=Search+Books" rel="nofollow" q="Les+Sarakatsans+gennep+turcs&btnG="><i>link</i></a> </li></ol>
<br /><p><a href="javascript:void(0);" name="External_links" rel="nofollow"></a></p><h2><span style="font-size:0;">[<a title="Edit section: External links" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Y%C3%B6r%C3%BCk&action=edit&section=9" rel="nofollow">edit</a>]</span> <span style="font-size:0;">External links</span></h2><ul><li><a title="http://www.yorukler.com" href="http://www.yorukler.com/" rel="nofollow">Web portal for information sharing on and between Yörüks</a> <li><a title="http://groups.yahoo.com/group/turkc-l/message/97" href="http://groups.yahoo.com/group/turkc-l/message/97" rel="nofollow">The disappearing Yörük and their music</a> <li><a title="http://www.vlachophiles.net/conf.htm" href="http://www.vlachophiles.net/conf.htm" rel="nofollow">Vlach, Yuruk and Sarakatsani confluences in the Balkans</a> <li><a title="http://www.yorturkvakfi.com" href="http://www.yorturkvakfi.com/" rel="nofollow">Foundation of Yörüks in Turkey</a> <li><a title="http://www.sarimazi.bel.tr" href="http://www.sarimazi.bel.tr/" rel="nofollow">A Yörük town in Adana province on the south coast of Turkey</a> <span style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold;font-size:0;color:#555;" ><span style="font-size:100%;">(Turkish)</span></span> </li></ul>Retrieved from "<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y%C3%B6r%C3%BCk" rel="nofollow">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y%C3%B6r%C3%BCk</a>"
<br /><p><a title="Special:Categories" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Categories" rel="nofollow">Categories</a>: <span dir="ltr"><a title="'Category:" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:%22Related_ethnic_groups%22_needing_confirmation" rel="nofollow">"Related ethnic groups" needing confirmation</a></span> <span dir="ltr"><a title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" rel="nofollow">All articles with unsourced statements</a></span> <span dir="ltr"><a title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements since February 2007" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_since_February_2007" rel="nofollow">Articles with unsourced statements since February 2007</a></span> <span dir="ltr"><a title="Category:Oghuz Turks" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Oghuz_Turks" rel="nofollow">Oghuz Turks</a></span> <span dir="ltr"><a title="Category:Pastoralists" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Pastoralists" rel="nofollow">Pastoralists</a></span> <span dir="ltr"><a title="Category:Words of Turkish origin" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Words_of_Turkish_origin" rel="nofollow">Words of Turkish origin</a></span></p><p><span dir="ltr"></span></p><h2><span dir="ltr"><span style="font-size:0;">The 1911 Edition of Encyclopaedia Britannica about Yuruks, </span></span></h2><p><a title="http://www.google.com/search?q=" href="http://www.google.com/search?q=cache:9gwAgSqEuPcJ:encyclopedia.jrank.org/LUP_MAL/MACEDONIA.html+Yuruks+kailar+turks&hl=en&gl=uk&ct=clnk&cd=2" rel="nofollow" ct="clnk&cd=" hl="en&gl=">see link</a></p><p>The first Turkish immigration from Asia Minor took place under the Byzantine emperors before the conquest of the country. The first purely Turkish town, Yenije-Vardar, was founded on the ruins of Vardar in 1362. After the capture of Salonica (1430), a strong Turkish population was settled in the city, and similar colonies were founded in Monastir, Ochrida, Serres, Drama and other important places. In many of these towns half or more of the population is still Turkish. A series of military colonies were subsequently established at various points of strategic importance along the principal lines of communication. <b>Before 1360 large numbers of nomad shepherds, or Yuruks, from the district of Konia, in Asia Minor, had settled in the country; their descendants are still</b> <b>known as Konariotes</b>. Further immigration from this region took place from time to time up to the middle of the 18th century. After the establishment of the feudal system in 1397 many of the Seljuk noble families came over from Asia Minor; their descendants may be recognized among the beys or Moslem landowners in southern Macedonia. At the beginning of the 18th century the Turkish population was very considerable, but since that time it has continuously decreased. A low birth rate, the exhaustion of the male population by military service, and great mortality from epidemics, against which Moslem fatalism takes no pre-cautions, have brought about a decline which has latterly been hastened by emigration</p><p>The Turkish rural population is found in three principal groups: the most easterly extends from the Mesta to Drama, Pravishta and Orfano, reaching the sea-coast on either side of Kavala, which is partly Turkish, partly Greek. The second, or central group begins on the sea-coast, a little west of the mouth of the Strymon, where a Greek population intervenes, and extends to the north-west along the Kara-Dagh and Belasitza ranges in the direction of Strumnitza, Veles, Shtip and Radovisht. <b>The third, or southern, group is centred around Kailar, an entirely Turkish town, and extends from Lake Ostrovo to Selfije (Servia). The second and third groups are mainly composed of Konariot shepherds. Besides these fairly compact settlements there are numerous isolated Turkish colonies in various parts of the country.</b> The Turkish rural population is quiet, sober and orderly, presenting some of the best characteristics of the race. <a title="User:Apostolos Margaritis" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Apostolos_Margaritis" rel="nofollow">Apostolos Margaritis</a> 10:44, 2 February 2006 (UTC)</p><p><a href="javascript:void(0);" name="H._Brailsford_about_Kailars" rel="nofollow"></a></p><h2><span style="font-size:0;">[<a title="Edit section: H. Brailsford about Kailars" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talk:Y%C3%B6r%C3%BCk&action=edit&section=4" rel="nofollow">edit</a>]</span> <span style="font-size:0;">H. Brailsford about Kailars</span></h2><p><a title="http://www.google.com/search?q=" href="http://www.google.com/search?q=cache:vm7W75uZgjUJ:knigite.abv.bg/en/hb/hb_4_6.html+kailar+turks&hl=en&gl=uk&ct=clnk&cd=1" rel="nofollow" ct="clnk&cd=" hl="en&gl=">see link</a></p><p><b>The Moslems of Kailar, on the southern verge of what is properly Macedonia, are genuine Osmanli Turks, who are said to have been exiled from Asia Minor in order that they might be isolated</b>. There is also a similar Turkish belt inland from the Aegean in the rich tobacco-growing country between Serres and Drama, but this again is on the fringe (the eastern fringe) of what is properly Macedonia. Elsewhere even the Moslems of the rural districts come within our generalisation. They are either Albanians or Slavs, [2] converted by force or allured by self-interest to Islam, and while politically they form part of the ruling caste, in language, origin, and even in many of their social customs and institutions they do not differ from their Christian countrymen. <a title="User:Apostolos Margaritis" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Apostolos_Margaritis" rel="nofollow">Apostolos Margaritis</a> 10:44, 2 February 2006 (UTC)</p><dl><dd>Kailar or turkish <a title="Kayılar" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kay%C4%B1lar" rel="nofollow">Kayılar</a> are the same in Ottoman writting sistem. Kailar turks came to Rumelia with <a title="Kai Tribe" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kai_Tribe&action=edit" rel="nofollow">Kai Tribe</a> (<a title="Kayı Boyu" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kay%C4%B1_Boyu&action=edit" rel="nofollow">Kayı Boyu</a>) as a <a title="Kai" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kai" rel="nofollow">kai</a>. <a title="Kai" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kai" rel="nofollow">Kailar</a>; turkish kai tribe -ler makesplural form. Ottoman family was also from <a title="Kayı" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kay%C4%B1" rel="nofollow">kayı</a> or <a title="Kai tribe" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kai_tribe" rel="nofollow">kai tribe</a> as a yürük. Actually when Rumelia as a <a title="Byzantian Empire" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantian_Empire" rel="nofollow">Byzantian Empire</a> land were taken by <a title="Latin Empire" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_Empire" rel="nofollow">Latin Empire</a> . Even Costantinopolis were taken by Latin Vandals. At that time Byzantiane Emperors wanted to help from yoruk kai tribe lider <a title="Osman I" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osman_I" rel="nofollow">Osman I</a> Gazi who strucred Ottoman Empire. So that Osman I 's <a title="Kai" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kai" rel="nofollow">kais</a> (or kailar or kayı-s) were tooked placed to around <a title="Vardar" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vardar" rel="nofollow">Vardarriver</a> and Kailar by Byzantian Emperors. Kailar was center for yürük turks. Yurukhans were took placed to Ardamuş(Erdemuş) villiage. <a title="Ayyubid" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayyubid" rel="nofollow">Ayyubid</a> Dynisty to Kailar city center. The Moslems of Kailar was moslems alll the time were they were in Rumelia.--<a title="User:3210" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:3210" rel="nofollow"><span style="BACKGROUND: red;color:white;" > 3210 </span></a><sup><a title="User talk:3210" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:3210" rel="nofollow"><span style="font-size:0;">(T)</span></a></sup> 19:22, 28 August 2007 (UTC) </dd></dl><p><a href="javascript:void(0);" name="Total_population" rel="nofollow"></a></p><h2><span style="font-size:0;">[<a title="Edit section: Total population" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talk:Y%C3%B6r%C3%BCk&action=edit&section=5" rel="nofollow">edit</a>]</span> <span style="font-size:0;">Total population</span></h2><p>Please find out what the total population is and add to article. Even if it is just an estimate. In that case, write it with a tilde and put "est." in parenthesis. Like so: "~20,000 (est.)" - <a title="User:Pernambuco" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Pernambuco" rel="nofollow">Pernambuco</a> 00:00, 23 October 2006 (UTC)</p>Retrieved from "<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Y%C3%B6r%C3%BCk" rel="nofollow">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Y%C3%B6r%C3%BCk</a>"
<br /><p></p><p>Mevlevi Ayini-Son <strong>Yürük</strong> Semai <a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wXh9Ww8xszs" rel="nofollow">http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wXh9Ww8xszs</a> </p><p></p><h1>Semai</h1><h3>Vikipedi, özgür ansiklopedi</h3>
<br />Git ve: <a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semai#column-one" rel="nofollow">kullan</a>, <a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semai#searchInput" rel="nofollow">ara</a>
<br /><p>Halk şiirinde hecenin sekizli ölçüsü ile <a title="Koşma" href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ko%C5%9Fma" rel="nofollow">koşma</a> biçiminde düzenlenen ve özel bir ezgi ile söylenen şiirlerdir.</p><p>Genellikle en az üç, en fazla beş dörtlükten oluşurlar. Çoğunlukla doğa, güzellik, ayrılık, kavuşma gibi duygusal ve lirik temaları işlerler. Semainin hece ölçüsünün yanında aruz ölçüsü kullanılarak yazılanları da vardır.</p><p><b></b></p><p>SEMAİ
<br /></p><p>Gönül gurbet ele çıkma,
<br />Ya gelinir ya gelinmez,
<br />Her dilbere meyil verme,
<br />Ya sevilir ya sevilmez.</p><p>
<br /></p><p><strong>Yüğrüktür</strong> bizim atımız,
<br />Yardan atlattı zatımız,
<br />Gurbet elde kıymatımız,
<br />Ya bilinir ya bilinmez.</p><p>
<br /></p><p>Bahçemizde nar ağacı,
<br />Kimi tatlı kimi acı,
<br />Gönüldeki dert ilacı,
<br />Ya bulunur ya bulunmaz.</p><p>
<br /><a title="Erzurumlu Emrah" href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erzurumlu_Emrah" rel="nofollow">Erzurumlu Emrah</a></p>"<a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semai" rel="nofollow">http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semai</a>"'dan alındı
<br />
<br /><a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=btfMf-gubLs" rel="nofollow">http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=btfMf-gubLs</a>
<br /><a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=btfMf-gubLs" rel="nofollow">http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=btfMf-gubLs</a>
<br />
<br />Bu da bizim dede efendiden <div>Ferahnâk Ağır Semai <a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XvwoUw4Qvfs" rel="nofollow">http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XvwoUw4Qvfs</a></div><div></div><div><h1>Kačanik</h1><div><h3>From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</h3><div>(Redirected from <a title="Kaçanik" href="http://www.blogger.com/w/index.php?title=Ka%C3%A7anik&redirect=no" rel="nofollow">Kaçanik</a>)</div><div>Jump to:<a href="http://www.blogger.com/group/kailar/edit/yrk-m-yrk-m-hangi-kullanm-doru?breaklock=1#head" rel="nofollow">navigation</a>, <a href="http://www.blogger.com/group/kailar/edit/yrk-m-yrk-m-hangi-kullanm-doru?breaklock=1#p-search" rel="nofollow">search</a> </div><table><tbody><tr><td><div style="WIDTH: 52px"><a title="Question book-new.svg" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" rel="nofollow"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" width="50" height="39" /></a></div></td><td>This article <b>needs additional <a title="Wikipedia:Citing sources" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" rel="nofollow">citations</a> for <a title="Wikipedia:Verifiability" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" rel="nofollow">verification</a>.</b>
<br /><small>Please help <a title="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ka%C4%8Danik&action=edit" rel="nofollow" action="edit">improve this article</a> by adding <a title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" rel="nofollow">reliable references</a>. Unsourced material may be <a title="Template:Fact" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Template:Fact" rel="nofollow">challenged</a> and <a title="Wikipedia:Verifiability" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" rel="nofollow">removed</a>. <small><i><span style="font-size:85%;">(February 2008)</span></i></small></small></td></tr></tbody></table><table style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; WIDTH: 23em"><tbody><tr><td style="WIDTH: 100%; WHITE-SPACE: nowrapfont-size:1.25em;" colspan="2" align="middle" ><b><span style="font-size:0;">Kačanik / Качаник
<br />Kaçanik / Kaçaniku</span></b></td></tr><tr><td style="TEXT-ALIGN: center" colspan="2"><div><a title="Location of Kačanik / КачаникKaçanik / Kaçaniku" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/File:Ka%C3%A7anik_2006.PNG" rel="nofollow"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Ka%C3%A7anik_2006.PNG/250px-Ka%C3%A7anik_2006.PNG" width="250" height="291" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><b>Population</b> (2008)</td></tr><tr><th>- Total</th><td>43,000 (municipality)</td></tr><tr><th>- <a title="Population density" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Population_density" rel="nofollow">Density</a></th><td>195/km<sup><span style="font-size:85%;">2</span></sup> (505/sq mi)</td></tr><tr><th><a title="Time zone" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Time_zone" rel="nofollow">Time zone</a></th><td><a title="Central European Time" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Central_European_Time" rel="nofollow">CET</a> (<a title="UTC+1" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/UTC%2B1" rel="nofollow">UTC+1</a>)</td></tr></tbody></table><p><b>Kačanik</b> or <b>Kaçanik</b> (<a title="Albanian language" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Albanian_language" rel="nofollow">Albanian</a>: <span lang="sq"><i>Kaçanik</i> or <i>Kaçaniku</i></span>; <a title="Serbian language" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Serbian_language" rel="nofollow">Serbian</a>: <span lang="sr">Качаник</span>, <i>Kačanik</i>) is a town and municipality in southern <a title="Kosovo" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Kosovo" rel="nofollow">Kosovo</a><span style="font-size:0;"><sup><a href="http://www.blogger.com/group/kailar/edit/yrk-m-yrk-m-hangi-kullanm-doru?breaklock=1#endnote_status" rel="nofollow"><span style="font-size:85%;">[a]</span></a></sup></span>, in the <a title="District of Uroševac" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/District_of_Uro%C5%A1evac" rel="nofollow">Uroševac</a> district. The municipality covers an area of 211 km<sup><span style="font-size:85%;">2</span></sup> (81 sq mi), including the town of Kačanik and 31 villages.<sup><a href="http://www.blogger.com/group/kailar/edit/yrk-m-yrk-m-hangi-kullanm-doru?breaklock=1#cite_note-OSCE_profile_2008-0" rel="nofollow"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="font-size:0;">[</span>1<span style="font-size:0;">]</span></span></a></sup> It has a population of approximately 43,000. With the exception of eight <a title="Roma in Kosovo" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Roma_in_Kosovo" rel="nofollow">Roma</a> and 30 <a title="Bosniaks" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Bosniaks" rel="nofollow">Bosniaks</a><sup><a href="http://www.blogger.com/group/kailar/edit/yrk-m-yrk-m-hangi-kullanm-doru?breaklock=1#cite_note-1" rel="nofollow"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="font-size:0;">[</span>2<span style="font-size:0;">]</span></span></a></sup>, the municipality is ethnically homogeneous <a title="Albanians in Kosovo" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Albanians_in_Kosovo" rel="nofollow">Kosovo Albanian</a>.<sup><a href="http://www.blogger.com/group/kailar/edit/yrk-m-yrk-m-hangi-kullanm-doru?breaklock=1#cite_note-OSCE_profile_2008-0" rel="nofollow"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="font-size:0;">[</span>1<span style="font-size:0;">]</span></span></a></sup></p><p>In September 2005 the pilot municipal unit of <a title="Đeneral Janković" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/%C4%90eneral_Jankovi%C4%87" rel="nofollow">Đeneral Janković</a> was established within the Kačanik municipality, holding approximately 10,000 out of the 43,000 total inhabitants.<sup><a href="http://www.blogger.com/group/kailar/edit/yrk-m-yrk-m-hangi-kullanm-doru?breaklock=1#cite_note-2" rel="nofollow"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="font-size:0;">[</span>3<span style="font-size:0;">]</span></span></a></sup></p><table><tbody><tr><td><div><h2>Contents</h2><span style="font-size:0;">[<a href="javascript:void(0);" rel="nofollow">hide</a>]</span></div><ul><li><a href="http://www.blogger.com/group/kailar/edit/yrk-m-yrk-m-hangi-kullanm-doru?breaklock=1#History" rel="nofollow"><span style="font-size:0;">1</span> <span style="font-size:0;">History</span></a> <li><a href="http://www.blogger.com/group/kailar/edit/yrk-m-yrk-m-hangi-kullanm-doru?breaklock=1#Economy" rel="nofollow"><span style="font-size:0;">2</span> <span style="font-size:0;">Economy</span></a> <li><a href="http://www.blogger.com/group/kailar/edit/yrk-m-yrk-m-hangi-kullanm-doru?breaklock=1#Views_of_Ka.C4.8Danik" rel="nofollow"><span style="font-size:0;">3</span> <span style="font-size:0;">Views of Kačanik</span></a> <li><a href="http://www.blogger.com/group/kailar/edit/yrk-m-yrk-m-hangi-kullanm-doru?breaklock=1#See_also" rel="nofollow"><span style="font-size:0;">4</span> <span style="font-size:0;">See also</span></a> <li><a href="http://www.blogger.com/group/kailar/edit/yrk-m-yrk-m-hangi-kullanm-doru?breaklock=1#Notes_and_references" rel="nofollow"><span style="font-size:0;">5</span> <span style="font-size:0;">Notes and references</span></a> <li><a href="http://www.blogger.com/group/kailar/edit/yrk-m-yrk-m-hangi-kullanm-doru?breaklock=1#External_links" rel="nofollow"><span style="font-size:0;">6</span> <span style="font-size:0;">External links</span></a></li></ul></td></tr></tbody></table><p><a href="http://www.blogger.com/" name="History" rel="nofollow"></a></p><h2><span style="font-size:0;">[<a title="Edit section: History" href="http://www.blogger.com/w/index.php?title=Ka%C4%8Danik&action=edit&section=1" rel="nofollow">edit</a>]</span> <span style="font-size:0;">History</span></h2><p>An <a title="Epitaph" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Epitaph" rel="nofollow">epitaph</a> on a <a title="Tombstone" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Tombstone" rel="nofollow">tombstone</a> found in one grave from the 2nd century A.D. proves that inhabited localities existed in this region even in Antiquity. This grave was discovered in the early 1980s during the erection of the Shopping Mall in Kačanik, and now the tombstone is housed within the building of the shopping mall.</p><p>The town was founded by <a title="Koxha Sinan Pasha" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Koxha_Sinan_Pasha" rel="nofollow">Koxha Sinan Pasha</a>, who erected the town <a title="Mosque" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Mosque" rel="nofollow">mosque</a> which exists even today, a public kitchen for the poor (<i><a title="Imaret" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Imaret" rel="nofollow">imaret</a></i>), a school near the mosque, two <i><a title="Han (inn) (page does not exist)" href="http://www.blogger.com/w/index.php?title=Han_(inn)&action=edit&redlink=1" rel="nofollow">hane</a></i> (inns similar to <i><a title="Caravanserai" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Caravanserai" rel="nofollow">caravanserais</a></i>), one Turkish bath (<i><a title="Hammam" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Hammam" rel="nofollow">hammam</a></i>), the town fortress and a few <a title="Mill (grinding)" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Mill_(grinding)" rel="nofollow">mills</a> on the <a title="Lepenac" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Lepenac" rel="nofollow">Lepenac</a> river.</p><p>Kačanik became known administratively as a town by the end of 16th century, and up to year 1891 it was a part of the Ottoman <i><a title="Sanjak" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Sanjak" rel="nofollow">sanjak</a></i> (second-level administrative unit) of Üsküb (<a title="Skopje" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Skopje" rel="nofollow">Skopje</a>), known as "Nahije", which again belonged to the <a title="Kosovo Province, Ottoman Empire" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Kosovo_Province,_Ottoman_Empire" rel="nofollow">Kosovo Province</a> of the <a title="Ottoman Empire" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" rel="nofollow">Ottoman Empire</a>. In 1878, Kačanik was intended to become a part of the <a title="Principality of Bulgaria" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Principality_of_Bulgaria" rel="nofollow">Principality of Bulgaria</a> according to the <a title="Treaty of San Stefano" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Treaty_of_San_Stefano" rel="nofollow">Treaty of San Stefano</a>, but per the <a title="Treaty of Berlin (1878)" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Treaty_of_Berlin_(1878)" rel="nofollow">Treaty of Berlin</a> it was returned to the Ottomans.<sup><a href="http://www.blogger.com/group/kailar/edit/yrk-m-yrk-m-hangi-kullanm-doru?breaklock=1#cite_note-3" rel="nofollow"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="font-size:0;">[</span>4<span style="font-size:0;">]</span></span></a></sup></p><p><a href="http://www.blogger.com/" name="Economy" rel="nofollow"><span style="font-size:85%;"></span></a></p><h2><span style="font-size:0;">[<a title="Edit section: Economy" href="http://www.blogger.com/w/index.php?title=Ka%C4%8Danik&action=edit&section=2" rel="nofollow">edit</a>]</span> <span style="font-size:0;">Economy</span></h2><p>Considering that through Kačanik runs the main roadway that connects <a title="Pristina" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Pristina" rel="nofollow">Pristina</a> and <a title="Skopje" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Skopje" rel="nofollow">Skopje</a>, as well as the railway <a title="Kosovo Polje" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Kosovo_Polje" rel="nofollow">Kosovo Polje</a>-<a title="Thesaloniki" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Thesaloniki" rel="nofollow">Thesaloniki</a> (constructed in 1879) Kačanik is an important place and a strategic economic focal point.</p><p>The Kačanik municipality is mainly known for the production of construction materials at several area companies. But there are many well cultivated farmlands and areas well suited for the development of farms, apiculture, arboriculture as well as various craftsman and artisans. The area is especially well suited for the development of winter and summer tourism. The area boasts some spectacular views and the downtown is home to a bus station, a small radio station, the remains of a Turkish castle, several streets lined with shops, banks, several large modern restaurants, and a weekly farmers market for produce, livestock and housewares.</p><p>Kačanik has an old tradition in private manufactures, especially when it comes to the production of calcareous stone, wood for construction purposes and other services and artisan skills.</p><p><a href="http://www.blogger.com/" name="Views_of_Ka.C4.8Danik" rel="nofollow"></a></p><h2><span style="font-size:0;">[<a title="Edit section: Views of Kačanik" href="http://www.blogger.com/w/index.php?title=Ka%C4%8Danik&action=edit&section=3" rel="nofollow">edit</a>]</span> <span style="font-size:0;">Views of Kačanik</span></h2><table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"><tbody><tr><td><div style="WIDTH: 155px"><div style="PADDING-BOTTOM: 28px; PADDING-LEFT: 0px; WIDTH: 150px; PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; PADDING-TOP: 28px"><div style="WIDTH: 120px; MARGIN-LEFT: auto; MARGIN-RIGHT: auto"><a title="SANY3410.JPG" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/File:SANY3410.JPG" rel="nofollow"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/SANY3410.JPG/120px-SANY3410.JPG" width="120" height="90" /></a></div></div><div><p>Kačanik from the east.</p></div></div></td><td><div style="WIDTH: 155px"><div style="PADDING-BOTTOM: 13px; PADDING-LEFT: 0px; WIDTH: 150px; PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; PADDING-TOP: 13px"><div style="WIDTH: 120px; MARGIN-LEFT: auto; MARGIN-RIGHT: auto"><a title="SANY3381.JPG" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/File:SANY3381.JPG" rel="nofollow"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/SANY3381.JPG/90px-SANY3381.JPG" width="90" height="120" /></a></div></div><div><p>A view from Rakoc.</p></div></div></td><td><div style="WIDTH: 155px"><div style="PADDING-BOTTOM: 28px; PADDING-LEFT: 0px; WIDTH: 150px; PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; PADDING-TOP: 28px"><div style="WIDTH: 120px; MARGIN-LEFT: auto; MARGIN-RIGHT: auto"><a title="SANY0015.JPG" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/File:SANY0015.JPG" rel="nofollow"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/SANY0015.JPG/120px-SANY0015.JPG" width="120" height="90" /></a></div></div><div><p>Kačanik from the west.</p></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><p><a href="http://www.blogger.com/" name="See_also" rel="nofollow"></a></p><h2><span style="font-size:0;">[<a title="Edit section: See also" href="http://www.blogger.com/w/index.php?title=Ka%C4%8Danik&action=edit&section=4" rel="nofollow">edit</a>]</span> <span style="font-size:0;">See also</span></h2><ul><li><a title="District of Uroševac" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/District_of_Uro%C5%A1evac" rel="nofollow">District of Uroševac</a></li></ul><p><a href="http://www.blogger.com/" name="Notes_and_references" rel="nofollow"></a></p><h2><span style="font-size:0;">[<a title="Edit section: Notes and references" href="http://www.blogger.com/w/index.php?title=Ka%C4%8Danik&action=edit&section=5" rel="nofollow">edit</a>]</span> <span style="font-size:0;">Notes and references</span></h2><p><b>Notes:</b></p><table style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; MARGIN-LEFT: 13px"><tbody><tr><td valign="top" align="right">a. </td><td><cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/group/kailar/edit/yrk-m-yrk-m-hangi-kullanm-doru?breaklock=1#ref_status" rel="nofollow"><b>^</b></a></cite> <a title="Kosovo" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Kosovo" rel="nofollow">Kosovo</a> is the subject of a territorial dispute between <a title="Serbia" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Serbia" rel="nofollow">Serbia</a> and the local <a title="Albanians in Kosovo" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Albanians_in_Kosovo" rel="nofollow">Albanian</a> majority. The <a title="Assembly of Kosovo" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Assembly_of_Kosovo" rel="nofollow">Assembly</a> of Kosovo <a title="2008 Kosovo declaration of independence" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/2008_Kosovo_declaration_of_independence" rel="nofollow">unilaterally declared its independence</a> on 17 February 2008, a move that is <a title="Diplomatic recognition" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Diplomatic_recognition" rel="nofollow">recognised</a> <a title="International recognition of Kosovo" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/International_recognition_of_Kosovo" rel="nofollow">by 62 UN member states</a> and the <a title="Republic of China" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Republic_of_China" rel="nofollow">Republic of China</a> (Taiwan), but <a title="Serbia's reaction to the 2008 Kosovo declaration of independence" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Serbia%27s_reaction_to_the_2008_Kosovo_declaration_of_independence" rel="nofollow">not by Serbia</a> which claims it as part of its sovereign territory.</td></tr></tbody></table><p><b>References:</b></p><div><ol><li>^ <a href="http://www.blogger.com/group/kailar/edit/yrk-m-yrk-m-hangi-kullanm-doru?breaklock=1#cite_ref-OSCE_profile_2008_0-0" rel="nofollow"><sup><i><b><span style="font-size:85%;">a</span></b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://www.blogger.com/group/kailar/edit/yrk-m-yrk-m-hangi-kullanm-doru?breaklock=1#cite_ref-OSCE_profile_2008_0-1" rel="nofollow"><sup><i><b><span style="font-size:85%;">b</span></b></i></sup></a> <a title="Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Organization_for_Security_and_Co-operation_in_Europe" rel="nofollow">OSCE</a> <a title="http://www.osce.org/documents/html/pdftohtml/1187_en.pdf.html" href="http://www.osce.org/documents/html/pdftohtml/1187_en.pdf.html" rel="nofollow">Mission in Kosovo: Municipal profile of Kačanik</a>, April 2008. Retrieved on 23 October 2008. <li><b><a href="http://www.blogger.com/group/kailar/edit/yrk-m-yrk-m-hangi-kullanm-doru?breaklock=1#cite_ref-1" rel="nofollow">^</a></b> <a title="Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Organization_for_Security_and_Co-operation_in_Europe" rel="nofollow">OSCE</a> <a title="http://www.osce.org/documents/html/pdftohtml/30562_en.pdf.html" href="http://www.osce.org/documents/html/pdftohtml/30562_en.pdf.html" rel="nofollow">Mission in Kosovo: Municipal profile of Đeneral Janković</a>, April 2008. Retrieved on 23 October 2008. <li><b><a href="http://www.blogger.com/group/kailar/edit/yrk-m-yrk-m-hangi-kullanm-doru?breaklock=1#cite_ref-2" rel="nofollow">^</a></b> <a title="Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Organization_for_Security_and_Co-operation_in_Europe" rel="nofollow">OSCE</a> <a title="http://www.osce.org/documents/html/pdftohtml/30562_en.pdf.html" href="http://www.osce.org/documents/html/pdftohtml/30562_en.pdf.html" rel="nofollow">Mission in Kosovo: Municipal profile of Đeneral Janković</a>, April 2008. Retrieved on 23 October 2008. <li><b><a href="http://www.blogger.com/group/kailar/edit/yrk-m-yrk-m-hangi-kullanm-doru?breaklock=1#cite_ref-3" rel="nofollow">^</a></b> <cite style="FONT-STYLE: normal">Тосева, Катерина (2008-03-03). "<a title="http://news.ibox.bg/news/id_359346741" href="http://news.ibox.bg/news/id_359346741" rel="nofollow">Сан Стефано — непостигнатият идеал</a>" (in Bulgarian). News.bg<span style="font-size:0;">. <a title="http://news.ibox.bg/news/id_359346741" href="http://news.ibox.bg/news/id_359346741" rel="nofollow">http://news.ibox.bg/news/id_359346741</a></span><span style="font-size:0;">. Retrieved on 2008-09-16</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=" rfr_id="info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Ka%C4%8Danik" pub="News.bg&rft_id=" au="%D0%A2%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%2C+%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0&rft.date=" aulast="%D0%A2%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0&rft.aufirst=" btitle="%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD+%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%26nbsp%3B%E2%80%94+%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%82+%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BB&rft.atitle=" rft_val_fmt="info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre="><span style="font-size:0;"> </span></span></li></ol></div><p><a href="http://www.blogger.com/" name="External_links" rel="nofollow"></a></p><h2><span style="font-size:0;">[<a title="Edit section: External links" href="http://www.blogger.com/w/index.php?title=Ka%C4%8Danik&action=edit&section=6" rel="nofollow">edit</a>]</span> <span style="font-size:0;">External links</span></h2><ul><li><a title="http://www.kacaniku.be/" href="http://www.kacaniku.be/" rel="nofollow">Kačanik (In Albanian)</a> <li><a title="http://www.komuna-kacanik.org/" href="http://www.komuna-kacanik.org/" rel="nofollow">Kačanik</a> <li><a title="http://www.sok-kosovo.org/pdf/population/Kosovo_and_its_population.pdf" href="http://www.sok-kosovo.org/pdf/population/Kosovo_and_its_population.pdf" rel="nofollow">SOK Kosovo and its population</a></li></ul><p>
<br /><span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-size:0;"><a title="Geographic coordinate system" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" rel="nofollow"><span style="font-size:85%;">Coordinates</span></a><span style="font-size:85%;">: <span style="font-size:0;"><img style="PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; PADDING-LEFT: 0px; PADDING-RIGHT: 3px; PADDING-TOP: 0px" title="show location on an interactive map" alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Erioll_world.svg/18px-Erioll_world.svg.png" width="18" height="18" /><a title="http://stable.toolserver.org/geohack/geohack.php?pagename=" href="http://stable.toolserver.org/geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Ka%C4%8Danik&params=42_14_48_N_21_15_19_E_type:city(50000)_region:CS" rel="nofollow" params="42_14_48_N_21_15_19_E_type:city(50000)_region:CS"><span style="font-size:0;"><span title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span style="font-size:0;">42°14′48″N</span> <span style="font-size:0;">21°15′19″E</span></span></span><span style="font-size:0;"> / </span><span style="font-size:0;"><span title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">42.24667°N 21.25528°E</span><span style="font-size:0;"> / <span style="font-size:0;">42.24667; 21.25528</span></span></span></a></span></span></span></span></p><table cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr><td style="PADDING-BOTTOM: 2px; PADDING-LEFT: 2px; PADDING-RIGHT: 2px; PADDING-TOP: 2px"><table style="WIDTH: 100%; BACKGROUND: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr><th colspan="3"><span style="font-size:0;">[<a href="javascript:void(0);" rel="nofollow">hide</a>]</span> <div style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; WIDTH: 6em; FLOAT: left"><div style="BORDER-BOTTOM: medium none; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; PADDING-LEFT: 0px; PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; BACKGROUND: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; FONT-SIZE: xx-small; BORDER-TOP: medium none; FONT-WEIGHT: normal; BORDER-RIGHT: medium none; PADDING-TOP: 0px"><a title="Template:Kosovo municipalities" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Template:Kosovo_municipalities" rel="nofollow"><span style="BORDER-BOTTOM: medium none; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: medium none" title="View this template">v</span></a> <span style="font-size:78%;"><span style="font-size:80;">•</span> </span><a title="Template talk:Kosovo municipalities" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Template_talk:Kosovo_municipalities" rel="nofollow"><span style="BORDER-BOTTOM: medium none; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: medium none" title="Discuss this template">d</span></a> <span style="font-size:78%;"><span style="font-size:80;">•</span> </span><a title="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Kosovo_municipalities&action=edit" rel="nofollow" action="edit"><span style="BORDER-BOTTOM: medium none; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: medium none" title="Edit this template">e</span></a></div></div><span style="font-size:110;"><a title="Municipalities of Kosovo" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Municipalities_of_Kosovo" rel="nofollow">Municipalities of Kosovo</a><sup><small><span style="font-size:85%;">1</span></small></sup></span></th></tr><tr style="HEIGHT: 2px"><td><span style="font-size:85%;"></span></td></tr><tr><td style="PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; PADDING-LEFT: 0px; WIDTH: 100%; PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; PADDING-TOP: 0px" colspan="2"><div style="PADDING-BOTTOM: 0em; PADDING-LEFT: 0.25em; PADDING-RIGHT: 0.25em; PADDING-TOP: 0em"><a title="Dečani" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/De%C4%8Dani" rel="nofollow">Dečani</a> • <a title="Đakovica" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/%C4%90akovica" rel="nofollow">Đakovica</a> • <a title="Dragaš" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Draga%C5%A1" rel="nofollow">Dragaš</a> • <a title="Glogovac" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Glogovac" rel="nofollow">Glogovac</a> • <a title="Gnjilane" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Gnjilane" rel="nofollow">Gnjilane</a> • <a title="Istok" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Istok" rel="nofollow">Istok</a> • <strong>Kačanik</strong> • <a title="Klina" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Klina" rel="nofollow">Klina</a> • <a title="Kosovo Polje" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Kosovo_Polje" rel="nofollow">Kosovo Polje</a> • <a title="Kosovska Kamenica" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Kosovska_Kamenica" rel="nofollow">Kosovska Kamenica</a> • <a title="Kosovska Mitrovica" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Kosovska_Mitrovica" rel="nofollow">Kosovska Mitrovica</a> • <a title="Leposavić" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Leposavi%C4%87" rel="nofollow">Leposavić</a> • <a title="Lipljan" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Lipljan" rel="nofollow">Lipljan</a> • <a title="Mališevo" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Mali%C5%A1evo" rel="nofollow">Mališevo</a> • <a title="Novo Brdo" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Novo_Brdo" rel="nofollow">Novo Brdo</a> • <a title="Obilić" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Obili%C4%87" rel="nofollow">Obilić</a> • <a title="Orahovac" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Orahovac" rel="nofollow">Orahovac</a> • <a title="Peć" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Pe%C4%87" rel="nofollow">Peć</a> • <a title="Podujevo" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Podujevo" rel="nofollow">Podujevo</a> • <b><a title="Pristina" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Pristina" rel="nofollow">Pristina</a></b> • <a title="Prizren" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Prizren" rel="nofollow">Prizren</a> • <a title="Srbica" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Srbica" rel="nofollow">Srbica</a> • <a title="Štimlje" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/%C5%A0timlje" rel="nofollow">Štimlje</a> • <a title="Štrpce" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/%C5%A0trpce" rel="nofollow">Štrpce</a> • <a title="Suva Reka" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Suva_Reka" rel="nofollow">Suva Reka</a> • <a title="Uroševac" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Uro%C5%A1evac" rel="nofollow">Uroševac</a> • <a title="Vitina" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Vitina" rel="nofollow">Vitina</a> • <a title="Vučitrn" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Vu%C4%8Ditrn" rel="nofollow">Vučitrn</a> • <a title="Zubin Potok" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Zubin_Potok" rel="nofollow">Zubin Potok</a> • <a title="Zvečan" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Zve%C4%8Dan" rel="nofollow">Zvečan</a></div></td><td style="PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; PADDING-LEFT: 2px; WIDTH: 0%; PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; PADDING-TOP: 0px" rowspan="3"><a title="Map of municipalities of Kosovo" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/File:Kosovo_political.jpg" rel="nofollow"><img alt="Map of municipalities of Kosovo" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Kosovo_political.jpg/100px-Kosovo_political.jpg" width="100" height="103" /></a></td></tr><tr style="HEIGHT: 2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td style="PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; PADDING-LEFT: 0px; WIDTH: 100%; PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; PADDING-TOP: 0px" colspan="2"><div style="PADDING-BOTTOM: 0em; PADDING-LEFT: 0.25em; PADDING-RIGHT: 0.25em; PADDING-TOP: 0em">New Municipalities <a title="Đeneral Janković" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/%C4%90eneral_Jankovi%C4%87" rel="nofollow">Đeneral Janković</a> • <a title="Gračanica, Kosovo" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Gra%C4%8Danica,_Kosovo" rel="nofollow">Gračanica</a> • <a title="Junik" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Junik" rel="nofollow">Junik</a> • <a title="Klokot-Vrbovac" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Klokot-Vrbovac" rel="nofollow">Klokot-Vrbovac</a> • <a title="Mamuša" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Mamu%C5%A1a" rel="nofollow">Mamuša</a> • <a title="Parteš" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Parte%C5%A1" rel="nofollow">Parteš</a> • <a title="Ranilug" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Ranilug" rel="nofollow">Ranilug</a></div></td></tr><tr style="HEIGHT: 2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3"><sup><small><span style="font-size:78%;">1</span></small></sup>Kosovo <a title="2008 Kosovo declaration of independence" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/2008_Kosovo_declaration_of_independence" rel="nofollow">declared independence</a> on 17 February 2008, and has been recognized <a title="International recognition of Kosovo" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/International_recognition_of_Kosovo" rel="nofollow">by 62 UN member states</a> as well as the <a title="Republic of China" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Republic_of_China" rel="nofollow">Republic of China (Taiwan)</a>, but <a title="Serbia's reaction to the 2008 Kosovo declaration of independence" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Serbia%27s_reaction_to_the_2008_Kosovo_declaration_of_independence" rel="nofollow">not by Serbia</a>, which claims it as part of its sovereign territory.</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table><div>Retrieved from "<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ka%C4%8Danik" rel="nofollow">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ka%C4%8Danik</a>"</div><div><div><a title="Special:Categories" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Special:Categories" rel="nofollow">Categories</a>: <span dir="ltr"><a title="Category:Cities, towns and villages in Kosovo" href="http://www.blogger.com/wiki/Category:Cities,_towns_and_villages_in_Kosovo" rel="nofollow">Cities, towns and villages in Kosovo</a></span></div></div></div></div><div></div><div></div>
<br />
<br /><wbr></div><div class="clear"></div><div style="PADDING-TOP: 20px"></div><table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%" align="left"><tbody><tr valign="center"><td><form style="DISPLAY: inline" method="get" action="/group/kailar/edit/yrk-m-yrk-m-hangi-kullanm-doru"><input id="edit_page_btn" value="Bu sayfayı düzenle" type="submit"> </form><form style="DISPLAY: inline" method="post" action="/group/kailar/edit/yrk-m-yrk-m-hangi-kullanm-doru?Action.Delete="><input id="delete_page_btn" onclick="return GN_confirmDeletePage();" value="Bu sayfayı sil" type="submit"> </form><td align="right">Sürüm: <select onchange="window.location.href = '?version=' + this.value;"> <option value="27">Geçerli gönderen KARTAL - 7:18<option value="26">23. Düzenle gönderen KARTAL - 6:27<option value="25">22. Düzenle gönderen KARTAL - 6:22<option value="24">21. Düzenle gönderen qiriec5fxe@googlemail.com - 24 Eylül 2008<option value="23">20. Düzenle gönderen Ellen - 15 Eylül 2008<option value="22">19. Düzenle gönderen Flossie - 9 Eylül 2008<option value="21">18. Düzenle gönderen fapau1yvmu - 5 Eylül 2008<option value="20">17. Düzenle gönderen edwinvlc72 - 29 Ağustos 2008<option value="19">16. Düzenle gönderen stoverselwyn2018 - 29 Ağustos 2008<option value="18">15. Düzenle gönderen fulkejlanokaharbor - 29 Ağustos 2008<option value="17">14. Düzenle gönderen KARTAL - 2 Aralık 2007<option value="16">13. Düzenle gönderen KARTAL - 18 Kasım 2007<option value="15">12. Düzenle gönderen KARTAL - 17 Kasım 2007<option value="14">11. Düzenle gönderen KARTAL - 17 Kasım 2007<option value="13">10. Düzenle gönderen KARTAL - 16 Kasım 2007<option value="12">9. Düzenle gönderen KARTAL - 16 Kasım 2007<option value="11">8. Düzenle gönderen KARTAL - 16 Kasım 2007<option value="10">7. Düzenle gönderen KARTAL - 16 Kasım 2007<option value="9">6. Düzenle gönderen KARTAL - 16 Kasım 2007<option value="8">5. Düzenle gönderen KARTAL - 10 Kasım 2007<option value="7">4. Düzenle gönderen KARTAL - 10 Kasım 2007<option value="6">3. Düzenle gönderen KARTAL - 29 Ekim 2007<option value="5">2. Düzenle gönderen KARTAL - 29 Ekim 2007<option value="4">1. Oluşturuldu gönderen KARTAL - 28 Ekim 2007</option></select> </td></tr></tbody></table><div class="clear"></div><script language="javascript1.3"><!-- if (_G2_IsSupportedEditBrowser()) { var bElt = document.getElementById('edit_page_btn'); if (bElt) { bElt.disabled = false; } document.write('<div class="hide">');
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<br /><div id="moduleContentsNav" class="module"></div></div><div class="padt10"></div><div class="maincontboxatt padt4"><div class="padt10"></div><div class="padb4"><table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%"><tbody><tr><td class="padb5"><b>Bu sayfa hakkında son 3 iletileri (toplam 4) - </b><a class="on" href="http://www.blogger.com/group/kailar/browse_thread/thread/da66c993db3b686">tartışmanın tamamını görüntüle</a> </td></tr><tr><td style="BACKGROUND-COLOR: #999"><img alt="" src="http://www.blogger.com/groups/img/dot_clear.gif" height="1" /></td></tr><tr><td class="padt2 padb8"><table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%"><tbody><tr><td class="padt6"><b>18 Kasım 2007</b>; yazan: KARTAL </td></tr><tr><td height="7"></td></tr><tr valign="top"><td colspan="4">Nişanyan ve 1911 eklendi. Nişanyan için edep sözleri eklendi.
<br />
<br />http://groups.google.com/group/kailar/web/yrk-m-yrk-m-hangi-kullanm-doru
<br />bağlantısını tıklayın veya bağlantı çalışmazsa tarayıcınızın adres
<br />çubuğuna kopyalayın.</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td style="BACKGROUND-COLOR: #999"><img alt="" src="http://www.blogger.com/groups/img/dot_clear.gif" height="1" /></td></tr><tr><td class="padt2 padb8"><table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%"><tbody><tr><td class="padt6"><b>16 Kasım 2007</b>; yazan: KARTAL </td></tr><tr><td height="7"></td></tr><tr valign="top"><td colspan="4">Bu yazının telif hakkı Sürmene Kaymakamı Eyüp Sabri Kartal'a ait olup
<br />kaynak belirtilmeden alıntılanamaz.
<br />
<br />"Yörük" mü "Yürük" mü? Hangi kullanım şekli doğrudur?
<br />
<br />
<br />Malum Türkçede; "nomad" anlamına hem "yörük" hem "yürük" kullanımı
<br />vardır.
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />Peki bunlardan hangi kullanım şekli en doğrusudur?</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td style="BACKGROUND-COLOR: #999"><img alt="" src="http://www.blogger.com/groups/img/dot_clear.gif" height="1" /></td></tr><tr><td class="padt2 padb8"><table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%"><tbody><tr><td class="padt6"><b>10 Kasım 2007</b>; yazan: KARTAL </td></tr><tr><td height="7"></td></tr><tr valign="top"><td colspan="4">Konuyu oldukça derledim topladım. Gayet güzel bir izah oldu. Herkese
<br />selamlar, siteye aktif katılımınızı bekleriz ,efendim.
<br />http://groups.google.com/group/kailar/web/yrk-m-yrk-m-hangi-kullanm-doru
<br />bağlantısını tıklayın veya bağlantı çalışmazsa tarayıcınızın adres
<br />çubuğuna kopyalayın.</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table>
<br /></div>
<br /></div>
<br />Unknownnoreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2905918545844906697.post-87607128309464967802009-08-13T13:40:00.000+03:002009-08-13T16:14:29.408+03:00Rumeli ve Memleketlerine göre sanatları :ilginç bir bilgi - Eski Eserler Ansiklopedisinden (Nuretin Rüştü Büngül'den)Aydos; kadife , çatma, kumaş,<br />dırama:işleme<br />elbasan:silah<br />girit:tüylü valansa, işleme, kıymetli bıçak,<br />ipek:silah<br />iskeçe:işleme,<br />kalkandelen:tabancalar, gümüşlü nbüyük bıçaklar,<br />kavala: işleme ve silah<br />midilli:işleme<br />prizren:gümüş tabanca, bıçak, ağızlık, gümüş çakma işleri,<br />rodos:işlem<br />selanik:işleme<br />vidin:som saplı kalın arkalı bıçak,<br />yabanabad(yabanova)testi<br />Yakova:silah<br />Tiran:silah<br /><br />adaköy:kumaççı olup tanzimatta avrupadan gelen kumaşlara isyan etmişlerdir.<br />çukurçemen:revganlı kaşıkdavkana :kulpsuz tepsi<br />takoz :işleme<br />sille:toprak testi<br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />afyon: nalın (tel çakmalı abonoz üzerine)<br />akseki: debağat,kekik yağı,<br />ayaş: şekerci ustaları<br />aydın:işleme<br />ayıntab ince zarif işlemeler, ceviz üzerine marangozluk<br />balıkesir:aba<br />bandırma:işleme<br />beykoz:çeşm-i bülbül<br />bozkr:tüfek, bıçak,<br />bursa:kadife, çatma, kumaş,<br />Çanakkale:halı rıh, zağ,<br />çankırı:leblebicilik,<br />çorum merzifon;dokumalar<br />çumra:sırça, kırmızı gök boya,kilim,<br />denizli:bezler (osman gazinin gömleği burada dokunurdu.<br />diyarbakır:kuyumculuk, ipek,<br /><strong>edirne:hat tezhip, telvin, katıa,cild, oymacılık, kavukluk,saraçlık,kırmızı boya,devayı misk</strong><br />edremit: işleme<br />erzurum,kehribar tesbih<br />eskişehir:lüle taşı<br />etilas ank yakını köy :davul<br />eyüpsultan; fincan, tahta oyuncak,mezartaşı,<br />göksu ist:desti saksı,<br />gürün :şal(elbise için)<br />hereke:halı, kumaş<br />izmir: yatağan karyesi kılınçları<br />ısparta :semer gülyağı,halı,<br />istanbul:hat tezhip , ....<br />karaman:işleme<br />kastamonu:kaba kaşık,çuval,halat ,bez,çarşaf,<br />midyat:tüysiz büyük battaniye<br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />buhara:hat minyatür,,halı,el işlemeleri<br />bağdad:kumaş, mahkukat, kuyumculuk, gümüşcülük,<br />basra :inci<br />dağıstan:altın, gümüş, fildişi kılıç, kamakubacı tabak<br />halep:kumaş kuyumculuk<br />hama: kumaş<br />herat(türkmenistandaki balkan vilayeti şehri):tezhip ,telvin oyma, çakma işleri,minyatür, hat,<br />horosan:kılıç ,halı vs<br />humus: nargile, marpucu,<br />kudüs: oyma sedef işleri<br />lahur:şal çakmaklık,bakır,altın<br />merakeş fas:işleme<br />mısır:mumya , hasır, fildişi, kehrüba işleri,<br />musul: artuklu çakma bakırları,Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2905918545844906697.post-89852112746001962312009-08-12T13:27:00.000+03:002009-08-12T16:38:48.645+03:00Eyyüb Sabri Paşa Yenişehir'de Urmiye veya Urumiyel den<div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;font-size:100%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Georgia; font-size: 16px; line-height: 22px; "><b>Eyüp Sabri Paşa</b> Sultan <a href="http://ansiklopedi.turkcebilgi.com/%C4%B0kinci_Abd%C3%BClhamid" title="İkinci Abdülhamid hakkında bilgi" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 204); text-decoration: none; ">İkinci Abdülhamid</a> Han devri amirâllerinden. İsmi Eyyûb Sabri olup, Yenişehir civârındaki Urmiye’de doğdu. Doğum târihi bilinmemektedir. 1890 (H.1308) târihinde İstanbul’da vefât etti. Bayramiye yolu büyüklerinden, ilim irfân sâhibi olan hocası İdrîs-i Muhtefî’nin Kasımpaşa’da Kulaksız Câmii karşısında bulunan yokuşun alt başındaki kabrinin ayak ucuna defnedildi.
<br />
<br />Eyüp Sabri Paşa, Sultan İkinci Abdülhamîd Han zamânında yetişen, çalışkan, âlim bir deniz paşasıydı. Bir kısmı henüz basılmayan çok kıymetli eserler yazdı. Basılanlar şunlardır:
<br />
<br />Mir’ât-ı Mekke, Mir’ât-ı Medîne, Terceme-i Şemâil-i Şerîf, Ahvâl-i Cezîret-ül-Arab, Şerh-i Kasîde-i Bânet Süâd, Târih-i Vehhâbiyân, Mahmûd-üs-Siyer, Necât-ül-Mü’minîn, Tekmilet-ül-Menâsik, Riyâd-ül-Mûkınîn, Mir’ât-ü Cezîret-il-Arab.
<br />
<br />İlk iki eser ile sonuncusu, Mir’ât-ül Haremeyn ismiyle yazılmış olup, mukaddes Hicaz bölgesi hakkında dînî ve târihî bilgileri ihtivâ etmektedir. Herkes ve bilhassa hacılar için lüzumlu bir kitaptır. Eyyûb Sabri Paşanın kitaplarında Vehhâbîler hakkında geniş bilgi vardır.
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<br />Ahvâl-i Cezîret-ül Arab, Arabistan Yarımadası hakkında yazılan coğrafya kitaplarının en kıymetli ve en geniş olanıdır. Büyük İslâm âlimi İmâm-ı Gazâlî’nin kelâm ilmindeki Bidâyet-ün-Nihâye isimli kitâbını Eshâb-ül-İnâye ismiyle tercüme edip bastırmıştır.
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<br />Bu eserin başındaki beyit şöyledir:
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<br />Tâbi-i şer-i şerîf olmayanın dünyâda, Hâli pek müşkil olur Mahkeme-i ukbâda.</span></span></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#333333;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 22px;">
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<br /></span></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Büyük İslâm âlimi İmâm-ı Gazâlî�nin kelâm ilmindeki Bidâyet-ün-Nihâye isimli kitâbını Eshâb-ül-İnâye ismiyle tercüme edip bastırmıştır.</span></b></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">
<br /></span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Bu eserin başındaki beyit şöyledir:
<br /></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Tâbi-i şer-i şerîf olmayanın dünyâda, </span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">
<br /></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Hâli pek müşkil olur Mahkeme-i ukbâda.</span></i></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;font-size:100%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13px;"><i>
<br /></i></span></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;font-size:100%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13px;"><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; line-height: 18px; "><table class="contentpaneopen" style="width: 740px; "><tbody><tr><td class="contentheading" width="100%" style="padding-right: 30px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); font-size: 15px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); text-align: left; ">Eyüp Sabri Paşa'nın Kaleminden Medine'de Receb-i Şerif</td><td align="right" width="100%" class="buttonheading" style="padding-right: 30px; "><a href="http://www.sonpeygamber.info/tr/index2.php?option=com_content&do_pdf=1&id=1657" target="_blank" onclick="window.open('http://www.sonpeygamber.info/tr/index2.php?option=com_content&do_pdf=1&id=1657','win2','status=no,toolbar=no,scrollbars=yes,titlebar=no,menubar=no,resizable=yes,width=640,height=480,directories=no,location=no'); return false;" title="PDF" style="font-family: Georgia, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-decoration: none; color: navy; font-size: 12px; "><img src="http://www.sonpeygamber.info/tr/images/M_images/pdf_button.png" alt="PDF" name="PDF" align="middle" border="0" style="border-top-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none; border-left-style: none; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; margin-top: 8px; margin-right: 10px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 10px; " /></a></td></tr></tbody></table><p class="moscomLink" style="background-color: rgb(239, 236, 231); margin-top: 6px; margin-right: 30px; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-left: 0px; clear: both; text-align: center; line-height: 18px; text-indent: 50px; "><a href="http://www.sonpeygamber.info/tr/tr/tarih/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=1657&Itemid=1066&show=1#comments" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-size: 12px; ">Yorumları Göster</a> (0) - <a href="http://www.sonpeygamber.info/tr/tr/tarih/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=1657&Itemid=1066&show=1#mcform" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-size: 12px; ">Konuya Yorum Ekle</a></p><table class="contentpaneopen" style="width: 740px; "><tbody><tr><td valign="top" colspan="2" style="padding-right: 30px; ">
<br /><p style="line-height: 18px; text-indent: 50px; margin-top: 6px; margin-bottom: 6px; "><em><b></b></em></p><em>Eyüp Sabri Paşa Sultan İkinci Abdülhamid döneminde yetişen önemli bir Osmanlı generaliydi. Asker kimliğinin yanında onu önemli kılan özelliklerinden biri de alim bir şahıs olmasıydı. Uzunca bir dönem Hicaz'da Osmanlı idaresini temsilen görevde bulundu. Bu esnada Hicaz bölgesindeki dinî ve kültürel yaşama dair gözlemlerini <b>Mir'ât-ı Mekke</b> ve <b>Mir'ât-ı Medine</b> adlı eserlerinde bir araya getirdi. Eserleri içerdiği güvenilir bilgi ve dikkatli gözlemler dolayısıyla o dönem kutsal beldelerdeki yaşama dair en önemli kaynaklar arasında.</em><p style="line-height: 18px; text-indent: 50px; margin-top: 6px; margin-bottom: 6px; ">Her uygulamanın kendine mahsus bir geleneği olduğu Osmanlı devrinde Medine-i Münevvere'de <i>üç aylar</i> adı verilen Hicri Receb, Şaban ve Ramazan aylarında yapılan bazı merasim ve kutlamaları Eyüp Sabri Paşa'nin Mir'ât-i Haremeyn'inden sizinle paylaşmak istedik<a href="javascript:void(0);" onmouseover="">Mir`ât-ı Haremeyn, Medine,</i> c.II, 103-105, İstanbul 1304', CAPTION, '', BELOW, RIGHT, BGCOLOR, '#CC9966');" onmouseout="return nd();" style="font-family: Georgia, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-decoration: none; color: navy; font-size: 12px; "><sup>1</sup></a>.</p><p style="line-height: 18px; text-indent: 50px; margin-top: 6px; margin-bottom: 6px; ">Receb-i Şerif'de Hücre-i Muattara'yı ziyaret maksadıyla etraftan gelen ziyaretçilere ahali arasında "Recebiyye" denir. Bu taife Risalet-penâhi'ye hecin develerine binmiş halde geldikleri için "Rikab" olarak da bilinmektedirler.</p><p style="line-height: 18px; text-indent: 50px; margin-top: 6px; margin-bottom: 6px; ">Recebiyye taifesi Yemen, Mekke, Taif gibi sair Arap beldelerinden özellikle Medine-i Münevvere ile aynı coğrafyada olan beldelerde yaşayanların ziyaretçilerinden ibarettir. Bunların cümlesi çoluk çocuklarıyla beraber birer hecin devesine binerek ve her kabile fertleri birer de bayrak tedarik ederek reislerini önlerine alıp büyük bir şevk ve ihlasla Harem-i Saadet'e dahil ve mertebe-i nebeviyyenin ayağına yüz sürmek yüce şerefine nail oldukları gün naatlar ve salavat-ı şerifeler okuyarak ve bunların meydana getirdiği tabii bir neticesi olan teessür ve huşu hali ile şehre girerlerdi.</p><p style="line-height: 18px; text-indent: 50px; margin-top: 6px; margin-bottom: 6px; ">Recebiyye ziyaretçileri Harem-i Saadet'e girmeye yaklaştıklarında bir nebze göz yaşı dökerler ki görenlerin yürekleri kara taş kadar katı olsa bile tuz gibi erir ve öyle bir izdiham ve kalabalık ile vasıl olurlar ki mukaddes Medine-i Münevvere şehri âdeta bu kalabalığı taşıyamayacak derecelere varır. Şehr-i tayyibeye girdikleri andan itibaren üç gün üç gece huzur-ı safa-i peygamberide halka olup tevazu ve huşu içinde ardını arasını kesmeyerek Hazret-i Rasûl-i Kibriya'yı sitayişle medh ederek O'nun peygamberliğini içine alan ve O'na layık bir şekilde gayet suzişli kasideler, ilahiler söylerler ve her bir beyyten sonra;</p><p style="line-height: 18px; text-indent: 50px; margin-top: 6px; margin-bottom: 6px; "><i>Merhaban bike Ya Muhammed! Merhaban merhaban fî merhaban</i></p><p style="line-height: 18px; text-indent: 50px; margin-top: 6px; margin-bottom: 6px; ">nakaratını söyleyip hüngür hüngür ağlarlar, Mescid-i Saadet-i Harem-i Şerif içinde oluşturdukları bu ulvi atmosferde o kadar feyiz ve maneviyat yüksek olur ki seyredenlerin Hazret-i Peygamber'e olan muhabbetleri artarak tüyleri ürperir ve her birinin gözlerinden vecd yaşları akar.</p><p style="line-height: 18px; text-indent: 50px; margin-top: 6px; margin-bottom: 6px; ">Recebiyye taifesinin şehre varışlarının dördüncü günü ki o günün gecesi Mirac-ı Nebî'dir. ikindi namazı eda edildikten sonra "Bab-ı Rahme" kapısının bulunduğu alanda güzel süslenmiş bir kürsü konulup üzerine sesi güzel bir zatı çıkarırlar. Bu kişi tahmin edilenin fevkinde bir hüzün ve huşu-ı kalb ile "Miraciyye" bahrini okuyup dinleyenlere muhabbet vecd ateşini aşılayarak kürsüden iner. Okuyucu sadece bir kişiden müteşekkildir.</p><p style="line-height: 18px; text-indent: 50px; margin-top: 6px; margin-bottom: 6px; ">Bu mübarek Miraciyye cemiyetine beldenin ileri gelenleri ve orada yaşayan halk da katıldığından bunların cümlesiyle beraber Mescid-i Saadet'in içi dışı ağzına kadar dolar ki âdeta bir mübarek Arafat vakfesine dönüşür. Her köşede müminlerin feryad u figanları ta fecre kadar devam eder. Bu cemiyet Peygamber bahçesinin batısında meydana gelirdi. Gerek miraciyye gerekse mevlid-i şerif cemiyetlerinde Mescid-i Saadet haricinde bir çadır kurulur, hazırlanan şerbetler bu çadırdan <i>zevrak</i> adı verilen şerbet tekneleriyle dağıtılırdı. Cemaat mescidden dağılmadıkça bu çadır o mahalde bulunurdu. Bu her iki cemiyette memurlardan ve ahaliden 2000 kişinin evlerine şerbet gönderilmesi kadim bir âdet idi. Çadır kaldırılacağı zaman meşihat dairesi, Naib-i Harem ve orada görevli bütün ağalara ve sair şahısların evlerine ve ayrıca Asakir-i Şahaneye ve hükümette çalışan memurlarına ve şehrin ileri gelenlerine ikişer üçer zevrak şerbet gönderilirdi ve bunların bütün masrafları tamamen hazine idaresine aitti.</p><p style="line-height: 18px; text-indent: 50px; margin-top: 6px; margin-bottom: 6px; ">Hz. Peygamber'in ziyaretçilerinin Miraç gecesinde mescid dahilinde sabaha kadar bulunmaları ve ibadet etmeleri geçerli bir kadim gelenekti. Bunlar sabah namazını Şafiî imamına uyarak eda ederler, güneş doğduktan yarım saat kadar sonra tekrar hecin develerine binerek memleketlerine avdet ederlerdi.</p><p style="line-height: 18px; text-indent: 50px; margin-top: 6px; margin-bottom: 6px; ">Halk arasında Recebiyye taifesini geçirmek, yolcu etmek dahi geçerli bir adab idi. Recebiyye ziyaretçileri şehir surlarının dışına kadar hüzünlü ve kederli aynı zamanda göz yaşları dökerek Medine-i Münevvere'yi terk ederlerdi. Bu ziyarete halk arasında "Hacc-ı Nebî" denilmektedir.</p><p style="line-height: 18px; text-indent: 50px; margin-top: 6px; margin-bottom: 6px; ">
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<br /></p><p style="line-height: 18px; text-indent: 50px; margin-top: 6px; margin-bottom: 6px; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: normal; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; "></span></p><h3 class="post-title entry-title" style="font-size: 22px; color: rgb(25, 59, 157); "><a href="http://muratyazici.blogspot.com/2008/04/vehhabilik-sinsice-yaylyor.html" style="color: rgb(148, 15, 4); text-decoration: none; ">Vehhabilik Sinsice Yayılıyor</a></h3><div class="post-header-line-1"></div><div class="post-body entry-content"><strong>Tunuslu Profesörün önemli kitabı:
<br />Vehhabilik İslâm Dünyasını fethediyor
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<br />Mehmet Şevket Eygi
<br />27.04.2008 </strong>
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<br />TUNUS Üniversitesi’nde siyası ilimler profesörü, düşünür Hamadî Redissi “Necid Sözleşmesi yahut bir İslâm fırkası nasıl İslâm’ın yerine geçti?” isminde Fransızca bir kitap yayınlamış. (Le Seuil Yayınevi, 329 sayfa) Bu kitabın tanıtımını oumma.com’da okudum. Okuyucularıma oradan naklederek bazı özet bilgiler vermek istiyorum.
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<br />“Vehhabilik uzun müddet bir fırka, hattâ asıl İslâm’dan sapmış bir dalalet olarak görülmüş (Vehhabiler 19’uncu asırda İslâm’ın kutsal şehri Mekke’yi tahrip etmişlerdi). İşte bu fırka yavaş yavaş petro-dolarlar sayesinde, İslâm’ın aslına uygun doğru yorumu ve uygulanması olarak kendini kabul ettirmiştir.
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<br />“Hamadî Redissi fikirlerini, lafları gevelemeden açıklayan bir kimse. 19’uncu asırda Mekke’yi zaptederler, kutsal bölgedeki Hazret-i Hatice’nin türbesini, Mualla Kabristanı’ndaki diğer İslâm büyüklerinin türbe ve mezarlarını tahrip ederler, Medine’de de Asr-ı Saadet’ten kalan türbeleri ve mezarları yıkıp düzlerler. Peygamberin, Yeşil Kubbe altındaki kabrindeki kıymetli eşyayı yağmalarlar, Peygamberin türbesini ve kabrini yıkamazlar.
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<br />“Suudî Arabistan’ın kurucusu Suud, hacıların asırlardan beri türbeye getirmiş oldukları kıymetli taşları, bilezikleri, gerdanlıkları ve diğer değerli eşyayı yağmalar, bu eşyaları 60 deve ile taşıtır. Hamadî Redissi, Necid Sözleşmesi kitabında ‘Nasıl olur da böyle savaşçı ve yağmacı bir fırka, kutsal mekânları ve makamları tahrip etmiş olmasına rağmen, zulm ve gadretmiş olduğu Ehl-i Sünnet Müslümanları tarafından temize çıkarılmıştır.’ diye sorar.”
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<br />Yazarın, Vehhabîlere ve Vehhabîliğe sıcak bakmadığı çok kolay anlaşılıyor. Bu kitap ucuz ve kolay şekilde yazılmış bir reddiye değildir. Hamadî Redissi senelerce kitap mütalaa etmiş, kaynakları karıştırmış, bilgi ve belge toplamıştır. Suudî Arabistan’a gitmiş, İngiliz, Alman, Amerikan belgelerine ulaşmıştır. Onun kitabına ad olarak koyduğu Necid Sözleşmesi, bu fırkanın dinî-teolojik kurucusu Muhammed ibn Abdülvehhab’ın (1703-1792), Necidli bir kabile reisi olan İbni Suud ile 1744-1745 yıllarında imzaladığı bir belgedir.
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<br />“İbni Abdülvehhab’ın amacı neydi? O Müslümanların İslâm’ı bozduklarını iddia ediyor, bozulmuş İslâm’ın yerine kendisinin gerçek İslâm’ı bildirdiği tezini ileri sürüyordu. Onun İslâm’ı radikal, mutaassıp, çok sert, püriten, sekter ve donmuş bir dindi. 1932’den itibaren Arap Yarımadasına bu mezhep hâkim olmuştur. İkinci Dünya Savaşından sonra petrol zenginliğinin verdiği imkânlarla geleneksel İslâmî anlayış ve meşreplerin aleyhine İslâm dünyasının fethine girişmişlerdir.
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<br />“Uzun bir müddet, Ehl-i Sünnet İslâmlığı, Vehhabiliği bir sapıklık olarak görmüş ve onunla çok sert şekilde mücadele etmiştir. Ancak ‘Bu bozuk fırka’ artık temize çıkarılmış ve İslâm dünyasının her yerinde benimsenmeye başlanmıştır.
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<br />“Suudî Arabistan, Arap dünyasındaki televizyonların ve internet sitelerinin, yazılı medyanın yüzde 30’una sahip bulunmakta veya kontrol etmektedir. Birçok İslâmî propaganda ve misyonerlik kuruluşları da ona bağlıdır.
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<br />“14 Şubat 1945’te ABD Başkanı Franklin D. Roosevelt ile Kral Abdülaziz bin Suud arasında bir anlaşma yapılmıştı. Buna göre, Suudiler Amerika’nın askerî koruması karşılığında petrollerini vereceklerdi. Kral, Filistin’e Yahudilerin yerleştirilmesine kesinlikle karşıydı. ‘Araplar Avrupa Yahudilerine hiçbir kötülük yapmadılar. Yahudilere kötülük yapanlar, onların mallarını ve canlarını alanlar Hıristiyan Almanlardı. Dolayısıyla faturayı onların ödemesi gerekir!’ demişti. Roosevelt, Krala inanmış görünmüş ve üç söz vermişti: Filistin meselesinin hallini hükümetinin önemli işlerinden biri olarak kabul etmek, Arapların aleyhine hiçbir şey yapmamak. Hem Araplarla hem Yahudilerle görüşmeden bu politikada hiçbir değişikliğe gitmemek... Lakin ABD Başkanı bu görüşmeden iki ay sonra vefat etti. Verilen sözler de tutulmadı. Suudiler açısından İbni Suud’un Roosevelt’e verdiği söze uygun olarak Suudî Arabistan İsraille hiç savaşmadı.”
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<br />Vehhabîliğin iki ayrı veçhesi vardır: Dînî ve siyasi. Dini açıdan bu mezhebe ilk reddiyeyi Muhammed İbni Abdülvehhab’ın kardeşi Süleyman İbni Abdülvehhab yazmıştır.
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<br />Suudî Arabistan’da şu anda hiçbir eski veya yeni mezar yoktur. Peygamber Efendimizin türbesi dışındaki bütün türbeler temellerine kadar yıkılmıştır. Yazılı bir kabir taşı da kalmamıştır. Hicaz Valisi Eyüp Sabri Paşa “Tarihî Vehhabiyan” adlı kitabında, Vehhabîlerin Resulullah Efendimizin türbesini yıkmak üzere kubbeye elinde kazmayla bir adam çıkardıklarını ve herifin düşüp öldüğünü anlatır. Onların Peygamberimizin türbesini yıkmaktan vazgeçmelerinde, İslâm dünyasının büyük infiali ve protestosu da tesirli olmuştur.
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<br />İngiltere Birinci Dünya Savaşı’nda Hicaz Bölgesinde Osmanlılara karşı Şerif Hüseyin’i kışkırtmış, desteklemiş, casus Lawrence’yi o bölgeye büyük miktarda altınla göndermiştir. Necid Bölgesinde de yine Osmanlıya karşı Vehhabîleri ve İbni Suud kabilesine de Sir John Philby’i göndermiştir. Tabii eli boş olarak değil...
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<br />Türkiye’de Vehhabîlik yayılıyor mu? Bence yayılıyor, lakin bu isimle değil. Onlar kendilerine Vehhabî denilmesini istemezler, biz Selefiyiz derler.
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<br />Ehli Sünnet İslâmlığı ile Vehhabilik arasındaki teolojik ihtilaflar ve tartışmalar daha ziyade akaid/inanç konularındadır. Ehl-i Sünnet uleması bu fırkaya karşı hayli reddiye yazmıştır.
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<br />İşin bir de siyasi tarafı var. Onu da tarihçiler ele almıştır. Bizim toplumumuz okumayan, araştırmayan, incelemeyen, hafızasını büyük ölçüde yitirmiş bir toplum olduğu için bu konularda yeterli bilgi ve kültür sahibi değildir.</div><div class="post-body entry-content">
<br /></div><div class="post-body entry-content"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><table width="100%" height="16px" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2"><table border="0"><tbody><tr><td width="70%" align="left" valign="top" class="haber_baslik" style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-weight: bold; font-variant: normal; text-transform: none; color: rgb(29, 60, 153); text-decoration: none; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 3px; padding-left: 0px; ">Mekke'nin ilk fotoğrafları bu kitapta!<p></p><div align="left"><span class="ekprop-p" style="color: rgb(88, 88, 91); font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px; ">MUHSIN ÖZTÜRK</span>
<br /><span class="ekprop-p" style="color: rgb(88, 88, 91); font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px; ">Sayı: 598/ Tarih : 22-05-2006</span></div><span class="haber_spot" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; font-variant: normal; text-transform: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-decoration: none; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 3px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><div style="padding-top: 15px; ">Sultan 2. Abdülhamid'in 'Yıldız Albümleri' olarak arşivlerde saklı kalan 911 kitaplık 36 bin fotoğraf gün ışığına çıkıyor. İlk albüm, Mekke-Medine.</div></span></td><td><table border="0" align="right" width="200px"><tbody><tr><td align="right"><img width="200" height="160" src="http://medya.todayszaman.com/aksiyon/2006/05/22/80.jpg" /></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td>
<br /></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" colspan="2"><table border="0" align="right"><tbody><tr><td align="right"><div id="siteSearchDiv" style="opacity: 1; "><table width="206" border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="tit-border-site" style="border-top-width: 2px; border-right-width: 2px; border-bottom-width: 2px; border-left-width: 2px; border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(208, 211, 218); border-right-color: rgb(208, 211, 218); border-bottom-color: rgb(208, 211, 218); border-left-color: rgb(208, 211, 218); "><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" width="194"><form style="color: red; font-family: verdana; font-weight: bold; font-size: 14px; ">Yaptığınız aramaya en yakın haberler..</form></td></tr><tr><td class="listegif-td" align="center" valign="top" style="width: 20px; height: 25px; vertical-align: baseline; "><img src="http://www.aksiyon.com.tr/images/template/aksiyon/nokta.gif" border="0" /></td><td class="liste-td" style="width: 135px; height: 25px; vertical-align: baseline; "><a href="http://www.aksiyon.com.tr/detaylar.do?load=detay&link=20363&bolum=34" style="text-decoration: none; color: black; "><span class="liste-span" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt; ">Veremle savaşta 100 günlük bilanço</span></a></td></tr><tr><td class="listegif-td" align="center" valign="top" style="width: 20px; height: 25px; vertical-align: baseline; "><img src="http://www.aksiyon.com.tr/images/template/aksiyon/nokta.gif" border="0" /></td><td class="liste-td" style="width: 135px; height: 25px; vertical-align: baseline; "><a href="http://www.aksiyon.com.tr/detaylar.do?load=detay&link=9547&bolum=26" style="text-decoration: none; color: black; "><span class="liste-span" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt; ">Taht ve Baht Odasının sırları</span></a></td></tr><tr><td class="listegif-td" align="center" valign="top" style="width: 20px; height: 25px; vertical-align: baseline; "><img src="http://www.aksiyon.com.tr/images/template/aksiyon/nokta.gif" border="0" /></td><td class="liste-td" style="width: 135px; height: 25px; vertical-align: baseline; "><a href="http://www.aksiyon.com.tr/detaylar.do?load=detay&link=8815&bolum=37" style="text-decoration: none; color: black; "><span class="liste-span" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt; ">"Menderes Bizi Anlamadı"</span></a></td></tr><tr><td class="listegif-td" align="center" valign="top" style="width: 20px; height: 25px; vertical-align: baseline; "><img src="http://www.aksiyon.com.tr/images/template/aksiyon/nokta.gif" border="0" /></td><td class="liste-td" style="width: 135px; height: 25px; vertical-align: baseline; "><a href="http://www.aksiyon.com.tr/detaylar.do?load=detay&link=8624&bolum=36" style="text-decoration: none; color: black; "><span class="liste-span" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt; ">Tefekkür adamının tevekkülü</span></a></td></tr><tr><td class="listegif-td" align="center" valign="top" style="width: 20px; height: 25px; vertical-align: baseline; "><img src="http://www.aksiyon.com.tr/images/template/aksiyon/nokta.gif" border="0" /></td><td class="liste-td" style="width: 135px; height: 25px; vertical-align: baseline; "><a href="http://www.aksiyon.com.tr/detaylar.do?load=detay&link=6614&bolum=34" style="text-decoration: none; color: black; "><span class="liste-span" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt; ">Tefekkür adamının tevekkülü</span></a></td></tr><tr><td class="listegif-td" align="center" valign="top" style="width: 20px; height: 25px; vertical-align: baseline; "><img src="http://www.aksiyon.com.tr/images/template/aksiyon/nokta.gif" border="0" /></td><td class="liste-td" style="width: 135px; height: 25px; vertical-align: baseline; "><a href="http://www.aksiyon.com.tr/detaylar.do?load=detay&link=7585&bolum=34" style="text-decoration: none; color: black; "><span class="liste-span" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt; ">Neyzen Emin Dede-I</span></a></td></tr><tr><td class="listegif-td" align="center" valign="top" style="width: 20px; height: 25px; vertical-align: baseline; "><img src="http://www.aksiyon.com.tr/images/template/aksiyon/nokta.gif" border="0" /></td><td class="liste-td" style="width: 135px; height: 25px; vertical-align: baseline; "><a href="http://www.aksiyon.com.tr/detaylar.do?load=detay&link=2148&bolum=34" style="text-decoration: none; color: black; "><span class="liste-span" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt; ">Tetıkçıler</span></a></td></tr><tr><td class="listegif-td" align="center" valign="top" style="width: 20px; height: 25px; vertical-align: baseline; "><img src="http://www.aksiyon.com.tr/images/template/aksiyon/nokta.gif" border="0" /></td><td class="liste-td" style="width: 135px; height: 25px; vertical-align: baseline; "><a href="http://www.aksiyon.com.tr/detaylar.do?load=detay&link=411&bolum=34" style="text-decoration: none; color: black; "><span class="liste-span" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt; ">Darülaceze'de her mevsim sonbahar</span></a></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr><tr><td align="right"><table width="198" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tit-border" style="border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(208, 211, 218); border-right-color: rgb(208, 211, 218); border-bottom-color: rgb(208, 211, 218); border-left-color: rgb(208, 211, 218); "><tbody><tr><td colspan="32"><img src="http://www.aksiyon.com.tr/images/interactive/spacer.gif" width="198" height="3" alt="" /></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="12"><img src="http://www.aksiyon.com.tr/images/interactive/spacer.gif" width="2" height="140" alt="" /></td><td width="194" height="21" colspan="30" class="tit-head" style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11px; font-weight: bold; padding-left: 5px; background-color: rgb(208, 211, 218); ">Aksiyon Etkileşim Kutusu</td><td rowspan="12"><img src="http://www.aksiyon.com.tr/images/interactive/spacer.gif" width="2" height="140" alt="" /></td></tr><tr><td colspan="30"><img src="http://www.aksiyon.com.tr/images/interactive/spacer.gif" width="194" height="7" alt="" /></td></tr><tr><td colspan="30"><a href="http://www.addthis.com/bookmark.php?v=20" onmouseover="return addthis_open(this, '', '[URL]', '[TITLE]')" onmouseout="addthis_close()" onclick="return addthis_sendto()" style="text-decoration: none; color: black; "><img width="194" border="0" src="http://www.aksiyon.com.tr/images/share.bmp" alt="Bookmark and Share" style="border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; " /></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3"><img src="http://www.aksiyon.com.tr/images/interactive/tit-video-b.gif" width="18" height="17" alt="" /></td><td width="39" height="17" colspan="6" class="tit-back" style="background-color: rgb(244, 245, 250); font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; text-align: center; "><span style="color:#C4C5C7;">Video</span></td><td><img src="http://www.aksiyon.com.tr/images/interactive/spacer.gif" width="4" height="17" alt="" /></td><td colspan="5"><img src="http://www.aksiyon.com.tr/images/interactive/tit-photo-b.gif" width="18" height="17" alt="" /></td><td width="43" height="17" colspan="5" class="tit-back" style="background-color: rgb(244, 245, 250); font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; text-align: center; "><span style="color:#C4C5C7;">Fotoğraf</span></td><td><img src="http://www.aksiyon.com.tr/images/interactive/spacer.gif" width="4" height="17" alt="" /></td><td colspan="2"><img src="http://www.aksiyon.com.tr/images/interactive/tit-audio-b.gif" width="18" height="17" alt="" /></td><td width="39" height="17" colspan="7" class="tit-back" style="background-color: rgb(244, 245, 250); font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; text-align: center; "><span style="color:#C4C5C7;">Sesli</span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="30"><img src="http://www.aksiyon.com.tr/images/interactive/spacer.gif" width="194" height="6" alt="" /></td></tr><tr><td width="77" height="17" colspan="11" class="tit-back" style="background-color: rgb(244, 245, 250); font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; text-align: center; "><a href="javascript: send_print(11734,'')" style="text-decoration: none; color: black; ">Yazdir</a></td><td width="4"><img src="http://www.aksiyon.com.tr/images/interactive/spacer.gif" width="4" height="17" alt="" /></td><td width="113" height="17" colspan="18" class="tit-back" style="background-color: rgb(244, 245, 250); font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; text-align: center; "><a href="javascript: send_mail(11734,34)" style="text-decoration: none; color: black; ">Arkadasa gonder</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="30"><img src="http://www.aksiyon.com.tr/images/interactive/spacer.gif" width="194" height="6" alt="" /></td></tr><tr><td width="194" height="17" colspan="30" class="tit-back" style="background-color: rgb(244, 245, 250); font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; text-align: center; "><a href="http://www.aksiyon.com.tr/detaylar.do?load=detay&link=11734#writecomment" style="text-decoration: none; color: black; ">Yorum yaz</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="30"><img src="http://www.aksiyon.com.tr/images/interactive/spacer.gif" width="194" height="6" alt="" /></td></tr><tr><td width="194" height="17" colspan="30" class="tit-back" style="background-color: rgb(244, 245, 250); font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; text-align: center; "><span style="color:#C4C5C7;">Yorumları oku</span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="30"><img src="http://www.aksiyon.com.tr/images/interactive/spacer.gif" width="194" height="4" alt="" /></td></tr><tr><td><img src="http://www.aksiyon.com.tr/images/interactive/spacer.gif" width="2" height="20" alt="" /></td><td colspan="28" align="center"></td><td><img src="http://www.aksiyon.com.tr/images/interactive/spacer.gif" width="2" height="20" alt="" /></td></tr><tr><td colspan="30"><img src="http://www.aksiyon.com.tr/images/interactive/spacer.gif" width="194" height="2" alt="" /></td></tr><tr><td><img src="http://www.aksiyon.com.tr/images/interactive/spacer.gif" width="2" height="1" alt="" /></td><td><img src="http://www.aksiyon.com.tr/images/interactive/spacer.gif" width="2" height="1" alt="" /></td><td><img src="http://www.aksiyon.com.tr/images/interactive/spacer.gif" width="3" height="1" alt="" /></td><td><img src="http://www.aksiyon.com.tr/images/interactive/spacer.gif" width="13" height="1" alt="" /></td><td><img src="http://www.aksiyon.com.tr/images/interactive/spacer.gif" width="22" height="1" alt="" /></td><td><img src="http://www.aksiyon.com.tr/images/interactive/spacer.gif" width="1" height="1" alt="" /></td><td><img src="http://www.aksiyon.com.tr/images/interactive/spacer.gif" width="4" height="1" alt="" /></td><td><img src="http://www.aksiyon.com.tr/images/interactive/spacer.gif" width="15" height="1" alt="" /></td><td><img src="http://www.aksiyon.com.tr/images/interactive/spacer.gif" width="4" height="1" alt="" /></td><td><img src="http://www.aksiyon.com.tr/images/interactive/spacer.gif" width="4" height="1" alt="" /></td><td><img src="http://www.aksiyon.com.tr/images/interactive/spacer.gif" width="4" height="1" alt="" /></td><td><img src="http://www.aksiyon.com.tr/images/interactive/spacer.gif" width="5" height="1" alt="" /></td><td><img src="http://www.aksiyon.com.tr/images/interactive/spacer.gif" width="1" height="1" alt="" /></td><td><img src="http://www.aksiyon.com.tr/images/interactive/spacer.gif" width="3" height="1" alt="" /></td><td><img src="http://www.aksiyon.com.tr/images/interactive/spacer.gif" width="2" height="1" alt="" /></td><td><img src="http://www.aksiyon.com.tr/images/interactive/spacer.gif" width="7" height="1" alt="" /></td><td><img src="http://www.aksiyon.com.tr/images/interactive/spacer.gif" width="9" height="1" alt="" /></td><td><img src="http://www.aksiyon.com.tr/images/interactive/spacer.gif" width="2" height="1" alt="" /></td><td><img src="http://www.aksiyon.com.tr/images/interactive/spacer.gif" width="16" height="1" alt="" /></td><td><img src="http://www.aksiyon.com.tr/images/interactive/spacer.gif" width="4" height="1" alt="" /></td><td><img src="http://www.aksiyon.com.tr/images/interactive/spacer.gif" width="12" height="1" alt="" /></td><td><img src="http://www.aksiyon.com.tr/images/interactive/spacer.gif" width="4" height="1" alt="" /></td><td><img src="http://www.aksiyon.com.tr/images/interactive/spacer.gif" width="4" height="1" alt="" /></td><td><img src="http://www.aksiyon.com.tr/images/interactive/spacer.gif" width="14" height="1" alt="" /></td><td><img src="http://www.aksiyon.com.tr/images/interactive/spacer.gif" width="2" height="1" alt="" /></td><td><img src="http://www.aksiyon.com.tr/images/interactive/spacer.gif" width="4" height="1" alt="" /></td><td><img src="http://www.aksiyon.com.tr/images/interactive/spacer.gif" width="13" height="1" alt="" /></td><td><img src="http://www.aksiyon.com.tr/images/interactive/spacer.gif" width="8" height="1" alt="" /></td><td><img src="http://www.aksiyon.com.tr/images/interactive/spacer.gif" width="7" height="1" alt="" /></td><td><img src="http://www.aksiyon.com.tr/images/interactive/spacer.gif" width="3" height="1" alt="" /></td><td><img src="http://www.aksiyon.com.tr/images/interactive/spacer.gif" width="2" height="1" alt="" /></td><td><img src="http://www.aksiyon.com.tr/images/interactive/spacer.gif" width="2" height="1" alt="" /></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table><span class="haber_detay" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; font-variant: normal; text-transform: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-decoration: none; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 3px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">2. Abdülhamit şüphesiz Osmanlı padişahları içinde hayatı en çok didik didik edilen, en çok tartışılan kişi. Yitik Hazine Yayınları'ndan çıkan "Yıldız Albümleri Mekke-Medine" yeniden Sultan Abdülhamit'in farklı bir yönünü gündemimize soktu. Bizzat kendisi tarafından çektirilen ve bugün İstanbul Üniversitesi arşivlerinde yer alan Yıldız Albümleri 911 kitap ve 36 bin fotoğraftan oluşuyor. İç ve dış tehditler, giderek artan güvenlik hassasiyeti ve sultanın nev-i şahsına münhasır kişiliği eklendiğinde nadiren Saray'dan çıkan ama dünyadaki gelişmeleri en ince ayrıntısına kadar izleyen bir padişah profili çıkıyor karşımıza.
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<br />Sultan Abdülhamit için fotoğraf, onun gören gözü işiten kulağıdır. Dünyada olup bitenleri tanımanın, hatta çok uzak coğrafyalarda yaptırmakta oldukları eserlerin inşaatları takip etmenin yoludur. Sözgelimi Mekke'de yaptırdığı bir misafirhanenin ilk inşaat durumu, binanın tamamlanmış fotoğrafı ve teşrifatının bitmiş hali ayrı ayrı belgelenir. Yıldız Albümleri bu nedenle seçkinler ve güzel yerler fotoğrafları olarak adlandırılamaz; sözgelimi 'affedeceği' mahkûmları daha yakından tanımak için içerideki bütün mahkûmların elleri önde fotoğraflarını çektirir. Hem simalarından hem de baş parmak uzunluğundan (eğer uzunsa suça meyyal olduğu düşünülür) mahkûmların suçlu olup olmadığını görmek, insan fizyolojisinin suçu ele verdiği düşüncesini bizzat fotoğrafların dilinden test etmek ister.
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<br />OSMANLI'NIN MEKKE'Sİ!
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<br />Yıldız Albümlerinde binalar, şehirler, yollar, hastaneler, askerî okul öğrencileri, talim yapan askerler gibi pek çok farklı konuda fotoğraflar var. Yayınevi, birincisini bastığı Mekke-Medine fotoğraflarından sonra sırasıyla arşivde kalmış, aynı zamanda tarihsel belge niteliği taşıyan Yıldız Albümleri'ni kadife kaplı kitaplarda basmayı planlıyor. Bu albümlerde sadece Osmanlı coğrafyası yok; Amerika'dan Japonya'ya Avrupa'dan Çin'e kadar ülkelerin fotoğrafları çektirilmiş. Sultan, yakını da uzağı da, özel istihbaratın bilgi notlarının yanısı ra fotoğraf kareleriyle de tanımak istemiş.
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<br />Kitabın giriş bölümünde Osmanlı'da fotoğrafçılığın gelişimine dair kısa bir bölüm yer alıyor. Osmanlı'nın ilk fotoğrafçıları gayrimüslimler olup, aynı zamanda sarayın da fotoğrafçılarıdır. İçlerinde Müslümanlığı seçip kendi cemaatinde dışlanan Vincent Abdullah (Abdullah Şükrü Efendi) gibi fotoğrafçılar da var. Kutsal beldelerin fotoğraflarını ancak Müslüman bir kişi çekebileceği için Müslüman fotoğrafçılar yetiştirilir. Mekke-Medine'nin ilk fotoğraflarını Mısır asıllı Albay Sadık Bey çeker. Ayrıca Kara Mühendishanesi'nde fotoğraf dersleri konulması bu dala verilen önemi göstermektedir.
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<br />Fotoğrafların bize anlattığı en önemli şey, Osmanlı dönemindeki Haremeyni resmetmesi ve bugüne kadar nelerin değiştiğini göstermesi. Kitabı hazırlayan Salih Gülen, Mekke'deki Osmanlı eserlerinin üç başlık altında toplanabileceğini ifade ediyor. Hint, Ecyad, Fülful kaleleri gibi koruma esaslı yapılar; hastaneler, imarethaneler ve haccın istişare boyutunu hatırlatan büyük misafirhaneler. Fotoğrafın bulunuşundan 40 yıl sonra 1880'de çekilen Kabe fotoğraflarında Osmanlı yapımı kütüphane, dört mezhebin makamları, zamanı gösteren muvakkithane, zemzem kuyusu gibi bölümler bugün artık yok.
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<br />İlki Evliya Çelebi'nin babası tarafından yaptırılan, son olarak Sultan Abdülmecid'in yaptırdığı Altınoluklar yerli yerinde durmaktadır halen. Geçen yıllarda Suudi yönetimince yıkılmasıyla gündeme gelen Ecyad kalesinin Osmanlı döneminde değişimini, kaleden tabyaya dönüşümünü fotoğraflarda izleyebiliyoruz. Elbette Mekke'ye ait bütün fotoğraflar aynı kareye sığmıyor. Kitabın sonunda yer alan Mekke'nin panoramik görüntüsü 8 fotoğrafın birleştirilmesinden elde edilmiş. Bu manzarada Peygamber Efendimiz'in (s.a.s) evini, şehir içindeki yerini ve Kabe'ye uzaklığını net olarak görmek mümkün. Ne bu evden, ne de fotoğraflarla belgelenen Hz. Peygamber'in (sas) yakınlarına ve arkadaşlarına ait kabirlerin bulunduğu Medine'deki Cennetü'l Baki Mezarlığından bugün eser yok.
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<br />Mekke-Medine albümünde yol üstü fotoğrafları babında Lübnan'a ait fotoğraflar da yer alıyor. Ayrıca Hicaz Demiryolu'nun yapım çalışmaları ve istasyon açılış merasimlerini de görüyoruz. Kitap çalışmasıyla ilgili manidar son bir anekdot da Salih Gülen'den. Gülen, albümle ilgili çalışmaların hızla sona yaklaştığı bir zamanda yana yakıla Haremeyn ile ilgili yazılmış ilk ve en kapsamlı eser olan Eyüp Sabri Paşa'nın Miratü'l Haremeyn'i aradığı bir sırada yakın bir arkadaşı telefonda bir sahafın bıraktığı 5 ciltlik bu eserle ilgilenip ilgilenmediğini sormaktadır. "Mekke ve Medine'nin ilk fotoğraflarını Albay Sabri Bey tarafından çektirildiğini buradan öğrendik." diyor Salih Gülen. </span></td></tr></tbody></table></span></div><p></p><p style="line-height: 18px; text-indent: 50px; margin-top: 6px; margin-bottom: 6px; ">
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<br /></p><p style="line-height: 18px; text-indent: 50px; margin-top: 6px; margin-bottom: 6px; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Verdana; line-height: normal; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; font-weight: 300; "><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="560" align="center"><tbody><tr><td height="22" colspan="3" style="font-family: Verdana; margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; font-weight: lighter; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: normal; line-height: normal; font-variant: normal; text-transform: none; text-decoration: none; "> <span class="detay_properties" style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 8pt; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(41, 88, 150); ">Mir'atül Harameyn (5 Cilt) , Eyüp Sabri Paşa, Osmanlı Yayınları</span></td></tr></tbody></table><table width="560" border="0" align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr><th colspan="4" style="font-family: Verdana; margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; font-weight: lighter; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: normal; line-height: normal; font-variant: normal; text-transform: none; text-decoration: none; height: 5px; "></th></tr><tr><td width="250" align="center" valign="top" style="font-family: Verdana; margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; font-weight: lighter; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: normal; line-height: normal; font-variant: normal; text-transform: none; text-decoration: none; "><p style="line-height: normal; font-variant: normal; text-transform: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-decoration: none; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-family: Verdana; font-weight: lighter; font-style: normal; "><img src="http://www.ottomanstore.com/product_img/82/3645/_big_1113493030.jpg" style="border-top-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none; border-left-style: none; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-top-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-right-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-bottom-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-left-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); " /></p><table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"><tbody><tr><td width="46%" valign="top" style="font-family: Verdana; margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; font-weight: lighter; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: normal; line-height: normal; font-variant: normal; text-transform: none; text-decoration: none; "></td></tr></tbody></table><table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="3" class="kenarlik" style="font-family: Verdana; border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); "><tbody><tr bgcolor="#DADADA"><td height="20" style="font-family: Verdana; margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; font-weight: lighter; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: normal; line-height: normal; font-variant: normal; text-transform: none; text-decoration: none; "><span class="cost_etiket" style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 8pt; color: rgb(32, 87, 144); font-weight: bold; ">Teslimat</span></td><td style="font-family: Verdana; margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; font-weight: lighter; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: normal; line-height: normal; font-variant: normal; text-transform: none; text-decoration: none; "> </td><td align="center" style="font-family: Verdana; margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; font-weight: lighter; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: normal; line-height: normal; font-variant: normal; text-transform: none; text-decoration: none; "><span class="cost_etiket" style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 8pt; color: rgb(32, 87, 144); font-weight: bold; ">Fiyat</span></td><td align="center" style="font-family: Verdana; margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; font-weight: lighter; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: normal; line-height: normal; font-variant: normal; text-transform: none; text-decoration: none; "><span class="cost_etiket" style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 8pt; color: rgb(32, 87, 144); font-weight: bold; ">Seç</span></td></tr><tr><td height="2" colspan="4" class="img_border" style="font-family: Verdana; margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; font-weight: lighter; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: normal; line-height: normal; font-variant: normal; text-transform: none; text-decoration: none; "></td></tr><tr><td width="150" class="img_border" style="font-family: Verdana; margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; font-weight: lighter; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: normal; line-height: normal; font-variant: normal; text-transform: none; text-decoration: none; "><span class="cost_etiket" style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 8pt; color: rgb(32, 87, 144); font-weight: bold; ">Kargo ile</span></td><td width="10" style="font-family: Verdana; margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; font-weight: lighter; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: normal; line-height: normal; font-variant: normal; text-transform: none; text-decoration: none; ">:</td><td width="130" align="right" class="total_back-color" style="font-family: Verdana; margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; font-weight: lighter; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: normal; line-height: normal; font-variant: normal; text-transform: none; text-decoration: none; background-color: rgb(235, 253, 255); border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(70, 151, 159); border-right-color: rgb(70, 151, 159); border-bottom-color: rgb(70, 151, 159); border-left-color: rgb(70, 151, 159); height: 15px; font-size: 8pt; "> <span class="fiyatbuyuk" style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 8pt; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(41, 88, 150); ">70.00 TL +KDV
<br />70000000. (TL)
<br />33.01 (Euro)
<br />46.35 (Usd)</span> </td><td style="font-family: Verdana; margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; font-weight: lighter; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: normal; line-height: normal; font-variant: normal; text-transform: none; text-decoration: none; "><input type="radio" name="send" value="0" checked="" style="font-family: Verdana; color: rgb(2, 111, 121); font-size: 10px; "></td></tr></tbody></table>
<br /><table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"><tbody><tr><td height="1" align="center" valign="middle" style="font-family: Verdana; margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; font-weight: lighter; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: normal; line-height: normal; font-variant: normal; text-transform: none; text-decoration: none; "></td><td height="1" align="center" valign="middle" style="font-family: Verdana; margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; font-weight: lighter; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: normal; line-height: normal; font-variant: normal; text-transform: none; text-decoration: none; "><input name="Submit3" type="submit" class="sepete_at_bt" value=" Sepete At" style="font-family: Verdana; color: rgb(255, 102, 51); font-size: 7pt; font-weight: bold; border-top-width: 0pt; border-right-width: 0pt; border-bottom-width: 0pt; border-left-width: 0pt; border-top-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none; border-left-style: none; border-color: initial; height: 23px; width: 80px; margin-top: auto; margin-right: auto; margin-bottom: auto; margin-left: auto; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; background-image: url(http://www.ottomanstore.com/page_img/sepete_at.gif); text-align: center; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); cursor: pointer; background-position: 50% 50%; "></td></tr></tbody></table></td><td width="11" valign="top" style="font-family: Verdana; margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; font-weight: lighter; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: normal; line-height: normal; font-variant: normal; text-transform: none; text-decoration: none; "> </td><td valign="top" style="font-family: Verdana; margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; font-weight: lighter; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: normal; line-height: normal; font-variant: normal; text-transform: none; text-decoration: none; "><table width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" bgcolor="#f7f7f7" class="table_cizik" style="font-family: Verdana; height: 250px; border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); width: 300px; "><tbody><tr><td valign="top" style="font-family: Verdana; margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; font-weight: lighter; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: normal; line-height: normal; font-variant: normal; text-transform: none; text-decoration: none; "><table width="100%"><tbody><tr><td valign="top" class="panel_item_font_green" style="font-family: Verdana; margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; font-weight: lighter; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: normal; line-height: normal; font-variant: normal; text-transform: none; text-decoration: none; "><span class="detay_properties" style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 8pt; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(41, 88, 150); ">Ürün Kodu:</span> <span class="duz_text" style="font-family: Verdana; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 8pt; "><b>3645</b></span></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" class="panel_item_font_green" style="font-family: Verdana; margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; font-weight: lighter; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: normal; line-height: normal; font-variant: normal; text-transform: none; text-decoration: none; "><span class="detay_properties" style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 8pt; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(41, 88, 150); ">Orjinal Dili:</span></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" class="panel_item_font_green" style="font-family: Verdana; margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; font-weight: lighter; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: normal; line-height: normal; font-variant: normal; text-transform: none; text-decoration: none; "><span class="duz_text" style="font-family: Verdana; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 8pt; ">Arapça</span>
<br /></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" class="panel_item_font_green" style="font-family: Verdana; margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; font-weight: lighter; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: normal; line-height: normal; font-variant: normal; text-transform: none; text-decoration: none; "><span class="detay_properties" style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 8pt; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(41, 88, 150); ">Fiziksel Özellikleri:</span></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" class="panel_item_font_green" style="font-family: Verdana; margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; font-weight: lighter; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: normal; line-height: normal; font-variant: normal; text-transform: none; text-decoration: none; "><span class="duz_text" style="font-family: Verdana; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 8pt; ">Kuşe, Ciltli</span>
<br /></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" class="panel_item_font_green" style="font-family: Verdana; margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; font-weight: lighter; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: normal; line-height: normal; font-variant: normal; text-transform: none; text-decoration: none; "><span class="detay_properties" style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 8pt; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(41, 88, 150); ">Ebatları:</span></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" class="panel_item_font_green" style="font-family: Verdana; margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; font-weight: lighter; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: normal; line-height: normal; font-variant: normal; text-transform: none; text-decoration: none; "><span class="duz_text" style="font-family: Verdana; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 8pt; ">17x22,5 cm</span>
<br /></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" class="panel_item_font_green" style="font-family: Verdana; margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; font-weight: lighter; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: normal; line-height: normal; font-variant: normal; text-transform: none; text-decoration: none; "><span class="detay_properties" style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 8pt; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(41, 88, 150); ">Sayfa Sayısı:</span></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" class="panel_item_font_green" style="font-family: Verdana; margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; font-weight: lighter; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: normal; line-height: normal; font-variant: normal; text-transform: none; text-decoration: none; "><span class="duz_text" style="font-family: Verdana; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 8pt; ">3102</span>
<br /></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" class="panel_item_font_green" style="font-family: Verdana; margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; font-weight: lighter; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: normal; line-height: normal; font-variant: normal; text-transform: none; text-decoration: none; "><span class="detay_properties" style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 8pt; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(41, 88, 150); ">Teslimat:</span></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" class="panel_item_font_green" style="font-family: Verdana; margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; font-weight: lighter; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: normal; line-height: normal; font-variant: normal; text-transform: none; text-decoration: none; "><span class="duz_text" style="font-family: Verdana; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 8pt; ">3-4 iş günü içinde kargoya verilir.
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<br /></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></span></p></td></tr></tbody></table></span></i></span></span></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2905918545844906697.post-31097259114061497442009-08-12T10:47:00.000+03:002009-08-12T12:49:13.983+03:00Selimname -Kalkandelenli ve bizim kayılardan Zeyfe Eminlerden Hoca Sadettin efendi selimnameleri<ol id="el" class="eol" start="1"><li value="1" id="d3138969"><a class="gb" href="http://sozluk.sourtimes.org/show.asp?t=yahya+kem%c3%a2l+beyatl%c4%b1">yahya kemâl beyatlı</a>'nın "<a class="gb" href="http://sozluk.sourtimes.org/show.asp?t=eski+%c5%9fiirin+r%c3%bczg%c3%a2r%c4%b1yle">eski şiirin rüzgârıyle</a>" kitabının ilk bölümüdür <a class="gb" href="http://sozluk.sourtimes.org/show.asp?t=sel%c3%aemn%c3%a2me">selîmnâme</a>.<br /><br /><a class="gb" href="http://sozluk.sourtimes.org/show.asp?t=devr-i+sultan+sel%c3%aem">devr-i sultan selîm</a>'i yazmak içün<br /><a class="gb" href="http://sozluk.sourtimes.org/show.asp?t=seyf-i+mesl%c3%bbl">seyf-i meslûl</a> kıldı <a class="gb" href="http://sozluk.sourtimes.org/show.asp?t=h%c3%a2me">hâme</a>sini<br />halk <a class="gb" href="http://sozluk.sourtimes.org/show.asp?t=yahya+kem%c3%a2l">yahya kemâl</a>'e rahmet okur<br />gûşederken <a class="gb" href="http://sozluk.sourtimes.org/show.asp?t=sel%c3%aemn%c3%a2me">selîmnâme</a>'sini<br /><br />(bkz: <a class="b" href="http://sozluk.sourtimes.org/show.asp?t=ba%c5%9flay%c4%b1%c5%9f">başlayış</a>)<br />(bkz: <a class="b" href="http://sozluk.sourtimes.org/show.asp?t=sefer">sefer</a>)<br />(bkz: <a class="b" href="http://sozluk.sourtimes.org/show.asp?t=%c3%a7ald%c4%b1ran">çaldıran</a>)<br />(bkz: <a class="b" href="http://sozluk.sourtimes.org/show.asp?t=toplay%c4%b1%c5%9f">toplayış</a>)<br />(bkz: <a class="b" href="http://sozluk.sourtimes.org/show.asp?t=mercid%c3%a2b%c4%b1k">mercidâbık</a>)<br />(bkz: <a class="b" href="http://sozluk.sourtimes.org/show.asp?t=rid%c3%a2n%c4%b1yye">ridânıyye</a>)<br />(bkz: <a class="b" href="http://sozluk.sourtimes.org/show.asp?t=r%c4%b1hlet">rıhlet</a>)<br /><br />iç. "<a class="gb" href="http://sozluk.sourtimes.org/show.asp?t=eski+%c5%9fiirin+r%c3%bczg%c3%a2r%c4%b1yle">eski şiirin rüzgârıyle</a>", <a class="gb" href="http://sozluk.sourtimes.org/show.asp?t=istanbul+fetih+cemiyeti">istanbul fetih cemiyeti</a> yayınları no: 49 / <a class="gb" href="http://sozluk.sourtimes.org/show.asp?t=yahy%c3%a2+kemal+enstit%c3%bcs%c3%bc">yahyâ kemal enstitüsü</a> no: 5 / yahyâ kemal külliyatı no: 2, 1.b., istanbul-1962, s. 6-20.<br /><div class="aul">(<a href="http://sozluk.sourtimes.org/show.asp?t=rehayunluel">rehayunluel</a>, 24.07.2003 09:52)<script type="text/javascript">e(256,3138969,due('rehayunluel'));</script><br /><table id="m3138969" style="visibility: hidden; float: right;"><tbody><tr><td class="ei" id="vst3138969" style="white-space: nowrap;"> </td><td class="ei"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onclick="copyid(3138969,256);">#3138969</a></td><td> </td><td onmousedown="md(this)" onmouseup="bn(this)" onmouseover="ov(this)" onmouseout="bn(this)" class="but" onclick="hr(this.childNodes[0])" title="şikayet et"><a href="javascript:location.href='iletisim.asp?s=1&id=3138969'" class="icon"> !? </a></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><br /></div></li><li value="2" id="d8785436">osmanlı padişahı <a class="gb" href="http://sozluk.sourtimes.org/show.asp?t=yavuz+sultan+selim">yavuz sultan selim</a>in (1512-1520) trabzon valiliğinden (1509) başlayarak önce gürcülerle, ardından babası ve kardeşleriyle olan mücadelelerinden, ve nihayet tahta geçip safevi ve memluklularla yaptığı savaşlardan bahseden müstakil eserler. bazı önemli selimname <a class="gb" href="http://sozluk.sourtimes.org/show.asp?t=m%c3%bcellif">müellif</a>leri şunlardır:<br />-ishak çelebi<br />-keşfi mehmed çelebi<br />-idris-i bitlisi<br />-kalkandelenli sucudi<br />-ibn-i kemal<br />-celalzade mustafa<br />-hoca saadeddin efendi<br /><div class="aul">(<a href="http://sozluk.sourtimes.org/show.asp?t=peter+pan">peter pan</a>, 24.12.2005 22:54)<script type="text/javascript">e(256,8785436,due('peter+pan'));</script><br /><table id="m8785436" style="visibility: hidden; float: right;"><tbody><tr><td class="ei" id="vst8785436" style="white-space: nowrap;"> </td><td class="ei"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onclick="copyid(8785436,256);">#8785436</a></td><td> </td><td onmousedown="md(this)" onmouseup="bn(this)" onmouseover="ov(this)" onmouseout="bn(this)" class="but" onclick="hr(this.childNodes[0])" title="şikayet et"><a href="javascript:location.href='iletisim.asp?s=1&id=8785436'" class="icon"> !? </a></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><br /></div></li><li value="3" id="d10700683"><a class="gb" href="http://sozluk.sourtimes.org/show.asp?t=ba%c5%9flay%c4%b1%c5%9f">başlayış</a><br /> <br />- 1514 –<br />eflâkden o dem ki peyâm-ı kader gelür<br />gûş-î cihâne velvele-î bâl ü per gelür<br /><br />devr-î fütûhu sûr-ı sirâfil<sup class="ab"><a title="(bkz: israfil)" href="http://sozluk.sourtimes.org/show.asp?t=israfil">*</a></sup> müjdeler<br />hak’dan <a class="gb" href="http://sozluk.sourtimes.org/show.asp?t=niz%c3%a2m-%c4%b1+%c3%a2lem">nizâm-ı âlem</a>i te’mîne er gelür<br /><br />ebvâb-ı <a class="gb" href="http://sozluk.sourtimes.org/show.asp?t=ravza-%c3%ae+nebev%c3%ae">ravza-î nebevî</a>’den firiştegân<br />cibrîl’i gördüler nice demdir gider gelür<br /><br />derk ettiler ki merkad-i pâk-î muhammed’e<br />rûhü’l-kudüs’le arş-ı hudâ’dan haber gelür<br /><br />rûy-î zemîni tâbi-i fermânı kılmağa<br /><a class="gb" href="http://sozluk.sourtimes.org/show.asp?t=sultan+sel%c3%aem+han">sultan selîm han</a> gibi şîr-i ner gelür<br /><br />râyâtının alemleri üstünde uçmağa<br />sîmürg-i feth hem-çü nesîm-î seher gelür<br /><br />hâkan ki at sürünce bir iklîm-i düşmene<br />pîş ü pesinde mahşer-i tîg ü teber gelür<br /><br />ey gaasıb-ı diyâr-ı arab bekle vaktini<br />evvel cezâ-yı saltanat-ı sürh-ser gelür<br /><br />kaç fâtih-î zaman gören iran-zemin bugün<br />görsün kiminle hangi cüyûş-î zafer gelür<br /><br />tekbîrlerle halka ıyân oldu tûğlar<br />sahrâ-yı üsküdâr’e revân oldu tûğlar<br /><div class="aul">(<a href="http://sozluk.sourtimes.org/show.asp?t=erguvan+dusler">erguvan dusler</a>, 26.03.2007 23:01)<script type="text/javascript">e(256,10700683,due('erguvan+dusler'));</script><br /><table id="m10700683" style="visibility: hidden; float: right;"><tbody><tr><td class="ei" id="vst10700683" style="white-space: nowrap;"> </td><td class="ei"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onclick="copyid(10700683,256);">#10700683</a></td><td> </td><td onmousedown="md(this)" onmouseup="bn(this)" onmouseover="ov(this)" onmouseout="bn(this)" class="but" onclick="hr(this.childNodes[0])" title="şikayet et"><a href="javascript:location.href='iletisim.asp?s=1&id=10700683'" class="icon"> !? </a></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><br /></div></li><li value="4" id="d10700686"><a class="gb" href="http://sozluk.sourtimes.org/show.asp?t=sefer">sefer</a><br /><br />- 1514 –<br /><br />tebrîz’e doğru çıktı sefer şâhrâhına<br />ervâh peyrev oldu cihan pâdişâhına<br /><br />at üzre geçtiğin göricek leşker-î guzât<br />râmoldu şîrler gibi <a class="gb" href="http://sozluk.sourtimes.org/show.asp?t=y%c3%a2vuz">yâvuz</a> nigâhına<br /><br />yekser gazâ kılıncı kuşanmış bir ümmetin<br />câlis budur erîke-i âlem-penâhına<br /><br />münkaad edip serîrine maşrıkla mağribi<br />bir devlet ermegaan edecektir ilâhına<br /><br />âhır ağardı tan yeri re’s-î cibâlden<br />serhad’de yol göründü acem tahtgâhına<br /><br />fermân-ı bî-eman kalkan hümâ gibi<br />tuğrâlu nâme gitti kızılbâş şâhına<br /><br /><a class="gb" href="http://sozluk.sourtimes.org/show.asp?t=h%c3%a2kan-%c4%b1+r%c3%bbm">hâkan-ı rûm</a> leşkeri yaklaştığın görüp<br />iran gerektir ağlasa baht-ı siyâhına<br /><br />hengâm-ı remzi bildiren âvâz-ı hâtifî<br />aksetti her tarafta cibâlin cibâhına<br /><br />sahrâ-yı <a class="gb" href="http://sozluk.sourtimes.org/show.asp?t=%c3%a7ald%c4%b1ran">çaldıran</a>’da gazâ vardır erteye<br />ey berk müjde ver feleğin mihr-ü mâhına<br /><br />meydân-ı cenge sâye-resân oldu tûğlar<br />rehyâb-ı milk-i <a class="gb" href="http://sozluk.sourtimes.org/show.asp?t=n%c3%bb%c5%9firev%c3%a2n">nûşirevân</a> oldu tûğlar<br /><div class="aul">(<a href="http://sozluk.sourtimes.org/show.asp?t=erguvan+dusler">erguvan dusler</a>, 26.03.2007 23:03)<script type="text/javascript">e(256,10700686,due('erguvan+dusler'));</script><br /><table id="m10700686" style="visibility: hidden; float: right;"><tbody><tr><td class="ei" id="vst10700686" style="white-space: nowrap;"> </td><td class="ei"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onclick="copyid(10700686,256);">#10700686</a></td><td> </td><td onmousedown="md(this)" onmouseup="bn(this)" onmouseover="ov(this)" onmouseout="bn(this)" class="but" onclick="hr(this.childNodes[0])" title="şikayet et"><a href="javascript:location.href='iletisim.asp?s=1&id=10700686'" class="icon"> !? </a></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><br /></div></li><li value="5" id="d10700691"><a class="gb" href="http://sozluk.sourtimes.org/show.asp?t=%c3%a7ald%c4%b1ran">çaldıran</a><br /><br /> - 1514-<br />her tûğ-ı pür-fürûğ verirken hücûma şan<br />her tîg-i bî-dirîg parıldardı hun-feşan<br /><br />meydân-ı haşr ü neşri karıştırdın ey kader<br />andırdı rûz-ı mahşeri hengâm-ı imtihan<br /><br />saldırdı fart-ı gayz ile ifrît-i râfızî<br />tâli’ göründü bizlere sol kolda pek yaman<br /><br />garkoldu hûna rûmeli beğlerbeği’yle ceyş<br />üç <a class="gb" href="http://sozluk.sourtimes.org/show.asp?t=malko%c3%a7o%c4%9flu">malkoçoğlu</a> eyledi bir bir fedâ-yı can<br /><br />uğrunda her gazâya atılmış mücâhidîn<br />lâyık mıdır felâkete ey rabb-ı müste’an<br /><br />her yanda hûn içinde bu hengâmeden beri<br />hiç esmiyen nesîm-i fütûh esdi nâgehan<br /><br />sağ kolda bozdu bozguna uğrattı düşmeni<br />şirâne bir taarruzu sevk eyliyen sinan<sup class="ab"><a title="(bkz: hadım sinan paşa)" href="http://sozluk.sourtimes.org/show.asp?t=had%c4%b1m+sinan+pa%c5%9fa">*</a></sup><br /><br />şâh-ı adûya karşı kopan sarsar-ı zafer<br />indirdi yıldırım gibi bir darbe-î giran<br /><br />pâmâl-i rahşı kıldı acem tâc ü tahtını<br />tâ arşa astı tîgıni <a class="gb" href="http://sozluk.sourtimes.org/show.asp?t=sultan+sel%c3%aem+han">sultan selîm han</a><br /><br />sermest-i câm-ı vuslat-ı şân oldu tûğlar<br /><a class="gb" href="http://sozluk.sourtimes.org/show.asp?t=tebr%c3%aez">tebrîz</a>’e reh-nümâ-yı ‘inân oldu tûğlar<br /><div class="aul">(<a href="http://sozluk.sourtimes.org/show.asp?t=erguvan+dusler">erguvan dusler</a>, 26.03.2007 23:05)<script type="text/javascript">e(256,10700691,due('erguvan+dusler'));</script><br /><table id="m10700691" style="visibility: hidden; float: right;"><tbody><tr><td class="ei" id="vst10700691" style="white-space: nowrap;"> </td><td class="ei"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onclick="copyid(10700691,256);">#10700691</a></td><td> </td><td onmousedown="md(this)" onmouseup="bn(this)" onmouseover="ov(this)" onmouseout="bn(this)" class="but" onclick="hr(this.childNodes[0])" title="şikayet et"><a href="javascript:location.href='iletisim.asp?s=1&id=10700691'" class="icon"> !? </a></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><br /></div></li><li value="6" id="d10700693"><a class="gb" href="http://sozluk.sourtimes.org/show.asp?t=toplay%c4%b1%c5%9f">toplayış</a><br /><br />- 1515 –<br /><br />tebrîz’e uçtu feth-i celîlin hümâları<br />bir böyle hâli görmedi iran semâları<br /><br />tevhîd içün bu halkı döğüşmüş yiğitlerin<br />yüz şehre rekzedildi muzaffer livâları<br /><br />bir kutba bağlı cümle gönüller bir olmalı<br />mâdâm kâinâtta bir hudâları<br /><br />her kişverinde kırmağa zencir-i şîa’yı<br />azmetti askerin ulu kîşver-küşâları<br /><br />mer’aşla kayserriye’yi fethetti bir dilîr<br />yükseldi rabb-ı izzet’e şükran duaları<br /><br />zülkadr’i sildi tîg-i selîmî harîtadan<br />engin göründü mısr ü hicâz’ın fezâları<br /><div class="aul">(<a href="http://sozluk.sourtimes.org/show.asp?t=erguvan+dusler">erguvan dusler</a>, 26.03.2007 23:06)<script type="text/javascript">e(256,10700693,due('erguvan+dusler'));</script><br /><table id="m10700693" style="visibility: hidden; float: right;"><tbody><tr><td class="ei" id="vst10700693" style="white-space: nowrap;"> </td><td class="ei"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onclick="copyid(10700693,256);">#10700693</a></td><td> </td><td onmousedown="md(this)" onmouseup="bn(this)" onmouseover="ov(this)" onmouseout="bn(this)" class="but" onclick="hr(this.childNodes[0])" title="şikayet et"><a href="javascript:location.href='iletisim.asp?s=1&id=10700693'" class="icon"> !? </a></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><br /></div></li><li value="7" id="d10700703"><a class="gb" href="http://sozluk.sourtimes.org/show.asp?t=mercid%c3%a2b%c4%b1k">mercidâbık</a><br /><br /> -1516-<br />seyreylesün felek kaderin şehsüvârını<br />fethetti bir seferde nebîler diyârı’nı<br /><br />sahrâ-yı mercidâbık’a nakş eylemiş kader<br />islâm fikr-i vahdetinin kârzârını<br /><br /><a class="gb" href="http://sozluk.sourtimes.org/show.asp?t=meml%c3%bbk">memlûk</a> pâdişâhı bu dâvâyı fasl içün<br />sarfetti azm ü cezm ile bilcümle vârını<br /><br />bir kaahirâne hırs ile memlûk leşkeri<br />gavgaaya saldı esliha-î bî-şümârını<br /><br />bâran misâli gülle yağıp kıldı hâksâr<br />hem gaasıbâne tâcını hem tâcdârını<br /><br />eyne’l-meferr diyen çöle can attı sû-be-sû<br />bâkîsinin de tîg tamâm etini kârını<br /><br />sahrâ-yı lâ’lgûne bakan şâhid-î zafer<br />görsün bahârının bu yaman lâlezârını<br /><br />tevhîd-i milk ü millet içün cenk edenlere<br />sûriyye açtı cümle husûn ü hisârını<br /><br />itmâm-ı gaalibiyyet içiün şanlı pâdişah<br />mısr içre kurmak istedi dârü’l-karârını<br /><br />şevk-i seferle pür-heyecân oldu tûğlar<br />bâd-ı zaferle mısr’a vezân oldu tûğlar<br /><div class="aul">(<a href="http://sozluk.sourtimes.org/show.asp?t=erguvan+dusler">erguvan dusler</a>, 26.03.2007 23:07)<script type="text/javascript">e(256,10700703,due('erguvan+dusler'));</script><br /><table id="m10700703" style="visibility: hidden; float: right;"><tbody><tr><td class="ei" id="vst10700703" style="white-space: nowrap;"> </td><td class="ei"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onclick="copyid(10700703,256);">#10700703</a></td><td> </td><td onmousedown="md(this)" onmouseup="bn(this)" onmouseover="ov(this)" onmouseout="bn(this)" class="but" onclick="hr(this.childNodes[0])" title="şikayet et"><a href="javascript:location.href='iletisim.asp?s=1&id=10700703'" class="icon"> !? </a></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><br /></div></li><li value="8" id="d10700734"><a class="gb" href="http://sozluk.sourtimes.org/show.asp?t=rid%c3%a2niyye">ridâniyye</a><br />-1517-<br /><br /><a class="gb" href="http://sozluk.sourtimes.org/show.asp?t=meml%c3%bbk">memlûk</a>ler bakıyyesi pür gayz edüp kıyâm<br />mısr içre kalmasun dedi bir tîg der-niyâm<br /><br />vadî-i <a class="gb" href="http://sozluk.sourtimes.org/show.asp?t=n%c3%ael">nîl</a>-i tuttu anûdâne ser-te-ser<br />ordû-yı fethe karşı sürülmüş nefîr-i âm<br /><br />pür-zûr saldıran <a class="gb" href="http://sozluk.sourtimes.org/show.asp?t=k%c3%b6lemen">kölemen</a> fârisanını<br />saf saf guzât kıldı dilîrâne iktihâm<br /><br />kat’î hücûma geçti nihâyet mücâhidîn<br />mutlak bu harbe vermek içün şanlı bir hitâm<br /><br />birden serildi hâke ridâniyye cephesi<br />bed’etti feth-i kaahire’den izhizâm-ı tâm<br /><br />gazî vezîr-i âzamı a’dâ şehîd edüp<br />gûyâ büyük zaferden o gün aldı intikam<br /><br />on mısr’a bir sinan<sup class="ab"><a title="(bkz: hadım sinan paşa)" href="http://sozluk.sourtimes.org/show.asp?t=had%c4%b1m+sinan+pa%c5%9fa">*</a></sup> bedel olmazdı ey kazâ<br />şevketlü pâdişâhı bu hâl etti telhkâm<br /><br />fevkindedir zaferden alınmış ganâimin<br />mü’minler etti vahdet-i islâm-ı iğtinâm<br /><br />hem şark’ı hem cenûb’u açan bir cihâddan<br />aksetti dehre nâ-mütenâhî bir ihtişâm<br /><br />hakka ki ser-firâz-ı cihân oldu tûğlar<br />ferman-dih-î zamân ü mekan oldu tûğlar<br /><div class="aul">(<a href="http://sozluk.sourtimes.org/show.asp?t=erguvan+dusler">erguvan dusler</a>, 26.03.2007 23:18)<script type="text/javascript">e(256,10700734,due('erguvan+dusler'));</script><br /><table id="m10700734" style="visibility: hidden; float: right;"><tbody><tr><td class="ei" id="vst10700734" style="white-space: nowrap;"> </td><td class="ei"><a href="javascript:void(0)" onclick="copyid(10700734,256);">#10700734</a></td><td> </td><td onmousedown="md(this)" onmouseup="bn(this)" onmouseover="ov(this)" onmouseout="bn(this)" class="but" onclick="hr(this.childNodes[0])" title="şikayet et"><a href="javascript:location.href='iletisim.asp?s=1&id=10700734'" class="icon"> !? </a></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><br /></div></li><li value="9" id="d10700812"><a class="gb" href="http://sozluk.sourtimes.org/show.asp?t=r%c4%b1hlet">rıhlet</a><br /><br />-1520-<br /><br />bir gün çalındı nevbet-i takdir rıhlete<br />ukbâda yol göründü hudâ’dan bu dâvete<br /><br />doldukça doldu gözleri eşk-î firâk ile<br />kudretlü pâdişâh veda etti millete<br /><br />tevhîd maksadıyle geçirmişti ömrünü<br />ref’etti ermegaanını dergâh-ı vahdete<br /><br />râyâtı gölgesinde fedâ-yı hayat hayât eyleyen<br />ervâha pîşdâr olarak girdi cennete<br /><br />yekser riyâz-ı huld-i berîn oldu cilvegâh<br />her cenkten getirdiği binlerce râyete<br /><br />dîdâr-ı fahr-ı âlem-i görmekti gayesi<br />gark-ı huşû çıktı huzûr-ı risâlete<br /><br />alnından öptü fahrederek <a class="gb" href="http://sozluk.sourtimes.org/show.asp?t=fahr-%c4%b1+k%c3%a2in%c3%a2t">fahr-ı kâinât</a><br />şabâş sundu sarfedilen bunca himmete<br /><br />divân-ı hak’da mağfiret-î kirdigâr’dan<br />şâyeste gördü cürm ü günâhın şefâate<br /><br />dûr olmasıyle böyle büyük pâdişâhdan<br />garkoldu nâs mâtem-i bî-hadd ü gayete<br /><br />yer yer misâl-i bîd-i hazân oldu <a class="gb" href="http://sozluk.sourtimes.org/show.asp?t=t%c3%bb%c4%9flar">tûğlar</a><br /><a class="gb" href="http://sozluk.sourtimes.org/show.asp?t=sultan+sel%c3%aem">sultan selîm</a>’e girye-künân oldu <a class="gb" href="http://sozluk.sourtimes.org/show.asp?t=t%c3%bb%c4%9flar">tûğlar</a></li></ol>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2905918545844906697.post-25846095222080050842009-08-12T10:16:00.000+03:002009-08-12T10:16:05.243+03:00Rumeli Beylerbeyliği: 3 rumeli şairi ve 3 ezan şiiri emri bülendsin ..olanı en enteresanı ezanı bir davet değil bir emir olarak görmesi ise hepten ilk ve orijinal bir tesbi<a href="http://urumeliler.blogspot.com/2009/08/3-rumeli-sairi-ve-3-ezan-siiri-emri.html">Rumeli Beylerbeyliği: 3 rumeli şairi ve 3 ezan şiiri emri bülendsin ..olanı en enteresanı ezanı bir davet değil bir emir olarak görmesi ise hepten ilk ve orijinal bir tesbi</a><br /><br /><a href="http://sozluk.sourtimes.org/?t=selimname">http://sozluk.sourtimes.org/?t=selimname</a>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2905918545844906697.post-79836990766026494202009-08-12T09:11:00.000+03:002009-08-12T10:10:52.317+03:003 rumeli şairi ve 3 ezan şiiri emri bülendsin ..olanı en enteresanı ezanı bir davet değil bir emir olarak görmesi ise hepten ilk ve orijinal bir tesbi<table border="0" width="100%" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2"><tbody><tr><td width="90%" height="22"><div align="justify"> <span class="renk6"> Yahya Kemal, Mehmet Akif ve Tevfik Fikret'in Eserlerinde Ezan <span class="renk11"> <br /> </span> </span> </div> </td> <td width="10%"> <br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><br /><span class="KONURENK"> <img src="http://www.sizinti.com.tr/images/konular/289/289_9.jpg" align="right" border="1" vspace="5" width="334" height="248" hspace="5" />Bin yıldan beri günde beş defa semalarımızda dalgalanan ezan, modern Türk edebiyatında pek çok şair ve yazarımıza ilham kaynağı olmuş, ezanı konu edinen birçok şiir ve yazı kaleme alınmıştır. Fakat bunlar içinde bize göre en güzel olanı, Yahya Kemal Bayatlı'nın; "Ezân-ı Muhammedî" şiiri ile "Ezansız Semtler" adlı makalesidir.<br /><br />Yahya Kemal, "Ezân-ı Muhammedî"(1) adlı şiirine<br /><br /><em>Emr-i bülendsin ey ezân-ı Muhammedî<br />Kâfî değil sadâna cihân-ı Muhammedî</em><br /><br />beytiyle başlar.<br /><br />O, bu mısralarda ezanı; <span style="font-weight: bold;">yüce, yüksek bir emir</span>, Allah'ın buyruğu olarak görür. Ezan aynı zamanda, "<span style="font-weight: bold;">emir</span>" kelimesinin ikinci anlamıyla <span style="font-weight: bold;">yüce bir hâdise</span>, çok büyük bir <span style="font-weight: bold;">vakıa</span>dır. Çünkü ezan, Müslümanları sadece namaza <span style="font-weight: bold;">davet eden</span>, çağıran bir <span style="font-weight: bold;">ses </span>değildir. <span style="font-weight: bold;"><br /><br />Ezan, namaza çağrıyla birlikte, Allah'ın büyüklüğünü, yüceliğini, azametini ilan eder; Allah'ın varlığını, birliğini, Hz. Muhammed'in O'nun resulü olduğunu duyurur. </span>İnsanları ebedî kurtuluşa çağırır.<br /><br />Sabah ezanı ise, diğer ezanlardan farklı olarak; namazın, Allah'a kulluğun, uykudan hayırlı olduğu ikazını yapar. Ve sonunda tekrar bütün insanlığa ve kâinâta, Allah'ın en büyük olduğunu, büyüklerin büyüğü olduğunu ve hayatta ondan başka tapacak, ibadet edilecek, kulluk yapılacak hiçbir şey bulunmadığını hatırlatır.<br /><br />Beş vakit farklı makamlarla ve güzel bir sesle okunan ezan, insana tabiat ve varlığın gelip geçici, fâni yüzünü gösterir, hayattaki gerçek yerini düşündürür. Sonu gelmez, boş hırslar peşinde koşmanın mânâsızlığını tefekkür ettirir.<br /><br />Ezan aynı zamanda, Müslümanların o ülkede hür olarak yaşadıklarının bir sembolü olarak görülmüştür. İşte bu yüzdendir ki, İstiklâl Marşı şâirimiz Mehmet Akif Ersoy da, İstiklâl Marşı'mızda ezana bu açıdan bakmış, onu hürriyetimizin, istiklâlimizin sembolü olarak görmüş ve hak, hürriyet, istiklâl, vatan, yurt sevgisi gibi mukaddes kavramlarla birlikte, mâbed ve ezanı da saymış, onu da bağımsız ve hür yaşamanın olmazsa olmaz şartlarından biri olarak görmüştür:<br /><br /><em>Rûhumun senden İlâhî şudur ancak emeli:<br />Değmesin mâbedimin göğsüne nâ-mahrem eli;<br />Bu ezanlar ki şehadetleri dinin temeli,<br />Ebedî yurdumun üstünde benim inlemeli.</em><br /><br />Yahya Kemal, işte böyle derin mânâlar ifade eden, çağrıştıran ezan sesine, İslâm dünyasının (ezanı muhammediye cihanı muhammedinin)kâfi gelmediğini, İslâm âleminin bu sadâya dar geldiğini düşünmüştür. Ona göre, ecel I. Selim (Yavuz Sultan Selim)'i genç yaşta almayıp, bütün dünyayı Şan-ı Muhammedi Muhammedî Şan (ezan sesi) fethetmeliydi.<br /><br /><em>Sultan Selim-i Evvel'i râmetmeyüp ecel<br />Fethetmeliydi âlemi <span style="font-weight: bold;">şân-ı Muhammedî</span></em><br /><br />Yahya Kemal'in gözünde <span style="font-weight: bold;">Yavuz Sultan Selim bir cihan hükümdarıydı. Eğer ömrü yetseydi o, bütün dünyayı fethedecek, İslâmı bütün dünyaya yayacak</span>, Muhammedî Şânı (ezanı) dünyanın her yerinde okutturacak bir kahramandı.<br /><br />Şiirlerinde kişileri yüceltmeyen, sadece Türk milletinin kolektif dehasını ve bu dehanın meydana getirdiği medeniyetin ebedî değerlerini öven Yahya Kemal'in (2), <span style="font-weight: bold;">Yavuz Sultan Selim'i bir istisna olarak görmesi, onun için bir şiir değil, birçok şiir yazması, onu "Türklük'ün timsali"</span> olarak görmesi (3), <span style="font-weight: bold;">Selimnâme</span>'yi kaleme alması işte bu yüzdendir.<br /><br />Yahya Kemal'in şiirinde yüzbinlerce minâreden yükselen ezan sesleri, gökyüzünü nura garkeder. Bu arada Muhammedî rûh kanat çırpar. Bambaşka manevî bir âlem oluşur:<br /><br /><em>Gök nûra garkolur nice yüzbin minâreden<br />Şehbâl açınca rûh-ı revân-ı Muhammedî</em><br /><br />Mehmet Akif'in "Ezanlar" (4) adlı şiirinde de benzer bir tabloyla karşılaşırız. Orada da bu İlahî ses, bütün cihanı sarsar. Ezan sesi gökyüzüne yayılınca her taraf nura garkolur. Ve gece karanlığında sadece cânân görülür, her yer Allah'ın varlığıyla dolup taşar. Allahu Ekber haykırışı Mevlâ'ya yükselince, varlığın o karanlık sinesi Sînâ'daki tecelli makamına döner. Allah bütün azametiyle ve hâkimiyetiyle hissedilir. Mesafeler her an onu anan sözlerle çınlar. Ezanlar, tesbihler, zikirler hep o hâkimiyete duyulan saygının ifadesidir.<br /><br /><em>Ne lâhûtî sadâ "Allahu Ekber!" sarsıyor cânı...<br />Bu bir gülbank-ı Hakk'tır, çok mudur inletse ekvânı?<br />Bu lâhûtî sadâ çıktıkça çûşa-cûş olup yerden,<br />İner esrâr-ı kudret kibriya tavrıyla göklerden,<br />Bütün âheng-i hilkât yâd ederken Hakk'ı ezberden,<br />Vicâhî feyz alır artık o nûru'n-nûr-ı ezherden:<br />Hüveydâ şimdi cânândır seherden, şâm-ı esmerden!<br />......<br />Döner, "Allahu Ekber" cûşu yükseldikçe Mevlâ'ya,<br />O muzlim sine-i hilkat tecellîzâr-ı Sînâ'ya!<br />Senin, dem geçmiyor, yâdınla leb-rîz olmadan eb'âd!<br />Ne müdhiş saltanat yâ Râb, nasıl âsûde istibdâd!<br />O istibdâda hürmettir ezanlar, subhalar, evrâd.. </em><br /><br />Fakat Yahya Kemal, duygularını Mehmet Akif'e göre daha yoğun ve sanâtkârâne bir üslupla ifade etmiştir (5). Ayrıca Akif, "Ezanlar" başlıklı şiirini maalesef diğer şiirlerine göre daha ağır bir dille yazmış olduğundan, bu şiirin geniş kitleler üzerindeki tesiri Yahya Kemal'in "Ezân-ı Muhammedî" şiiri gibi kuvvetli olmamıştır.<br /><br />Hayatının bir döneminde imanını kaybeden Servet-i Fünûn şâiri Tevfik Fikret bile, ezanı anlatan bir şiir yazmıştır. "Sabah Ezanında" (6) adını taşıyan bu şiirde Fikret, Allahü Ekber sesleri semâyı sararken bütün tabiatı ulvî bir sessizlik içinde, Allah'a ibadet ediyor görür:<br /><br /><em>Allahü Ekber... Allahü Ekber...<br />Bir samt-ı ulvî: Güyâ tabiat<br />Hâmuş hâmuş eyler ibadet.</em><br /><br />Gizli ve görünen, aydınlık ve karanlık bütün âlemler sanki inleyen bir sükût içinde devamlı bir şekilde Yaradan'ı zikretmektedir:<br /><br /><em>Allahü Ekber... Allahü Ekber...<br />Bir samt-ı nâlân: Güyâ avalim.<br />Pinhân u peydâ, nevvâr u muzlim;<br />Etmekte zikr-i Hallâk'ı daim.</em><br /><br />Tabiatın kalbi âdetâ ulvî bir sükût içinde, âlemlerin rûhu inleyen bir sessizlik içinde dâima Allah'ı anmakta, derin bir ürpertiyle Yaradan'a kulluk etmektedir:<br /><br /><em>Allahü Ekber... Allahü Ekber...<br />Bir samt-ı ulvî: Kalb-i tabiat,<br />Bir samt-ı nâlan; Rûh-ı avâlim,<br />Etmekte zikr-i Hallâk'ı dâim,<br />Etmekte ra'şan ra'şan ibadet.</em><br /><br />Fikret'in yukarıdaki şiirinde dikkat çekici olan şey, ibadet edenin insan değil tabiat olmasıdır. Rübâb-ı Şikeste şâiri, "insana has vasıfları tabiata izafe ederek, onu beşerî bir varlık gibi duygulu kılmıştır." (7)<br /><br />Yahya Kemal'in şiirinde ise ezan sesi arşa yükselip akseyleyince bütün ruhlar büyük Allah'ı görürler:<br /><br /><em>Ervâh cümleten görür Allahu Ekber'i<br />Akseyleyince arşa lisân-ı Muhammedî</em><br /><br />Yahya Kemal, bu şiirinde Tevfik Fikret gibi tabiatı değil, insanı ön plâna çıkarır. Şiire baştan sona yaşayanlar ve ölenlerle birlikte insan hâkimdir. Ölüsü ve dirisiyle bütün insanlar, "ezân-ı Muhammedî", "şân-ı Muhammedî", "rûh-ı revân-ı Muhammedî", "lisân-ı Muhammedi" ve "beyân-ı Muhammedî" karşısında mest ve sermesttir. Şair ezân-ı Muhammedî'nin güzelliği, tesiri, ulvî havası içinde bu duygularını dile getirdiği şiirini, çok sevdiği annesinin Üsküp'teki kabrine güzel bir armağan olarak sunar:<br /><br /><em>Üsküp'te kabr-i mâdere olsun bu nev-gazel<br />Bir tuhfe-i bedî ü beyân-ı Muhammedî</em><br /><br />Yahya Kemal'in "Ezân-ı Muhammedî" başlıklı bu güzel şiirini, annesinin ruhuna hediye etmesi tesadüfî değildir. Ezân-ı Muhammedî şâiri, hâtıralarında kendisinin "hem dinî, hem de millî terbiyesi üzerinde şiddetle müessir olan" kişinin annesi olduğunu ısrarla belirtir:<br /><br />"Lâkin benim hem dinî hem de millî terbiyem üzerinde daha şiddetle müessir olan, annemdir. Annem çok Müslüman bir kadındı. Muhammediye okur, bana Kur'an öğretirdi. Annem, Yazıcızâde'yi sabah namazlarını kıldıktan sonra okurdu. Beyaz başörtüsü ile, elindeki kitaba imanla eğilişini hâlâ görür gibiyim" (8).<br /><br />Böyle bir annenin çocuğu olan Yahya Kemal'in ezana karşı bakışı da milletinin inançlarına uygun olmuştur. O, ezan-ı Muhammedî'nin çocukluğunda ve daha sonraki yıllarda üzerindeki tesirini yine hâtıralarında şöyle anlatır:<br /><br />"O yaşlarımda ben, Üsküp minârelerinden yükselen ezan seslerini duyarak, içim bu seslerle dolarak yetişiyordum. Minârelerde ezan başladığı zaman, evimizde rûhanî bir sessizlik olurdu. Galiba Üsküp'ün sokaklarında da böyle bir rüzgar dolaşır, bütün şehri bir mâbed sükûnu kaplardı. Yalnız ezan sesleri duyulurdu. Annemin dudakları ism-i Celâl'le kımıldardı. Bin üç yüz sene evvel, Hazret-i Muhammed'in Bilâl-i Habeşî'den dinlediği ezan, asırlarca sonra bizim semâmızda hem dinî, hem millî bir musikî olmuştu. O anda semamızın mağfiret âleminden gelen ledünnî bir sesle dolduğunu hissederdim.<br /><br />Bu sesler beni bütün ömrümce bırakmış değildir. Müslüman çocuklarının dinî terbiyesinde ezan seslerinin büyük tesirine inanırım... Ben Paris'te iken bile, hiç münasebeti olmadığı halde, kulaklarıma Üsküp'teki ezan seslerinin bir hâtıra gibi aksedip beni bir nostalji içinde bıraktığını hissettiğim anlar olmuştur" (9).<br /><br />Yahya Kemal ezanla ilgili görüş ve düşüncelerini, Tevhid-i Efkâr gazetesinde yayımladığı ve daha sonra Aziz İstanbul adlı eserinde kitaplaşan, "Ezansız Semtler" başlıklı makalesinde de ayrıntılı bir şekilde ortaya koyar. O, Türk çocuklarının millî ve dinî terbiyesinde "ezan ve Kur'an seslerinin tılsımlı tesirine" inanır (10).<br /><br />"Kendi kendime diyorum ki: Şişli, Kadıköy, Moda gibi semtlerde doğan, büyüyen, oynayan Türk çocukları milliyetlerinden tam bir derece nasib alabiliyorlar mı? O semtler ki minâreler görülmez, ezanlar işitilmez, Ramazan ve kandil günleri hissedilemez. Çocuklar Müslümanlığın çocukluk rüyasını nasıl görürler?<br /><br />İşte bu rüya, çocukluk dediğimiz bu Müslüman rüyasıdır ki bizi henüz bir millet halinde tutuyor. Bugünkü Türk babaları havası ve toprağı Müslümanlık rüyası ile dolu semtlerde doğdular, doğarken kulaklarına ezan okundu, evlerinin odalarında namaza durmuş ihtiyar nineler gördüler, mübarek günlerin akşamları bir minderin köşesinden okunan Kur'an'ın sesini işittiler, bir raf üzerinde duran Kitabullâh'ı indirdiler, küçücük elleriyle açtılar, gülyağı gibi bir ruh olan sarı sahifelerini kokladılar. İlk ders olarak besmeleyi öğrendiler; kandil günlerinin kandilleri yanarken, ramazanların, bayramların topları atılırken sevindiler. Bayram namazlarına babalarının yanında gittiler, camiler içinde şafak sökerken Tekbir'i dinlediler, dinin böyle bir merhalesinden geçtiler, hayata girdiler. Türk oldular.<br /><br />Bugünün çocukları büyük bir ekseriyetle yine Müslüman semtlerde doğuyorlar, büyüyorlar, eskisi kadar derin bir tahassüs ile değilse bile yine Müslümanlığı hissediyorlar. Fakat fazla medenileşen üst tabakanın çocukları, ezansız yeni semtlerde alafranga terbiye ile yetişirken Türk çocuklarının en güzel rüyasını göremiyorlar. Bu çocukların sütü çok temiz, hilkatleri çok metin olmalı ki ileride alafranga hayat Türklüğü büsbütün sardıktan sonra milliyetlerine bağlı kalabilsinler, yoksa ne muhit, ne yeni yaşayış, ne semt, hiçbir şey bu yavrulara Türklüğü hissettiremez"(11).<br /><br />Yahya Kemal, daha sonra atalarımızın İstanbul'da Türk ve Müslüman olmayanların yani Avrupalıların oturduğu semtleri nasıl millîleştirdiğini derin bir nostalji içinde şöyle anlatır:<br /><br /><em>"Ah büyük cedlerimiz! Onlar da Galata, Beyoğlu gibi frenk semtlerine yerleşirlerdi, fakat yerleştikleri mahallede Müslümanlığın nûru belirir, beş vakitte ezan işitilir, asmalı minâre, gölgeli mescid peydâ olur; sokak köşesinde bir türbenin kandili uyanır; hasılı o toprağın o köşesi imana gelirdi...<br /><br />Cedlerimiz, frenk mahallelerinin toprağına böyle nüfûz ederlerdi." (12)</em><br /><br />Yahya Kemal'in yukarıdaki şiiri, hâtırâları ve makalelerinden açıkça anlaşılmakta, görülmektedir ki, ezan sadece Müslümanları namaza davet eden bir ses, bir çağrı değildir.<br /><br />Ona ve Türk milletine göre ezan:<br /><br />1. Dinî ve millî bir mûsikîmizdir.<br />2. İnsanların millî ve dinî terbiyesinde, kendilerini Müslüman olarak hissetmelerinde önemli bir tesiri hâizdir.<br />3. Ezan sesi, insana dünyanın fâniliğini, her şeyin gelip geçiciliğini ihtar eden, onu boş ve âdi hırslardan arındıran ilahî bir ikazdır.<br />4. Ezanın insan üzerinde, onu bu fâni âlemden alıp, ledünnî bir âleme götüren mânevî bir etkisi vardır.<br />5. Ezan sesleri insana, Yaradan'ın affediciliğini hatırlatır.<br />6. Ezanın insana en büyük olanın Allah olduğunu hatırlatan, insanı kibir, gurur ve enaniyetten uzaklaştıran önemli bir rolü söz konusudur.<br />7. Ezan, bizim toplumumuzda tarih boyunca insanımız tarafından kendi değerlerine, kültürüne uygun bir ortamda yaşadığının bir ifadesi, bir delili olarak görünmüş, ona; "Ben kendi memleketimdeyim, kendi değerlerime saygı gösterilen bir ortamda yaşıyorum." duygusunu vermiştir.<br />8. Ezan, insanımız tarafından yüzyıllarca, mânevî bir inşirahın, ferahlamanın, huzurun kapılarını aralayan îlâhî bir çağrı olarak algılanmıştır.<br />9. Yeni nesillerin millî ve dinî terbiyesinde ezan seslerinin psikolojik büyük bir tesiri vardır. Yeni yetişen nesiller, müslümanlığın çocukluk rüyasını onunla görürler. İşte bu rüya, çocukluk dediğimiz bu müslüman rüyasıdır ki, bizi bir millet halinde tutar. Bizi biz yapar, bizi Türk yapar. Dağılmaktan, parçalanmaktan, millî bütünlüğümüzü kaybetmekten kurtarır.<br /><br />Türkiye'de, Türk toplumu ve Türk kültürü üzerinde böylesine derin tesirleri olan ilâhî bir çağrının önemini, bugün bile anlayamayan, kavrayamayan bazı aydınların olması, yüzyıllardır devam eden Batılılaşma mâcerâsı içinde, onların içinde yaşadıkları toplumun kültürüne ve değerlerine ne kadar yabancı kaldıklarının hüzün verici bir göstergesidir.<br /><br /><b>Kaynaklar</b><br /><em>1. Yahya Kemal Beyatlı, Eski Şiirin Rüzgarıyla, 2. Baskı, İstanbul, 1974, ss. 43-44.<br />2. Bu konuda geniş bilgi için bk. Ömer Faruk Akün, "Osmanlı Tarihi Karşısında Yahya Kemal'in Şiiri", Ölümünün Yirmibeşinci Yılında Yahya Kemal Beyatlı, Ankara, 1983, ss. 63-80. Rıza Bağcı, "Yahya Kemal'in Şiirlerinde Türk Tarih ve Medeniyeti", Bizim Edebiyatımız, İzmir, 1997, ss. 135-142<br />3. Yahya Kemal Beyatlı, İleri, Nr. 1453, 8 Kanunisâni 1338/1922.<br />4. Mehmet Akif Ersoy, Safahat Orijinal Metin-Sadeleştirilmiş Metin- Notlar, C.1 (Hazırlayanlar: Ömer Faruk Huyugüzel, Rıza Bağcı, Fazıl Gökçek), İstanbul, 1994, ss. 200-205<br />5. Zeynep Kerman, "Üç Ezan Şiiri", Yeni Türk Edebiyatı İncelemeleri, Ankara, 1998, s. 170.<br />6. Tevfik Fikret, Rübâb-ı Şikeste ve Diğer Eserleri, (Tertip ve telif eden Fahri Uzun) İstanbul, 1973, s. 358<br />7. Kerman, "Üç Ezan Şiiri", Yeni Türk Edebiyatı İncelemeleri, s.169<br />8. Nihat Sami Banarlı, Nihat Sami Banarlı'nın Kaleminden Yahya Kemal, Bir Dağdan Bir Dağa, İstanbul, 1984, s.17.<br />9. y.a.g.e. ss. 17-18.<br />10. y.a.g.e.s. 18.<br />11. Yahya Kemal Beyatlı, "Ezansız Semtler", Aziz İstanbul, 3. Baskı, İstanbul, 1974. ss. 121-122.<br />12. y.a.g.e.s.122. </em></span></td></tr></tbody></table>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2905918545844906697.post-83501687903848714012009-08-10T23:58:00.000+03:002009-08-10T23:59:48.335+03:00Nasîrüddin Tûsî<div><br /></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: -webkit-sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; "><h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading" style="color: black; background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; font-weight: normal; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2em; background-position: initial initial; ">Nasîrüddin Tûsî</h1><div id="bodyContent"><h3 id="siteSub" style="color: black; background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; font-weight: normal; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.3em; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-width: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-color: initial; font-size: 13px; display: inline; font-style: italic; background-position: initial initial; ">Vikipedi, özgür ansiklopedi</h3><div id="contentSub" style="font-size: 11px; line-height: 1.2em; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 1.4em; margin-left: 1em; color: rgb(125, 125, 125); width: auto; "></div><dl style="margin-top: 0.2em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; "><dd style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-left: 2em; margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><div class="noprint"><i>Ana madde: <a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Tusi" title="Al-Tusi" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(90, 54, 150); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Al-Tusi</a></i></div><div class="thumb tright" style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-top-color: white; border-right-color: white; border-bottom-color: white; border-left-color: white; width: auto; clear: right; float: right; border-top-width: 0.5em; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0.8em; border-left-width: 1.4em; "><div class="thumbinner" style="border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); padding-top: 3px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-bottom: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; background-color: rgb(249, 249, 249); font-size: 12px; text-align: center; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; width: 202px; "><a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dosya:Nasir_al-Din_Tusi.jpg" class="image" title="Tûsı (İran'ın 5 riallık posta pulu, 1956)" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Nasir_al-Din_Tusi.jpg/200px-Nasir_al-Din_Tusi.jpg" width="200" height="264" class="thumbimage" style="border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; vertical-align: middle; border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); " /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border-top-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none; border-left-style: none; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; text-align: left; line-height: 1.4em; padding-top: 3px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-bottom: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; font-size: 11px; "><div class="magnify" style="float: right; border-top-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; border-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-repeat: initial !important; background-attachment: initial !important; -webkit-background-clip: initial !important; -webkit-background-origin: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; "><a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dosya:Nasir_al-Din_Tusi.jpg" class="internal" title="Büyüt" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none !important; background-repeat: initial !important; background-attachment: initial !important; -webkit-background-clip: initial !important; -webkit-background-origin: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; display: block; border-top-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; border-color: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; "><img src="http://tr.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" height="11" alt="" style="border-top-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; vertical-align: middle; display: block; border-width: initial !important; border-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-repeat: initial !important; background-attachment: initial !important; -webkit-background-clip: initial !important; -webkit-background-origin: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; " /></a></div>Tûsı (<a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pehlevi_Hanedan%C4%B1" title="Pehlevi Hanedanı" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">İran</a>'ın 5 riallık posta pulu, 1956)</div></div></div></dd></dl><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "><b>Nasureddin Tusi</b>, <a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/1201" title="1201" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">1201</a> ile <a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/1274" title="1274" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">1274</a> yıllarında yaşamış islam filozofu. Sözkonusu dönem, <a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mo%C4%9Fol_istilas%C4%B1" title="Moğol istilası" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Moğol istilası</a> sebebiyle <a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ba%C4%9Fdad" title="Bağdad" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Bağdad</a>'da, bir yandan karanlık bir dönem bir yandan da önemli düşünce okullarının kurulduğu ve islam bilim kurumlarının açıldığı bir dönem oldu. Nasîrüddin Tûsî'de bu dönemde yetişmiş <a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%C5%9Ei%C3%AE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Şiî (sayfa mevcut değil)" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(204, 34, 0); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Şiî</a> dünyasının tanınmış bir bilgesi olmuştur.</p><table id="toc" class="toc" summary="Konu başlıkları" style="font-size: 12px; color: black; background-color: rgb(249, 249, 249); border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); padding-top: 5px; padding-right: 5px; padding-bottom: 5px; padding-left: 5px; "><tbody><tr><td><div id="toctitle" style="text-align: center; "><h2 style="color: black; background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; font-weight: bold; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 12px; display: inline; border-top-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-left-style: none; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; padding-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Konu başlıkları</h2> <span class="toctoggle" style="font-size: 11px; ">[<a id="togglelink" class="internal" href="javascript:toggleToc()" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">gizle</a>]</span></div><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: none; margin-top: 0.3em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; list-style-image: none; text-align: left; "><li class="toclevel-1" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nas%C3%AEr%C3%BCddin_T%C3%BBs%C3%AE#Ya.C5.9Fam.C4.B1" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Yaşamı</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nas%C3%AEr%C3%BCddin_T%C3%BBs%C3%AE#Felsefesi" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Felsefesi</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nas%C3%AEr%C3%BCddin_T%C3%BBs%C3%AE#Kitaplar.C4.B1" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Kitapları</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nas%C3%AEr%C3%BCddin_T%C3%BBs%C3%AE#G.C3.B6zat" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Gözat</span></a></li></ul></td></tr></tbody></table><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "><a name="Ya.C5.9Fam.C4.B1" id="Ya.C5.9Fam.C4.B1" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "></a></p><h2 style="color: black; background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; font-weight: normal; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); font-size: 19px; background-position: initial initial; "><span class="mw-headline">Yaşamı</span> <span class="editsection" style="float: none; margin-left: 0px; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal; ">[<a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nas%C3%AEr%C3%BCddin_T%C3%BBs%C3%AE&action=edit&section=1" title="Değiştirilen bölüm: Yaşamı" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">değiştir</a>]</span></h2><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">Nasîrüddin Tûsî, babasının ve dayısının etkisiyle erken yaşlardan itibaren kelâm, felsefe ve matematik ile ilgilenmeye başladı. Felsefi gelişmesinin belirli bir evresinde <a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0bn-i_Sina" title="İbn-i Sina" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">İbn-i Sina</a>'nın <a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%C4%B0%C5%9F%C3%A2r%C3%A2t&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="İşârât (sayfa mevcut değil)" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(204, 34, 0); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">İşârât</a>'ını okudu ve uzun yıllar bu metinle uğraştı. Bu uğraşmaların ardından en önemli eserlerinden biri sayılan <i>Şerh-i İşârât</i>´ı kaleme aldı.</p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "><a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kemal%C3%BBddin_H%C3%A2sip&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kemalûddin Hâsip (sayfa mevcut değil)" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(204, 34, 0); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Kemalûddin Hâsip</a>'ten <a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematik" title="Matematik" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">matemetiği</a> ve <a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Burhan%C3%BCddin_Hamedan%C3%AE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Burhanüddin Hamedanî (sayfa mevcut değil)" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(204, 34, 0); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Burhanüddin Hamedanî</a>'den <a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadis" title="Hadis" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">hadisleri</a> öğrendi. Pek çok bilgi dalıyla ilgilendi ve derinleşmeye çalıştı; tanınmış bilginler yetiştirdi (<a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=All%C3%A2me_Hill%C3%AE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Allâme Hillî (sayfa mevcut değil)" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(204, 34, 0); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Allâme Hillî</a>, <a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kutb%C3%BCddin_%C5%9Eirvan%C3%AE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kutbüddin Şirvanî (sayfa mevcut değil)" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(204, 34, 0); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Kutbüddin Şirvanî</a> gibi).<a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%C4%B0smaili_mezhebi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="İsmaili mezhebi (sayfa mevcut değil)" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(204, 34, 0); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">İsmaili mezhebinden</a> ve <a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edebiyat" title="Edebiyat" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">edebiyat</a>, <a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasavvuf" title="Tasavvuf" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">tasavvuf</a> ve <a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felsefe" title="Felsefe" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">felsefe</a> ilgilisi <a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nas%C3%AEr%C3%BCddin_Ebu%27l-Feth_b.Mans%C3%BBr&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nasîrüddin Ebu'l-Feth b.Mansûr (sayfa mevcut değil)" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(204, 34, 0); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Nasîrüddin Ebu'l-Feth b.Mansûr</a>'nin meclisinde yer aldı. <a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbasi" title="Abbasi" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Abbasi</a> <a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halife" title="Halife" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">halifesi</a> <a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=El-M%C3%BBtas%C4%B1m&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="El-Mûtasım (sayfa mevcut değil)" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(204, 34, 0); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">El-Mûtasım</a>'ı öven bir kaside yazdıktan sonra araları açıldı ve sürgüne gönderildi.</p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">Hassan Sabah'ın yedinci halefi Khudavend Alaüddin aracılığıyla <a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alamut_kalesi" title="Alamut kalesi" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Alamut kalesinde</a> saklandı. Daha sonra, 1247'ye kadar, yarı tutuklu olarak <a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Meym%C3%BBn_Daye&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Meymûn Daye (sayfa mevcut değil)" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(204, 34, 0); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Meymûn Daye</a> kalesinde tutuldu. Moğolların kaleleri ele geçirmesiyle serbest kaldı. Moğol hükümdarı Hülâgu'nun müşaviri olarak görev aldı ve bütün bilimsel ve felsefi çalışmalarında ondan destek aldı. Ünlü <a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mar%C3%A2g%C3%A2_Rasathanesi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marâgâ Rasathanesi (sayfa mevcut değil)" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(204, 34, 0); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Marâgâ Rasathanesini</a> bu sırada kurdu ve bu kurum en büyük islam bilim kurumlarından biri olarak yer aldı. Rasathanenin yanında büyük bir kütüphane kurulması da gerçekleştirildi, burada dört yüz bin kitabın toplandığı sanılmaktadır. Hûlagü han bir yandan Bağdadı yakıp yıkan bir yandan da orada yeniden bilim kurumlarının kurulmasını destekleyen kişi oldu. Daha sonraki hükümdar Abaka Han tarafından da destek gördü ve yaşlılığında bu destek sayesinde önemli eserlerini üretti.</p><div class="thumb tright" style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-top-color: white; border-right-color: white; border-bottom-color: white; border-left-color: white; width: auto; clear: right; float: right; border-top-width: 0.5em; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0.8em; border-left-width: 1.4em; "><div class="thumbinner" style="border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); padding-top: 3px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-bottom: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; background-color: rgb(249, 249, 249); font-size: 12px; text-align: center; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; width: 252px; "><a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dosya:Tutulma.JPG" class="image" title="Nasireddin Tusi'nin güneş tutulmasını gösteren bir resmi" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/tr/thumb/b/b0/Tutulma.JPG/250px-Tutulma.JPG" width="250" height="353" class="thumbimage" style="border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; vertical-align: middle; border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); " /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border-top-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none; border-left-style: none; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; text-align: left; line-height: 1.4em; padding-top: 3px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-bottom: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; font-size: 11px; "><div class="magnify" style="float: right; border-top-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; border-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-repeat: initial !important; background-attachment: initial !important; -webkit-background-clip: initial !important; -webkit-background-origin: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; "><a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dosya:Tutulma.JPG" class="internal" title="Büyüt" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none !important; background-repeat: initial !important; background-attachment: initial !important; -webkit-background-clip: initial !important; -webkit-background-origin: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; display: block; border-top-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; border-color: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; "><img src="http://tr.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" height="11" alt="" style="border-top-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; vertical-align: middle; display: block; border-width: initial !important; border-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-repeat: initial !important; background-attachment: initial !important; -webkit-background-clip: initial !important; -webkit-background-origin: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; " /></a></div>Nasireddin Tusi'nin güneş tutulmasını gösteren bir resmi</div></div></div><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "><a name="Felsefesi" id="Felsefesi" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "></a></p><h2 style="color: black; background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; font-weight: normal; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); font-size: 19px; background-position: initial initial; "><span class="mw-headline">Felsefesi</span> <span class="editsection" style="float: none; margin-left: 0px; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal; ">[<a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nas%C3%AEr%C3%BCddin_T%C3%BBs%C3%AE&action=edit&section=2" title="Değiştirilen bölüm: Felsefesi" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">değiştir</a>]</span></h2><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">Nasîrüddin Tûsî, <a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0slam_felsefesi" title="İslam felsefesi" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">islam felsefesinde</a> yeni bir felsefe ekolü ortaya koymamıştır, ancak yine de felsefi çalışmaları derinlik ve kapsamıyla etkili olmuş bir bilge olarak yer almıştır. Daha çok <a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Me%C5%9F%C5%9Failik" title="Meşşailik" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">meşşai filozoflarının</a> yolundan gitmiş olduğu söylenebilir, onların felsefi tezlerini Şiiliğin prensiplerine uyarlamaya çalıştı. İslam dünyasında ilk defa bir sistematik <a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etik" title="Etik" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">etik</a> kitabını yazan kişi oldu. Sisteminde <a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristoteles" title="Aristoteles" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Aristoteles</a>'in ahlak ilkeleriyle <a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaz%C3%A2li" title="Gazâli" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Gazâli</a>'nin mistik ve tasavufi ahlak düşünceleriyle bir arada değerlendirmeye çalıştı. Bir tür sentez arayışında oldu. Bu ahlak felsefesinin bir bölümünü de eğitim konusundaki düşünceleri oluşturmaktadır. Ona göre çocuğun doğumundan itibaren ona uygun bir ad verilmeli (çünkü adlar kader üzerinde etki yapar), iyi bir sütanneye sahip olmalı ve yetişme döneminde çocuk kötü huy edineceği ortamlardan korunmalıdır. Bu süreçte ona aklını kullanmasını ve akıl yoluyla elde edilen erdemleri sevmesini öğretmek gerekir. Arzularına hakim olmanın ve kendini tutmanın bir erdem olarak öğretilmesi gerekir. Bundan sonra ise çocuk hangi sanata ya da ilgiye yetenekli ise ona yönlendirilmeli ve özendirilmelidir.</p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "><a name="Kitaplar.C4.B1" id="Kitaplar.C4.B1" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "></a></p><h2 style="color: black; background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; font-weight: normal; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); font-size: 19px; background-position: initial initial; "><span class="mw-headline">Kitapları</span> <span class="editsection" style="float: none; margin-left: 0px; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal; ">[<a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nas%C3%AEr%C3%BCddin_T%C3%BBs%C3%AE&action=edit&section=3" title="Değiştirilen bölüm: Kitapları" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">değiştir</a>]</span></h2><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: square; margin-top: 0.3em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 1.5em; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; list-style-image: url(http://tr.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/monobook/bullet.gif); "><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><i>Şerh'i İşârat</i> (temel felsefe kitabı, 20 yılda hazırlanmış)</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><i>Zic-i İlhânî</i> (astronomi hakkında)</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><i>Tecrid-ül-akâid</i> (kelam kitabı)</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><i>Tezker-i hayat</i></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><i>Tahrir-i Öklides</i></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><i>Tahrir-ül-Macestî</i></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><i>Esas-ül-iktibas</i> (Mantık kitabı)</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><i>Esraf-ül-eşraf</i></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><i>Ahlak-ı Nâsırî</i></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><i>Fusul</i></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><i>El-Mesail El-Hayriyat</i></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><i>Bahnâme</i> (Tıp bilimi kitabı</li></ul><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "><a name="G.C3.B6zat" id="G.C3.B6zat" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "></a></p><h2 style="color: black; background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; font-weight: normal; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); font-size: 19px; background-position: initial initial; "><span class="mw-headline">Gözat</span> <span class="editsection" style="float: none; margin-left: 0px; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal; ">[<a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nas%C3%AEr%C3%BCddin_T%C3%BBs%C3%AE&action=edit&section=4" title="Değiştirilen bölüm: Gözat" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">değiştir</a>]</span></h2><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: square; margin-top: 0.3em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 1.5em; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; list-style-image: url(http://tr.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/monobook/bullet.gif); "><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nikhomakhos%27a_Etik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nikhomakhos'a Etik (sayfa mevcut değil)" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(204, 34, 0); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Nikhomakhos'a Etik</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gazali" title="Gazali" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Gazali</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hassan_Sabah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hassan Sabah (sayfa mevcut değil)" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(204, 34, 0); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Hassan Sabah</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Me%C5%9F%C5%9Failik" title="Meşşailik" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Meşşailik</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%C4%B0bn_Farabi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="İbn Farabi (sayfa mevcut değil)" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(204, 34, 0); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">İbn Farabi</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0bn-i_Sina" title="İbn-i Sina" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">İbn-i Sina</a></li></ul><div><br /></div><div><h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading" style="color: black; background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; font-weight: normal; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2em; background-position: initial initial; ">Nasir al-Din al-Tusi</h1><div id="bodyContent"><h3 id="siteSub" style="color: black; background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; font-weight: normal; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.3em; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-width: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-color: initial; font-size: 12px; display: inline; background-position: initial initial; ">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</h3><div id="contentSub" style="font-size: 11px; line-height: 1.2em; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 1.4em; margin-left: 1em; color: rgb(125, 125, 125); width: auto; "></div><div class="dablink" style="font-style: italic; padding-left: 2em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; ">For other uses, see <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tusi" title="Tusi" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Tusi</a>.</div><div class="dablink" style="font-style: italic; padding-left: 2em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; ">For other uses, see <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Nasir_al-Din" title="Muhammad Nasir al-Din" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Muhammad Nasir al-Din</a>.</div><table class="infobox vcard" cellpadding="2" style="font-size: 11px; color: black; background-color: rgb(249, 249, 249); border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(206, 242, 224); border-right-color: rgb(206, 242, 224); border-bottom-color: rgb(206, 242, 224); border-left-color: rgb(206, 242, 224); margin-top: 0.5em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 1em; padding-top: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; float: right; clear: right; width: 26em; "><tbody><tr><th bgcolor="#CEF2E0" align="center" colspan="2" style="vertical-align: top; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(206, 242, 224); font-size: 13px; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_peoples" title="Persian peoples" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Persian</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_scholar" title="Muslim scholar" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Muslim scholar</a><br /></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center; "><div class="center" style="width: 266px; text-align: center; "><div class="floatnone" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nasir_al-Din_Tusi.jpg" class="image" title="Nasir al-Din Tusi.jpg" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; background-position: initial initial; "><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Nasir_al-Din_Tusi.jpg/225px-Nasir_al-Din_Tusi.jpg" width="225" height="297" style="border-top-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none; border-left-style: none; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; vertical-align: middle; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; " /></a></div></div><div style="line-height: 1.25em; ">Commemorated on an Iranian stamp upon the 700th anniversary of his death.</div></td></tr><tr><th style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right; ">Name:</th><td style="vertical-align: top; "><span class="fn"><b>Naṣīr al-Dīn al-Ṭūsī</b></span></td></tr><tr><th style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right; ">Title:</th><td style="vertical-align: top; ">Khaje Nasir</td></tr><tr><th style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right; ">Birth:</th><td style="vertical-align: top; ">16 February, 1201 (11 Jamadi al-Ula, 597)</td></tr><tr><th style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right; ">Death:</th><td style="vertical-align: top; ">25th June, 1274 (18 Dhu'l-Hijjah 672)</td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right; "><b>Ethnicity:</b></td><td style="vertical-align: top; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_people" title="Persian people" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Persian</a></td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right; "><b>Region:</b></td><td style="vertical-align: top; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran" title="Iran" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Iran</a></td></tr><tr><th style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right; ">Maddhab:</th><td style="vertical-align: top; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twelver_Shi%60ism" title="Twelver Shi`ism" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Twelver</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Shī‘ah</a> school tradition=<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avicennism" title="Avicennism" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Avicennism</a></td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right; "><b>Main interests:</b></td><td style="vertical-align: top; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalam" title="Kalam" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Islamic Theology</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_Islamic_philosophy" title="Early Islamic philosophy" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Islamic Philosophy</a>,<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_astronomy" title="Islamic astronomy" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Astronomy</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_mathematics" title="Islamic mathematics" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Mathematics</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alchemy_and_chemistry_in_Islam" title="Alchemy and chemistry in Islam" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Chemistry</a>,<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_medicine" title="Islamic medicine" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Biology and Medicine</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_physics" title="Islamic physics" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Physics</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_science" title="Islamic science" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Science</a></td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right; "><b>Notable ideas:</b></td><td style="vertical-align: top; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_of_mass" title="Conservation of mass" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Conservation of mass</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Evolution</a>,<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spherical_trigonometry" title="Spherical trigonometry" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Spherical trigonometry</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tusi-couple" title="Tusi-couple" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Tusi-couple</a></td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right; "><b>Works:</b></td><td style="vertical-align: top; "><i>Rawḍa-yi Taslīm</i>, <i>Tajrid al-'Aqaid</i>,<br /><i>Akhlaq-i-Nasri</i>, <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zij-i_ilkhani" title="Zij-i ilkhani" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Zij-i ilkhani</a></i>,<br /><i>al-Risalah al-Asturlabiyah</i>,<br /><i>Al-Tadhkirah fi'ilm al-hay'ah</i></td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right; "><b>Influences:</b></td><td style="vertical-align: top; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avicenna" title="Avicenna" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Avicenna</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fakhr_al-Din_al-Razi" title="Fakhr al-Din al-Razi" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Fakhr al-Din al-Razi</a>,<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mo%27ayyeduddin_Urdi" title="Mo'ayyeduddin Urdi" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Mo'ayyeduddin Urdi</a></td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right; "><b>Influenced:</b></td><td style="vertical-align: top; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun" title="Ibn Khaldun" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">ibn Khaldun</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qutb_al-Din_al-Shirazi" title="Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_al-Shatir" title="Ibn al-Shatir" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Ibn al-Shatir</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copernicus" title="Copernicus" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Copernicus</a></td></tr></tbody></table><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "><b><span lang="ar-Latn" title="ar ALA transliteration" class="Unicode" lang="ar-Latn" style="font-family: inherit; white-space: normal; text-decoration: none; ">Muḥammad ibn Muḥammad ibn al-Ḥasan al-Ṭūsī</span></b> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Persian</a>: <span lang="fa" lang="fa">محمد بن محمد بن الحسن الطوسی</span>) (born February 1201 in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tus" title="Tus" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(90, 54, 150); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Ṭūs</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Khorasan" title="Greater Khorasan" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(90, 54, 150); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Khorasan</a> – 26 June 1274 in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kadhimiya" title="Kadhimiya" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">al-Kāżimiyyah</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Baghdad</a>), better known as <b><span lang="ar-Latn" title="ar ALA transliteration" class="Unicode" lang="ar-Latn" style="font-family: inherit; white-space: normal; text-decoration: none; ">Naṣīr al-Dīn al-Ṭūsī</span></b> (or <b>Tusi</b> in the West), was a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_people" title="Persian people" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Persian</a><sup id="cite_ref-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasir_al-Din_al-Tusi#cite_note-0" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; "><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasir_al-Din_al-Tusi#cite_note-1" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; "><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasir_al-Din_al-Tusi#cite_note-2" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; "><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasir_al-Din_al-Tusi#cite_note-3" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; "><span>[</span>4<span>]</span></a></sup> of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ismaili" title="Ismaili" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Ismaili</a>and subsequently <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twelver_Shi%60ism" title="Twelver Shi`ism" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Twelver</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Shī‘ah</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam" title="Islam" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Islamic</a> belief.<sup id="cite_ref-RT_4-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasir_al-Din_al-Tusi#cite_note-RT-4" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; "><span>[</span>5<span>]</span></a></sup> He was a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polymath" title="Polymath" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">polymath</a><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasir_al-Din_al-Tusi#cite_note-5" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; "><span>[</span>6<span>]</span></a></sup> and prolific writer: an <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_astronomy" title="Islamic astronomy" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">astronomer</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologist" title="Biologist" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">biologist</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alchemy_and_chemistry_in_Islam" title="Alchemy and chemistry in Islam" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">chemist</a>,<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_mathematics" title="Islamic mathematics" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">mathematician</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_Islamic_philosophy" title="Early Islamic philosophy" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">philosopher</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_medicine" title="Islamic medicine" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">physician</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_physics" title="Islamic physics" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">physicist</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_science" title="Islamic science" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">scientist</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalam" title="Kalam" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">theologian</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Ayatollah" title="Grand Ayatollah" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Marja Taqleed</a>.</p><table id="toc" class="toc" summary="Contents" style="font-size: 12px; color: black; background-color: rgb(249, 249, 249); border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); padding-top: 5px; padding-right: 5px; padding-bottom: 5px; padding-left: 5px; margin-top: 0.5em; "><tbody><tr><td><div id="toctitle" style="text-align: center; "><h2 style="color: black; background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; font-weight: bold; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 12px; display: inline; border-top-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-left-style: none; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; padding-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Contents</h2> <span class="toctoggle" style="font-size: 11px; ">[<a id="togglelink" class="internal" href="javascript:toggleToc()" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">hide</a>]</span></div><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: none; margin-top: 0.3em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; list-style-image: none; text-align: left; "><li class="toclevel-1" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasir_al-Din_al-Tusi#Biography" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Biography</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasir_al-Din_al-Tusi#Works" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Works</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasir_al-Din_al-Tusi#Achievements" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Achievements</span></a><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: none; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 2em; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; list-style-image: none; text-align: left; "><li class="toclevel-2" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasir_al-Din_al-Tusi#Astronomy" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Astronomy</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-2" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasir_al-Din_al-Tusi#Biology" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "><span class="tocnumber">3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Biology</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-2" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasir_al-Din_al-Tusi#Chemistry_and_Physics" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "><span class="tocnumber">3.3</span> <span class="toctext">Chemistry and Physics</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-2" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasir_al-Din_al-Tusi#Logic" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "><span class="tocnumber">3.4</span> <span class="toctext">Logic</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-2" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasir_al-Din_al-Tusi#Mathematics" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "><span class="tocnumber">3.5</span> <span class="toctext">Mathematics</span></a></li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasir_al-Din_al-Tusi#Influence_and_legacy" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Influence and legacy</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasir_al-Din_al-Tusi#See_also" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasir_al-Din_al-Tusi#References" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasir_al-Din_al-Tusi#Further_reading" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Further reading</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasir_al-Din_al-Tusi#External_links" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li></ul></td></tr></tbody></table><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "><a name="Biography" id="Biography" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "></a></p><h2 style="color: black; background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; font-weight: normal; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); font-size: 19px; background-position: initial initial; "><span class="editsection" style="float: right; margin-left: 5px; font-size: 13px; ">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nasir_al-Din_al-Tusi&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biography" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline">Biography</span></h2><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">Nasir al-Din Tusi was born in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tus" title="Tus" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(90, 54, 150); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Tus</a> east of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran" title="Iran" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Iran</a> in the year 1201 and began his studies at an early age. In Tus he studied the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qur%27an" title="Qur'an" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Qur'an</a>,<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Hadith</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shi%27a" title="Shi'a" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Shi'a</a> jurisprudence, logic, philosophy, mathematics, medicine and astronomy.<sup id="cite_ref-Dabashi_6-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasir_al-Din_al-Tusi#cite_note-Dabashi-6" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; "><span>[</span>7<span>]</span></a></sup></p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">He was apparently born into an Ismaili Shī‘ah family and lost his father at a young age. Fulfilling the wish of his father, the young Muhammad took learning and scholarship very seriously and travelled far and wide to attend the lectures of renowned scholars and acquire the knowledge which guides people to the happiness of the next world. At a young age he moved to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nishapur" title="Nishapur" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Nishapur</a> to study philosophy under Farid al-Din Damad and mathematics under <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Muhammad_Hasib&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Muhammad Hasib (page does not exist)" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(204, 34, 0); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Muhammad Hasib</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-HistMuslimPhil_7-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasir_al-Din_al-Tusi#cite_note-HistMuslimPhil-7" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; "><span>[</span>8<span>]</span></a></sup> He met also <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attar_Neyshapuri" title="Attar Neyshapuri" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Farid al-Din al-'Attar</a>, the legendary <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sufi" title="Sufi" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Sufi</a> master who was later killed in the hand of Mongol invaders and attended the lectures of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Qutb_al-Din_al-Misri&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Qutb al-Din al-Misri (page does not exist)" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(204, 34, 0); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Qutb al-Din al-Misri</a>.</p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">In Mawsil he studied mathematics and astronomy with <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kamal_al-Din_Yunus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kamal al-Din Yunus (page does not exist)" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(204, 34, 0); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Kamal al-Din Yunus</a> (d. 639/1242). Later on he corresponded with <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Al-Qaysari&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Qaysari (page does not exist)" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(204, 34, 0); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">al-Qaysari</a>, the son-in-law of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ibn_al-%E2%80%98Arabi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ibn al-‘Arabi (page does not exist)" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(204, 34, 0); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Ibn al-‘Arabi</a>, and it seems that mysticism, as propagated by Sufi masters of his time, was not appealing to his mind and once the occasion was suitable, he composed his own manual of philosophical Sufism in the form of a small booklet entitled <i>Awsaf al-Ashraf</i> The Attributes of the Illustrious".</p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">As the armies of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genghis_Khan" title="Genghis Khan" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Genghis Khan</a> swept his homeland, he fled to join the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ismailis" title="Ismailis" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Ismailis</a> and made his most important contributions in science during this time when he was moving from one stronghold to another. He finally joined <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hulagu_Khan" title="Hulagu Khan" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Hulagu Khan</a>'s ranks, after the invasion of the<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alamut" title="Alamut" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Alamut</a> castle by the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongol" title="Mongol" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Mongol</a> forces.</p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "><a name="Works" id="Works" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "></a></p><h2 style="color: black; background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; font-weight: normal; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); font-size: 19px; background-position: initial initial; "><span class="editsection" style="float: right; margin-left: 5px; font-size: 13px; ">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nasir_al-Din_al-Tusi&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Works" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline">Works</span></h2><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">Tusi has about 150 works in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Persian</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language" title="Arabic language" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Arabic</a>.</p><div class="thumb tright" style="margin-bottom: 0.8em; border-top-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none; border-left-style: none; width: auto; clear: right; float: right; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; margin-top: 0.5em; margin-right: 0px; margin-left: 1.4em; background-color: white; "><div class="thumbinner" style="min-width: 100px; border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); padding-top: 3px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-bottom: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; background-color: rgb(249, 249, 249); font-size: 12px; text-align: center; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; width: 252px; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tusi_manus.JPG" class="image" title="A Treatise on Astrolabe by Tusi, Isfahan 1505" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e5/Tusi_manus.JPG/250px-Tusi_manus.JPG" width="250" height="167" class="thumbimage" style="border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; vertical-align: middle; border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); " /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border-top-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none; border-left-style: none; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; text-align: left; line-height: 1.4em; padding-top: 3px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-bottom: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; font-size: 11px; "><div class="magnify" style="float: right; border-top-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; border-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-repeat: initial !important; background-attachment: initial !important; -webkit-background-clip: initial !important; -webkit-background-origin: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tusi_manus.JPG" class="internal" title="Enlarge" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none !important; background-repeat: initial !important; background-attachment: initial !important; -webkit-background-clip: initial !important; -webkit-background-origin: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; display: block; border-top-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; border-color: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; "><img src="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" height="11" alt="" style="border-top-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; vertical-align: middle; display: block; border-width: initial !important; border-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-repeat: initial !important; background-attachment: initial !important; -webkit-background-clip: initial !important; -webkit-background-origin: initial !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); background-position: initial initial !important; " /></a></div>A Treatise on <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrolabe" title="Astrolabe" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Astrolabe</a> by Tusi, Isfahan 1505</div></div></div><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: square; margin-top: 0.3em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 1.5em; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; list-style-image: url(http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/monobook/bullet.gif); "><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><i>Tajrid-al-'Aqaid</i> – A major work on al-Kalam (Islamic scholastic philosophy).</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><i>Al-Tadhkirah fi'ilm al-hay'ah</i> – A memoir on the science of astronomy. Many commentaries were written about this work called Sharh al-Tadhkirah (A Commentary on al-Tadhkirah) - Commentaries were written by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Birjandi" title="Al-Birjandi" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Abd al-Ali ibn Muhammad ibn al-Husayn al-Birjandi</a> and by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nazzam_Nishapuri&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nazzam Nishapuri (page does not exist)" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(204, 34, 0); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Nazzam Nishapuri</a>.</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><i>Akhlaq-i-Nasri</i> – A work on ethics.</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><i>al-Risalah al-Asturlabiyah</i> – A Treatise on astrolabe.</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zij-i_ilkhani" title="Zij-i ilkhani" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Zij-i ilkhani</a></i> (<i>Ilkhanic Tables</i>) – A major astronomical treatise, completed in 1272.</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><i>sharh al-isharat</i> (<i>Commentary on Avicenna's Isharat</i>)</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><i>Awsaf al-Ashraf a short mystical-ethical work in Persian</i></li></ul><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "><a name="Achievements" id="Achievements" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "></a></p><h2 style="color: black; background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; font-weight: normal; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); font-size: 19px; background-position: initial initial; "><span class="editsection" style="float: right; margin-left: 5px; font-size: 13px; ">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nasir_al-Din_al-Tusi&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Achievements" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline">Achievements</span></h2><div class="thumb tright" style="margin-bottom: 0.8em; border-top-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none; border-left-style: none; width: auto; clear: right; float: right; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; margin-top: 0.5em; margin-right: 0px; margin-left: 1.4em; background-color: white; "><div class="thumbinner" style="min-width: 100px; border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); padding-top: 3px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-bottom: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; background-color: rgb(249, 249, 249); font-size: 12px; text-align: center; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; width: 252px; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tusi_couple.jpg" class="image" title="Tusi couple from Vat. Arabic ms 319" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Tusi_couple.jpg/250px-Tusi_couple.jpg" width="250" height="211" class="thumbimage" style="border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; vertical-align: middle; border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); " /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border-top-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none; border-left-style: none; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; text-align: left; line-height: 1.4em; padding-top: 3px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-bottom: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; font-size: 11px; "><div class="magnify" style="float: right; border-top-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; border-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-repeat: initial !important; background-attachment: initial !important; -webkit-background-clip: initial !important; -webkit-background-origin: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tusi_couple.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none !important; background-repeat: initial !important; background-attachment: initial !important; -webkit-background-clip: initial !important; -webkit-background-origin: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; display: block; border-top-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; border-color: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; "><img src="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" height="11" alt="" style="border-top-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; vertical-align: middle; display: block; border-width: initial !important; border-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-repeat: initial !important; background-attachment: initial !important; -webkit-background-clip: initial !important; -webkit-background-origin: initial !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); background-position: initial initial !important; " /></a></div>Tusi couple from Vat. Arabic ms 319</div></div></div><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">During his stay in Nishapur, Tusi established a reputation as an exceptional scholar. "Al-Tusi’s prose writing, which number over 150 works, represent on of the largest collections by a single Islamic author. Writing in both <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Arabic</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Persian</a>, Nasir al-Din Tusi dealt with both religious (“Islamic”) topics and non-religious or secular subjects (the ancient sciences).".<sup id="cite_ref-H._Daiber.2C_F.J._Ragep_2007_8-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasir_al-Din_al-Tusi#cite_note-H._Daiber.2C_F.J._Ragep_2007-8" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; "><span>[</span>9<span>]</span></a></sup>. His works include the definitive Arabic versions of the works of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euclid" title="Euclid" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Euclid</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archimedes" title="Archimedes" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Archimedes</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptolemy" title="Ptolemy" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Ptolemy</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autolycus" title="Autolycus" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Autolycus</a>, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodosius_of_Bithynia" title="Theodosius of Bithynia" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Theodosius of Bithynia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-H._Daiber.2C_F.J._Ragep_2007_8-1" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasir_al-Din_al-Tusi#cite_note-H._Daiber.2C_F.J._Ragep_2007-8" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; "><span>[</span>9<span>]</span></a></sup>.</p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "><a name="Astronomy" id="Astronomy" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "></a></p><h3 style="color: black; background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; font-weight: bold; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.3em; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-width: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-color: initial; font-size: 17px; background-position: initial initial; "><span class="editsection" style="float: right; margin-left: 5px; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; ">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nasir_al-Din_al-Tusi&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Astronomy" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline">Astronomy</span></h3><div class="rellink" style="font-style: italic; padding-left: 2em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; ">Further information: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zij-i_Ilkhani" title="Zij-i Ilkhani" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Zij-i Ilkhani</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tusi-couple" title="Tusi-couple" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Tusi-couple</a></div><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">Tusi convinced <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hulegu_Khan" title="Hulegu Khan" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Hulegu Khan</a> to construct an observatory for establishing accurate astronomical tables for better astrological predictions. Beginning in 1259, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maragheh_observatory" title="Maragheh observatory" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Rasad Khaneh observatory</a> was constructed in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azarbaijan" title="Azarbaijan" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Azarbaijan</a>, west of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maragheh" title="Maragheh" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Maragheh</a>, the capital of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilkhanate" title="Ilkhanate" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Ilkhanate Empire</a>.</p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">Based on the observations in this for the time being most advanced observatory, Tusi made very accurate tables of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ephemeris" title="Ephemeris" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">planetary movements</a> as depicted in his book <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zij-i_ilkhani" title="Zij-i ilkhani" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Zij-i ilkhani</a></i> (<i>Ilkhanic Tables</i>). This book contains astronomical tables for calculating the positions of the planets and the names of the stars. His model for the planetary system is believed to be the most advanced of his time, and was used extensively until the development of the heliocentric model in the time of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolaus_Copernicus" title="Nicolaus Copernicus" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Nicolaus Copernicus</a>. Between <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptolemy" title="Ptolemy" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Ptolemy</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copernicus" title="Copernicus" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Copernicus</a>, he is considered by many to be one of the most eminent astronomers of his time, and his work and theory in astronomy can also be compared to that of the Chinese scientist <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shen_Kuo" title="Shen Kuo" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Shen Kuo</a> (1031-1095 AD).</p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">For his planetary models, he invented a geometrical technique called a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tusi-couple" title="Tusi-couple" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Tusi-couple</a>, which generates linear motion from the sum of two circular motions. He used this technique to replace <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptolemy" title="Ptolemy" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Ptolemy</a>'s problematic <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equant" title="Equant" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">equant</a>, and it was later employed in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_al-Shatir" title="Ibn al-Shatir" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Ibn al-Shatir</a>'s <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geocentric_model" title="Geocentric model" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">geocentric model</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolaus_Copernicus" title="Nicolaus Copernicus" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Nicolaus Copernicus</a>' <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heliocentrism" title="Heliocentrism" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">heliocentric</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copernican_heliocentrism" title="Copernican heliocentrism" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Copernican model</a>. He also calculated the value for the annual precession of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equinox" title="Equinox" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">equinoxes</a> and contributed to the construction and usage of some astronomical instruments including the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrolabe" title="Astrolabe" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">astrolabe</a>.</p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">Tusi was also the first to present <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empirical" title="Empirical" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">empirical</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Observation" title="Observation" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">observational</a> evidence of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth%27s_rotation" title="Earth's rotation" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Earth's rotation</a>, using the location of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comet" title="Comet" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">comets</a> relevant to the Earth as evidence, which Ali al-Qushji elaborated on with further empirical observations. The arguments of Tusi were similar to the arguments later used by Copernicus in 1543 to explain the Earth's rotation.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasir_al-Din_al-Tusi#cite_note-9" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; "><span>[</span>10<span>]</span></a></sup></p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "><a name="Biology" id="Biology" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "></a></p><h3 style="color: black; background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; font-weight: bold; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.3em; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-width: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-color: initial; font-size: 17px; background-position: initial initial; "><span class="editsection" style="float: right; margin-left: 5px; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; ">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nasir_al-Din_al-Tusi&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Biology" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline">Biology</span></h3><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">Tusi wrote extensively on <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biology" title="Biology" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">biology</a> and is one of the early pioneers of biological <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">evolution</a> in scientific thought. He begins his theory of evolution with the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universe" title="Universe" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">universe</a> once consisting of equal and similar <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Element" title="Element" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">elements</a>, which themselves consist of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elementary_particle" title="Elementary particle" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">elementary particles</a>. According to Tusi, internal contradictions began appearing, and as a result, some <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_substance" title="Chemical substance" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">substances</a> began developing faster and differently from other substances. He then explains how the elements evolved into <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineral" title="Mineral" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">minerals</a>, then <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant" title="Plant" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">plants</a>, then <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal" title="Animal" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">animals</a>, and then <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human" title="Human" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">humans</a>. Tusi then goes on to explain how <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heredity" title="Heredity" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">hereditary</a>variability was an important factor for biological evolution of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Living_thing" title="Living thing" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">living things</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-Alakbarov_10-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasir_al-Din_al-Tusi#cite_note-Alakbarov-10" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; "><span>[</span>11<span>]</span></a></sup></p><blockquote class="templatequote" style="margin-top: 1em; font-size: 12px; margin-right: 1.6em; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1.6em; "><div><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: inherit; ">"The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organism" title="Organism" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">organisms</a> that can gain the new features faster are more variable. As a result, they gain advantages over other creatures. [...] The bodies are changing as a result of the internal and external interactions."</p></div></blockquote><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">Tusi discusses how organisms are able to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adaptation" title="Adaptation" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">adapt</a> to their environments:<sup id="cite_ref-Alakbarov_10-1" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasir_al-Din_al-Tusi#cite_note-Alakbarov-10" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; "><span>[</span>11<span>]</span></a></sup></p><blockquote class="templatequote" style="margin-top: 1em; font-size: 12px; margin-right: 1.6em; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1.6em; "><div><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: inherit; ">"Look at the world of animals and birds. They have all that is necessary for defense, protection and daily life, including strengths, courage and appropriate tools [organs] [...] Some of these organs are real weapons, [...] For example, horns-spear, teeth and claws-knife and needle, feet and hoofs-cudgel. The thorns and needles of some animals are similar to arrows. [...] Animals that have no other means of defense (as the gazelle and fox) protect themselves with the help of flight and cunning. [...] Some of them, for example, bees, ants and some bird species, have united in communities in order to protect themselves and help each other."</p></div></blockquote><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">Tusi recognized three types of living things: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant" title="Plant" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">plants</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal" title="Animal" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">animals</a>, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human" title="Human" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">humans</a>. He wrote:<sup id="cite_ref-Alakbarov_10-2" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasir_al-Din_al-Tusi#cite_note-Alakbarov-10" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; "><span>[</span>11<span>]</span></a></sup></p><blockquote class="templatequote" style="margin-top: 1em; font-size: 12px; margin-right: 1.6em; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1.6em; "><div><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: inherit; ">"Animals are higher than plants, because they are able to move consciously, go after food, find and eat useful things. [...] There are many differences between the animal and plant species, [...] First of all, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal" title="Animal" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">animal kingdom</a> is more complicated. Besides, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reason" title="Reason" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">reason</a> is the most beneficial feature of animals. Owing to reason, they can learn new things and adopt new, non-inherent abilities. For example, the trained horse or hunting falcon...is at a higher point of development in the animal world. The first steps of human perfection begin from here."</p></div></blockquote><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">Tusi then explains how humans evolved from advanced animals:<sup id="cite_ref-Alakbarov_10-3" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasir_al-Din_al-Tusi#cite_note-Alakbarov-10" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; "><span>[</span>11<span>]</span></a></sup></p><blockquote class="templatequote" style="margin-top: 1em; font-size: 12px; margin-right: 1.6em; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1.6em; "><div><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: inherit; ">"Such humans [probably <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropoid_ape" title="Anthropoid ape" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">anthropoid apes</a>] live in the Western <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Sudan</a> and other distant corners of the world. They are close to animals by their habits, deeds and behavior. [...] The human has features that distinguish him from other creatures, but he has other features that unite him with the animal world, vegetable kingdom or even with the inanimate bodies. [...] Before [the creation of humans], all differences between organisms were of the natural origin. The next step will be associated with spiritual perfection, will, observation and knowledge. [...] All these facts prove that the human being is placed on the middle step of the evolutionary stairway. According to his inherent nature, the human is related to the lower beings, and only with the help of his will can he reach the higher development level."</p></div></blockquote><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "><a name="Chemistry_and_Physics" id="Chemistry_and_Physics" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "></a></p><h3 style="color: black; background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; font-weight: bold; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.3em; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-width: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-color: initial; font-size: 17px; background-position: initial initial; "><span class="editsection" style="float: right; margin-left: 5px; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; ">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nasir_al-Din_al-Tusi&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Chemistry and Physics" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline">Chemistry and Physics</span></h3><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">In <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alchemy_and_chemistry_in_Islam" title="Alchemy and chemistry in Islam" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">chemistry</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_physics" title="Islamic physics" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">physics</a>, Tusi stated an early version of the law of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_of_mass" title="Conservation of mass" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">conservation of mass</a>. He wrote that a body of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matter" title="Matter" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">matter</a> is able to change, but is not able to disappear:<sup id="cite_ref-Alakbarov_10-4" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasir_al-Din_al-Tusi#cite_note-Alakbarov-10" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; "><span>[</span>11<span>]</span></a></sup></p><blockquote class="templatequote" style="margin-top: 1em; font-size: 12px; margin-right: 1.6em; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1.6em; "><div><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: inherit; ">"A body of matter cannot disappear completely. It only changes its form, condition, composition, color and other properties and turns into a different complex or elementary matter."</p></div></blockquote><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "><a name="Logic" id="Logic" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "></a></p><h3 style="color: black; background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; font-weight: bold; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.3em; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-width: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-color: initial; font-size: 17px; background-position: initial initial; "><span class="editsection" style="float: right; margin-left: 5px; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; ">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nasir_al-Din_al-Tusi&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Logic" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline">Logic</span></h3><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">Nasir al-Din al-Tusi (1201-1274) was a supporter of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avicennian_logic" title="Avicennian logic" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Avicennian logic</a>, and wrote the following commentary on <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avicenna" title="Avicenna" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Avicenna</a>'s theory of absolute <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proposition_(philosophy)" title="Proposition (philosophy)" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">propositions</a>:</p><blockquote class="templatequote" style="margin-top: 1em; font-size: 12px; margin-right: 1.6em; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1.6em; "><div><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: inherit; ">"What spurred him to this was that in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assertoric" title="Assertoric" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">assertoric</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syllogistic" title="Syllogistic" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">syllogistic</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Aristotle</a> and others sometimes used <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contradiction" title="Contradiction" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">contradictories</a> of absolute propositions on the assumption that they are absolute; and that was why so many decided that absolutes did contradict absolutes. When Avicenna had shown this to be wrong, he wanted to give a way of construing those examples from Aristotle."<sup id="cite_ref-Stanford_11-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasir_al-Din_al-Tusi#cite_note-Stanford-11" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; "><span>[</span>12<span>]</span></a></sup></p></div></blockquote><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "><a name="Mathematics" id="Mathematics" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "></a></p><h3 style="color: black; background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; font-weight: bold; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.3em; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-width: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-color: initial; font-size: 17px; background-position: initial initial; "><span class="editsection" style="float: right; margin-left: 5px; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; ">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nasir_al-Din_al-Tusi&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Mathematics" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline">Mathematics</span></h3><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">Tusi was perhaps the first to treat <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trigonometry" title="Trigonometry" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">trigonometry</a> as a separate <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_discipline" title="Mathematical discipline" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">mathematical discipline</a>, distinct from astronomy, and in his <i>Treatise on the Quadrilateral</i>, he gave the first extensive exposition of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spherical_trigonometry" title="Spherical trigonometry" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">spherical trigonometry</a>, which he developed into its present form,<sup id="cite_ref-trigonometry_12-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasir_al-Din_al-Tusi#cite_note-trigonometry-12" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; "><span>[</span>13<span>]</span></a></sup> as he was the first to list the six distinct cases of a right triangle in spherical trigonometry.</p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">This followed earlier work by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_mathematics" title="Greek mathematics" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Greek mathematicians</a> such as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menelaus_of_Alexandria" title="Menelaus of Alexandria" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Menelaus of Alexandria</a>, who wrote a book on spherical trigonometry called <i>Sphaerica,</i> and the earlier Muslim mathematicians<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ab%C5%AB_al-Waf%C4%81%27_al-B%C5%ABzj%C4%81n%C4%AB" title="Abū al-Wafā' al-Būzjānī" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Abū al-Wafā' al-Būzjānī</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Jayyani" title="Al-Jayyani" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Al-Jayyani</a>.</p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">In his <i>On the Sector Figure</i>, he formulated the famous <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_of_sines" title="Law of sines" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">law of sines</a> for plane triangles, which was one of his main mathematical contributions:<sup id="cite_ref-Berggren-518_13-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasir_al-Din_al-Tusi#cite_note-Berggren-518-13" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; "><span>[</span>14<span>]</span></a></sup></p><dl style="margin-top: 0.2em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; "><dd style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-left: 2em; margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><img class="tex" alt=" \frac{a}{\sin A} = \frac{b}{\sin B} = \frac{c}{\sin C} " src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/math/e/4/2/e420193c4516417f3cc365ec8c0ab528.png" style="border-top-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none; border-left-style: none; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; vertical-align: middle; " /></dd></dl><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">He also stated the law of sines for spherical triangles, discovered the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_of_tangents" title="Law of tangents" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">law of tangents</a> for spherical triangles, and provided proofs for these laws.<sup id="cite_ref-Berggren-518_13-1" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasir_al-Din_al-Tusi#cite_note-Berggren-518-13" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; "><span>[</span>14<span>]</span></a></sup></p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">In 1265, Tusi wrote a manuscript regarding the calculation for nth roots of an integer. Moreover, he revealed the coefficients of the expansion of a binomial to any power giving the binomial formula and the Pascal triangle relations between binomial coefficients. He also wrote a famous work on theory of colour, based on mixtures of black and white, and included sections on jewels and perfumes.</p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "><a name="Influence_and_legacy" id="Influence_and_legacy" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "></a></p><h2 style="color: black; background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; font-weight: normal; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); font-size: 19px; background-position: initial initial; "><span class="editsection" style="float: right; margin-left: 5px; font-size: 13px; ">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nasir_al-Din_al-Tusi&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Influence and legacy" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline">Influence and legacy</span></h2><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">A 60-km diameter lunar <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_crater" title="Impact crater" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">crater</a> located on the southern hemisphere of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moon" title="Moon" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">moon</a> is named after him as "<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasireddin_(crater)" title="Nasireddin (crater)" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Nasireddin</a>". A <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minor_planet" title="Minor planet" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">minor planet</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/10269_Tusi" title="10269 Tusi" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">10269 Tusi</a> discovered by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Soviet</a> astronomer <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolai_Stepanovich_Chernykh" title="Nikolai Stepanovich Chernykh" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Nikolai Stepanovich Chernykh</a> in 1979 is named after him.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasir_al-Din_al-Tusi#cite_note-14" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; "><span>[</span>15<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasir_al-Din_al-Tusi#cite_note-15" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; "><span>[</span>16<span>]</span></a></sup> The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K._N._Toosi_University_of_Technology" title="K. N. Toosi University of Technology" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">K. N. Toosi University of Technology</a> in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran" title="Iran" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Iran</a> and Observatory of Shamakhy in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Azerbaijan" title="Republic of Azerbaijan" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Republic of Azerbaijan</a> are also named after him.</p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "><a name="See_also" id="See_also" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "></a></p><h2 style="color: black; background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; font-weight: normal; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); font-size: 19px; background-position: initial initial; "><span class="editsection" style="float: right; margin-left: 5px; font-size: 13px; ">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nasir_al-Din_al-Tusi&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline">See also</span></h2><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: square; margin-top: 0.3em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 1.5em; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; list-style-image: url(http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/monobook/bullet.gif); "><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_science" title="Persian science" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Persian science</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_Golden_Age" title="Islamic Golden Age" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Islamic Golden Age</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_science" title="Islamic science" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Islamic science</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_scholars" title="Islamic scholars" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Islamic scholars</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Muslim_scholars" title="List of Muslim scholars" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">List of Muslim scholars</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Shi%27a_Muslims" title="List of Shi'a Muslims" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">List of Shi'a Muslims</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Iranian_scientists" title="List of Iranian scientists" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">List of Iranian scientists</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shen_Kuo" title="Shen Kuo" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Shen Kuo</a></li></ul><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "><a name="References" id="References" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "></a></p><h2 style="color: black; background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; font-weight: normal; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); font-size: 19px; background-position: initial initial; "><span class="editsection" style="float: right; margin-left: 5px; font-size: 13px; ">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nasir_al-Din_al-Tusi&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline">References</span></h2><div class="references-small" style="font-size: 11px; "><ol class="references" style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-top: 0.3em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 3.2em; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; list-style-image: none; "><li id="cite_note-0" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasir_al-Din_al-Tusi#cite_ref-0" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">^</a></b> "Tusi, Nasir al-Din al-." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2007. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 27 Dec. 2007 <<a href="http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9073899" class="external free" title="http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9073899" rel="nofollow" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(51, 102, 187); background-image: url(http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/monobook/external.png); background-repeat: no-repeat; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; background-position: 100% 50%; ">http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9073899</a>>.</li><li id="cite_note-1" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasir_al-Din_al-Tusi#cite_ref-1" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">^</a></b> Arthur Goldschmidt, Lawrence Davidson. "A Concise History of the Middle East", Westview Press, 2005. Eighth edition, pg 136</li><li id="cite_note-2" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasir_al-Din_al-Tusi#cite_ref-2" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">^</a></b> Rodney Collomb, "The rise and fall of the Arab Empire and the founding of Western pre-eminence", Published by Spellmount, 2006. pg 127: "..Nasr ed-Din Tusi, the Persian, Khorasani, former chief scholar and scientist of "</li><li id="cite_note-3" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasir_al-Din_al-Tusi#cite_ref-3" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">^</a></b> Nanne Pieter George Joosse, Bar Hebraeus, "A Syriac encyclopaedia of Aristotelian philosophy: Barhebraeus (13th c.), Butyrum sapientiae, books of ethics, economy, and politics : a critical edition, with introduction, translation, commentary, and glossaries", Published by Brill, 2004. excerpt: " the famous Persian scholar Naslr al-Dln al-Tusi "</li><li id="cite_note-RT-4" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasir_al-Din_al-Tusi#cite_ref-RT_4-0" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">^</a></b> <cite class="" id="CITEREF.E1.B9.AC.C5.ABs.C4.ABBadakchani2005" style="font-style: normal; word-wrap: break-word; ">Ṭūsī, Naṣīr al-Dīn Muḥammad ibn Muḥammad; Badakchani, S. J. (2005), <i><span>Paradise of Submission: A Medieval Treatise on Ismaili Thought</span></i>, Ismaili Texts and Translations, <b>5</b>, London: I.B. Tauris in association with Institute of Ismaili Studies, pp. 2–3, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1860644368" class="internal" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">ISBN 1860644368</a></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Paradise+of+Submission%3A+A+Medieval+Treatise+on+Ismaili+Thought&rft.aulast=%E1%B9%AC%C5%ABs%C4%AB&rft.aufirst=Na%E1%B9%A3%C4%ABr+al-D%C4%ABn+Mu%E1%B8%A5ammad+ibn+Mu%E1%B8%A5ammad&rft.au=%E1%B9%AC%C5%ABs%C4%AB%2C+Na%E1%B9%A3%C4%ABr+al-D%C4%ABn+Mu%E1%B8%A5ammad+ibn+Mu%E1%B8%A5ammad&rft.au=Badakchani%2C+S.+J.&rft.date=2005&rft.series=Ismaili+Texts+and+Translations&rft.volume=5&rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B2%E2%80%933&rft.place=London&rft.pub=I.B.+Tauris+in+association+with+Institute+of+Ismaili+Studies&rft.isbn=1860644368&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Nasir_al-Din_al-Tusi"></span></li><li id="cite_note-5" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasir_al-Din_al-Tusi#cite_ref-5" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">^</a></b> Seyyed Hossein Nasr, Islamic Philosophy from Its Origin to the Present: Philosophy in the Land of Prophecy, SUNY Press, 2006, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0791467996" class="internal" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">ISBN 0791467996</a>. page 199.</li><li id="cite_note-Dabashi-6" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasir_al-Din_al-Tusi#cite_ref-Dabashi_6-0" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">^</a></b> Dabashi, Hamid. "Khwajah Nasir al-Din al-Tusi: The philosopher/vizier and the intellectual climate of his times". Routledge History of World Philosophies. Vol I. History of Islamic Philosophy. Seyyed Hossein Nasr and Oliver Leaman (eds.) London: Routledge. 1996. p. 529</li><li id="cite_note-HistMuslimPhil-7" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasir_al-Din_al-Tusi#cite_ref-HistMuslimPhil_7-0" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">^</a></b> Siddiqi, Bakhtyar Husain. "Nasir al-Din Tusi". A History of Islamic Philosophy. Vol 1. M. M. Sharif (ed.). Wiesbaden:: Otto Harrossowitz. 1963. p. 565</li><li id="cite_note-H._Daiber.2C_F.J._Ragep_2007-8" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; ">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasir_al-Din_al-Tusi#cite_ref-H._Daiber.2C_F.J._Ragep_2007_8-0" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "><sup style="line-height: 1em; "><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasir_al-Din_al-Tusi#cite_ref-H._Daiber.2C_F.J._Ragep_2007_8-1" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "><sup style="line-height: 1em; "><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> H. Daiber, F.J. Ragep, Al-Tusi, In Encyclopedia of Islam, Leiden, 2007.</li><li id="cite_note-9" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasir_al-Din_al-Tusi#cite_ref-9" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">^</a></b> F. Jamil Ragep (2001), "Tusi and Copernicus: The Earth's Motion in Context", <i>Science in Context</i> <b>14</b> (1-2), p. 145–163. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Cambridge University Press</a>.</li><li id="cite_note-Alakbarov-10" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; ">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasir_al-Din_al-Tusi#cite_ref-Alakbarov_10-0" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "><sup style="line-height: 1em; "><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasir_al-Din_al-Tusi#cite_ref-Alakbarov_10-1" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "><sup style="line-height: 1em; "><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasir_al-Din_al-Tusi#cite_ref-Alakbarov_10-2" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "><sup style="line-height: 1em; "><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasir_al-Din_al-Tusi#cite_ref-Alakbarov_10-3" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "><sup style="line-height: 1em; "><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasir_al-Din_al-Tusi#cite_ref-Alakbarov_10-4" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "><sup style="line-height: 1em; "><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> Farid Alakbarov (Summer 2001). <a href="http://azer.com/aiweb/categories/magazine/92_folder/92_articles/92_tusi.html" class="external text" title="http://azer.com/aiweb/categories/magazine/92_folder/92_articles/92_tusi.html" rel="nofollow" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(51, 102, 187); background-image: url(http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/monobook/external.png); background-repeat: no-repeat; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; background-position: 100% 50%; ">A 13th-Century Darwin? Tusi's Views on Evolution</a>, <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijan_International" title="Azerbaijan International" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Azerbaijan International</a></i> <b>9</b> (2).</li><li id="cite_note-Stanford-11" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasir_al-Din_al-Tusi#cite_ref-Stanford_11-0" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">^</a></b> <cite class="web" id="CITEREFTony_Street2008" style="font-style: normal; word-wrap: break-word; ">Tony Street (July 23, 2008). "<a href="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/arabic-islamic-language" class="external text" title="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/arabic-islamic-language" rel="nofollow" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(51, 102, 187); background-image: url(http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/monobook/external.png); background-repeat: no-repeat; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; background-position: 100% 50%; ">Arabic and Islamic Philosophy of Language and Logic</a>". <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" title="Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved on 2008-12-05</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Arabic+and+Islamic+Philosophy+of+Language+and+Logic&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Tony+Street&rft.au=Tony+Street&rft.date=July+23%2C+2008&rft.pub=%5B%5BStanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy%5D%5D&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Farabic-islamic-language&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Nasir_al-Din_al-Tusi"></span></li><li id="cite_note-trigonometry-12" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasir_al-Din_al-Tusi#cite_ref-trigonometry_12-0" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">^</a></b> <cite class="web" style="font-style: normal; word-wrap: break-word; ">"<a href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/605281/trigonometry" class="external text" title="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/605281/trigonometry" rel="nofollow" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(51, 102, 187); background-image: url(http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/monobook/external.png); background-repeat: no-repeat; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; background-position: 100% 50%; ">trigonometry</a>". <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved on 2008-07-21</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=trigonometry&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=%27%27%5B%5BEncyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica%5D%5D%27%27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F605281%2Ftrigonometry&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Nasir_al-Din_al-Tusi"></span></li><li id="cite_note-Berggren-518-13" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; ">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasir_al-Din_al-Tusi#cite_ref-Berggren-518_13-0" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "><sup style="line-height: 1em; "><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasir_al-Din_al-Tusi#cite_ref-Berggren-518_13-1" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "><sup style="line-height: 1em; "><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <cite class="book" id="CITEREFBerggren2007" style="font-style: normal; word-wrap: break-word; ">Berggren, J. Lennart (2007). "Mathematics in Medieval Islam". <i><span>The Mathematics of Egypt, Mesopotamia, China, India, and Islam: A Sourcebook</span></i>. Princeton University Press. p. 518. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780691114859" class="internal" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">ISBN 9780691114859</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Mathematics+in+Medieval+Islam&rft.atitle=The+Mathematics+of+Egypt%2C+Mesopotamia%2C+China%2C+India%2C+and+Islam%3A+A+Sourcebook&rft.aulast=Berggren&rft.aufirst=J.+Lennart&rft.au=Berggren%2C+J.+Lennart&rft.date=2007&rft.pages=p.%26nbsp%3B518&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.isbn=9780691114859&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Nasir_al-Din_al-Tusi"></span></li><li id="cite_note-14" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasir_al-Din_al-Tusi#cite_ref-14" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">^</a></b> <a href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/2003ASPC..289..157B" class="external text" title="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/2003ASPC..289..157B" rel="nofollow" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(51, 102, 187); background-image: url(http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/monobook/external.png); background-repeat: no-repeat; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; background-position: 100% 50%; ">2003ASPC..289..157B Page 157</a></li><li id="cite_note-15" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasir_al-Din_al-Tusi#cite_ref-15" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">^</a></b> <a href="http://books.google.com/books?q=10269+tusi&hl=lt" class="external free" title="http://books.google.com/books?q=10269+tusi&hl=lt" rel="nofollow" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(51, 102, 187); background-image: url(http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/monobook/external.png); background-repeat: no-repeat; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; background-position: 100% 50%; ">http://books.google.com/books?q=10269+tusi&hl=lt</a></li></ol></div><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "><a name="Further_reading" id="Further_reading" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "></a></p><h2 style="color: black; background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; font-weight: normal; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); font-size: 19px; background-position: initial initial; "><span class="editsection" style="float: right; margin-left: 5px; font-size: 13px; ">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nasir_al-Din_al-Tusi&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Further reading" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline">Further reading</span></h2><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: square; margin-top: 0.3em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 1.5em; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; list-style-image: url(http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/monobook/bullet.gif); "><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><cite class="book" style="font-style: normal; word-wrap: break-word; ">"Ṭūsī, Muḥammad Ibn Muḥammad Ibn al-Ḥasan al-". <i><span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_Scientific_Biography" title="Dictionary of Scientific Biography" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Dictionary of Scientific Biography</a></span></i>. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. 1970–80. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0684101149" class="internal" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">ISBN 0684101149</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=%E1%B9%AC%C5%ABs%C4%AB%2C+Mu%E1%B8%A5ammad+Ibn+Mu%E1%B8%A5ammad+Ibn+al-%E1%B8%A4asan+al-&rft.atitle=%5B%5BDictionary+of+Scientific+Biography%5D%5D&rft.date=1970%26ndash%3B80&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Charles+Scribner%27s+Sons&rft.isbn=0684101149&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Nasir_al-Din_al-Tusi"></span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><cite class="" id="CITEREFO.27ConnorRobertson" style="font-style: normal; word-wrap: break-word; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_J._O%27Connor_(mathematician)" title="John J. O'Connor (mathematician)" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">O'Connor, John J.</a>; <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_F._Robertson" title="Edmund F. Robertson" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Robertson, Edmund F.</a>, "<a href="http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Al-Tusi_Nasir.html" class="external text" title="http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Al-Tusi_Nasir.html" rel="nofollow" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(51, 102, 187); background-image: url(http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/monobook/external.png); background-repeat: no-repeat; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; background-position: 100% 50%; ">Nasir al-Din al-Tusi</a>", <i><span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MacTutor_History_of_Mathematics_archive" title="MacTutor History of Mathematics archive" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">MacTutor History of Mathematics archive</a></span></i></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Nasir+al-Din+al-Tusi&rft.atitle=%5B%5BMacTutor+History+of+Mathematics+archive%5D%5D&rft.aulast=O%27Connor&rft.aufirst=John+J.&rft.au=O%27Connor%2C+John+J.&rft.au=Robertson%2C+Edmund+F.&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Nasir_al-Din_al-Tusi"></span>.</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; ">Encyclopedia Iranica, "AḴLĀQ-E NĀṢERĪ", G.M. Wickens <a href="http://www.iranica.com/newsite/articles/unicode/v1f7/v1f7a056.html" class="external autonumber" title="http://www.iranica.com/newsite/articles/unicode/v1f7/v1f7a056.html" rel="nofollow" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(51, 102, 187); background-image: url(http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/monobook/external.png); background-repeat: no-repeat; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; background-position: 100% 50%; ">[1]</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; ">Encyclopedia Iranica, "AWṢĀF AL-AŠRĀF", G.M. Wickens <a href="http://www.iranica.com/newsite/articles/unicode/v3f2/v3f2a015.html" class="external autonumber" title="http://www.iranica.com/newsite/articles/unicode/v3f2/v3f2a015.html" rel="nofollow" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(51, 102, 187); background-image: url(http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/monobook/external.png); background-repeat: no-repeat; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; background-position: 100% 50%; ">[2]</a></li></ul><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "><a name="External_links" id="External_links" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "></a></p><h2 style="color: black; background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; font-weight: normal; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); font-size: 19px; background-position: initial initial; "><span class="editsection" style="float: right; margin-left: 5px; font-size: 13px; ">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nasir_al-Din_al-Tusi&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline">External links</span></h2><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: square; margin-top: 0.3em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 1.5em; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; list-style-image: url(http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/monobook/bullet.gif); "><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><a href="http://islamicinsights.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=316" class="external text" title="http://islamicinsights.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=316" rel="nofollow" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(51, 102, 187); background-image: url(http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/monobook/external.png); background-repeat: no-repeat; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; background-position: 100% 50%; ">Biography by Islamic Insights</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><a href="http://www.muslimphilosophy.com/ip/rep/H036.htm" class="external text" title="http://www.muslimphilosophy.com/ip/rep/H036.htm" rel="nofollow" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(51, 102, 187); background-image: url(http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/monobook/external.png); background-repeat: no-repeat; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; background-position: 100% 50%; ">Biography by Islamic Philosophy Online</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><a href="http://www.iep.utm.edu/t/tusi.htm" class="external text" title="http://www.iep.utm.edu/t/tusi.htm" rel="nofollow" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(51, 102, 187); background-image: url(http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/monobook/external.png); background-repeat: no-repeat; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; background-position: 100% 50%; ">Biography by The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; ">Kerry Magruder, <a href="http://homepage.mac.com/kvmagruder/hsci/07-Islamic-Indian-Chinese/islamicSupplemental.html" class="external text" title="http://homepage.mac.com/kvmagruder/hsci/07-Islamic-Indian-Chinese/islamicSupplemental.html" rel="nofollow" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(51, 102, 187); background-image: url(http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/monobook/external.png); background-repeat: no-repeat; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; background-position: 100% 50%; ">History of Science Online: Islamic and Early Medieval Science</a>, University of Oklahoma</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><a href="http://www.islamonline.com/cgi-bin/news_service/profile_story.asp?service_id=996" class="external text" title="http://www.islamonline.com/cgi-bin/news_service/profile_story.asp?service_id=996" rel="nofollow" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(51, 102, 187); background-image: url(http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/monobook/external.png); background-repeat: no-repeat; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; background-position: 100% 50%; ">Islam Online.</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><a href="http://www.famousmuslims.com/NASIR%20AL-DIN%20AL-TUSI.htm" class="external free" title="http://www.famousmuslims.com/NASIR%20AL-DIN%20AL-TUSI.htm" rel="nofollow" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(51, 102, 187); background-image: url(http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/monobook/external.png); background-repeat: no-repeat; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; background-position: 100% 50%; ">http://www.famousmuslims.com/NASIR%20AL-DIN%20AL-TUSI.htm</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><a href="http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9073899" class="external free" title="http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9073899" rel="nofollow" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(51, 102, 187); background-image: url(http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/monobook/external.png); background-repeat: no-repeat; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; background-position: 100% 50%; ">http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9073899</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><a href="http://www.wilbourhall.org/index.html#rekha" class="external text" title="http://www.wilbourhall.org/index.html#rekha" rel="nofollow" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(51, 102, 187); background-image: url(http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/monobook/external.png); background-repeat: no-repeat; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; background-position: 100% 50%; ">The Rekhaganita</a>. An 18th century Sanskrit translation of Nasir al-Din al-Tusi's recension of Euclid's <i>Elements</i>.</li></ul><table class="navbox" cellspacing="0" style="font-size: 11px; color: black; background-color: rgb(253, 253, 253); background-image: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); width: 1080px; margin-top: auto; margin-right: auto; margin-bottom: auto; margin-left: auto; clear: both; text-align: center; padding-top: 1px; padding-right: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-left: 1px; background-position: initial initial; "><tbody><tr><td style="padding-top: 2px; padding-right: 2px; padding-bottom: 2px; padding-left: 2px; "><table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse" id="collapsibleTable0" style="font-size: 11px; color: inherit; background-color: transparent; width: 1076px; background-image: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; "><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="navbox-title" style="text-align: center; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em; background-image: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: rgb(204, 204, 255); background-position: initial initial; "><span class="collapseButton" style="float: right; font-weight: normal; text-align: right; width: 6em; ">[<a id="collapseButton0" href="javascript:collapseTable(0);" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">hide</a>]</span><div style="float: left; width: 6em; text-align: left; "><div class="noprint plainlinks navbar" style="background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-weight: normal; border-top-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none; border-left-style: none; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; font-size: xx-small; background-position: initial initial; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Islamic_astronomy" title="Template:Islamic astronomy" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none !important; background-repeat: initial !important; background-attachment: initial !important; -webkit-background-clip: initial !important; -webkit-background-origin: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; padding-top: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial !important; "><span title="View this template" style="border-top-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none; border-left-style: none; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; ">v</span></a> <span style="font-size: 7px; ">•</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Islamic_astronomy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Islamic astronomy (page does not exist)" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(204, 34, 0); background-image: none !important; background-repeat: initial !important; background-attachment: initial !important; -webkit-background-clip: initial !important; -webkit-background-origin: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; padding-top: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial !important; "><span title="Discuss this template" style="border-top-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none; border-left-style: none; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; ">d</span></a> <span style="font-size: 7px; ">•</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Islamic_astronomy&action=edit" class="external text" title="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Islamic_astronomy&action=edit" rel="nofollow" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(51, 102, 187); background-image: none !important; background-repeat: initial !important; background-attachment: initial !important; -webkit-background-clip: initial !important; -webkit-background-origin: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; padding-top: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial !important; "><span title="Edit this template" style="border-top-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none; border-left-style: none; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; ">e</span></a></div></div><span class="" style="font-size: 12px; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomy_in_medieval_Islam" title="Astronomy in medieval Islam" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Astronomy in medieval Islam</a></span></th></tr><tr style="height: 2px; "><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style="white-space: nowrap; text-align: right; font-weight: bold; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em; background-image: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: rgb(221, 221, 255); background-position: initial initial; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Muslim_astronomers" title="List of Muslim astronomers" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Astronomers</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="border-top-color: rgb(253, 253, 253); border-right-color: rgb(253, 253, 253); border-bottom-color: rgb(253, 253, 253); border-left-color: rgb(253, 253, 253); background-image: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: transparent; text-align: left; border-left-width: 2px; border-left-style: solid; width: 977px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; background-position: initial initial; "><div style="padding-top: 0em; padding-right: 0.25em; padding-bottom: 0em; padding-left: 0.25em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abd_al-Rahman_al-Sufi" title="Abd al-Rahman al-Sufi" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Abd al-Rahman al-Sufi</a><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ab%C5%AB_al-Waf%C4%81%27_al-B%C5%ABzj%C4%81n%C4%AB" title="Abū al-Wafā' al-Būzjānī" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Abū al-Wafā' al-Būzjānī</a><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ab%C5%AB_Ish%C4%81q_Ibr%C4%81h%C4%ABm_al-Zarq%C4%81l%C4%AB" title="Abū Ishāq Ibrāhīm al-Zarqālī" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Abū Ishāq Ibrāhīm al-Zarqālī</a><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ab%C5%AB_Ja%27far_al-Kh%C4%81zin" title="Abū Ja'far al-Khāzin" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Abū Ja'far al-Khāzin</a><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu-Mahmud_al-Khujandi" title="Abu-Mahmud al-Khujandi" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Abu-Mahmud al-Khujandi</a><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Nasr_Mansur" title="Abu Nasr Mansur" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Abu Nasr Mansur</a><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ab%C5%AB_Rayh%C4%81n_al-B%C4%ABr%C5%ABn%C4%AB" title="Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī</a><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ab%C5%AB_Sahl_al-Q%C5%ABh%C4%AB" title="Abū Sahl al-Qūhī" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Abū Sahl al-Qūhī</a><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmed_ibn_Yusuf" title="Ahmed ibn Yusuf" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Ahmed ibn Yusuf</a><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Birjandi" title="Al-Birjandi" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Al-Birjandi</a><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Ghazali" title="Al-Ghazali" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(90, 54, 150); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Al-Ghazali</a><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Hajj%C4%81j_ibn_Y%C5%ABsuf_ibn_Matar" title="Al-Hajjāj ibn Yūsuf ibn Matar" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Al-Hajjāj ibn Yūsuf ibn Matar</a><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Khazini" title="Al-Khazini" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Al-Khazini</a><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Kindi" title="Al-Kindi" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Al-Kindi</a><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Mahani" title="Al-Mahani" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Al-Mahani</a><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Nayrizi" title="Al-Nayrizi" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Al-Nayrizi</a><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Saghani" title="Al-Saghani" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Al-Saghani</a><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Sijzi" title="Al-Sijzi" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Al-Sijzi</a><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_Ku%C5%9F%C3%A7u" title="Ali Kuşçu" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Ali Kuşçu</a><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avicenna" title="Avicenna" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Avicenna</a><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ban%C5%AB_M%C5%ABs%C4%81" title="Banū Mūsā" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Banū Mūsā</a><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brethren_of_Purity" title="Brethren of Purity" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Brethren of Purity</a><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_al-Banna_al-Marrakushi" title="Ibn al-Banna al-Marrakushi" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Ibn al-Banna al-Marrakushi</a><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_al-Haytham" title="Ibn al-Haytham" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Ibn al-Haytham</a><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_al-Shatir" title="Ibn al-Shatir" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Ibn al-Shatir</a> <span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Yahy%C4%81_al-Maghrib%C4%AB_al-Samaw%27al" title="Ibn Yahyā al-Maghribī al-Samaw'al" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Ibn Yahyā al-Maghribī al-Samaw'al</a><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Yunus" title="Ibn Yunus" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Ibn Yunus</a><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibrahim_ibn_Sinan" title="Ibrahim ibn Sinan" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Ibrahim ibn Sinan</a><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ja%27far_al-Sadiq" title="Ja'far al-Sadiq" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Ja'far al-Sadiq</a><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamsh%C4%ABd_al-K%C4%81sh%C4%AB" title="Jamshīd al-Kāshī" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Jamshīd al-Kāshī</a><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kam%C4%81l_al-D%C4%ABn_al-F%C4%81ris%C4%AB" title="Kamāl al-Dīn al-Fārisī" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Kamāl al-Dīn al-Fārisī</a><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kushyar_ibn_Labban" title="Kushyar ibn Labban" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Kushyar ibn Labban</a><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_J%C4%81bir_al-Harr%C4%81n%C4%AB_al-Batt%C4%81n%C4%AB" title="Muhammad ibn Jābir al-Harrānī al-Battānī" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Muhammad ibn Jābir al-Harrānī al-Battānī</a><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_M%C5%ABs%C4%81_al-Khw%C4%81rizm%C4%AB" title="Muhammad ibn Mūsā al-Khwārizmī" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Muhammad ibn Mūsā al-Khwārizmī</a><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhyi_al-D%C4%ABn_al-Maghrib%C4%AB" title="Muhyi al-Dīn al-Maghribī" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Muhyi al-Dīn al-Maghribī</a><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nas%C4%ABr_al-D%C4%ABn_al-T%C5%ABs%C4%AB" title="Nasīr al-Dīn al-Tūsī" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Nasīr al-Dīn al-Tūsī</a><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omar_Khayy%C3%A1m" title="Omar Khayyám" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Omar Khayyám</a><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q%C4%81%E1%B8%8D%C4%AB_Z%C4%81da_al-R%C5%ABm%C4%AB" title="Qāḍī Zāda al-Rūmī" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Qāḍī Zāda al-Rūmī</a><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shams_al-D%C4%ABn_Ab%C5%AB_Abd_All%C4%81h_al-Khal%C4%ABl%C4%AB" title="Shams al-Dīn Abū Abd Allāh al-Khalīlī" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Shams al-Dīn Abū Abd Allāh al-Khalīlī</a><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shams_al-D%C4%ABn_al-Samarqand%C4%AB" title="Shams al-Dīn al-Samarqandī" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Shams al-Dīn al-Samarqandī</a> <span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharaf_al-D%C4%ABn_al-T%C5%ABs%C4%AB" title="Sharaf al-Dīn al-Tūsī" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Sharaf al-Dīn al-Tūsī</a><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinan_ibn_Thabit" title="Sinan ibn Thabit" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Sinan ibn Thabit</a><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taqi_al-Din" title="Taqi al-Din" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Taqi al-Din</a><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C4%81bit_ibn_Qurra" title="Thābit ibn Qurra" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Thābit ibn Qurra</a><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulugh_Beg" title="Ulugh Beg" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Ulugh Beg</a><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zakariya_al-Qazwini" title="Zakariya al-Qazwini" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Zakariya al-Qazwini</a></div></td></tr><tr style="height: 2px; "><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style="white-space: nowrap; text-align: right; font-weight: bold; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em; background-image: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: rgb(221, 221, 255); background-position: initial initial; ">Works</td><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="border-top-color: rgb(253, 253, 253); border-right-color: rgb(253, 253, 253); border-bottom-color: rgb(253, 253, 253); border-left-color: rgb(253, 253, 253); background-image: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: rgb(247, 247, 247); text-align: left; border-left-width: 2px; border-left-style: solid; width: 977px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; background-position: initial initial; "><div style="padding-top: 0em; padding-right: 0.25em; padding-bottom: 0em; padding-left: 0.25em; "><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%27Aja%27ib_al-makhluqat_wa-ghara%27ib_al-mawjudat" title="'Aja'ib al-makhluqat wa-ghara'ib al-mawjudat" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">'Aja'ib al-makhluqat wa-ghara'ib al-mawjudat</a></i><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almanac" title="Almanac" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Almanac</a></i><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Arabic_star_names" title="List of Arabic star names" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Arabic star names</a><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Optics" title="Book of Optics" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Book of Optics</a></i><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_the_Brethren_of_Purity" title="Encyclopedia of the Brethren of Purity" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Encyclopedia of the Brethren of Purity</a></i><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_chart" title="Star chart" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Star chart</a><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabula_Rogeriana" title="Tabula Rogeriana" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Tabula Rogeriana</a></i><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Book_of_Healing" title="The Book of Healing" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">The Book of Healing</a></i><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <i><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zij" title="Zij" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Zij</a></b></i>(<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomical_catalog" title="Astronomical catalog" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Astronomical catalog</a><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Fixed_Stars" title="Book of Fixed Stars" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Book of Fixed Stars</a></i><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_catalogue" title="Star catalogue" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Star catalogue</a><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tables_of_Toledo" title="Tables of Toledo" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Tables of Toledo</a></i><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trigonometry_table" title="Trigonometry table" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Trigonometry table</a><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zij-i_Ilkhani" title="Zij-i Ilkhani" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Zij-i Ilkhani</a></i><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zij-i-Sultani" title="Zij-i-Sultani" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Zij-i-Sultani</a></i>)</div></td></tr><tr style="height: 2px; "><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style="white-space: nowrap; text-align: right; font-weight: bold; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em; background-image: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: rgb(221, 221, 255); background-position: initial initial; ">Instruments</td><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="border-top-color: rgb(253, 253, 253); border-right-color: rgb(253, 253, 253); border-bottom-color: rgb(253, 253, 253); border-left-color: rgb(253, 253, 253); background-image: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: transparent; text-align: left; border-left-width: 2px; border-left-style: solid; width: 977px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; background-position: initial initial; "><div style="padding-top: 0em; padding-right: 0.25em; padding-bottom: 0em; padding-left: 0.25em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alidade" title="Alidade" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Alidade</a><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analog_computer" title="Analog computer" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Analog computer</a><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aperture" title="Aperture" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Aperture</a><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armillary_sphere" title="Armillary sphere" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Armillary sphere</a><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrolabe" title="Astrolabe" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Astrolabe</a><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomical_clock" title="Astronomical clock" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Astronomical clock</a><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celestial_globe" title="Celestial globe" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Celestial globe</a><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compass" title="Compass" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Compass</a><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compass_dial" title="Compass dial" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Compass dial</a><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compass_rose" title="Compass rose" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Compass rose</a><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dioptra" title="Dioptra" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Dioptra</a><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equatorial_ring" title="Equatorial ring" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Equatorial ring</a><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equitorium" title="Equitorium" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Equitorium</a><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globe" title="Globe" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Globe</a><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graph_paper" title="Graph paper" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Graph paper</a><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnifying_glass" title="Magnifying glass" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Magnifying glass</a><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mural_instrument" title="Mural instrument" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Mural instrument</a><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariner%27s_astrolabe" title="Mariner's astrolabe" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Navigational astrolabe</a><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nebula" title="Nebula" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Nebula</a><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planisphere" title="Planisphere" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Planisphere</a><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadrant_(instrument)" title="Quadrant (instrument)" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Quadrant</a><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sextant_(astronomical)" title="Sextant (astronomical)" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Sextant</a><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spherical_astrolabe" title="Spherical astrolabe" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Spherical astrolabe</a><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sundial" title="Sundial" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Sundial</a><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telescope" title="Telescope" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Telescope</a><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triquetrum_(astronomy)" title="Triquetrum (astronomy)" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Triquetrum</a></div></td></tr><tr style="height: 2px; "><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style="white-space: nowrap; text-align: right; font-weight: bold; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em; background-image: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: rgb(221, 221, 255); background-position: initial initial; ">Concepts</td><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="border-top-color: rgb(253, 253, 253); border-right-color: rgb(253, 253, 253); border-bottom-color: rgb(253, 253, 253); border-left-color: rgb(253, 253, 253); background-image: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: rgb(247, 247, 247); text-align: left; border-left-width: 2px; border-left-style: solid; width: 977px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; background-position: initial initial; "><div style="padding-top: 0em; padding-right: 0.25em; padding-bottom: 0em; padding-left: 0.25em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almucantar" title="Almucantar" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Almucantar</a><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apsis" title="Apsis" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Apogee</a><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrophysics" title="Astrophysics" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Astrophysics</a><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azimuth" title="Azimuth" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Azimuth</a><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celestial_mechanics" title="Celestial mechanics" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Celestial mechanics</a><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celestial_spheres" title="Celestial spheres" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Celestial spheres</a><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circular_orbit" title="Circular orbit" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Circular orbit</a><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deferent_and_epicycle" title="Deferent and epicycle" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Deferent and epicycle</a><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth%27s_rotation" title="Earth's rotation" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Earth's rotation</a><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbital_eccentricity" title="Orbital eccentricity" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Eccentricity</a><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecliptic" title="Ecliptic" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Ecliptic</a><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elliptic_orbit" title="Elliptic orbit" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Elliptic orbit</a><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equant" title="Equant" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Equant</a><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaxy" title="Galaxy" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Galaxy</a><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geocentric_model" title="Geocentric model" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Geocentrism</a><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitational_potential_energy" title="Gravitational potential energy" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Gravitational potential energy</a><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitation" title="Gravitation" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Gravity</a><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heliocentrism" title="Heliocentrism" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Heliocentrism</a><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inertia" title="Inertia" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Inertia</a><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_astrology" title="Islamic astrology" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Islamic astrology</a><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moonlight" title="Moonlight" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Moonlight</a><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axial_tilt" title="Axial tilt" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Obliquity</a><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallax" title="Parallax" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Parallax</a><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precession" title="Precession" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Precession</a><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qibla" title="Qibla" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Qibla</a><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specific_gravity" title="Specific gravity" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Specific gravity</a><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spherical_Earth" title="Spherical Earth" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Spherical Earth</a><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Starlight" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Starlight" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(51, 102, 187); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Starlight</a><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sublunary_sphere" title="Sublunary sphere" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Sublunary sphere</a><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunlight" title="Sunlight" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Sunlight</a><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supernova" title="Supernova" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Supernova</a><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temporal_finitism" title="Temporal finitism" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Temporal finitism</a><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trepidation_(astronomy)" title="Trepidation (astronomy)" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Trepidation</a><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triangulation" title="Triangulation" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Triangulation</a><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tusi-couple" title="Tusi-couple" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Tusi-couple</a></div></td></tr><tr style="height: 2px; "><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style="white-space: nowrap; text-align: right; font-weight: bold; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em; background-image: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: rgb(221, 221, 255); background-position: initial initial; ">Centers</td><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="border-top-color: rgb(253, 253, 253); border-right-color: rgb(253, 253, 253); border-bottom-color: rgb(253, 253, 253); border-left-color: rgb(253, 253, 253); background-image: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: transparent; text-align: left; border-left-width: 2px; border-left-style: solid; width: 977px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; background-position: initial initial; "><div style="padding-top: 0em; padding-right: 0.25em; padding-bottom: 0em; padding-left: 0.25em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Azhar_University" title="Al-Azhar University" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Al-Azhar University</a><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Knowledge" title="House of Knowledge" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">House of Knowledge</a><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Wisdom" title="House of Wisdom" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">House of Wisdom</a><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul_observatory_of_Taqi_al-Din" title="Istanbul observatory of Taqi al-Din" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Istanbul observatory of Taqi al-Din</a><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Observatory" title="Observatory" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Observatory</a><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrasah" title="Madrasah" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Madrasah</a><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maragheh_observatory" title="Maragheh observatory" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Maragheh observatory</a><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research_institute" title="Research institute" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Research institute</a><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Al-Karaouine" title="University of Al-Karaouine" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">University of Al-Karaouine</a></div></td></tr><tr style="height: 2px; "><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style="white-space: nowrap; text-align: right; font-weight: bold; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em; background-image: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: rgb(221, 221, 255); background-position: initial initial; ">Influences</td><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="border-top-color: rgb(253, 253, 253); border-right-color: rgb(253, 253, 253); border-bottom-color: rgb(253, 253, 253); border-left-color: rgb(253, 253, 253); background-image: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: rgb(247, 247, 247); text-align: left; border-left-width: 2px; border-left-style: solid; width: 977px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; background-position: initial initial; "><div style="padding-top: 0em; padding-right: 0.25em; padding-bottom: 0em; padding-left: 0.25em; "><div><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "><span style="white-space: nowrap; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babylonian_astronomy" title="Babylonian astronomy" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Babylonian astronomy</a><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_astronomy" title="Greek astronomy" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Hellenistic astronomy</a><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_astronomy" title="Indian astronomy" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Indian astronomy</a></span></p></div></div></td></tr><tr style="height: 2px; "><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style="white-space: nowrap; text-align: right; font-weight: bold; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em; background-image: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: rgb(221, 221, 255); background-position: initial initial; ">Influenced</td><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="border-top-color: rgb(253, 253, 253); border-right-color: rgb(253, 253, 253); border-bottom-color: rgb(253, 253, 253); border-left-color: rgb(253, 253, 253); background-image: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: transparent; text-align: left; border-left-width: 2px; border-left-style: solid; width: 977px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; background-position: initial initial; "><div style="padding-top: 0em; padding-right: 0.25em; padding-bottom: 0em; padding-left: 0.25em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_science" title="Byzantine science" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Byzantine astronomy</a><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_astronomy" title="Chinese astronomy" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Chinese astronomy</a><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_in_Medieval_Western_Europe" title="Science in Medieval Western Europe" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">European astronomy</a><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_astronomy" title="Indian astronomy" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Indian astronomy</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table><table class="navbox" cellspacing="0" style="font-size: 11px; color: black; background-color: rgb(253, 253, 253); background-image: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); width: 1080px; margin-top: -1px; margin-right: auto; margin-bottom: auto; margin-left: auto; clear: both; text-align: center; padding-top: 1px; padding-right: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-left: 1px; background-position: initial initial; "><tbody><tr><td style="padding-top: 2px; padding-right: 2px; padding-bottom: 2px; padding-left: 2px; "><table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse" id="collapsibleTable1" style="font-size: 11px; color: inherit; background-color: transparent; width: 1076px; background-image: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; "><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="navbox-title" style="text-align: center; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em; background-image: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: rgb(204, 204, 255); background-position: initial initial; "><span class="collapseButton" style="float: right; font-weight: normal; text-align: right; width: 6em; ">[<a id="collapseButton1" href="javascript:collapseTable(1);" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">hide</a>]</span><div style="float: left; width: 6em; text-align: left; "><div class="noprint plainlinks navbar" style="background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-weight: normal; border-top-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none; border-left-style: none; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; font-size: xx-small; background-position: initial initial; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Islamic_mathematics" title="Template:Islamic mathematics" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none !important; background-repeat: initial !important; background-attachment: initial !important; -webkit-background-clip: initial !important; -webkit-background-origin: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; padding-top: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial !important; "><span title="View this template" style="border-top-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none; border-left-style: none; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; ">v</span></a> <span style="font-size: 7px; ">•</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Islamic_mathematics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Islamic mathematics (page does not exist)" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(204, 34, 0); background-image: none !important; background-repeat: initial !important; background-attachment: initial !important; -webkit-background-clip: initial !important; -webkit-background-origin: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; padding-top: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial !important; "><span title="Discuss this template" style="border-top-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none; border-left-style: none; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; ">d</span></a> <span style="font-size: 7px; ">•</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Islamic_mathematics&action=edit" class="external text" title="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Islamic_mathematics&action=edit" rel="nofollow" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(51, 102, 187); background-image: none !important; background-repeat: initial !important; background-attachment: initial !important; -webkit-background-clip: initial !important; -webkit-background-origin: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; padding-top: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial !important; "><span title="Edit this template" style="border-top-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none; border-left-style: none; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; ">e</span></a></div></div><span class="" style="font-size: 12px; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematics_in_medieval_Islam" title="Mathematics in medieval Islam" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Mathematics in medieval Islam</a></span></th></tr><tr style="height: 2px; "><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style="white-space: nowrap; text-align: right; font-weight: bold; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em; background-image: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: rgb(221, 221, 255); background-position: initial initial; ">Mathematicians</td><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="border-top-color: rgb(253, 253, 253); border-right-color: rgb(253, 253, 253); border-bottom-color: rgb(253, 253, 253); border-left-color: rgb(253, 253, 253); background-image: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: transparent; text-align: left; border-left-width: 2px; border-left-style: solid; width: 965px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; background-position: initial initial; "><div style="padding-top: 0em; padding-right: 0.25em; padding-bottom: 0em; padding-left: 0.25em; "><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%27Abd_al-Ham%C4%ABd_ibn_Turk" title="'Abd al-Hamīd ibn Turk" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">'Abd al-Hamīd ibn Turk</a></b><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abd_al-Rahman_al-Sufi" title="Abd al-Rahman al-Sufi" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Abd al-Rahman al-Sufi</a><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ab%C5%AB_al-Hasan_ibn_Al%C4%AB_al-Qalas%C4%81d%C4%AB" title="Abū al-Hasan ibn Alī al-Qalasādī" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Abū al-Hasan ibn Alī al-Qalasādī</a></b><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ab%C5%AB_al-Waf%C4%81%27_al-B%C5%ABzj%C4%81n%C4%AB" title="Abū al-Wafā' al-Būzjānī" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Abū al-Wafā' al-Būzjānī</a></b><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ab%C5%AB_Ish%C4%81q_Ibr%C4%81h%C4%ABm_al-Zarq%C4%81l%C4%AB" title="Abū Ishāq Ibrāhīm al-Zarqālī" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Abū Ishāq Ibrāhīm al-Zarqālī</a><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ab%C5%AB_Ja%27far_al-Kh%C4%81zin" title="Abū Ja'far al-Khāzin" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Abū Ja'far al-Khāzin</a><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ab%C5%AB_K%C4%81mil_Shuj%C4%81_ibn_Aslam" title="Abū Kāmil Shujā ibn Aslam" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Abū Kāmil Shujā ibn Aslam</a></b><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu%27l-Hasan_al-Uqlidisi" title="Abu'l-Hasan al-Uqlidisi" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Abu'l-Hasan al-Uqlidisi</a></b><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu-Mahmud_al-Khujandi" title="Abu-Mahmud al-Khujandi" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Abu-Mahmud al-Khujandi</a></b><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Nasr_Mansur" title="Abu Nasr Mansur" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Abu Nasr Mansur</a></b><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ab%C5%AB_Rayh%C4%81n_al-B%C4%ABr%C5%ABn%C4%AB" title="Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī</a><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ab%C5%AB_Sahl_al-Q%C5%ABh%C4%AB" title="Abū Sahl al-Qūhī" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Abū Sahl al-Qūhī</a><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmed_ibn_Yusuf" title="Ahmed ibn Yusuf" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Ahmed ibn Yusuf</a><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Abb%C4%81s_ibn_Said_al-Jawhar%C4%AB" title="Al-Abbās ibn Said al-Jawharī" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Al-Abbās ibn Said al-Jawharī</a><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Birjandi" title="Al-Birjandi" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Al-Birjandi</a><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Hajj%C4%81j_ibn_Y%C5%ABsuf_ibn_Matar" title="Al-Hajjāj ibn Yūsuf ibn Matar" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Al-Hajjāj ibn Yūsuf ibn Matar</a><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Jayyani" title="Al-Jayyani" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Al-Jayyani</a></b><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Karaji" title="Al-Karaji" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Al-Karaji</a></b><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Khazini" title="Al-Khazini" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Al-Khazini</a><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Kindi" title="Al-Kindi" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Al-Kindi</a></b><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Mahani" title="Al-Mahani" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Al-Mahani</a><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Nayrizi" title="Al-Nayrizi" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Al-Nayrizi</a><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Saghani" title="Al-Saghani" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Al-Saghani</a><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Sijzi" title="Al-Sijzi" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Al-Sijzi</a><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al%C4%AB_ibn_Ahmad_al-Nasaw%C4%AB" title="Alī ibn Ahmad al-Nasawī" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Alī ibn Ahmad al-Nasawī</a><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_Ku%C5%9F%C3%A7u" title="Ali Kuşçu" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Ali Kuşçu</a><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avicenna" title="Avicenna" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Avicenna</a><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ban%C5%AB_M%C5%ABs%C4%81" title="Banū Mūsā" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Banū Mūsā</a><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brethren_of_Purity" title="Brethren of Purity" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Brethren of Purity</a><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunayn_ibn_Ishaq" title="Hunayn ibn Ishaq" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Hunayn ibn Ishaq</a><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_al-Banna_al-Marrakushi" title="Ibn al-Banna al-Marrakushi" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Ibn al-Banna al-Marrakushi</a></b><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_al-Haytham" title="Ibn al-Haytham" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Ibn al-Haytham</a></b><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_al-Shatir" title="Ibn al-Shatir" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Ibn al-Shatir</a><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Sahl" title="Ibn Sahl" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Ibn Sahl</a><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Tahir_al-Baghdadi" title="Ibn Tahir al-Baghdadi" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Ibn Tahir al-Baghdadi</a><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Yahy%C4%81_al-Maghrib%C4%AB_al-Samaw%27al" title="Ibn Yahyā al-Maghribī al-Samaw'al" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Ibn Yahyā al-Maghribī al-Samaw'al</a></b><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Yunus" title="Ibn Yunus" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Ibn Yunus</a><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibrahim_ibn_Sinan" title="Ibrahim ibn Sinan" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Ibrahim ibn Sinan</a></b><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamsh%C4%ABd_al-K%C4%81sh%C4%AB" title="Jamshīd al-Kāshī" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Jamshīd al-Kāshī</a></b><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kam%C4%81l_al-D%C4%ABn_al-F%C4%81ris%C4%AB" title="Kamāl al-Dīn al-Fārisī" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Kamāl al-Dīn al-Fārisī</a><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kushyar_ibn_Labban" title="Kushyar ibn Labban" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Kushyar ibn Labban</a><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Baqir_Yazdi" title="Muhammad Baqir Yazdi" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Muhammad Baqir Yazdi</a><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_J%C4%81bir_al-Harr%C4%81n%C4%AB_al-Batt%C4%81n%C4%AB" title="Muhammad ibn Jābir al-Harrānī al-Battānī" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Muhammad ibn Jābir al-Harrānī al-Battānī</a><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_M%C5%ABs%C4%81_al-Khw%C4%81rizm%C4%AB" title="Muhammad ibn Mūsā al-Khwārizmī" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Muhammad ibn Mūsā al-Khwārizmī</a></b><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhyi_al-D%C4%ABn_al-Maghrib%C4%AB" title="Muhyi al-Dīn al-Maghribī" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Muhyi al-Dīn al-Maghribī</a><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nas%C4%ABr_al-D%C4%ABn_al-T%C5%ABs%C4%AB" title="Nasīr al-Dīn al-Tūsī" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Nasīr al-Dīn al-Tūsī</a></b><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omar_Khayy%C3%A1m" title="Omar Khayyám" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Omar Khayyám</a></b><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q%C4%81%E1%B8%8D%C4%AB_Z%C4%81da_al-R%C5%ABm%C4%AB" title="Qāḍī Zāda al-Rūmī" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Qāḍī Zāda al-Rūmī</a><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shams_al-D%C4%ABn_Ab%C5%AB_Abd_All%C4%81h_al-Khal%C4%ABl%C4%AB" title="Shams al-Dīn Abū Abd Allāh al-Khalīlī" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Al-Khalili</a><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shams_al-D%C4%ABn_al-Samarqand%C4%AB" title="Shams al-Dīn al-Samarqandī" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Shams al-Dīn al-Samarqandī</a><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharaf_al-D%C4%ABn_al-T%C5%ABs%C4%AB" title="Sharaf al-Dīn al-Tūsī" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Sharaf al-Dīn al-Tūsī</a></b><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinan_ibn_Thabit" title="Sinan ibn Thabit" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Sinan ibn Thabit</a><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taqi_al-Din" title="Taqi al-Din" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Taqi al-Din</a><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C4%81bit_ibn_Qurra" title="Thābit ibn Qurra" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Thābit ibn Qurra</a></b><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulugh_Beg" title="Ulugh Beg" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Ulugh Beg</a><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yusuf_al-Mu%27taman_ibn_Hud" title="Yusuf al-Mu'taman ibn Hud" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Yusuf al-Mu'taman ibn Hud</a></div></td></tr><tr style="height: 2px; "><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style="white-space: nowrap; text-align: right; font-weight: bold; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em; background-image: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: rgb(221, 221, 255); background-position: initial initial; ">Treatises</td><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="border-top-color: rgb(253, 253, 253); border-right-color: rgb(253, 253, 253); border-bottom-color: rgb(253, 253, 253); border-left-color: rgb(253, 253, 253); background-image: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: rgb(247, 247, 247); text-align: left; border-left-width: 2px; border-left-style: solid; width: 965px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; background-position: initial initial; "><div style="padding-top: 0em; padding-right: 0.25em; padding-bottom: 0em; padding-left: 0.25em; "><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almanac" title="Almanac" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Almanac</a></i><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Fixed_Stars" title="Book of Fixed Stars" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Book of Fixed Stars</a></i><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Optics" title="Book of Optics" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Book of Optics</a></i><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Gradibus" title="De Gradibus" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">De Gradibus</a></i><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_the_Brethren_of_Purity" title="Encyclopedia of the Brethren of Purity" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Encyclopedia of the Brethren of Purity</a></i><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tables_of_Toledo" title="Tables of Toledo" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Tables of Toledo</a></i><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabula_Rogeriana" title="Tabula Rogeriana" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Tabula Rogeriana</a></i><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Compendious_Book_on_Calculation_by_Completion_and_Balancing" title="The Compendious Book on Calculation by Completion and Balancing" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">The Compendious Book on Calculation by Completion and Balancing</a></i><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Book_of_Healing" title="The Book of Healing" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">The Book of Healing</a></i><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zij" title="Zij" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Zij</a></i><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zij-i_Ilkhani" title="Zij-i Ilkhani" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Zij-i Ilkhani</a></i><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zij-i-Sultani" title="Zij-i-Sultani" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Zij-i-Sultani</a></i></div></td></tr><tr style="height: 2px; "><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style="white-space: nowrap; text-align: right; font-weight: bold; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em; background-image: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: rgb(221, 221, 255); background-position: initial initial; ">Centers</td><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="border-top-color: rgb(253, 253, 253); border-right-color: rgb(253, 253, 253); border-bottom-color: rgb(253, 253, 253); border-left-color: rgb(253, 253, 253); background-image: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: transparent; text-align: left; border-left-width: 2px; border-left-style: solid; width: 965px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; background-position: initial initial; "><div style="padding-top: 0em; padding-right: 0.25em; padding-bottom: 0em; padding-left: 0.25em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Azhar_University" title="Al-Azhar University" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Al-Azhar University</a><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Mustansiriya_University" title="Al-Mustansiriya University" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Al-Mustansiriya University</a><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Knowledge" title="House of Knowledge" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">House of Knowledge</a><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Wisdom" title="House of Wisdom" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">House of Wisdom</a><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul_observatory_of_Taqi_al-Din" title="Istanbul observatory of Taqi al-Din" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Istanbul observatory of Taqi al-Din</a><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrasah" title="Madrasah" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Madrasah</a><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maktab" title="Maktab" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Maktab</a><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maragheh_observatory" title="Maragheh observatory" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Maragheh observatory</a><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Al-Karaouine" title="University of Al-Karaouine" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">University of Al-Karaouine</a></div></td></tr><tr style="height: 2px; "><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style="white-space: nowrap; text-align: right; font-weight: bold; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em; background-image: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: rgb(221, 221, 255); background-position: initial initial; ">Influences</td><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="border-top-color: rgb(253, 253, 253); border-right-color: rgb(253, 253, 253); border-bottom-color: rgb(253, 253, 253); border-left-color: rgb(253, 253, 253); background-image: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: rgb(247, 247, 247); text-align: left; border-left-width: 2px; border-left-style: solid; width: 965px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; background-position: initial initial; "><div style="padding-top: 0em; padding-right: 0.25em; padding-bottom: 0em; padding-left: 0.25em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babylonian_mathematics" title="Babylonian mathematics" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Babylonian mathematics</a><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_mathematics" title="Greek mathematics" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Greek mathematics</a><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_mathematics" title="Indian mathematics" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Indian mathematics</a></div></td></tr><tr style="height: 2px; "><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style="white-space: nowrap; text-align: right; font-weight: bold; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em; background-image: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: rgb(221, 221, 255); background-position: initial initial; ">Influenced</td><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="border-top-color: rgb(253, 253, 253); border-right-color: rgb(253, 253, 253); border-bottom-color: rgb(253, 253, 253); border-left-color: rgb(253, 253, 253); background-image: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: transparent; text-align: left; border-left-width: 2px; border-left-style: solid; width: 965px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; background-position: initial initial; "><div style="padding-top: 0em; padding-right: 0.25em; padding-bottom: 0em; padding-left: 0.25em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_science" title="Byzantine science" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Byzantine mathematics</a><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_mathematics#Rebirth_of_mathematics_in_Europe_.281100.E2.80.941400.29" title="History of mathematics" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">European mathematics</a><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_mathematics" title="Indian mathematics" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Indian mathematics</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table><table class="navbox" cellspacing="0" style="font-size: 11px; color: black; background-color: rgb(253, 253, 253); background-image: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); width: 1080px; margin-top: -1px; margin-right: auto; margin-bottom: auto; margin-left: auto; clear: both; text-align: center; padding-top: 1px; padding-right: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-left: 1px; background-position: initial initial; "><tbody><tr><td style="padding-top: 2px; padding-right: 2px; padding-bottom: 2px; padding-left: 2px; "><table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse" id="collapsibleTable2" style="font-size: 11px; color: inherit; background-color: transparent; width: 1076px; background-image: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; "><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="navbox-title" style="text-align: center; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em; background-image: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: rgb(0, 128, 0); background-position: initial initial; "><span class="collapseButton" style="float: right; font-weight: normal; text-align: right; width: 6em; ">[<a id="collapseButton2" href="javascript:collapseTable(2);" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">hide</a>]</span><div style="float: left; width: 6em; text-align: left; "><div class="noprint plainlinks navbar" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-weight: normal; background-image: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: rgb(0, 128, 0); border-top-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none; border-left-style: none; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; font-size: xx-small; background-position: initial initial; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Islamic_philosophy" title="Template:Islamic philosophy" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none !important; background-repeat: initial !important; background-attachment: initial !important; -webkit-background-clip: initial !important; -webkit-background-origin: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; padding-top: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial !important; "><span title="View this template" style="background-image: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: rgb(0, 128, 0); border-top-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none; border-left-style: none; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">v</span></a> <span style="font-size: 7px; ">•</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Islamic_philosophy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Islamic philosophy (page does not exist)" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(204, 34, 0); background-image: none !important; background-repeat: initial !important; background-attachment: initial !important; -webkit-background-clip: initial !important; -webkit-background-origin: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; padding-top: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial !important; "><span title="Discuss this template" style="background-image: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: rgb(0, 128, 0); border-top-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none; border-left-style: none; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">d</span></a> <span style="font-size: 7px; ">•</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Islamic_philosophy&action=edit" class="external text" title="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Islamic_philosophy&action=edit" rel="nofollow" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(51, 102, 187); background-image: none !important; background-repeat: initial !important; background-attachment: initial !important; -webkit-background-clip: initial !important; -webkit-background-origin: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; padding-top: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial !important; "><span title="Edit this template" style="background-image: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: rgb(0, 128, 0); border-top-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none; border-left-style: none; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">e</span></a></div></div><span class="" style="font-size: 12px; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_philosophy" title="Islamic philosophy" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; "><span style="color:white;">Islamic Philosophy</span></a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_theology" title="Islamic theology" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; "><span style="color:white;">Islamic Theology</span></a></span></th></tr><tr style="height: 2px; "><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style="white-space: nowrap; text-align: right; font-weight: bold; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em; background-image: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: rgb(230, 230, 250); background-position: initial initial; ">Fields:</td><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="border-top-color: rgb(253, 253, 253); border-right-color: rgb(253, 253, 253); border-bottom-color: rgb(253, 253, 253); border-left-color: rgb(253, 253, 253); background-image: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: transparent; text-align: left; border-left-width: 2px; border-left-style: solid; width: 927px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; background-position: initial initial; "><div style="padding-top: 0em; padding-right: 0.25em; padding-bottom: 0em; padding-left: 0.25em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aqidah" title="Aqidah" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Aqidah</a><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%27Aql" title="'Aql" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">'Aql</a><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomy_in_medieval_Islam" title="Astronomy in medieval Islam" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Cosmology</a><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_eschatology" title="Islamic eschatology" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Eschatology</a><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_ethics" title="Islamic ethics" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Ethics</a><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalam" title="Kalam" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Kalam</a><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiqh" title="Fiqh" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Legal Philosophy</a><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logic_in_Islamic_philosophy" title="Logic in Islamic philosophy" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Logic</a><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_metaphysics" title="Islamic metaphysics" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Metaphysics</a><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physics_in_medieval_Islam" title="Physics in medieval Islam" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Natural Philosophy</a><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace_In_Islamic_Thought" title="Peace In Islamic Thought" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Peace</a><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrasah" title="Madrasah" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Philosophy of Education</a><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_in_medieval_Islam" title="Science in medieval Islam" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Philosophy of Science</a><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychology_in_medieval_Islam" title="Psychology in medieval Islam" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Psychology</a><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_sociology" title="Islamic sociology" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Sociology</a> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociology_in_medieval_Islam" title="Sociology in medieval Islam" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Medieval Sociology</a>)</div></td></tr><tr style="height: 2px; "><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style="white-space: nowrap; text-align: right; font-weight: bold; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em; background-image: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: rgb(230, 230, 250); background-position: initial initial; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_theology" title="Islamic theology" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Schools of Theology</a>:</td><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="border-top-color: rgb(253, 253, 253); border-right-color: rgb(253, 253, 253); border-bottom-color: rgb(253, 253, 253); border-left-color: rgb(253, 253, 253); background-image: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: rgb(247, 247, 247); text-align: left; border-left-width: 2px; border-left-style: solid; width: 927px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; background-position: initial initial; "><div style="padding-top: 0em; padding-right: 0.25em; padding-bottom: 0em; padding-left: 0.25em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ash%27ari" title="Ash'ari" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Ash'ari</a><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athari" title="Athari" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Athari</a><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maturidi" title="Maturidi" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Maturidi</a><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mu%27tazili" title="Mu'tazili" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Mu'tazili</a><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murji%27ah" title="Murji'ah" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Murji'ah</a><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imami" title="Imami" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Imami</a><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ismaili" title="Ismaili" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Ismaili</a><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Sufism</a></div></td></tr><tr style="height: 2px; "><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style="white-space: nowrap; text-align: right; font-weight: bold; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em; background-image: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: rgb(230, 230, 250); background-position: initial initial; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_philosophy" title="Islamic philosophy" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Schools of Philosophy</a>:</td><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="border-top-color: rgb(253, 253, 253); border-right-color: rgb(253, 253, 253); border-bottom-color: rgb(253, 253, 253); border-left-color: rgb(253, 253, 253); background-image: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: transparent; text-align: left; border-left-width: 2px; border-left-style: solid; width: 927px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; background-position: initial initial; "><div style="padding-top: 0em; padding-right: 0.25em; padding-bottom: 0em; padding-left: 0.25em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_Islamic_philosophy" title="Early Islamic philosophy" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Early Islamic Philosophy</a><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Farabi" title="Al-Farabi" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Farabism</a><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avicennism" title="Avicennism" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Avicennism</a><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Averroism" title="Averroism" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Averroism</a><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illuminationist_philosophy" title="Illuminationist philosophy" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Illuminationist Philosophy</a><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcendent_Theosophy" title="Transcendent Theosophy" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Transcendent Theosophy</a><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditionalist_School" title="Traditionalist School" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Traditionalist School</a><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sufi_philosophy" title="Sufi philosophy" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Sufi Philosophy</a> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sufi_metaphysics" title="Sufi metaphysics" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Metaphysics</a><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sufi_cosmology" title="Sufi cosmology" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Cosmology</a>)<span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contemporary_Islamic_philosophy" title="Contemporary Islamic philosophy" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Contemporary Islamic Philosophy</a></div></td></tr><tr style="height: 2px; "><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style="white-space: nowrap; text-align: right; font-weight: bold; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em; background-image: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: rgb(230, 230, 250); background-position: initial initial; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Muslim_theologians" title="List of Muslim theologians" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Theologians</a>:</td><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="border-top-color: rgb(253, 253, 253); border-right-color: rgb(253, 253, 253); border-bottom-color: rgb(253, 253, 253); border-left-color: rgb(253, 253, 253); background-image: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: rgb(247, 247, 247); text-align: left; border-left-width: 2px; border-left-style: solid; width: 927px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; background-position: initial initial; "><div style="padding-top: 0em; padding-right: 0.25em; padding-bottom: 0em; padding-left: 0.25em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ja%27far_al-Sadiq" title="Ja'far al-Sadiq" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Ja'far al-Sadiq</a><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Hanifa_an-Nu%E2%80%98man" title="Abu Hanifa an-Nu‘man" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Abu Hanifa an-Nu‘man</a><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shafi%60i" title="Shafi`i" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Shafi`i</a><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malik_Ibn_Anas" title="Malik Ibn Anas" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Malik Ibn Anas</a><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_Hanbal" title="Ahmad ibn Hanbal" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Ahmad ibn Hanbal</a><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Yusuf" title="Abu Yusuf" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Abu Yusuf</a><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wasil_ibn_Ata" title="Wasil ibn Ata" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Wasil ibn Ata</a><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amr_ibn_Ubayd" title="Amr ibn Ubayd" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Amr ibn Ubayd</a><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abd_al-Jabbar" title="Abd al-Jabbar" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Abd al-Jabbar</a><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Aqil" title="Ibn Aqil" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Ibn Aqil</a><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_al-Hasan_al-Ash%27ari" title="Abu al-Hasan al-Ash'ari" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">al-Ash'ari</a><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Mansur_Al_Maturidi" title="Abu Mansur Al Maturidi" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">al-Maturidi</a><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Ghazali" title="Al-Ghazali" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(90, 54, 150); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Al-Ghazali</a><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Shahrastani" title="Al-Shahrastani" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Al-Shahrastani</a><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fakhruddin_Razi" title="Fakhruddin Razi" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Fakhruddin Razi</a><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Jahiz" title="Al-Jahiz" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Al-Jahiz</a><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Jubba%27i" title="Al-Jubba'i" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Al-Jubba'i</a><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_al-Hasan_%27Al%C4%AB_al-Mas%27%C5%ABd%C4%AB" title="Abu al-Hasan 'Alī al-Mas'ūdī" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">al-Mas'ūdī</a><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Shaykh_Al-Mufid" title="Al-Shaykh Al-Mufid" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Al-Shaykh Al-Mufid</a><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaykh_Tusi" title="Shaykh Tusi" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Shaykh Tusi</a><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mu%27ayyad_fi%27l-Din_al-Shirazi" title="Mu'ayyad fi'l-Din al-Shirazi" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Mu'ayyad fi'l-Din al-Shirazi</a><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_al-Haytham" title="Ibn al-Haytham" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Ibn al-Haytham</a><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ab%C5%AB_Rayh%C4%81n_al-B%C4%ABr%C5%ABn%C4%AB" title="Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī</a><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_al-Nafis" title="Ibn al-Nafis" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Ibn al-Nafis</a><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun" title="Ibn Khaldun" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Ibn Khaldun</a><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abul_Ala_Maududi" title="Abul Ala Maududi" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Abul Ala Maududi</a><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Hamidullah" title="Muhammad Hamidullah" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Muhammad Hamidullah</a><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Taqi_Usmani" title="Muhammad Taqi Usmani" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Muhammad Taqi Usmani</a><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Tahir_ul-Qadri" title="Muhammad Tahir ul-Qadri" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Muhammad Tahir ul-Qadri</a><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fazlur_Rahman_Malik" title="Fazlur Rahman Malik" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Fazlur Rahman Malik</a><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morteza_Motahhari" title="Morteza Motahhari" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Morteza Motahhari</a></div></td></tr><tr style="height: 2px; "><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style="white-space: nowrap; text-align: right; font-weight: bold; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em; background-image: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: rgb(230, 230, 250); background-position: initial initial; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Muslim_philosophers" title="List of Muslim philosophers" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Philosophers</a>:</td><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="border-top-color: rgb(253, 253, 253); border-right-color: rgb(253, 253, 253); border-bottom-color: rgb(253, 253, 253); border-left-color: rgb(253, 253, 253); background-image: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: transparent; text-align: left; border-left-width: 2px; border-left-style: solid; width: 927px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; background-position: initial initial; "><div style="padding-top: 0em; padding-right: 0.25em; padding-bottom: 0em; padding-left: 0.25em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Kindi" title="Al-Kindi" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Al-Kindi</a><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Farabi" title="Al-Farabi" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Al-Farabi</a><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Razi" title="Al-Razi" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Al-Razi</a><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Amiri" title="Al Amiri" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Al Amiri</a><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Miskawayh" title="Ibn Miskawayh" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Ibn Miskawayh</a><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avicenna" title="Avicenna" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Ibn Sina</a><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikhwan_al-Safa" title="Ikhwan al-Safa" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Ikhwan al-Safa</a><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Sulayman_al-Sijistani" title="Abu Sulayman al-Sijistani" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Abu Sulayman al-Sijistani</a><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayn-al-Quzat_Hamadani" title="Ayn-al-Quzat Hamadani" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Ayn-al-Quzat Hamadani</a><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Masarrah" title="Ibn Masarrah" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Ibn Masarrah</a><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Hazm" title="Ibn Hazm" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Ibn Hazm</a><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Tufail" title="Ibn Tufail" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Ibn Tufail</a><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Averroes" title="Averroes" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Ibn Rushd</a> <span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammad_Ibn_Abd-al-Haq_Ibn_Sab%E2%80%99in" title="Mohammad Ibn Abd-al-Haq Ibn Sab’in" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Ibn Sab’in</a><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shahab_al-Din_Suhrawardi" title="Shahab al-Din Suhrawardi" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Suhrawardi</a> <span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Arabi" title="Ibn Arabi" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Ibn Arabi</a><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ath%C4%ABr_al-D%C4%ABn_al-Abhar%C4%AB" title="Athīr al-Dīn al-Abharī" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">al-Abharī</a><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasir_al-Din_Tusi" title="Nasir al-Din Tusi" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Nasir al-Din Tusi</a><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qutb_al-Din_al-Shirazi" title="Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi</a><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mulla_Sadra" title="Mulla Sadra" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Mulla Sadra</a><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mulla_Hadi_Sabzevari" title="Mulla Hadi Sabzevari" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Sabzevari</a><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mir_Damad" title="Mir Damad" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Mir Damad</a><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mir_Fendereski" title="Mir Fendereski" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Mir Fendereski</a><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allameh_Tabatabaei" title="Allameh Tabatabaei" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Allameh Tabatabaei</a><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Iqbal" title="Muhammad Iqbal" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Muhammad Iqbal</a><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riaz_Ahmed_Gohar_Shahi" title="Riaz Ahmed Gohar Shahi" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Gohar Shahi</a><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammad_Baqir_al-Sadr" title="Mohammad Baqir al-Sadr" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Mohammad Baqir al-Sadr</a><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Gu%C3%A9non" title="René Guénon" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">René Guénon</a><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frithjof_Schuon" title="Frithjof Schuon" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Frithjof Schuon</a><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hossein_Nasr" title="Hossein Nasr" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Hossein Nasr</a><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syed_Muhammad_Naquib_al-Attas" title="Syed Muhammad Naquib al-Attas" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Naquib al-Attas</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table><table class="navbox" cellspacing="0" style="font-size: 11px; color: black; background-color: rgb(253, 253, 253); background-image: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; 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"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="navbox-title" style="text-align: center; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em; background-image: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: rgb(204, 204, 255); background-position: initial initial; "><span class="collapseButton" style="float: right; font-weight: normal; text-align: right; width: 6em; ">[<a id="collapseButton3" href="javascript:collapseTable(3);" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">hide</a>]</span><div style="float: left; width: 6em; text-align: left; "><div class="noprint plainlinks navbar" style="background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-weight: normal; border-top-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none; border-left-style: none; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; font-size: xx-small; background-position: initial initial; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Medieval_Philosophy" title="Template:Medieval Philosophy" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none !important; background-repeat: initial !important; background-attachment: initial !important; -webkit-background-clip: initial !important; -webkit-background-origin: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; padding-top: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial !important; "><span title="View this template" style="border-top-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none; border-left-style: none; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; ">v</span></a> <span style="font-size: 7px; ">•</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Medieval_Philosophy" title="Template talk:Medieval Philosophy" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none !important; background-repeat: initial !important; background-attachment: initial !important; -webkit-background-clip: initial !important; -webkit-background-origin: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; padding-top: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial !important; "><span title="Discuss this template" style="border-top-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none; border-left-style: none; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; ">d</span></a> <span style="font-size: 7px; ">•</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Medieval_Philosophy&action=edit" class="external text" title="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Medieval_Philosophy&action=edit" rel="nofollow" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(51, 102, 187); background-image: none !important; background-repeat: initial !important; background-attachment: initial !important; -webkit-background-clip: initial !important; -webkit-background-origin: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; padding-top: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial !important; "><span title="Edit this template" style="border-top-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none; border-left-style: none; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; ">e</span></a></div></div><span class="" style="font-size: 12px; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medieval_philosophy" title="Medieval philosophy" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Medieval philosophers</a></span></th></tr><tr style="height: 2px; "><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="border-top-color: rgb(253, 253, 253); border-right-color: rgb(253, 253, 253); border-bottom-color: rgb(253, 253, 253); border-left-color: rgb(253, 253, 253); background-image: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: transparent; width: 1076px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; background-position: initial initial; "><div style="padding-top: 0em; padding-right: 0.25em; padding-bottom: 0em; padding-left: 0.25em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Augustine of Hippo</a><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anicius_Manlius_Severinus_Boethius" title="Anicius Manlius Severinus Boethius" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Boëthius</a><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Kindi" title="Al-Kindi" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Alkindus</a><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Scotus_Eriugena" title="Johannes Scotus Eriugena" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Johannes Scotus Eriugena</a><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Razi" title="Al-Razi" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Rhazes</a><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Jahiz" title="Al-Jahiz" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Al-Jahiz</a><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Farabi" title="Al-Farabi" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Alfarabi</a><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Masarrah" title="Ibn Masarrah" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Ibn Masarrah</a><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Amiri" title="Al Amiri" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Al Amiri</a><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Miskawayh" title="Ibn Miskawayh" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Ibn Miskawayh</a><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brethren_of_Purity" title="Brethren of Purity" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Brethren of Purity</a><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_al-Haytham" title="Ibn al-Haytham" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Alhazen</a><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_al-Rawandi" title="Ibn al-Rawandi" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Ibn al-Rawandi</a><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ab%C5%AB_Rayh%C4%81n_al-B%C4%ABr%C5%ABn%C4%AB" title="Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī</a><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avicenna" title="Avicenna" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Avicenna</a><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Hazm" title="Ibn Hazm" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Ibn Hazm</a><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roscellinus" title="Roscellinus" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Roscelin</a><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anselm_of_Canterbury" title="Anselm of Canterbury" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Anselm of Canterbury</a><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Ghazali" title="Al-Ghazali" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(90, 54, 150); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Algazel</a><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_of_Chartres" title="Bernard of Chartres" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Bernard of Chartres</a><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayn-al-Quzat_Hamadani" title="Ayn-al-Quzat Hamadani" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Ayn-al-Quzat Hamadani</a><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Bajjah" title="Ibn Bajjah" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Avempace</a><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilbert_de_la_Porr%C3%A9e" title="Gilbert de la Porrée" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Gilbert de la Porrée</a><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_of_St_Victor" title="Hugh of St Victor" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Hugh of St Victor</a><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Abelard" title="Peter Abelard" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Abélard</a><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gersonides" title="Gersonides" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Gersonides</a><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hibat_Allah_Abu%27l-Barakat_al-Baghdaadi" title="Hibat Allah Abu'l-Barakat al-Baghdaadi" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Hibat Allah Abu'l-Barakat al-Baghdaadi</a><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_of_St._Victor" title="Richard of St. Victor" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Richard of St. Victor</a><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Tufail" title="Ibn Tufail" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Ibn Tufail</a><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Averroes" title="Averroes" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Averroës</a><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maimonides" title="Maimonides" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Maimonides</a><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_of_Hales" title="Alexander of Hales" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Alexander of Hales</a><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammad_Ibn_Abd-al-Haq_Ibn_Sab%E2%80%99in" title="Mohammad Ibn Abd-al-Haq Ibn Sab’in" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Mohammad Ibn Abd-al-Haq Ibn Sab’in</a><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alain_de_Lille" title="Alain de Lille" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Alain de Lille</a><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shahab_al-Din_Suhrawardi" title="Shahab al-Din Suhrawardi" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Shahab al-Din Suhrawardi</a><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abd-el-latif" title="Abd-el-latif" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Abd-el-latif</a><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Arabi" title="Ibn Arabi" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Ibn Arabi</a><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Grosseteste" title="Robert Grosseteste" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Robert Grosseteste</a><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albertus_Magnus" title="Albertus Magnus" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Albertus Magnus</a><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ath%C4%ABr_al-D%C4%ABn_al-Abhar%C4%AB" title="Athīr al-Dīn al-Abharī" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Athīr al-Dīn al-Abharī</a><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nas%C4%ABr_al-D%C4%ABn_al-T%C5%ABs%C4%AB" title="Nasīr al-Dīn al-Tūsī" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Nasīr al-Dīn al-Tūsī</a><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zakariya_al-Qazwini" title="Zakariya al-Qazwini" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Zakariya al-Qazwini</a><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_al-Nafis" title="Ibn al-Nafis" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Ibn al-Nafis</a><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Bacon" title="Roger Bacon" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Roger Bacon</a><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonaventure" title="Bonaventure" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Bonaventure</a><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Thomas Aquinas</a><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramon_Llull" title="Ramon Llull" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Ramon Llull</a><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godfrey_of_Fontaines" title="Godfrey of Fontaines" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Godfrey of Fontaines</a><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_of_Ghent" title="Henry of Ghent" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Henry of Ghent</a><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qutb_al-Din_al-Shirazi" title="Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi</a><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giles_of_Rome" title="Giles of Rome" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Giles of Rome</a><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rashid_al-Din" title="Rashid al-Din" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Rashid al-Din</a><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fakhr_al-Din_al-Razi" title="Fakhr al-Din al-Razi" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Fakhr al-Din al-Razi</a><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Taymiyyah" title="Ibn Taymiyyah" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Ibn Taymiyyah</a><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duns_Scotus" title="Duns Scotus" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Duns Scotus</a><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_of_Ockham" title="William of Ockham" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">William of Ockham</a><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Buridan" title="Jean Buridan" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Jean Buridan</a><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicole_Oresme" title="Nicole Oresme" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Nicole Oresme</a><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hennon" title="John Hennon" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">John Hennon</a><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun" title="Ibn Khaldun" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Ibn Khaldun</a><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemistus_Pletho" title="Gemistus Pletho" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Gemistus Pletho</a><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basilius_Bessarion" title="Basilius Bessarion" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Basilius Bessarion</a><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_de_Vitoria" title="Francisco de Vitoria" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Francisco de Vitoria</a><span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lambertus_de_Monte" title="Lambertus de Monte" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Lambertus de Monte</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table><div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" style="border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); background-color: rgb(249, 249, 249); padding-top: 5px; padding-right: 5px; padding-bottom: 5px; padding-left: 5px; margin-top: 1em; clear: both; "><div id="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Categories" title="Special:Categories" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Categories</a>: <span dir="ltr"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:1201_births" title="Category:1201 births" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">1201 births</a></span> | <span dir="ltr"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:1274_deaths" title="Category:1274 deaths" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">1274 deaths</a></span> | <span dir="ltr"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:13th-century_mathematicians" title="Category:13th-century mathematicians" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">13th-century mathematicians</a></span> | <span dir="ltr"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Islamic_astronomy" title="Category:Islamic astronomy" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Islamic astronomy</a></span> | <span dir="ltr"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Persian_astronomers" title="Category:Persian astronomers" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Persian astronomers</a></span> | <span dir="ltr"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Medieval_astronomers" title="Category:Medieval astronomers" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Medieval astronomers</a></span> | <span dir="ltr"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Islamic_mathematics" title="Category:Islamic mathematics" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Islamic mathematics</a></span> | <span dir="ltr"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Persian_mathematicians" title="Category:Persian mathematicians" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Persian mathematicians</a></span> |<span dir="ltr"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Shi%27a_Muslim_scholars_of_Islam" title="Category:Shi'a Muslim scholars of Islam" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Shi'a Muslim scholars of Islam</a></span> | <span dir="ltr"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Persian_philosophers" title="Category:Persian philosophers" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Persian philosophers</a></span> | <span dir="ltr"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:People_from_Tous" title="Category:People from Tous" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">People from Tous</a></span> | <span dir="ltr"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:People_from_Mashhad" title="Category:People from Mashhad" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">People from Mashhad</a></span> | <span dir="ltr"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Iranian_Shi%27a_Muslims" title="Category:Iranian Shi'a Muslims" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Iranian Shi'a Muslims</a></span></div></div></div></div></div></span></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2905918545844906697.post-1570175706987381442009-08-10T23:56:00.000+03:002009-08-10T23:57:38.679+03:00Nizam-ul Mülk<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: -webkit-sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; "><h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading" style="color: black; background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; font-weight: normal; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2em; background-position: initial initial; ">Nizamülmülk</h1><div id="bodyContent"><h3 id="siteSub" style="color: black; background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; font-weight: normal; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.3em; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-width: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-color: initial; font-size: 13px; display: inline; font-style: italic; background-position: initial initial; ">Vikipedi, özgür ansiklopedi</h3><div id="contentSub" style="font-size: 11px; line-height: 1.2em; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 1.4em; margin-left: 1em; color: rgb(125, 125, 125); width: auto; "></div><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "><b>Nizamülmülk</b>, tam adı <b>Ebu Ali el-Hasan et-Tusi Nizamülmülk</b> (<a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arap%C3%A7a" title="Arapça" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Arapça</a>: <b>نظام الملك، ابو علي الحسن الطوسي</b> / Nizāmu'l-Mulk Abū ʿAli al-Hasan at-Tūsī; <a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fars%C3%A7a" title="Farsça" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Farsça</a>: <b>خواجه نظامالملک طوسی</b> / Hace Nizāmulmulk Tūsī; d. <a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/1018" title="1018" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">1018</a> - ö. <a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/14_Ekim" title="14 Ekim" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">14 Ekim</a> <a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/1092" title="1092" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">1092</a>), <a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%BCy%C3%BCk_Sel%C3%A7uklu_Devleti" title="Büyük Selçuklu Devleti" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Büyük Selçuklu Devleti</a>'nin veziri ve <a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siyasetname" title="Siyasetname" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Siyasetname</a> adlı öğütler kitabı yazan <a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farslar" title="Farslar" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Farsi</a><sup id="cite_ref-0" class="reference"><a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nizam%C3%BClm%C3%BClk#cite_note-0" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">[1]</a></sup> devlet adamı, siyaset bilimcisidir. Devlet yönetiminde hayli etkili olan Nizamülmülk'ün vezirliği <a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alparslan" title="Alparslan" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Alparslan</a> ve <a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melik%C5%9Fah" title="Melikşah" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Melikşah</a> dönemlerinde yayılmıştır.</p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">Nizamülmülk,21 Zilkade 408/10 Nisan 1018 yılında <a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0ran" title="İran" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">İran</a>'ın, <a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horasan,_%C4%B0ran" title="Horasan, İran" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Horasan</a> şehrinde doğmuştur. Memleketin nizamlarının kurucusu anlamında olan Nizamülmülk ismi Abbasi halifesi Kâim bi Emrillah tarafından verildi.Nizamiye medreselerinin teşkili ve mevcut toprak sisteminin aksayan yönlerinin tadil edilmesi gibi Selçuklu devletinin müesseseleşme ve merkezileşmesi yönünde önemli sayılabilecek teşebüsslerin altına imzasını atmıştır. 1092 yılında <a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nizarilik" title="Nizarilik" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Nizari</a> (<a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ha%C5%9Fha%C5%9Filer" title="Haşhaşiler" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Haşhaşiler</a>) tarafından öldürülmüştür.</p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">Devlet işleriyle ilk olarak <a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gazne_Devleti" title="Gazne Devleti" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Gazne Devleti</a>'nin Horasan valisinin yanında çalışarak başladı ve sonrasında Alparslan'ın <a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belh" title="Belh" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Belh</a> valisinin yanında devam etti. Sonrasında da <a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/1064" title="1064" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">1064</a> yılında <a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%BCy%C3%BCk_Sel%C3%A7uklu_Devleti" title="Büyük Selçuklu Devleti" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Büyük Selçuklu Devleti</a>'ne vezir olarak atandı.</p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "><a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ba%C4%9Fdat" title="Bağdat" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Bağdat</a>, <a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0sfahan" title="İsfahan" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">İsfahan</a>, <a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ni%C5%9Fapur" title="Nişapur" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Nişapur</a>, <a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belh" title="Belh" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Belh</a>, <a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herat" title="Herat" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Herat</a>, <a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basra" title="Basra" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Basra</a>, <a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musul" title="Musul" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Musul</a> ve <a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Amul&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Amul (sayfa mevcut değil)" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(204, 34, 0); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Amul</a>'da ki <a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nizamiye_Medreseleri" title="Nizamiye Medreseleri" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Nizamiye Medreselerini</a> kurdurdu. Nizamiye Medreseleri adını Nizamülmülkden almıştır ve Bağdat'taki Medresenin başına<a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0mam-%C4%B1_Gazali" title="İmam-ı Gazali" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">İmam-ı Gazali</a>'yi getirdi.</p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">Türk devlet yapısında ilk istihbarat teşkilatını oluşturup başına <a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96mer_Hayyam" title="Ömer Hayyam" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Ömer Hayyam</a>'ı getirmek istemiştir.<sup title="Kaynak belirtilmeli">[<i><a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikipedi:Kaynak_g%C3%B6sterme" title="Vikipedi:Kaynak gösterme" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">kaynak belirtilmeli</a></i>]</sup> <a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ha%C5%9Fha%C5%9Filer" title="Haşhaşiler" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Haşhaşiler</a>'in tepkisini de bu yüzden üzerine çekmiştir.</p><table id="toc" class="toc" summary="Konu başlıkları" style="font-size: 12px; color: black; background-color: rgb(249, 249, 249); border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); padding-top: 5px; padding-right: 5px; padding-bottom: 5px; padding-left: 5px; "><tbody><tr><td><div id="toctitle" style="text-align: center; "><h2 style="color: black; background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; font-weight: bold; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 12px; display: inline; border-top-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-left-style: none; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; padding-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Konu başlıkları</h2> <span class="toctoggle" style="font-size: 11px; ">[<a id="togglelink" class="internal" href="javascript:toggleToc()" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">gizle</a>]</span></div><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: none; margin-top: 0.3em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; list-style-image: none; text-align: left; "><li class="toclevel-1" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nizam%C3%BClm%C3%BClk#Notlar" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Notlar</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nizam%C3%BClm%C3%BClk#Kaynak.C3.A7a" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Kaynakça</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nizam%C3%BClm%C3%BClk#D.C4.B1.C5.9F_Ba.C4.9Flant.C4.B1lar" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Dış Bağlantılar</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nizam%C3%BClm%C3%BClk#Ayr.C4.B1ca_bak.C4.B1n.C4.B1z" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Ayrıca bakınız</span></a></li></ul></td></tr></tbody></table><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "><a name="Notlar" id="Notlar" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "></a></p><h2 style="color: black; background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; font-weight: normal; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); font-size: 19px; background-position: initial initial; "><span class="mw-headline">Notlar</span> <span class="editsection" style="float: none; margin-left: 0px; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal; ">[<a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nizam%C3%BClm%C3%BClk&action=edit&section=1" title="Değiştirilen bölüm: Notlar" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">değiştir</a>]</span></h2><div class="references-small" style="font-size: 11px; "><ol class="references" style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-top: 0.3em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 3.2em; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; list-style-image: none; font-size: 11px; "><li id="cite_note-0" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><strong><a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nizam%C3%BClm%C3%BClk#cite_ref-0" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">^</a></strong> <a href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/416541/Nizam-al-Mulk" class="external text" title="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/416541/Nizam-al-Mulk" rel="nofollow" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(51, 102, 187); background-image: url(http://tr.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/monobook/external.png); background-repeat: no-repeat; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; background-position: 100% 50%; "><b>Niẓām al-Mulk.</b> <u>Encyclopædia Britannica</u>. 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica Online.</a> 07 Ekim 2008. <span style="font-size: 0.95em; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(85, 85, 85); ">(İngilizce)</span></li></ol></div><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "><a name="Kaynak.C3.A7a" id="Kaynak.C3.A7a" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "></a></p><h2 style="color: black; background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; font-weight: normal; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); font-size: 19px; background-position: initial initial; "><span class="mw-headline">Kaynakça</span> <span class="editsection" style="float: none; margin-left: 0px; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal; ">[<a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nizam%C3%BClm%C3%BClk&action=edit&section=2" title="Değiştirilen bölüm: Kaynakça" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">değiştir</a>]</span></h2><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "><a name="D.C4.B1.C5.9F_Ba.C4.9Flant.C4.B1lar" id="D.C4.B1.C5.9F_Ba.C4.9Flant.C4.B1lar" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "></a></p><h2 style="color: black; background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; font-weight: normal; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); font-size: 19px; background-position: initial initial; "><span class="mw-headline">Dış Bağlantılar</span> <span class="editsection" style="float: none; margin-left: 0px; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal; ">[<a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nizam%C3%BClm%C3%BClk&action=edit&section=3" title="Değiştirilen bölüm: Dış Bağlantılar" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">değiştir</a>]</span></h2><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: square; margin-top: 0.3em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 1.5em; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; list-style-image: url(http://tr.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/monobook/bullet.gif); "><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><a href="http://persian.packhum.org/persian/main?url=pf%3Ffile%3D06901020%26ct%3D25" class="external text" title="http://persian.packhum.org/persian/main?url=pf%3Ffile%3D06901020%26ct%3D25" rel="nofollow" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(51, 102, 187); background-image: url(http://tr.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/monobook/external.png); background-repeat: no-repeat; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; background-position: 100% 50%; "><i>Niẓām al-Mulk</i></a> <span style="font-size: 0.95em; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(85, 85, 85); ">(İngilizce)</span></li></ul><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "><a name="Ayr.C4.B1ca_bak.C4.B1n.C4.B1z" id="Ayr.C4.B1ca_bak.C4.B1n.C4.B1z" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "></a></p><h2 style="color: black; background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; font-weight: normal; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); font-size: 19px; background-position: initial initial; "><span class="mw-headline">Ayrıca bakınız</span> <span class="editsection" style="float: none; margin-left: 0px; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal; ">[<a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nizam%C3%BClm%C3%BClk&action=edit&section=4" title="Değiştirilen bölüm: Ayrıca bakınız" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">değiştir</a>]</span></h2><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: square; margin-top: 0.3em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 1.5em; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; list-style-image: url(http://tr.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/monobook/bullet.gif); "><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nizamiye_Medreseleri" title="Nizamiye Medreseleri" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Nizamiye Medreseleri</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0mam_Gazali" title="İmam Gazali" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">İmam Gazali</a></li></ul><div class="boilerplate metadata" id="stub"><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font-size: 13px; color: black; background-color: transparent; "><tbody><tr><td><a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dosya:Buyuk_selcuklu_devleti.gif" class="image" title="Buyuk selcuklu devleti.gif" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/tr/2/24/Buyuk_selcuklu_devleti.gif" width="30" height="18" style="border-top-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none; border-left-style: none; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; vertical-align: middle; " /></a></td><td><i> <a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sel%C3%A7uklular" title="Selçuklular" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Selçuklularla</a> ilgili bu madde bir <a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikipedi:Madde_tasla%C4%9F%C4%B1" title="Vikipedi:Madde taslağı" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">taslaktır</a>. Maddenin içeriğini <a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nizam%C3%BClm%C3%BClk&action=edit" class="external text" title="http://tr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nizam%C3%BClm%C3%BClk&action=edit" rel="nofollow" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(51, 102, 187); background-image: url(http://tr.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/monobook/external.png); background-repeat: no-repeat; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; background-position: 100% 50%; ">geliştirerek</a> Vikipedi'ye katkıda bulunabilirsiniz.</i></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" style="border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); background-color: rgb(249, 249, 249); padding-top: 5px; padding-right: 5px; padding-bottom: 5px; padding-left: 5px; margin-top: 1em; clear: both; "><div id="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96zel:Kategoriler" title="Özel:Kategoriler" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Sayfa kategorileri</a>: <span dir="ltr"><a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kategori:Sel%C3%A7uklu_taslaklar%C4%B1" title="Kategori:Selçuklu taslakları" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Selçuklu taslakları</a></span> | <span dir="ltr"><a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kategori:1018_do%C4%9Fumlular" title="Kategori:1018 doğumlular" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">1018 doğumlular</a></span> | <span dir="ltr"><a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kategori:1092_y%C4%B1l%C4%B1nda_%C3%B6lenler" title="Kategori:1092 yılında ölenler" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">1092 yılında ölenler</a></span> | <span dir="ltr"><a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kategori:B%C3%BCy%C3%BCk_Sel%C3%A7uklu_Devleti" title="Kategori:Büyük Selçuklu Devleti" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Büyük Selçuklu Devleti</a></span> | <span dir="ltr"><a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kategori:Fars_bilim_adamlar%C4%B1" title="Kategori:Fars bilim adamları" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Fars bilim adamları</a></span></div><div id="mw-normal-catlinks"><br /></div><div id="mw-normal-catlinks"><h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading" style="color: black; background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; font-weight: normal; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2em; background-position: initial initial; ">Nizam al-Mulk</h1><div id="bodyContent"><h3 id="siteSub" style="color: black; background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; font-weight: normal; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.3em; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-width: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-color: initial; font-size: 12px; display: inline; background-position: initial initial; ">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</h3><div id="contentSub" style="font-size: 11px; line-height: 1.2em; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 1.4em; margin-left: 1em; color: rgb(125, 125, 125); width: auto; "></div><dl style="margin-top: 0.2em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; "><dd style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-left: 2em; margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><i>For info about rulers of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyderabad_state" title="Hyderabad state" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Hyderabad state</a>, see the page <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nizam" title="Nizam" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Nizam state of Hyderabad</a>.</i></dd></dl><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "><b>Abu Ali al-Hasan al-Tusi Nizam al-Mulk</b> (خواجه نظامالملک طوسی in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Persian</a>; 1018 – <span class="mw-formatted-date" title="1092-10-14"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/October_14" title="October 14" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">14 October</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1092" title="1092" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">1092</a></span>) was a celebrated <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persians" title="Persians" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Persian</a><sup id="cite_ref-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nizam_al-Mulk#cite_note-0" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; "><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nizam_al-Mulk#cite_note-1" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; "><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup> scholar and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vizier" title="Vizier" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">vizier</a> of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seljuqs" title="Seljuqs" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Seljuq Empire</a>. He was also for a short time the sole ruler of the Seljuk Empire.</p><table id="toc" class="toc" summary="Contents" style="font-size: 12px; color: black; background-color: rgb(249, 249, 249); border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); padding-top: 5px; padding-right: 5px; padding-bottom: 5px; padding-left: 5px; margin-top: 0.5em; "><tbody><tr><td><div id="toctitle" style="text-align: center; "><h2 style="color: black; background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; font-weight: bold; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 12px; display: inline; border-top-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-left-style: none; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; padding-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Contents</h2> <span class="toctoggle" style="font-size: 11px; ">[<a id="togglelink" class="internal" href="javascript:toggleToc()" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">hide</a>]</span></div><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: none; margin-top: 0.3em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; list-style-image: none; text-align: left; "><li class="toclevel-1" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nizam_al-Mulk#His_life" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">His life</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nizam_al-Mulk#References" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nizam_al-Mulk#See_also" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nizam_al-Mulk#External_links" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li></ul></td></tr></tbody></table><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "><a name="His_life" id="His_life" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "></a></p><h2 style="color: black; background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; font-weight: normal; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); font-size: 19px; background-position: initial initial; "><span class="editsection" style="float: right; margin-left: 5px; font-size: 13px; ">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nizam_al-Mulk&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: His life" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline">His life</span></h2><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">Born in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tus" title="Tus" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(90, 54, 150); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Tus</a> in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran" title="Iran" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Persia (Iran)</a>, and initially serving the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghaznavid_Empire" title="Ghaznavid Empire" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Ghaznavid</a> sultans, Nizam ul-Mulk became chief administrator of the entire <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Khorasan" title="Greater Khorasan" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(90, 54, 150); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Khorasan</a> province by 1059 AD.</p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">From 1063, he served the Seljuks as vizier and remained in that position throughout the reigns of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alp_Arslan" title="Alp Arslan" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Alp Arslan</a> (1063-1072) and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malik_Shah_I" title="Malik Shah I" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Malik Shah I</a> (1072-1092). He left a great impact on organization of the Seljuk governmental bodies and hence the title Nizam al-Mulk which translates as "the order of state". He was pivotal figure who bridged the political gap between both the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbasids" title="Abbasids" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Abbasids</a> and the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seljuks" title="Seljuks" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Seljuks</a> against their various rivals such as the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatamids" title="Fatamids" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Fatamids</a> and the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buyids" title="Buyids" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Buyids</a>.</p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">Aside from his extraordinary influence as vizier with full authority, he is also well-known for systematically founding a number of schools of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Higher_education" title="Higher education" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">higher education</a> in several cities, the famous<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nizamiyyah" title="Nizamiyyah" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Nizamiyyah</a> schools, which were named after him. In many aspects, these schools turned out to be the predecessors and models of universities that were established in Europe.</p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">Nizam ul-Mulk is also widely known for his voluminous treatise on kingship titled <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siyasatnama" title="Siyasatnama" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Siyasatnama</a></i> (The Book of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government" title="Government" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Government</a>). He also wrote a book titled <i>Dastur al-Wuzarā</i>, written for his son<i>Abolfath Fakhr-ol-Malek</i>, which is not dissimilar to the famous book of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qabus_nama" title="Qabus nama" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Qabus nama</a>.</p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">Nizam ul-Mulk was assassinated en route from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isfahan_(city)" title="Isfahan (city)" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Isfahan</a> to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Baghdad</a> on the 10th of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramadhan" title="Ramadhan" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Ramadhan</a> of 1092 AD. The mainstream literature says he was stabbed by the dagger of a member of the<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assassins_(sect)" title="Assassins (sect)" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Assassins</a> (<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hashshashin" title="Hashshashin" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Hashshashin</a></i>) sent by the notorious <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hassan-i_Sabah" title="Hassan-i Sabah" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Hassan-i Sabah</a> near <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nahavand" title="Nahavand" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Nahavand</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran" title="Iran" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Persia</a>, as he was being carried on his <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litter_(vehicle)" title="Litter (vehicle)" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">litter</a>. The killer approached him disguised as a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dervish" title="Dervish" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">dervish</a>.</p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">This account is particularly interesting in light of a possibly apocryphal story recounted by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jorge_Luis_Borges" title="Jorge Luis Borges" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Jorge Luis Borges</a>. In this story a pact is formed between a young Nizam ul-Mulk (at that time known as Abdul Khassem) and his two friends, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omar_Khayyam" title="Omar Khayyam" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Omar Khayyam</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hassan-i-Sabah" title="Hassan-i-Sabah" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Hassan-i-Sabah</a>. Their agreement stated that if one should rise to prominence, that they would help the other two to do likewise. Nizam ul-Mulk was the first to do this when he was appointed vizier to the sultan <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alp_Arslan" title="Alp Arslan" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Alp Arslan</a>. To fulfil the pact he offered both friends positions of rank within the court. Omar refused the offer, asking instead to be given the means to continue his studies indefinitely. This Nizam did, as well as building him an observatory. Although Hassan, unlike Omar, decided to accept the appointment offered to him, he was forced to flee after plotting to dispose Nizam as vizier. Subsequently, Hassan came upon and conquered the fortress of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alamut" title="Alamut" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Alamut</a>, from where he established the Assassins.</p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">Another report says he was killed in secret by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malik_Shah_I" title="Malik Shah I" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Malik Shah I</a> in an internal power struggle. Consequently, his murder was avenged by the vizier's loyal academics of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nizamiyyah" title="Nizamiyyah" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Nizamiyyah</a>, by assassinating the Sultan<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nizam_al-Mulk#cite_note-2" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; "><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup> . The account is disputed and remains a controversy because of the long history of friendship between <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malik_Shah_I" title="Malik Shah I" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Malik Shah I</a> and Nizam.</p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">Another report says that he was assassinated with <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malik_Shah_I" title="Malik Shah I" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Malik Shah I</a> in the same year, after a debate between Sunni and Shea scholars which was prepared by him by the orders of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malik_Shah_I" title="Malik Shah I" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Malik Shah I</a> and which resulted in converting him and the king to the Shea ideology. The story is reported by the son-in-law of Nizam al-Mulk, Muqatil bin Atiyyah who attended the debate.</p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">It is highly unlikely that 72-year-old Nizam al-Mulk a powerful Grand Vizier upholding orthodox Islam would adopt the Shea ideology.</p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "><a name="References" id="References" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "></a></p><h2 style="color: black; background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; font-weight: normal; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); font-size: 19px; background-position: initial initial; "><span class="editsection" style="float: right; margin-left: 5px; font-size: 13px; ">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nizam_al-Mulk&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: References" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline">References</span></h2><ol class="references" style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-top: 0.3em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 3.2em; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; list-style-image: none; "><li id="cite_note-0" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nizam_al-Mulk#cite_ref-0" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">^</a></b> Gustave E. Von Grunebaum, Katherine Watson, "Classical Islam: A History, 600 A.D. to 1258 A.D.", Translated by Katherine Watson Published by Aldine Transaction, 2005. page 155</li><li id="cite_note-1" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nizam_al-Mulk#cite_ref-1" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">^</a></b> P. M. Holt, Ann K. S. Lambton, Bernard Lewis, The Cambridge History of Islam Volume 1, Published by Cambridge University Press, 1977. p. 150</li><li id="cite_note-2" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nizam_al-Mulk#cite_ref-2" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">^</a></b> (p. 17 of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9643030083" class="internal" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">ISBN 964-303-008-3</a>)</li></ol><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "><a name="See_also" id="See_also" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "></a></p><h2 style="color: black; background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; font-weight: normal; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); font-size: 19px; background-position: initial initial; "><span class="editsection" style="float: right; margin-left: 5px; font-size: 13px; ">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nizam_al-Mulk&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: See also" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline">See also</span></h2><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: square; margin-top: 0.3em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 1.5em; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; list-style-image: url(http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/monobook/bullet.gif); "><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Iranian_scientists" title="List of Iranian scientists" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">List of Iranian scientists</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_literature" title="Persian literature" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Persian literature</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malik_Shah_I" title="Malik Shah I" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Malik Shah I</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alp_Arslan" title="Alp Arslan" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Alp Arslan</a></li></ul><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "><a name="External_links" id="External_links" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "></a></p><h2 style="color: black; background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; font-weight: normal; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); font-size: 19px; background-position: initial initial; "><span class="editsection" style="float: right; margin-left: 5px; font-size: 13px; ">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nizam_al-Mulk&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: External links" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline">External links</span></h2><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: square; margin-top: 0.3em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 1.5em; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; list-style-image: url(http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/monobook/bullet.gif); "><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><a href="http://sacred-texts.com/isl/mub/mub.htm" class="external text" title="http://sacred-texts.com/isl/mub/mub.htm" rel="nofollow" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(51, 102, 187); background-image: url(http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/monobook/external.png); background-repeat: no-repeat; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; background-position: 100% 50%; ">The story behind the assassination</a></li></ul><div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" style="border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); background-color: rgb(249, 249, 249); padding-top: 5px; padding-right: 5px; padding-bottom: 5px; padding-left: 5px; margin-top: 1em; clear: both; "><div id="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Categories" title="Special:Categories" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Categories</a>: <span dir="ltr"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:1018_births" title="Category:1018 births" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">1018 births</a></span> | <span dir="ltr"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:1092_deaths" title="Category:1092 deaths" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">1092 deaths</a></span> | <span dir="ltr"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Iranian_scientists" title="Category:Iranian scientists" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Iranian scientists</a></span> | <span dir="ltr"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:People_from_Tous" title="Category:People from Tous" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">People from Tous</a></span></div></div></div></div></div></div></span>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2905918545844906697.post-585179129240806742009-08-10T23:45:00.000+03:002009-08-10T23:56:00.497+03:00Firdevsi - Şehname<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: -webkit-sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; "><h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading" style="color: black; background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; font-weight: normal; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2em; background-position: initial initial; "> Firdevsi-i Tûsi</h1><div id="bodyContent"><h3 id="siteSub" style="color: black; background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; font-weight: normal; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.3em; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-width: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-color: initial; font-size: 13px; display: inline; font-style: italic; background-position: initial initial; ">Vikipedi, özgür ansiklopedi</h3><div id="contentSub" style="font-size: 11px; line-height: 1.2em; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 1.4em; margin-left: 1em; color: rgb(125, 125, 125); width: auto; ">(<a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Firdevsi&redirect=no" title="Firdevsi" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Firdevsi</a> sayfasından yönlendirildi)</div><div class="thumb tright" style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-top-color: white; border-right-color: white; border-bottom-color: white; border-left-color: white; width: auto; clear: right; float: right; border-top-width: 0.5em; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0.8em; border-left-width: 1.4em; "><div class="thumbinner" style="border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); padding-top: 3px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-bottom: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; background-color: rgb(249, 249, 249); font-size: 12px; text-align: center; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; width: 182px; "><a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dosya:Ferdowsi_Statue_Ferdowsi_Square_Tehran.jpg" class="image" title="Firdevsinin Tahran'daki bir heykeli" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Ferdowsi_Statue_Ferdowsi_Square_Tehran.jpg/180px-Ferdowsi_Statue_Ferdowsi_Square_Tehran.jpg" width="180" height="240" class="thumbimage" style="border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; vertical-align: middle; border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); " /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border-top-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none; border-left-style: none; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; text-align: left; line-height: 1.4em; padding-top: 3px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-bottom: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; font-size: 11px; "><div class="magnify" style="float: right; border-top-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; border-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-repeat: initial !important; background-attachment: initial !important; -webkit-background-clip: initial !important; -webkit-background-origin: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; "><a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dosya:Ferdowsi_Statue_Ferdowsi_Square_Tehran.jpg" class="internal" title="Büyüt" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none !important; background-repeat: initial !important; background-attachment: initial !important; -webkit-background-clip: initial !important; -webkit-background-origin: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; display: block; border-top-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; border-color: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; "><img src="http://tr.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" height="11" alt="" style="border-top-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; vertical-align: middle; display: block; border-width: initial !important; border-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-repeat: initial !important; background-attachment: initial !important; -webkit-background-clip: initial !important; -webkit-background-origin: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; " /></a></div>Firdevsinin Tahran'daki bir heykeli</div></div></div><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "><b>Firdevsi</b> (<a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fars%C3%A7a" title="Farsça" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Farsça</a>: <b>فردوسی</b> Ferdowsī、<a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arap%C3%A7a" title="Arapça" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Arapça</a>: <b>ابو القاسم منصود ابن حسن فردوسى طوسى</b>, <i>Abū al-Ghāsem Mansūr ebn Hasan Ferdowsī Tūsī</i>, doğum <a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/934" title="934" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">934</a>, <a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tus,_%C4%B0ran" title="Tus, İran" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(90, 54, 150); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Tus</a> - ölüm <a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/1020" title="1020" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">1020</a> <a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tus,_%C4%B0ran" title="Tus, İran" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(90, 54, 150); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Tus</a>), <a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samaniler" title="Samaniler" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Samaniler</a> ve <a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gazneliler" title="Gazneliler" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Gazneliler</a> dönemleri <a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0ran_edebiyat%C4%B1" title="İran edebiyatı" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">İran edebiyatının</a> önde gelen <a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fars" title="Fars" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Fars</a> <a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Eair" title="Şair" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">şair</a>.</p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">Başlıca yapıtı <a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Eehname" title="Şehname" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Şehnameyi</a> (60.000 <a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beyit" title="Beyit" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">beyitten</a> oluşur; ilk insandan <a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/III._Yezdigirt" title="III. Yezdigirt" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">III. Yezdigirt</a> dönemine kadar İran <a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarih" title="Tarih" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">tarihi</a> anlatır) tamamlayınca <a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/1010" title="1010" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">1010</a> yılında <a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gazneli_Mahmut" title="Gazneli Mahmut" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Gazneli Mahmut</a>'a sunan Firdevsi, bağlanan aylığı az bulduğu için sultanı ağır biçimde hicvedince, <a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gazne" title="Gazne" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Gazne</a>'den göçmek zorunda kaldı. Bir süre <a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herat" title="Herat" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Herat</a>'ta ve<a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Taberistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Taberistan (sayfa mevcut değil)" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(204, 34, 0); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Taberistan</a> emiri <a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Eehriyar" title="Şehriyar" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Şehriyar</a>'ın yanında kaldıktan sonra, Tus'a dönerek orada öldü. Firdevsi'nin soyca bir Dihkan ailesinden olduğu söylenir. Doğum yılı kesin olarak bilinmemektedir. Firdevsi Gazneli Mahmut'un fikirler aldığı bilginlerden de bir tanesidir. Firdevsi gibi bilginlere Gazneli Mahmut (maddi ve manevi) yönden destek olmuştur.</p><table id="toc" class="toc" summary="Konu başlıkları" style="font-size: 12px; color: black; background-color: rgb(249, 249, 249); border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); padding-top: 5px; padding-right: 5px; padding-bottom: 5px; padding-left: 5px; "><tbody><tr><td><div id="toctitle" style="text-align: center; "><h2 style="color: black; background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; font-weight: bold; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 12px; display: inline; border-top-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-left-style: none; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; padding-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Konu başlıkları</h2> <span class="toctoggle" style="font-size: 11px; ">[<a id="togglelink" class="internal" href="javascript:toggleToc()" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">gizle</a>]</span></div><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: none; margin-top: 0.3em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; list-style-image: none; text-align: left; "><li class="toclevel-1" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firdevsi#Galeri" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Galeri</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firdevsi#Notlar" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Notlar</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firdevsi#Kaynak.C3.A7a" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Kaynakça</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firdevsi#Ayr.C4.B1ca_bak.C4.B1n.C4.B1z" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Ayrıca bakınız</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firdevsi#D.C4.B1.C5.9F_ba.C4.9Flant.C4.B1lar" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Dış bağlantılar</span></a></li></ul></td></tr></tbody></table><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "><a name="Galeri" id="Galeri" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "></a></p><h2 style="color: black; background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; font-weight: normal; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); font-size: 19px; background-position: initial initial; "><span class="mw-headline">Galeri</span> <span class="editsection" style="float: none; margin-left: 0px; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal; ">[<a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Firdevsi-i_T%C3%BBsi&action=edit&section=1" title="Değiştirilen bölüm: Galeri" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">değiştir</a>]</span></h2><center><table class="gallery" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="font-size: 13px; color: black; background-color: white; border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); margin-top: 2px; margin-right: 2px; margin-bottom: 2px; margin-left: 2px; padding-top: 2px; padding-right: 2px; padding-bottom: 2px; padding-left: 2px; "><tbody><tr style="vertical-align: top; "><td style="vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(249, 249, 249); border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-top-width: 2px; border-right-width: 2px; border-bottom-width: 2px; border-left-width: 2px; border-top-color: white; border-right-color: white; border-bottom-color: white; border-left-color: white; "><div class="gallerybox" style="margin-top: 2px; margin-right: 2px; margin-bottom: 2px; margin-left: 2px; width: 155px; "><div class="thumb" style="margin-bottom: 2px; border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-top-color: white; border-right-color: white; border-bottom-color: white; border-left-color: white; width: 150px; text-align: center; border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 1px; margin-top: 2px; margin-right: 2px; margin-left: 2px; padding-top: 28px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 28px; padding-left: 0px; "><div style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; width: 120px; "><a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dosya:Ferdowsi_tomb4.jpg" class="image" title="Ferdowsi tomb4.jpg" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Ferdowsi_tomb4.jpg/120px-Ferdowsi_tomb4.jpg" width="120" height="90" style="border-top-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none; border-left-style: none; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; vertical-align: middle; " /></a></div></div><div class="gallerytext" style="overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; font-size: 12px; padding-top: 2px; padding-right: 4px; padding-bottom: 2px; padding-left: 4px; "><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">Tus şehirinde <a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firdevsi" title="Firdevsi" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(90, 54, 150); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Firdevsi</a>türbesi</p></div></div></td><td style="vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(249, 249, 249); border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-top-width: 2px; border-right-width: 2px; border-bottom-width: 2px; border-left-width: 2px; border-top-color: white; border-right-color: white; border-bottom-color: white; border-left-color: white; "><div class="gallerybox" style="margin-top: 2px; margin-right: 2px; margin-bottom: 2px; margin-left: 2px; width: 155px; "><div class="thumb" style="margin-bottom: 2px; border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-top-color: white; border-right-color: white; border-bottom-color: white; border-left-color: white; width: 150px; text-align: center; border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 1px; margin-top: 2px; margin-right: 2px; margin-left: 2px; padding-top: 28px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 28px; padding-left: 0px; "><div style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; width: 120px; "><a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dosya:Ferdowsi_tomb1.jpg" class="image" title="Ferdowsi tomb1.jpg" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Ferdowsi_tomb1.jpg/120px-Ferdowsi_tomb1.jpg" width="120" height="90" style="border-top-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none; border-left-style: none; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; vertical-align: middle; " /></a></div></div><div class="gallerytext" style="overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; font-size: 12px; padding-top: 2px; padding-right: 4px; padding-bottom: 2px; padding-left: 4px; "></div></div></td><td style="vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(249, 249, 249); border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-top-width: 2px; border-right-width: 2px; border-bottom-width: 2px; border-left-width: 2px; border-top-color: white; border-right-color: white; border-bottom-color: white; border-left-color: white; "><div class="gallerybox" style="margin-top: 2px; margin-right: 2px; margin-bottom: 2px; margin-left: 2px; width: 155px; "><div class="thumb" style="margin-bottom: 2px; border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-top-color: white; border-right-color: white; border-bottom-color: white; border-left-color: white; width: 150px; text-align: center; border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 1px; margin-top: 2px; margin-right: 2px; margin-left: 2px; padding-top: 33px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 33px; padding-left: 0px; "><div style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; width: 120px; "><a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dosya:Tus_shahnameh.jpg" class="image" title="Tus shahnameh.jpg" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Tus_shahnameh.jpg/120px-Tus_shahnameh.jpg" width="120" height="79" style="border-top-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none; border-left-style: none; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; vertical-align: middle; " /></a></div></div><div class="gallerytext" style="overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; font-size: 12px; padding-top: 2px; padding-right: 4px; padding-bottom: 2px; padding-left: 4px; "></div></div></td><td style="vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(249, 249, 249); border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-top-width: 2px; border-right-width: 2px; border-bottom-width: 2px; border-left-width: 2px; border-top-color: white; border-right-color: white; border-bottom-color: white; border-left-color: white; "><div class="gallerybox" style="margin-top: 2px; margin-right: 2px; margin-bottom: 2px; margin-left: 2px; width: 155px; "><div class="thumb" style="margin-bottom: 2px; border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-top-color: white; border-right-color: white; border-bottom-color: white; border-left-color: white; width: 150px; text-align: center; border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 1px; margin-top: 2px; margin-right: 2px; margin-left: 2px; padding-top: 28px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 28px; padding-left: 0px; "><div style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; width: 120px; "><a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dosya:Ferdowsi_tomb3.jpg" class="image" title="Ferdowsi tomb3.jpg" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Ferdowsi_tomb3.jpg/120px-Ferdowsi_tomb3.jpg" width="120" height="90" style="border-top-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none; border-left-style: none; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; vertical-align: middle; " /></a></div></div><div class="gallerytext" style="overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; font-size: 12px; padding-top: 2px; padding-right: 4px; padding-bottom: 2px; padding-left: 4px; "></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></center><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "><a name="Notlar" id="Notlar" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "></a></p><h2 style="color: black; background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; font-weight: normal; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); font-size: 19px; background-position: initial initial; "><span class="mw-headline">Notlar</span> <span class="editsection" style="float: none; margin-left: 0px; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal; ">[<a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Firdevsi-i_T%C3%BBsi&action=edit&section=2" title="Değiştirilen bölüm: Notlar" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">değiştir</a>]</span></h2><div class="references-small" style="font-size: 11px; "></div><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "><a name="Kaynak.C3.A7a" id="Kaynak.C3.A7a" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "></a></p><h2 style="color: black; background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; font-weight: normal; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); font-size: 19px; background-position: initial initial; "><span class="mw-headline">Kaynakça</span> <span class="editsection" style="float: none; margin-left: 0px; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal; ">[<a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Firdevsi-i_T%C3%BBsi&action=edit&section=3" title="Değiştirilen bölüm: Kaynakça" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">değiştir</a>]</span></h2><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "><a name="Ayr.C4.B1ca_bak.C4.B1n.C4.B1z" id="Ayr.C4.B1ca_bak.C4.B1n.C4.B1z" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "></a></p><h2 style="color: black; background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; font-weight: normal; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); font-size: 19px; background-position: initial initial; "><span class="mw-headline">Ayrıca bakınız</span> <span class="editsection" style="float: none; margin-left: 0px; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal; ">[<a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Firdevsi-i_T%C3%BBsi&action=edit&section=4" title="Değiştirilen bölüm: Ayrıca bakınız" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">değiştir</a>]</span></h2><div class="infobox sisterproject" style="border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); background-color: rgb(249, 249, 249); color: black; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 1em; padding-top: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; float: right; clear: right; width: 20em; font-size: 11px; "><div class="floatleft" style="float: left; clear: left; position: relative; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; "><a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dosya:Commons-logo.svg" class="image" title="Commons-logo.svg" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/50px-Commons-logo.svg.png" width="50" height="67" style="border-top-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none; border-left-style: none; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; vertical-align: middle; " /></a></div><div style="margin-left: 60px; ">Wikimedia Commons'ta:<div style="margin-left: 10px; "><span class="plainlinks"><a href="http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Ferdowsi?uselang=tr" class="external text" title="http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Ferdowsi?uselang=tr" rel="nofollow" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(51, 102, 187); background-image: url(http://tr.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/monobook/external.png); background-repeat: no-repeat; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; background-position: 0% 0%; "><b>Firdevsi-i Tûsi</b></a></span> ile ilgili çoklu ortam kategorisi bulunur.</div></div></div><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: square; margin-top: 0.3em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 1.5em; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; list-style-image: url(http://tr.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/monobook/bullet.gif); "><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Eehname" title="Şehname" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Şehname</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sasani_%C4%B0mparatorlu%C4%9Fu" title="Sasani İmparatorluğu" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Sasani İmparatorluğu</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Tusi" title="Al-Tusi" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(90, 54, 150); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Al-Tusi</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tus,_%C4%B0ran" title="Tus, İran" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(90, 54, 150); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Tus</a></li></ul><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "><a name="D.C4.B1.C5.9F_ba.C4.9Flant.C4.B1lar" id="D.C4.B1.C5.9F_ba.C4.9Flant.C4.B1lar" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "></a></p><h2 style="color: black; background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; font-weight: normal; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); font-size: 19px; background-position: initial initial; "><span class="mw-headline">Dış bağlantılar</span> <span class="editsection" style="float: none; margin-left: 0px; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal; ">[<a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Firdevsi-i_T%C3%BBsi&action=edit&section=5" title="Değiştirilen bölüm: Dış bağlantılar" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">değiştir</a>]</span></h2><div class="boilerplate metadata" id="stub"><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font-size: 13px; color: black; background-color: transparent; "><tbody><tr><td><a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dosya:Flag_of_Iran.svg" class="image" title="Flag of Iran.svg" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/30px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" width="30" height="17" style="border-top-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none; border-left-style: none; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; vertical-align: middle; " /></a></td><td><i> <b><a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0ran" title="İran" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">İran</a></b> ile ilgili bu madde bir <a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taslak" title="Taslak" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">taslaktır</a>. İçeriğini <a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Firdevsi-i_T%C3%BBsi&action=edit" class="external text" title="http://tr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Firdevsi-i_T%C3%BBsi&action=edit" rel="nofollow" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(51, 102, 187); background-image: url(http://tr.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/monobook/external.png); background-repeat: no-repeat; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; background-position: 100% 50%; ">geliştirerek</a> Vikipedi'ye katkıda bulunabilirsiniz</i>.</td></tr></tbody></table></div><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "><br /></p><div class="boilerplate metadata" id="stub"><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font-size: 13px; color: black; background-color: transparent; "><tbody><tr><td><a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dosya:Quill_and_ink.svg" class="image" title="Quill and ink.svg" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Quill_and_ink.svg/30px-Quill_and_ink.svg.png" width="30" height="30" style="border-top-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none; border-left-style: none; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; vertical-align: middle; " /></a></td><td><i> Bir <b><a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Eair" title="Şair" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">şair</a></b> biyografisi olan bu madde bir <a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taslak" title="Taslak" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">taslaktır</a>. İçeriğini <a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Firdevsi-i_T%C3%BBsi&action=edit" class="external text" title="http://tr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Firdevsi-i_T%C3%BBsi&action=edit" rel="nofollow" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(51, 102, 187); background-image: url(http://tr.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/monobook/external.png); background-repeat: no-repeat; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; background-position: 100% 50%; ">geliştirerek</a> Vikipedi'ye katkıda bulunabilirsiniz</i>.</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" style="border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); background-color: rgb(249, 249, 249); padding-top: 5px; padding-right: 5px; padding-bottom: 5px; padding-left: 5px; margin-top: 1em; clear: both; "><div id="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96zel:Kategoriler" title="Özel:Kategoriler" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Sayfa kategorileri</a>: <span dir="ltr"><a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kategori:%C4%B0ran_taslaklar%C4%B1" title="Kategori:İran taslakları" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">İran taslakları</a></span> | <span dir="ltr"><a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kategori:%C5%9Eair_taslaklar%C4%B1" title="Kategori:Şair taslakları" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Şair taslakları</a></span> | <span dir="ltr"><a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kategori:934_do%C4%9Fumlular" title="Kategori:934 doğumlular" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">934 doğumlular</a></span> | <span dir="ltr"><a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kategori:1020_y%C4%B1l%C4%B1nda_%C3%B6lenler" title="Kategori:1020 yılında ölenler" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">1020 yılında ölenler</a></span> | <span dir="ltr"><a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kategori:Fars_%C5%9Fairler" title="Kategori:Fars şairler" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Fars şairler</a></span></div><div id="mw-normal-catlinks"><br /></div><div id="mw-normal-catlinks"><h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading" style="color: black; background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; font-weight: normal; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2em; background-position: initial initial; ">Ferdowsi</h1><div id="bodyContent"><h3 id="siteSub" style="color: black; background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; font-weight: normal; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.3em; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-width: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-color: initial; font-size: 12px; display: inline; background-position: initial initial; ">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</h3><div id="contentSub" style="font-size: 11px; line-height: 1.2em; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 1.4em; margin-left: 1em; color: rgb(125, 125, 125); width: auto; "></div><div class="thumb tright" style="margin-bottom: 0.8em; border-top-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none; border-left-style: none; width: auto; clear: right; float: right; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; margin-top: 0.5em; margin-right: 0px; margin-left: 1.4em; background-color: white; "><div class="thumbinner" style="min-width: 100px; border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); padding-top: 3px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-bottom: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; background-color: rgb(249, 249, 249); font-size: 12px; text-align: center; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; width: 302px; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ferdowsi_tomb4.jpg" class="image" title="Tomb of Ferdowsi in Tus" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Ferdowsi_tomb4.jpg/300px-Ferdowsi_tomb4.jpg" width="300" height="225" class="thumbimage" style="border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; vertical-align: middle; border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); " /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border-top-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none; border-left-style: none; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; text-align: left; line-height: 1.4em; padding-top: 3px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-bottom: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; font-size: 11px; "><div class="magnify" style="float: right; border-top-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; border-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-repeat: initial !important; background-attachment: initial !important; -webkit-background-clip: initial !important; -webkit-background-origin: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ferdowsi_tomb4.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none !important; background-repeat: initial !important; background-attachment: initial !important; -webkit-background-clip: initial !important; -webkit-background-origin: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; display: block; border-top-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; border-color: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; "><img src="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" height="11" alt="" style="border-top-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; vertical-align: middle; display: block; border-width: initial !important; border-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-repeat: initial !important; background-attachment: initial !important; -webkit-background-clip: initial !important; -webkit-background-origin: initial !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); background-position: initial initial !important; " /></a></div>Tomb of Ferdowsi in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tus" title="Tus" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(90, 54, 150); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Tus</a></div></div></div><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "><b>Hakīm Abu'l-Qāsim Firdawsī Tūsī</b> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Persian</a>: <span lang="fa" lang="fa">حکیم ابوالقاسم فردوسی توسی</span>), more commonly transliterated as <b>Ferdowsi</b> (or <b>Firdausi</b>), (935–1020) was a highly revered <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_people" title="Persian people" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Persian</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poet" title="Poet" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">poet</a>. He was the author of the <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shahnameh" title="Shahnameh" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Shāhnāmeh</a></i>, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_epic" title="National epic" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">national epic</a> of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_people" title="Persian people" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Persian-speakers</a> and of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Iran" title="Greater Iran" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Iranian World</a>.</p><table id="toc" class="toc" summary="Contents" style="font-size: 12px; color: black; background-color: rgb(249, 249, 249); border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); padding-top: 5px; padding-right: 5px; padding-bottom: 5px; padding-left: 5px; margin-top: 0.5em; "><tbody><tr><td><div id="toctitle" style="text-align: center; "><h2 style="color: black; background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; font-weight: bold; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 12px; display: inline; border-top-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-left-style: none; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; padding-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Contents</h2> <span class="toctoggle" style="font-size: 11px; ">[<a id="togglelink" class="internal" href="javascript:toggleToc()" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">hide</a>]</span></div><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: none; margin-top: 0.3em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; list-style-image: none; text-align: left; "><li class="toclevel-1" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdowsi#Life" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Life</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdowsi#Ferdowsi_and_religion" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Ferdowsi and religion</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdowsi#Books" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Books</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdowsi#Influence" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Influence</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdowsi#References" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdowsi#See_also" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdowsi#External_links" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li></ul></td></tr></tbody></table><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "><a name="Life" id="Life" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "></a></p><h2 style="color: black; background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; font-weight: normal; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); font-size: 19px; background-position: initial initial; "><span class="editsection" style="float: right; margin-left: 5px; font-size: 13px; ">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ferdowsi&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Life" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline">Life</span></h2><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">Ferdowsi was born in 935 in a small village named Paj near <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tus" title="Tus" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(90, 54, 150); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Tus</a> in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Khorasan" title="Greater Khorasan" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(90, 54, 150); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Khorasan</a> which is situated in today's <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Razavi_Khorasan" title="Razavi Khorasan" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(90, 54, 150); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Razavi Khorasan</a> province in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran" title="Iran" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Iran</a>.</p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">The son of a wealthy land owner, his great epic, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shahnameh" title="Shahnameh" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Shāhnāmeh</a> ("The Great Book", In Persian language, Shah means king, monarch or dynast, but when it is used as a prefix, it mean "Big", "Great" or "Major".), to which he devoted more than 35 years, was originally composed for presentation to the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samanid" title="Samanid" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Samanid</a> princes of Khorasan, who were the chief instigators of the revival of Iranian cultural traditions after the Arab conquest of the seventh century.</p><div class="thumb tright" style="margin-bottom: 0.8em; border-top-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none; border-left-style: none; width: auto; clear: right; float: right; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; margin-top: 0.5em; margin-right: 0px; margin-left: 1.4em; background-color: white; "><div class="thumbinner" style="min-width: 100px; border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); padding-top: 3px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-bottom: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; background-color: rgb(249, 249, 249); font-size: 12px; text-align: center; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; width: 202px; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ferdosi.jpg" class="image" title="Front facade of the Ferdowsi's mausoleum in Toos. The tomb was made during the reign of Reza Shah Pahlavi by the national heritage association." style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/ce/Ferdosi.jpg/200px-Ferdosi.jpg" width="200" height="266" class="thumbimage" style="border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; vertical-align: middle; border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); " /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border-top-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none; border-left-style: none; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; text-align: left; line-height: 1.4em; padding-top: 3px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-bottom: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; font-size: 11px; "><div class="magnify" style="float: right; border-top-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; border-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-repeat: initial !important; background-attachment: initial !important; -webkit-background-clip: initial !important; -webkit-background-origin: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ferdosi.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none !important; background-repeat: initial !important; background-attachment: initial !important; -webkit-background-clip: initial !important; -webkit-background-origin: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; display: block; border-top-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; border-color: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; "><img src="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" height="11" alt="" style="border-top-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; vertical-align: middle; display: block; border-width: initial !important; border-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-repeat: initial !important; background-attachment: initial !important; -webkit-background-clip: initial !important; -webkit-background-origin: initial !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); background-position: initial initial !important; " /></a></div>Front facade of the Ferdowsi's mausoleum in Toos. The tomb was made during the reign of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reza_Shah_Pahlavi" title="Reza Shah Pahlavi" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Reza Shah Pahlavi</a> by the national heritage association.</div></div></div><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">When he was just 23-years old, he found a “Shāhnāmeh” written by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abu-Mansour_Almoammari&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abu-Mansour Almoammari (page does not exist)" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(204, 34, 0); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Abu-Mansour Almoammari</a>; it was not, however, in poetic form. It consisted of older versions ordered by Abu-Mansour ibn Abdol-razzagh. The discovery would be a fateful moment in the life of the poet. Ferdowsi started his composition of the Shahnameh in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samanid" title="Samanid" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Samanid</a> era in 977 A.D<sup id="cite_ref-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdowsi#cite_note-0" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; "><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup>. During Ferdowsi’s lifetime the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samanid_dynasty" title="Samanid dynasty" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Samanid dynasty</a> was conquered by the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghaznavid_Empire" title="Ghaznavid Empire" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Ghaznavid Empire</a>.</p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">After 30 years of hard work, he finished the book and two or three years after that, Ferdowsi went to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghazni" title="Ghazni" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Ghazni</a>, the Ghaznavid capital, to present it to the king. There are various stories in medieval texts describing the lack of interest shown by the new king, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultan" title="Sultan" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Sultan</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahmud_of_Ghazni" title="Mahmud of Ghazni" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Mahmud of Ghazni</a>, in Ferdowsi and his lifework. According to historians, Mahmud had promised Ferdowsi a dinar for every distich written in the Shahnameh (60,000 dinars), but later retracted and presented him with dirhams (20,000 dirhams), which were at that time much less valuable than dinars (every 100 dirhams worth 1 dinar). Some think it was the jealousy of other poets working at the king’s court that led to this treachery; the incident encouraged Ferdowsi's enemies in the court. Ferdowsi rejected the money and, by some accounts, he gave it to a poor man who sold wine. Wandering for a time in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistan" title="Sistan" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Sistan</a>and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mazandaran" title="Mazandaran" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Mazandaran</a>, he eventually returned to Tus, heartbroken and enraged.</p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">He had left behind a poem for the King, stuck to the wall of the room he had worked in for all those years. It was a long and angry poem, more like a curse, and ended with the words:</p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">"Heaven's vengeance will not forget. Shrink tyrant from my words of fire, and tremble at a poet's ire."</p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">Ferdowsi is said to have died around 1020 in poverty at the age of 85, embittered by royal neglect, though fully confident of his work’s ultimate success and fame (clearly seen especially in last verses of his book). One tradition claims Mahmud re-sent the amount promised to Ferdowsi’s village, but when the messengers reached his house, he had died a few hours earlier. The gift was then given to his daughter, since his son had died before his father at the age of 37. However, his daughter refused to receive the sum, thus making Ferdowsi’s Shahnameh immortal.</p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">Later the king ordered the money be used for repairing an inn in the way from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merv" title="Merv" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Merv</a> to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tus" title="Tus" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(90, 54, 150); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Tus</a>, named “Robat Chaheh” so that it may remain in remembrance of the poet. This inn now lies in ruins, but still exists.</p><div class="thumb tright" style="margin-bottom: 0.8em; border-top-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none; border-left-style: none; width: auto; clear: right; float: right; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; margin-top: 0.5em; margin-right: 0px; margin-left: 1.4em; background-color: white; "><div class="thumbinner" style="min-width: 100px; border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); padding-top: 3px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-bottom: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; background-color: rgb(249, 249, 249); font-size: 12px; text-align: center; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; width: 202px; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ferdowsi_tomb1.jpg" class="image" title="Ferdowsi tomb1.jpg" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Ferdowsi_tomb1.jpg/200px-Ferdowsi_tomb1.jpg" width="200" height="150" class="thumbimage" style="border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; vertical-align: middle; border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); " /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border-top-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none; border-left-style: none; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; text-align: left; line-height: 1.4em; padding-top: 3px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-bottom: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; font-size: 11px; "><div class="magnify" style="float: right; border-top-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; border-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-repeat: initial !important; background-attachment: initial !important; -webkit-background-clip: initial !important; -webkit-background-origin: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ferdowsi_tomb1.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none !important; background-repeat: initial !important; background-attachment: initial !important; -webkit-background-clip: initial !important; -webkit-background-origin: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; display: block; border-top-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; border-color: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; "><img src="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" height="11" alt="" style="border-top-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; vertical-align: middle; display: block; border-width: initial !important; border-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-repeat: initial !important; background-attachment: initial !important; -webkit-background-clip: initial !important; -webkit-background-origin: initial !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); background-position: initial initial !important; " /></a></div></div></div></div><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">Some say that Ferdowsi's daughter inherited her father's hard earned money, and she built a new and strong bridge with a beautiful stone caravanserai nearby for travellers to rest and trade and tell stories.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdowsi#cite_note-1" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; "><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup></p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">Ferdowsi was buried at the yard of his own home, where his <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mausoleum" title="Mausoleum" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">mausoleum</a> now lies. It was not until <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reza_Shah" title="Reza Shah" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Reza Shah</a> Pahlavi's rule, in 1925, that a<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mausoleum" title="Mausoleum" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">mausoleum</a> was built for the great poet.</p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "><a name="Ferdowsi_and_religion" id="Ferdowsi_and_religion" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "></a></p><h2 style="color: black; background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; font-weight: normal; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); font-size: 19px; background-position: initial initial; "><span class="editsection" style="float: right; margin-left: 5px; font-size: 13px; ">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ferdowsi&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Ferdowsi and religion" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline">Ferdowsi and religion</span></h2><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">Ferdowsi was a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shia" title="Shia" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Shia Muslim</a>, which is apparent from the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shahnameh" title="Shahnameh" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Shahnameh</a> itself and confirmed by early accounts.<sup id="cite_ref-EIr_2-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdowsi#cite_note-EIr-2" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; "><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup> To some extent, this is easily apparent from his name. Ferdowsi's <i>kunya</i>, or patronymic nickname, <i>Abu'l Qasim</i>, meaning "father of Qasim" is a popular name among Shias, who regard it with the same honor as naming sons "Muhammad" as Abu'l Qasim was one of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prophet_Muhammad" title="Prophet Muhammad" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Prophet Muhammad</a>'s nicknames, but its use is discouraged by Sunnis who base it on a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">hadith</a> where the Prophet said this name was reserved for him alone:</p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "><i>"Name [sons] by my name, but do not name [them] by my</i> Kunya <i>for I AM [ABU'L] QASIM"</i> <sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdowsi#cite_note-3" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; "><span>[</span>4<span>]</span></a></sup></p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">On the one hand, Ferdowsi was lenient as regards religion. As <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%B6ldeke" title="Nöldeke" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Nöldeke</a> remarks, Ferdowsi remembered the religion of his forbears with respect, and, at the same time, nowhere did he show any signs of a deep Islamic faith. Indeed, to the contrary, here and there are moments in the Shahnameh which, even if they were present in his sources, should not strictly have been given currency by the pen of a committed Muslim<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdowsi#cite_note-4" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; "><span>[</span>5<span>]</span></a></sup>. On the other hand, however, he also showed a prejudice in favor of his own sect (i.e. Shi'ism) and, as is apparent from the exordium to the Shahnameh, considered his own sect to be the only true Islamic one. The explanation for this contradiction lies in the fact that during the first centuries of Islam, in Persia, Shi'ism went hand in hand with the national struggle in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Khorasan" title="Greater Khorasan" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(90, 54, 150); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Khorasan</a>, or very nearly so, such that the caliphate in Baghdad and its political supporters in Persia never made any serious distinction between the "Majūs" (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoroastrians" title="Zoroastrians" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Zoroastrians</a>), "Zandīq" (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manicheans" title="Manicheans" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Manicheans</a>), "Qarmatīs" (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ismailite" title="Ismailite" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Isma'ili Shi'ism</a>), and "Rāfezīs" (Shias in general)<sup id="cite_ref-EIr_2-1" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdowsi#cite_note-EIr-2" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; "><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup></p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">While being a Shia himself, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shahnameh" title="Shahnameh" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Shahnameh</a> and its stories are secular. It tells the story of Iran's Zoroastrian past, with little influence from Islam.</p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "><a name="Books" id="Books" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "></a></p><h2 style="color: black; background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; font-weight: normal; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); font-size: 19px; background-position: initial initial; "><span class="editsection" style="float: right; margin-left: 5px; font-size: 13px; ">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ferdowsi&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Books" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline">Books</span></h2><div class="thumb tright" style="margin-bottom: 0.8em; border-top-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none; border-left-style: none; width: auto; clear: right; float: right; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; margin-top: 0.5em; margin-right: 0px; margin-left: 1.4em; background-color: white; "><div class="thumbinner" style="min-width: 100px; border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); padding-top: 3px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-bottom: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; background-color: rgb(249, 249, 249); font-size: 12px; text-align: center; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; width: 202px; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tus_shahnameh.jpg" class="image" title="Scenes from the Shāhnāmeh carved into reliefs at Tus, where Ferdowsi is buried." style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Tus_shahnameh.jpg/200px-Tus_shahnameh.jpg" width="200" height="132" class="thumbimage" style="border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; vertical-align: middle; border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); " /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border-top-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none; border-left-style: none; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; text-align: left; line-height: 1.4em; padding-top: 3px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-bottom: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; font-size: 11px; "><div class="magnify" style="float: right; border-top-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; border-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-repeat: initial !important; background-attachment: initial !important; -webkit-background-clip: initial !important; -webkit-background-origin: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tus_shahnameh.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none !important; background-repeat: initial !important; background-attachment: initial !important; -webkit-background-clip: initial !important; -webkit-background-origin: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; display: block; border-top-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; border-color: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; "><img src="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" height="11" alt="" style="border-top-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; vertical-align: middle; display: block; border-width: initial !important; border-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-repeat: initial !important; background-attachment: initial !important; -webkit-background-clip: initial !important; -webkit-background-origin: initial !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); background-position: initial initial !important; " /></a></div>Scenes from the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shahnameh" title="Shahnameh" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Shāhnāmeh</a> carved into reliefs at <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tus" title="Tus" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(90, 54, 150); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Tus</a>, where Ferdowsi is buried.</div></div></div><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">His masterpiece, the <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shahnameh" title="Shahnameh" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Shāhnāmeh</a>,</i> is the most popular and influential <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_epic" title="National epic" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">national epics</a> belonging to the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_people" title="Iranian people" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Iranian people</a> that at one time made up the greater Persian Empire, named in Prophet Zarathustra's Gatha as Airyanem Vaejah, in Shahnameh as Iran, and in Greek as Persian Empire. In this context we use "Persians" to denote what the Greeks viewed as the people of Airyanem Vaejah and the word Persia for all its territories. Thus the greatest achievement of Ferdowsi is to have all of the named fragments of the former Persian Empire, once again recite together "if there is no Iran, may my body be vanquished, and in this land and nation no one remain alive, if everyone of us dies one by one, it is better than giving our country to the enemy." If there is a single document in the Persian literature that can reunite Persia and all of its nations, it is this document.</p><div class="thumb tright" style="margin-bottom: 0.8em; border-top-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none; border-left-style: none; width: auto; clear: right; float: right; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; margin-top: 0.5em; margin-right: 0px; margin-left: 1.4em; background-color: white; "><div class="thumbinner" style="min-width: 100px; border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); padding-top: 3px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-bottom: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; background-color: rgb(249, 249, 249); font-size: 12px; text-align: center; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; width: 202px; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ferdowsi_tomb3.jpg" class="image" title="Ferdowsi tomb3.jpg" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Ferdowsi_tomb3.jpg/200px-Ferdowsi_tomb3.jpg" width="200" height="150" class="thumbimage" style="border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; vertical-align: middle; border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); " /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border-top-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none; border-left-style: none; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; text-align: left; line-height: 1.4em; padding-top: 3px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-bottom: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; font-size: 11px; "><div class="magnify" style="float: right; border-top-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; border-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-repeat: initial !important; background-attachment: initial !important; -webkit-background-clip: initial !important; -webkit-background-origin: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ferdowsi_tomb3.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none !important; background-repeat: initial !important; background-attachment: initial !important; -webkit-background-clip: initial !important; -webkit-background-origin: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; display: block; border-top-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; border-color: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; "><img src="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" height="11" alt="" style="border-top-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; vertical-align: middle; display: block; border-width: initial !important; border-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-repeat: initial !important; background-attachment: initial !important; -webkit-background-clip: initial !important; -webkit-background-origin: initial !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); background-position: initial initial !important; " /></a></div></div></div></div><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">The <i>Shāhnāmeh</i> (Book of Kings), or "The Great Book" consists of the translation of an even older <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pahlavi" title="Pahlavi" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Pahlavi</a> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Middle Persian</a>) work. It has remained exceptionally popular among Persians for over a thousand years. It tells the history of old Persia before the Arab conquest of the region. This tale, all written in poetic form and in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Darī Persian</a>, starts 7,000 years ago, narrating the story of Persian kings, Persian knights, Persian system of laws, Persian Religion, Persian victories and Persian tragedies. The main source of Ferdowsi for historical and some of the mythological events was "Khodaynama", a book which was gathered and written during the Sassanid era.</p><div class="thumb tright" style="margin-bottom: 0.8em; border-top-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none; border-left-style: none; width: auto; clear: right; float: right; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; margin-top: 0.5em; margin-right: 0px; margin-left: 1.4em; background-color: white; "><div class="thumbinner" style="min-width: 100px; border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); padding-top: 3px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-bottom: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; background-color: rgb(249, 249, 249); font-size: 12px; text-align: center; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; width: 182px; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ferdowsi_phoenixferdowsi.jpg" class="image" title="Phoenix, mythical bird of the Shahnameh" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Ferdowsi_phoenixferdowsi.jpg/180px-Ferdowsi_phoenixferdowsi.jpg" width="180" height="113" class="thumbimage" style="border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; vertical-align: middle; border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); " /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border-top-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none; border-left-style: none; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; text-align: left; line-height: 1.4em; padding-top: 3px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-bottom: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; font-size: 11px; "><div class="magnify" style="float: right; border-top-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; border-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-repeat: initial !important; background-attachment: initial !important; -webkit-background-clip: initial !important; -webkit-background-origin: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ferdowsi_phoenixferdowsi.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none !important; background-repeat: initial !important; background-attachment: initial !important; -webkit-background-clip: initial !important; -webkit-background-origin: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; display: block; border-top-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; border-color: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; "><img src="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" height="11" alt="" style="border-top-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; vertical-align: middle; display: block; border-width: initial !important; border-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-repeat: initial !important; background-attachment: initial !important; -webkit-background-clip: initial !important; -webkit-background-origin: initial !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); background-position: initial initial !important; " /></a></div><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix_(mythology)" title="Phoenix (mythology)" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Phoenix</a>, mythical bird of the<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shahnameh" title="Shahnameh" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Shahnameh</a></div></div></div><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">Illustrations, especially those of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahmoud_Farshchian" title="Mahmoud Farshchian" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Mahmoud Farshchian</a>, are historical and use the different themes for the stories.</p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">According to popular legend, Ferdowsi was commissioned by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultan" title="Sultan" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Sultan</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahmud_of_Ghazni" title="Mahmud of Ghazni" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Mahmud of Ghazni</a> to write a book about his valour and conquests. However, the poet, though dedicating the book to the King for an agreed fee of 30 horses loaded with gold coins, decided to tell the story of the Kings that had made the land of Persia into an Empire throughout the ages. This task was to take the poet some thirty years or more, during which he included the verse:</p><table class="cquote" style="font-size: 13px; color: black; background-color: transparent; margin-top: auto; margin-right: auto; margin-bottom: auto; margin-left: auto; border-collapse: collapse; border-top-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none; border-left-style: none; "><tbody><tr><td width="20" valign="top" style="color: rgb(178, 183, 242); font-size: 35px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-weight: bold; text-align: left; padding-top: 10px; padding-right: 10px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 10px; ">“</td><td valign="top" style="padding-top: 4px; padding-right: 10px; padding-bottom: 4px; padding-left: 10px; "><i>... I suffered during these thirty years, but I have revived the Iranians (Ajam) with the Persian language; I shall not die since I am alive again, as I have spread the seeds of this language ...</i></td><td width="20" valign="bottom" style="color: rgb(178, 183, 242); font-size: 36px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-weight: bold; text-align: right; padding-top: 10px; padding-right: 10px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 10px; ">”</td></tr></tbody></table><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">Upon the presentation of the Shāhnāmeh, Sultan Mahmud was furious for not being the subject of the book and finally betrayed the agreement by offering Ferdowsi thirty camels loaded with Silver; the offer was refused by the poet. Heartbroken and poor the poet returned to his home town of Tus, the Sultan eventually realising his error and the true value of the Shāhnāmeh sent the agreed fee to the poet yet, upon the arrival of the camels the Ferdowsi's coffin was being carried out through the exit gate of Tus to his grave.</p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "><a name="Influence" id="Influence" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "></a></p><h2 style="color: black; background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; font-weight: normal; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); font-size: 19px; background-position: initial initial; "><span class="editsection" style="float: right; margin-left: 5px; font-size: 13px; ">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ferdowsi&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Influence" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline">Influence</span></h2><table class="metadata plainlinks mbox-small" style="font-size: 11px; color: black; background-color: rgb(249, 249, 249); clear: right; float: right; margin-top: 4px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 4px; margin-left: 1em; width: 238px; line-height: 1.25em; border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); "><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image" style="border-top-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none; border-left-style: none; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; padding-top: 2px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 2px; padding-left: 0.9em; text-align: center; "><a href="http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Ferdowsi" title="Search Wikisource" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none !important; background-repeat: initial !important; background-attachment: initial !important; -webkit-background-clip: initial !important; -webkit-background-origin: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; padding-top: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; background-position: initial initial !important; "><img alt="Search Wikisource" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/40px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" width="40" height="42" style="border-top-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none; border-left-style: none; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; vertical-align: middle; " /></a></td><td class="mbox-text" style="border-top-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none; border-left-style: none; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; padding-top: 0.25em; padding-right: 0.9em; padding-bottom: 0.25em; padding-left: 0.9em; width: 160px; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none !important; background-repeat: initial !important; background-attachment: initial !important; -webkit-background-clip: initial !important; -webkit-background-origin: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; padding-top: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; background-position: initial initial !important; ">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article:<div style="margin-left: 10px; "><i><b><a href="http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Verse_to_Mahmud_of_Ghazni" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Verse to Mahmud of Ghazni" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(51, 102, 187); background-image: none !important; background-repeat: initial !important; background-attachment: initial !important; -webkit-background-clip: initial !important; -webkit-background-origin: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; padding-top: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; background-position: initial initial !important; ">Verse to Mahmud of Ghazni</a></b></i></div></td></tr></tbody></table><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">Ferdowsi is one of the undisputed giants of Persian literature. After Ferdowsi's <i>Shāhnāmeh</i> a number of other works similar in nature surfaced over the centuries within the cultural sphere of the Persian language. Without exception, all such works were based in style and method on Ferdowsi's<i>Shāhnāmeh</i>, but none of them could quite achieve the same degree of fame and popularity as Ferdowsi's masterpiece.</p><div class="thumb tright" style="margin-bottom: 0.8em; border-top-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none; border-left-style: none; width: auto; clear: right; float: right; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; margin-top: 0.5em; margin-right: 0px; margin-left: 1.4em; background-color: white; "><div class="thumbinner" style="min-width: 100px; border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); padding-top: 3px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-bottom: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; background-color: rgb(249, 249, 249); font-size: 12px; text-align: center; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; width: 182px; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ferdowsi_tehran.jpg" class="image" title="Monument of Ferdowsi on his memorial square in Tehran. At the feet of the poet the heroes of his epic Shahnameh: future hero Zal and bird Simurgh." style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/43/Ferdowsi_tehran.jpg/180px-Ferdowsi_tehran.jpg" width="180" height="240" class="thumbimage" style="border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; vertical-align: middle; border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); " /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border-top-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none; border-left-style: none; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; text-align: left; line-height: 1.4em; padding-top: 3px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-bottom: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; font-size: 11px; "><div class="magnify" style="float: right; border-top-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; border-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-repeat: initial !important; background-attachment: initial !important; -webkit-background-clip: initial !important; -webkit-background-origin: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ferdowsi_tehran.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none !important; background-repeat: initial !important; background-attachment: initial !important; -webkit-background-clip: initial !important; -webkit-background-origin: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; display: block; border-top-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; border-color: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; "><img src="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" height="11" alt="" style="border-top-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; vertical-align: middle; display: block; border-width: initial !important; border-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-repeat: initial !important; background-attachment: initial !important; -webkit-background-clip: initial !important; -webkit-background-origin: initial !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); background-position: initial initial !important; " /></a></div>Monument of Ferdowsi on his memorial square in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tehran" title="Tehran" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Tehran</a>. At the feet of the poet the heroes of his epic <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shahnameh" title="Shahnameh" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Shahnameh</a>: future hero <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zal" title="Zal" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Zal</a>and bird <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simurgh" title="Simurgh" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Simurgh</a>.</div></div></div><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">Ferdowsi has a unique place in Persian history because of the strides he made in reviving and regenerating the Persian language and cultural traditions. His works are cited as a crucial component in the persistence of the Persian language, as those works allowed much of the tongue to remain codified and intact. In this respect, Ferdowsi surpasses <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nezami" title="Nezami" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Nezami</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khayyam" title="Khayyam" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Khayyam</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asadi_Tusi" title="Asadi Tusi" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Asadi Tusi</a>, and other seminal Persian literary figures in his impact on Persian culture and language. Many modern Iranians see him as the father of the modern Persian language.</p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">According to the Encyclopedia Britannica:<i>The Persians regard Ferdowsi as the greatest of their poets. For nearly a thousand years they have continued to read and to listen to recitations from his masterwork, the Shah-nameh, in which the Persian national epic found its final and enduring form. Though written about 1,000 years ago, this work is as intelligible to the average, modern Iranian as the King James version of the Bible is to a modern English-speaker. The language, based as the poem is on a Pahlavi original, is pure Persian with only the slightest admixture of Arabic</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdowsi#cite_note-5" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; "><span>[</span>6<span>]</span></a></sup></p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "><a name="References" id="References" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "></a></p><h2 style="color: black; background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; font-weight: normal; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); font-size: 19px; background-position: initial initial; "><span class="editsection" style="float: right; margin-left: 5px; font-size: 13px; ">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ferdowsi&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline">References</span></h2><div class="references-small" style="font-size: 11px; "><ol class="references" style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-top: 0.3em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 3.2em; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; list-style-image: none; "><li id="cite_note-0" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdowsi#cite_ref-0" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">^</a></b> Encyclopedia Iranica, <a href="http://www.iranica.com/newsite/articles/v9f5/v9f541a.html" class="external autonumber" title="http://www.iranica.com/newsite/articles/v9f5/v9f541a.html" rel="nofollow" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(51, 102, 187); background-image: url(http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/monobook/external.png); background-repeat: no-repeat; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; background-position: 100% 50%; ">[1]</a>, Ferdowsi, Djalal Khaleghi-Motlagh</li><li id="cite_note-1" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdowsi#cite_ref-1" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">^</a></b> <a href="http://www.bl.uk/learning/cult/inside/corner/ferdowsilife/lifeferdowsi.html" class="external text" title="http://www.bl.uk/learning/cult/inside/corner/ferdowsilife/lifeferdowsi.html" rel="nofollow" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(51, 102, 187); background-image: url(http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/monobook/external.png); background-repeat: no-repeat; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; background-position: 100% 50%; ">Life of Ferdowsi</a></li><li id="cite_note-EIr-2" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; ">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdowsi#cite_ref-EIr_2-0" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "><sup style="line-height: 1em; "><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdowsi#cite_ref-EIr_2-1" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "><sup style="line-height: 1em; "><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://www.iranica.com/newsite/articles/v9f5/v9f541a.html" class="external text" title="http://www.iranica.com/newsite/articles/v9f5/v9f541a.html" rel="nofollow" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(51, 102, 187); background-image: url(http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/monobook/external.png); background-repeat: no-repeat; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; background-position: 100% 50%; ">Ferdowsi</a>, in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopaedia_Iranica" title="Encyclopaedia Iranica" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Encyclopaedia Iranica</a></li><li id="cite_note-3" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdowsi#cite_ref-3" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">^</a></b> Sahih Bukhari, Volume 4, Book 53, Number 345:</li><li id="cite_note-4" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdowsi#cite_ref-4" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">^</a></b> Nöldeke, 1920, pp. 38-39</li><li id="cite_note-5" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdowsi#cite_ref-5" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">^</a></b> "Ferdowsi." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2007. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 4 June 2007 <<a href="http://search.eb.com/eb/article-9034029" class="external free" title="http://search.eb.com/eb/article-9034029" rel="nofollow" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(51, 102, 187); background-image: url(http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/monobook/external.png); background-repeat: no-repeat; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; background-position: 100% 50%; ">http://search.eb.com/eb/article-9034029</a>></li></ol></div><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: square; margin-top: 0.3em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 1.5em; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; list-style-image: url(http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/monobook/bullet.gif); "><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; ">E.G. Browne. <i>Literary History of Persia</i>. (Four volumes, 2,256 pages, and twenty-five years in the writing). 1998. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/070070406X" class="internal" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">ISBN 0-7007-0406-X</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; ">Jan Rypka, <i>History of Iranian Literature</i>. Reidel Publishing Company. 1968 <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_Computer_Library_Center" title="Online Computer Library Center" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">OCLC</a> <a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/460598" class="external text" title="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/460598" rel="nofollow" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(51, 102, 187); background-image: url(http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/monobook/external.png); background-repeat: no-repeat; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; background-position: 100% 50%; ">460598</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9027701431" class="internal" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">ISBN 90-277-0143-1</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shirzad_Aghaee" title="Shirzad Aghaee" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Shirzad Aghaee</a>, <i>Imazh-ha-ye mehr va mah dar Shahnama-ye Ferdousi</i> (Sun and Moon in the Shahnama of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdousi" title="Ferdousi" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Ferdousi</a>, Spånga, Sweden, 1997. (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9163053691" class="internal" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">ISBN 91-630-5369-1</a>)</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shirzad_Aghaee" title="Shirzad Aghaee" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Shirzad Aghaee</a>, <i>Nam-e kasan va ja'i-ha dar Shahnama-ye Ferdousi</i>(Personalities and Places in the Shahnama of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdousi" title="Ferdousi" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Ferdousi</a>, Nyköping, Sweden, 1993. (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9163019590" class="internal" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">ISBN 91-630-1959-0</a>)</li></ul><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "><a name="See_also" id="See_also" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "></a></p><h2 style="color: black; background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; font-weight: normal; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); font-size: 19px; background-position: initial initial; "><span class="editsection" style="float: right; margin-left: 5px; font-size: 13px; ">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ferdowsi&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline">See also</span></h2><div class="infobox sisterproject" style="border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); background-color: rgb(249, 249, 249); color: black; margin-top: 0.5em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 1em; padding-top: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; float: right; clear: right; width: 20em; font-size: 11px; "><div style="float: left; "><a href="http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Hak%C4%ABm_Abol-Q%C4%81sem_Ferdows%C4%AB_T%C5%ABs%C4%AB" title="s:Hakīm Abol-Qāsem Ferdowsī Tūsī" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/50px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" width="50" height="52" style="border-top-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none; border-left-style: none; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; vertical-align: middle; " /></a></div><div style="margin-left: 60px; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Wikisource</a> has original works written by or about:<div style="margin-left: 10px; "><i><b><a href="http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Hak%C4%ABm_Abol-Q%C4%81sem_Ferdows%C4%AB_T%C5%ABs%C4%AB" class="extiw" title="s:Author:Hakīm Abol-Qāsem Ferdowsī Tūsī" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(51, 102, 187); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Ferdowsi</a></b></i></div></div></div><table class="metadata plainlinks mbox-small" style="font-size: 11px; color: black; background-color: rgb(249, 249, 249); clear: right; float: right; margin-top: 4px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 4px; margin-left: 1em; width: 238px; line-height: 1.25em; border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); "><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image" style="border-top-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none; border-left-style: none; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; padding-top: 2px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 2px; padding-left: 0.9em; text-align: center; "><a href="http://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Ferdowsi" title="Search Wikiquote" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none !important; background-repeat: initial !important; background-attachment: initial !important; -webkit-background-clip: initial !important; -webkit-background-origin: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; padding-top: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; background-position: initial initial !important; "><img alt="Search Wikiquote" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Wikiquote-logo-en.svg/40px-Wikiquote-logo-en.svg.png" width="40" height="40" style="border-top-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none; border-left-style: none; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; vertical-align: middle; " /></a></td><td class="mbox-text" style="border-top-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none; border-left-style: none; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; padding-top: 0.25em; padding-right: 0.9em; padding-bottom: 0.25em; padding-left: 0.9em; width: 160px; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikiquote" title="Wikiquote" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none !important; background-repeat: initial !important; background-attachment: initial !important; -webkit-background-clip: initial !important; -webkit-background-origin: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; padding-top: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; background-position: initial initial !important; ">Wikiquote</a> has a collection of quotations related to: <i><b><a href="http://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Ferdowsi" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Ferdowsi" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(51, 102, 187); background-image: none !important; background-repeat: initial !important; background-attachment: initial !important; -webkit-background-clip: initial !important; -webkit-background-origin: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; padding-top: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; background-position: initial initial !important; ">Ferdowsi</a></b></i></td></tr></tbody></table><table class="metadata plainlinks mbox-small" style="font-size: 11px; color: black; background-color: rgb(249, 249, 249); clear: right; float: right; margin-top: 4px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 4px; margin-left: 1em; width: 238px; line-height: 1.25em; border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); "><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image" style="border-top-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none; border-left-style: none; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; padding-top: 2px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 2px; padding-left: 0.9em; text-align: center; "><a href="http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Ferdowsi" title="Search Wikimedia Commons" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none !important; background-repeat: initial !important; background-attachment: initial !important; -webkit-background-clip: initial !important; -webkit-background-origin: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; padding-top: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; background-position: initial initial !important; "><img alt="Search Wikimedia Commons" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png" width="40" height="54" style="border-top-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none; border-left-style: none; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; vertical-align: middle; " /></a></td><td class="mbox-text" style="border-top-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none; border-left-style: none; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; padding-top: 0.25em; padding-right: 0.9em; padding-bottom: 0.25em; padding-left: 0.9em; width: 160px; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons" title="Wikimedia Commons" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none !important; background-repeat: initial !important; background-attachment: initial !important; -webkit-background-clip: initial !important; -webkit-background-origin: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; padding-top: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; background-position: initial initial !important; ">Wikimedia Commons</a> has media related to: <i><b><a href="http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Ferdowsi" class="extiw" title="commons:Special:Search/Ferdowsi" style="text-decoration: none; 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-webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Shāhnāmeh</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Persian_poets_and_authors" title="List of Persian poets and authors" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">List of Persian poets and authors</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_literature" title="Persian literature" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Persian literature</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sassanid_dynasty" title="Sassanid dynasty" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Sassanid dynasty</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranistics" title="Iranistics" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Iranistics</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mausoleums" title="List of mausoleums" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">List of mausoleums</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry_Clinton" title="Jerry Clinton" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Jerry Clinton</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Shi%27a_Muslims" title="List of Shi'a Muslims" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">List of Shi'a Muslims</a></li></ul><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "><a name="External_links" id="External_links" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "></a></p><h2 style="color: black; background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; font-weight: normal; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); font-size: 19px; background-position: initial initial; "><span class="editsection" style="float: right; margin-left: 5px; font-size: 13px; ">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ferdowsi&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: External links" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline">External links</span></h2><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: square; margin-top: 0.3em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 1.5em; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; list-style-image: url(http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/monobook/bullet.gif); "><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; ">Khosrow Nāghed, <a href="http://radiozamaaneh.com/literature/2008/08/print_post_495.html" class="external text" title="http://radiozamaaneh.com/literature/2008/08/print_post_495.html" rel="nofollow" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(51, 102, 187); background-image: url(http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/monobook/external.png); background-repeat: no-repeat; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; background-position: 100% 50%; "><i>In the Workshop of Thought and Imagination of the Master of Tūs</i> (Dar Kargāh-e Andisheh va Khiāl-e Ostād-e Tūs)</a>, in Persian, Radio Zamāneh, August 5, 2008.</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><a href="http://www.blackcatpoems.com/f/ferdowsi.html" class="external text" title="http://www.blackcatpoems.com/f/ferdowsi.html" rel="nofollow" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(51, 102, 187); background-image: url(http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/monobook/external.png); background-repeat: no-repeat; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; background-position: 100% 50%; ">Ferdowsi: Poems</a> Ferdowsi's poems in English</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; ">Iraj Bashiri, <a href="http://www.angelfire.com/rnb/bashiri/Farr/iranhistdawn.html" class="external text" title="http://www.angelfire.com/rnb/bashiri/Farr/iranhistdawn.html" rel="nofollow" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(51, 102, 187); background-image: url(http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/monobook/external.png); background-repeat: no-repeat; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; background-position: 100% 50%; ">The Shahname of Firdowsi</a></li></ul><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "><br /></p><table class="navbox" cellspacing="0" style="font-size: 11px; color: black; background-color: rgb(253, 253, 253); background-image: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); width: 1080px; margin-top: auto; margin-right: auto; margin-bottom: auto; margin-left: auto; clear: both; text-align: center; padding-top: 1px; padding-right: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-left: 1px; background-position: initial initial; "><tbody><tr><td style="padding-top: 2px; padding-right: 2px; padding-bottom: 2px; padding-left: 2px; "><table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse" id="collapsibleTable0" style="font-size: 11px; color: inherit; background-color: transparent; width: 1076px; background-image: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; "><tbody><tr><th colspan="3" class="navbox-title" style="text-align: center; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em; background-image: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: rgb(204, 204, 255); background-position: initial initial; "><span class="collapseButton" style="float: right; font-weight: normal; text-align: right; width: 6em; ">[<a id="collapseButton0" href="javascript:collapseTable(0);" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">hide</a>]</span><div style="float: left; width: 6em; text-align: left; "><div class="noprint plainlinks navbar" style="background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-weight: normal; border-top-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none; border-left-style: none; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; font-size: xx-small; background-position: initial initial; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Shahnameh" title="Template:Shahnameh" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none !important; background-repeat: initial !important; background-attachment: initial !important; -webkit-background-clip: initial !important; -webkit-background-origin: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; padding-top: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial !important; "><span title="View this template" style="border-top-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none; border-left-style: none; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; ">v</span></a> <span style="font-size: 7px; ">•</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Shahnameh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Shahnameh (page does not exist)" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(204, 34, 0); background-image: none !important; background-repeat: initial !important; background-attachment: initial !important; -webkit-background-clip: initial !important; -webkit-background-origin: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; padding-top: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial !important; "><span title="Discuss this template" style="border-top-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none; border-left-style: none; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; ">d</span></a> <span style="font-size: 7px; ">•</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Shahnameh&action=edit" class="external text" title="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Shahnameh&action=edit" rel="nofollow" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(51, 102, 187); background-image: none !important; background-repeat: initial !important; background-attachment: initial !important; -webkit-background-clip: initial !important; -webkit-background-origin: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; padding-top: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial !important; "><span title="Edit this template" style="border-top-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none; border-left-style: none; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; ">e</span></a></div></div><span class="" style="font-size: 12px; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shahnameh" title="Shahnameh" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Shahnameh of Ferdowsi</a></span></th></tr><tr style="height: 2px; "><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="text-align: center; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em; background-image: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: rgb(221, 221, 255); background-position: initial initial; "><b><span style="font-size:130%;">شاهنامه فردوسی</span></b></td></tr><tr style="height: 2px; "><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style="white-space: nowrap; text-align: right; font-weight: bold; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em; background-image: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: rgb(221, 221, 255); background-position: initial initial; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Shahnameh_characters" title="List of Shahnameh characters" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Characters</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="border-top-color: rgb(253, 253, 253); border-right-color: rgb(253, 253, 253); border-bottom-color: rgb(253, 253, 253); border-left-color: rgb(253, 253, 253); background-image: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: transparent; text-align: left; border-left-width: 2px; border-left-style: solid; width: 889px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; background-position: initial initial; "><div style="padding-top: 0em; padding-right: 0.25em; padding-bottom: 0em; padding-left: 0.25em; "><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abteen" title="Abteen" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Abteen</a></i> <span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arash_(mythology)" title="Arash (mythology)" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Arash</a></i> <span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrasiab" title="Afrasiab" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Afrāsiāb</a></i> <span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akvan#In_the_Shahnameh" title="Akvan" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Akvan-e Div</a></i> <span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahman_(hero)" title="Bahman (hero)" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Bahman</a></i> <span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahram_V" title="Bahram V" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Bahram Gour</a></i> <span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahr%C4%81m_Chobin" title="Bahrām Chobin" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Bahrām Chobin</a></i> <span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bijan_and_Manijeh" title="Bijan and Manijeh" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Bizhan</a></i> <span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bozorgmehr" title="Bozorgmehr" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Bozorgmehr</a></i> <span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Div-e_Sepid" title="Div-e Sepid" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Div-e Sepid</a></i> <span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esfandiyar" title="Esfandiyar" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Esfandiār</a></i> <span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farangis" title="Farangis" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Farangis</a></i> <span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fereydun" title="Fereydun" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Fereydun</a></i> <span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garshasp" title="Garshasp" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Garshasp</a></i> <span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garsivaz" title="Garsivaz" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Garsivaz</a></i> <span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goodarz" title="Goodarz" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Goodarz</a></i> <span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordafarid" title="Gordafarid" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Gordāfarid</a></i> <span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haoma#In_tradition_and_folklore" title="Haoma" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Haoma</a></i> <span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hooman" title="Hooman" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Hooman</a></i> <span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huma_bird" title="Huma bird" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Homa/Huma bird</a></i> <span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hushang" title="Hushang" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Hushang</a></i> <span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%AAraj" title="Īraj" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Īraj</a></i> <span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamasp" title="Jamasp" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Jamasp</a></i> <span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamshid" title="Jamshid" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Jamshid</a></i> <span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaveh" title="Kaveh" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Kāveh</a></i> <span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kay_K%C4%81vus" title="Kay Kāvus" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Kay Kāvus</a></i> <span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kai_Khosrow" title="Kai Khosrow" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Kai Khosrow</a></i> <span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kei_Qob%C3%A1d" title="Kei Qobád" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Kei Qobád</a></i> <span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiumars" title="Kiumars" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Kiumars</a></i> <span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahuy_Suri" title="Mahuy Suri" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Mahuy Suri</a></i> <span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuchehr" title="Manuchehr" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Manuchehr</a></i> <span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manijeh" title="Manijeh" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Manizheh</a></i> <span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehrab_Kaboli" title="Mehrab Kaboli" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Mehrab Kaboli</a></i> <span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nowzar" title="Nowzar" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Nowzar</a></i> <span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poshang" title="Poshang" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Pashang</a></i> <span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rakhsh" title="Rakhsh" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Rakhsh</a></i> <span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roh%C4%81m" title="Rohām" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Rohām</a></i> <span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rostam" title="Rostam" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Rostam</a></i> <span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rostam_Farrokhzad" title="Rostam Farrokhzad" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Rostam Farrokhzad</a></i> <span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudaba" title="Rudaba" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Rudābeh</a></i> <span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salm_(son_of_Fereydun)" title="Salm (son of Fereydun)" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Salm</a></i> <span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C4%81m" title="Sām" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Sām</a></i> <span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaghad" title="Shaghad" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Shaghād</a></i> <span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Si%C4%81mak" title="Siāmak" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Siāmak</a></i> <span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siy%C3%A2vash" title="Siyâvash" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Siāvash</a></i> <span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simurgh" title="Simurgh" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Simurgh</a></i> <span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sohrab" title="Sohrab" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Sohrāb</a></i> <span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudabeh" title="Sudabeh" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Sudabeh</a></i> <span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tahmineh" title="Tahmineh" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Tahmineh</a></i> <span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tahmuras" title="Tahmuras" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Tahmuras</a></i> <span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tur_(son_of_Fereydun)" title="Tur (son of Fereydun)" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Tur</a></i> <span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zal" title="Zal" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Zāl</a></i> <span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zahhak" title="Zahhak" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Zahhāk</a></i></div></td><td rowspan="5" style="width: 100px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 2px; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Qahveh_rostam.jpg" class="image" title="Qahveh rostam.jpg" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; "><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Qahveh_rostam.jpg/100px-Qahveh_rostam.jpg" width="100" height="140" style="border-top-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none; border-left-style: none; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; vertical-align: middle; " /></a></td></tr><tr style="height: 2px; "><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style="white-space: nowrap; text-align: right; font-weight: bold; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em; background-image: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: rgb(221, 221, 255); background-position: initial initial; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Places_in_Shahnameh" title="Places in Shahnameh" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Places</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="border-top-color: rgb(253, 253, 253); border-right-color: rgb(253, 253, 253); border-bottom-color: rgb(253, 253, 253); border-left-color: rgb(253, 253, 253); background-image: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: rgb(247, 247, 247); text-align: left; border-left-width: 2px; border-left-style: solid; width: 889px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; background-position: initial initial; "><div style="padding-top: 0em; padding-right: 0.25em; padding-bottom: 0em; padding-left: 0.25em; "><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hara_Berezaiti#In_later_texts" title="Hara Berezaiti" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Alborz (Hara_Berezaiti)</a></i> <span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Damavand" title="Mount Damavand" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Damavand</a></i> <span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran" title="Iran" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Irān</a></i> <span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mazandaran" title="Mazandaran" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Māzandarān</a></i> <span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samangan_Province" title="Samangan Province" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Samangān</a></i> <span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turan" title="Turan" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Turān</a></i> <span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zabulistan" title="Zabulistan" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Zābolestān</a></i> <span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabul" title="Kabul" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Kābul</a></i> <span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birjand" title="Birjand" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Birjand</a></i> <span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ark_(fortress)" title="The Ark (fortress)" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Ark of Bukhara</a></i> <span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeebad" title="Zeebad" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Zeebad</a></i> <span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kukhran#Porus_in_the_Shahnameh" title="Kukhran" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Fur of India</a></i></div></td></tr><tr style="height: 2px; "><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style="white-space: nowrap; text-align: right; font-weight: bold; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em; background-image: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: rgb(221, 221, 255); background-position: initial initial; ">See also</td><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="border-top-color: rgb(253, 253, 253); border-right-color: rgb(253, 253, 253); border-bottom-color: rgb(253, 253, 253); border-left-color: rgb(253, 253, 253); background-image: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: transparent; text-align: left; border-left-width: 2px; border-left-style: solid; width: 889px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; background-position: initial initial; "><div style="padding-top: 0em; padding-right: 0.25em; padding-bottom: 0em; padding-left: 0.25em; "><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arash" title="Arash" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Arash</a></i> <span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asadi_Tusi" title="Asadi Tusi" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Asadi Tusi</a></i> <span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayadgar-i_Zariran" title="Ayadgar-i Zariran" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Ayadgar-i Zariran</a></i> <span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darab_Nama" title="Darab Nama" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Darab Nama</a></i> <span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derafsh_Kaviani" title="Derafsh Kaviani" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Derafsh Kaviani</a></i> <span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bijan_and_Manijeh" title="Bijan and Manijeh" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Bijan and Manijeh</a></i> <span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu-Mansur_Daqiqi" title="Abu-Mansur Daqiqi" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Daqiqi</a></i> <span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jat_people_in_Sh%C4%81hn%C4%81ma" title="Jat people in Shāhnāma" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Jat people in Shāhnāma</a></i> <span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rostam_and_Sohrab" title="Rostam and Sohrab" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Rostam and Sohrab</a></i> <span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sadeh" title="Sadeh" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Sadeh</a></i> <span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kayanian_dynasty" title="Kayanian dynasty" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Kayanian</a></i> <span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cup_of_Jamshid" title="Cup of Jamshid" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Jaam-e Jam</a></i> <span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rostam_and_Sohrab_(opera)" title="Rostam and Sohrab (opera)" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Rostam and Sohrab (opera)</a></i> <span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_mythology" title="Persian mythology" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Persian mythology</a></i> <span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_Trilogy" title="Persian Trilogy" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Persian Trilogy</a></i> <span style="font-weight: bold; "> ·</span> <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vis_and_R%C4%81min" title="Vis and Rāmin" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Vis and Rāmin</a></i></div></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table><table class="navbox" cellspacing="0" style="font-size: 11px; color: black; background-color: rgb(253, 253, 253); background-image: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); width: 1080px; margin-top: -1px; margin-right: auto; margin-bottom: auto; margin-left: auto; clear: both; text-align: center; padding-top: 1px; padding-right: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-left: 1px; background-position: initial initial; "><tbody><tr><td style="padding-top: 2px; padding-right: 2px; padding-bottom: 2px; padding-left: 2px; "><table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks collapsible collapsed" id="collapsibleTable1" style="font-size: 11px; color: inherit; background-color: transparent; width: 1076px; background-image: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; "><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="navbox-title" style="text-align: center; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em; background-image: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: rgb(204, 204, 255); background-position: initial initial; "><span class="collapseButton" style="float: right; font-weight: normal; text-align: right; width: 6em; ">[<a id="collapseButton1" href="javascript:collapseTable(1);" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">hide</a>]</span><div style="float: left; width: 6em; text-align: left; "><div class="noprint plainlinks navbar" style="background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-weight: normal; border-top-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none; border-left-style: none; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; font-size: xx-small; background-position: initial initial; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Persian_literature" title="Template:Persian literature" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none !important; background-repeat: initial !important; background-attachment: initial !important; -webkit-background-clip: initial !important; -webkit-background-origin: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; padding-top: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial !important; "><span title="View this template" style="border-top-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none; border-left-style: none; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; ">v</span></a> <span style="font-size: 7px; ">•</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Persian_literature" title="Template talk:Persian literature" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none !important; background-repeat: initial !important; background-attachment: initial !important; -webkit-background-clip: initial !important; -webkit-background-origin: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; padding-top: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial !important; "><span title="Discuss this template" style="border-top-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none; border-left-style: none; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; ">d</span></a> <span style="font-size: 7px; ">•</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Persian_literature&action=edit" class="external text" title="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Persian_literature&action=edit" rel="nofollow" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(51, 102, 187); background-image: none !important; background-repeat: initial !important; background-attachment: initial !important; -webkit-background-clip: initial !important; -webkit-background-origin: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; padding-top: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial !important; "><span title="Edit this template" style="border-top-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none; border-left-style: none; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; ">e</span></a></div></div><span class="" style="font-size: 12px; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_literature" title="Persian literature" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Persian literature</a></span></th></tr><tr style="height: 2px; "><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="border-top-color: rgb(253, 253, 253); border-right-color: rgb(253, 253, 253); border-bottom-color: rgb(253, 253, 253); border-left-color: rgb(253, 253, 253); background-image: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: transparent; width: 1076px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; background-position: initial initial; "><div style="padding-top: 0em; padding-right: 0.25em; padding-bottom: 0em; padding-left: 0.25em; "></div><table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-subgroup" id="collapsibleTable2" style="font-size: 11px; color: black; background-color: rgb(253, 253, 253); background-image: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; width: 1076px; background-position: initial initial; "><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="navbox-title" style="text-align: center; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em; background-image: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: rgb(221, 221, 255); background-position: initial initial; "><span class="collapseButton" style="float: right; font-weight: normal; text-align: right; width: 6em; ">[<a id="collapseButton2" href="javascript:collapseTable(2);" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">hide</a>]</span><div style="float: left; width: 6em; text-align: left; "> </div><span class="" style="font-size: 11px; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Persian_language" title="Old Persian language" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Old</a></span></th></tr><tr style="height: 2px; "><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="border-top-color: rgb(253, 253, 253); border-right-color: rgb(253, 253, 253); border-bottom-color: rgb(253, 253, 253); border-left-color: rgb(253, 253, 253); background-image: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: transparent; width: 1076px; padding-top: 0.25em; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0.25em; padding-left: 0px; line-height: 1.4em; background-position: initial initial; "><div style="padding-top: 0em; padding-right: 0.25em; padding-bottom: 0em; padding-left: 0.25em; "><span style="white-space: nowrap; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behistun_Inscription" title="Behistun Inscription" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Behistun Inscription</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Persian_language" title="Old Persian language" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Old Persian inscriptions</a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr style="height: 2px; "><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="border-top-color: rgb(253, 253, 253); border-right-color: rgb(253, 253, 253); border-bottom-color: rgb(253, 253, 253); border-left-color: rgb(253, 253, 253); background-image: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: rgb(247, 247, 247); width: 1076px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; background-position: initial initial; "><div style="padding-top: 0em; padding-right: 0.25em; padding-bottom: 0em; padding-left: 0.25em; "></div><table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-subgroup" id="collapsibleTable3" style="font-size: 11px; color: black; background-color: rgb(253, 253, 253); background-image: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; width: 1076px; background-position: initial initial; "><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="navbox-title" style="text-align: center; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em; background-image: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: rgb(221, 221, 255); background-position: initial initial; "><span class="collapseButton" style="float: right; font-weight: normal; text-align: right; width: 6em; ">[<a id="collapseButton3" href="javascript:collapseTable(3);" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">hide</a>]</span><div style="float: left; width: 6em; text-align: left; "> </div><span class="" style="font-size: 11px; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Persian_literature" title="Middle Persian literature" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Middle</a></span></th></tr><tr style="height: 2px; "><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="border-top-color: rgb(253, 253, 253); border-right-color: rgb(253, 253, 253); border-bottom-color: rgb(253, 253, 253); border-left-color: rgb(253, 253, 253); background-image: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: transparent; width: 1076px; padding-top: 0.25em; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0.25em; padding-left: 0px; line-height: 1.4em; background-position: initial initial; "><div style="padding-top: 0em; padding-right: 0.25em; padding-bottom: 0em; padding-left: 0.25em; "><span style="white-space: nowrap; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayadgar-i_Zariran" title="Ayadgar-i Zariran" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Ayadgar-i Zariran</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denkard" title="Denkard" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Dēnkard</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamasp_Namag" title="Jamasp Namag" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Book of Jamasp</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Arda_Viraf" title="Book of Arda Viraf" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Book of Arda Viraf</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnamak-i_Artaxshir-i_Papakan" title="Karnamak-i Artaxshir-i Papakan" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Karnamak-i Artaxshir-i Papakan</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ka%27ba-ye_Zartosht#Inscription" title="Ka'ba-ye Zartosht" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Cube of Zoroaster</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shapuregan_of_Mani&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shapuregan of Mani (page does not exist)" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(204, 34, 0); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Shapuregan of Mani</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shahrestanha-ye_Eranshahr" title="Shahrestanha-ye Eranshahr" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Šahrestānīhā ī Ērānšahr</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundahishn" title="Bundahishn" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Bundahishn</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap; ">Greater <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundahishn" title="Bundahishn" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Bundahishn</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap; ">Menog-i Khrad <b>·</b></span><span style="white-space: nowrap; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamasp_Namag" title="Jamasp Namag" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Jamasp Namag</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pazand" title="Pazand" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Pazand</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap; ">Counsels of Adarbad Mahraspandan <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap; ">Dadestan-i Denig <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap; ">Zadspram <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap; ">Zand-i Vohuman Yasht <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drakht-i_Asurig" title="Drakht-i Asurig" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Drakht-i Asurig</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bahman_Yasht&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahman Yasht (page does not exist)" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(204, 34, 0); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Bahman Yasht</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shikand-gumanic_Vichar" title="Shikand-gumanic Vichar" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Shikand-gumanic Vichar</a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr style="height: 2px; "><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="border-top-color: rgb(253, 253, 253); border-right-color: rgb(253, 253, 253); border-bottom-color: rgb(253, 253, 253); border-left-color: rgb(253, 253, 253); background-image: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: transparent; width: 1076px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; background-position: initial initial; "><div style="padding-top: 0em; padding-right: 0.25em; padding-bottom: 0em; padding-left: 0.25em; "></div><table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-subgroup" id="collapsibleTable4" style="font-size: 11px; color: black; background-color: rgb(253, 253, 253); background-image: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; width: 1076px; background-position: initial initial; "><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="navbox-title" style="text-align: center; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em; background-image: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: rgb(221, 221, 255); background-position: initial initial; "><span class="collapseButton" style="float: right; font-weight: normal; text-align: right; width: 6em; ">[<a id="collapseButton4" href="javascript:collapseTable(4);" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">hide</a>]</span><div style="float: left; width: 6em; text-align: left; "> </div><span class="" style="font-size: 11px; ">Classical</span></th></tr><tr style="height: 2px; "><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="border-top-color: rgb(253, 253, 253); border-right-color: rgb(253, 253, 253); border-bottom-color: rgb(253, 253, 253); border-left-color: rgb(253, 253, 253); background-image: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: transparent; width: 1076px; padding-top: 0.25em; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0.25em; padding-left: 0px; line-height: 1.4em; background-position: initial initial; "><div style="padding-top: 0em; padding-right: 0.25em; padding-bottom: 0em; padding-left: 0.25em; "></div><table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="font-size: 11px; color: black; background-color: rgb(253, 253, 253); background-image: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; width: 1076px; background-position: initial initial; "><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-group" style="white-space: nowrap; text-align: right; font-weight: bold; padding-left: 0em; padding-right: 0em; background-image: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: rgb(230, 230, 255); background-position: initial initial; "><div style="padding-top: 0em; padding-right: 0.75em; padding-bottom: 0em; padding-left: 0.75em; ">900s–1000s</div></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="border-top-color: rgb(253, 253, 253); border-right-color: rgb(253, 253, 253); border-bottom-color: rgb(253, 253, 253); border-left-color: rgb(253, 253, 253); background-image: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: transparent; text-align: left; border-left-width: 2px; border-left-style: solid; width: 990px; padding-top: 0.25em; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0.25em; padding-left: 0px; line-height: 1.4em; background-position: initial initial; "><div style="padding-top: 0em; padding-right: 0.25em; padding-bottom: 0em; padding-left: 0.25em; "><span style="white-space: nowrap; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudaki" title="Rudaki" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Rūdakī</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu-Mansur_Daqiqi" title="Abu-Mansur Daqiqi" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Daqīqī</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap; "><strong class="selflink">Ferdowsī</strong> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shahnameh" title="Shahnameh" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Šahnāma</a>) <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Shakur_Balkhi" title="Abu Shakur Balkhi" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Abu Shakur Balkhi</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap; ">Bal'ami <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabia_Balkhi" title="Rabia Balkhi" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Rabia Balkhi</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abusaeid_Abolkheir" title="Abusaeid Abolkheir" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Abusaeid Abolkheir</a> <small>(967–1049)</small> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avicenna" title="Avicenna" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Avicenna</a> <small>(980–1037)</small> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unsuri" title="Unsuri" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Unsuri</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asjadi" title="Asjadi" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Asjadi</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kisai_Marvazi" title="Kisai Marvazi" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Kisai Marvazi</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayyuqi" title="Ayyuqi" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Ayyuqi</a></span></div></td></tr><tr style="height: 2px; "><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style="white-space: nowrap; text-align: right; font-weight: bold; padding-left: 0em; padding-right: 0em; background-image: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: rgb(230, 230, 255); background-position: initial initial; "><div style="padding-top: 0em; padding-right: 0.75em; padding-bottom: 0em; padding-left: 0.75em; ">1000s–1100s</div></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="border-top-color: rgb(253, 253, 253); border-right-color: rgb(253, 253, 253); border-bottom-color: rgb(253, 253, 253); border-left-color: rgb(253, 253, 253); background-image: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: rgb(247, 247, 247); text-align: left; border-left-width: 2px; border-left-style: solid; width: 990px; padding-top: 0.25em; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0.25em; padding-left: 0px; line-height: 1.4em; background-position: initial initial; "><div style="padding-top: 0em; padding-right: 0.25em; padding-bottom: 0em; padding-left: 0.25em; "><span style="white-space: nowrap; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baba_Taher" title="Baba Taher" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Bābā Tāher</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasir_Khusraw" title="Nasir Khusraw" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Nasir Khusraw</a> <small>(1004–1088)</small> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Ghazali" title="Al-Ghazali" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(90, 54, 150); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Al-Ghazali</a> <small>(1058–1111)</small> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khwaja_Abdullah_Ansari" title="Khwaja Abdullah Ansari" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Khwaja Abdullah Ansari</a> <small>(1006–1088)</small> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asadi_Tusi" title="Asadi Tusi" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Asadi Tusi</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatran_Tabrizi" title="Qatran Tabrizi" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Qatran Tabrizi</a> <small>(1009–1072)</small> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nizam_al-Mulk" title="Nizam al-Mulk" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Nizam al-Mulk</a> <small>(1018–1092)</small> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masud_Sa%27d_Salman" title="Masud Sa'd Salman" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Masud Sa'd Salman</a> <small>(1046–1121)</small> <b>·</b></span><span style="white-space: nowrap; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Moezi_Neyshapuri&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Moezi Neyshapuri (page does not exist)" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(204, 34, 0); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Moezi Neyshapuri</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omar_Khayy%C3%A1m" title="Omar Khayyám" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Omar <u>Kh</u>ayyām</a> <small>(1048–1131)</small> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fakhruddin_As%27ad_Gurgani" title="Fakhruddin As'ad Gurgani" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Fakhruddin As'ad Gurgani</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hujwiri" title="Hujwiri" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Hujwiri</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuchehri" title="Manuchehri" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Manuchehri</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayn-al-Quzat_Hamadani" title="Ayn-al-Quzat Hamadani" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Ayn-al-Quzat Hamadani</a> <small>(1098–1131)</small> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uthman_Mukhtari" title="Uthman Mukhtari" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Uthman Mukhtari</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu-al-Faraj_Runi" title="Abu-al-Faraj Runi" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Abu-al-Faraj Runi</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanai" title="Sanai" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Sanai</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mu%27izzi" title="Mu'izzi" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Mu'izzi</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahsati" title="Mahsati" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Mahsati Ganjavi</a></span></div></td></tr><tr style="height: 2px; "><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style="white-space: nowrap; text-align: right; font-weight: bold; padding-left: 0em; padding-right: 0em; background-image: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: rgb(230, 230, 255); background-position: initial initial; "><div style="padding-top: 0em; padding-right: 0.75em; padding-bottom: 0em; padding-left: 0.75em; ">1100s–1200s</div></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="border-top-color: rgb(253, 253, 253); border-right-color: rgb(253, 253, 253); border-bottom-color: rgb(253, 253, 253); border-left-color: rgb(253, 253, 253); background-image: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: transparent; text-align: left; border-left-width: 2px; border-left-style: solid; width: 990px; padding-top: 0.25em; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0.25em; padding-left: 0px; line-height: 1.4em; background-position: initial initial; "><div style="padding-top: 0em; padding-right: 0.25em; padding-bottom: 0em; padding-left: 0.25em; "><span style="white-space: nowrap; ">Hakim Iranshah <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suzani_Samarqandi" title="Suzani Samarqandi" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Suzani Samarqandi</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ashraf_Ghaznavi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ashraf Ghaznavi (page does not exist)" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(204, 34, 0); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Ashraf Ghaznavi</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shahab_al-Din_Suhrawardi" title="Shahab al-Din Suhrawardi" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Shahab al-Din Suhrawardi</a> <small>(1155–1191)</small> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adib_Sabir" title="Adib Sabir" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Adib Sabir</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Am%27aq" title="Am'aq" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Am'aq</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farid_al-Din_Attar" title="Farid al-Din Attar" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Attār</a> <small>(1142–<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circa" title="Circa" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">c.</a>1220)</small> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khaghani" title="Khaghani" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Khaghani</a> <small>(1120–1190)</small> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anvari" title="Anvari" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Anvari</a> <small>(1126–1189)</small> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Faramarz-e_Khodadad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Faramarz-e Khodadad (page does not exist)" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(204, 34, 0); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Faramarz-e Khodadad</a> <b>·</b></span><span style="white-space: nowrap; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nezami_Ganjavi" title="Nezami Ganjavi" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Nizāmī Ganjavi</a> <small>(1141–1209)</small> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fakhr_al-Din_al-Razi" title="Fakhr al-Din al-Razi" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Fakhr al-Din al-Razi</a> <small>(1149–1209)</small> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shams_Tabrizi" title="Shams Tabrizi" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Shams Tabrizi</a> <small>(d.1248)</small></span></div></td></tr><tr style="height: 2px; "><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style="white-space: nowrap; text-align: right; font-weight: bold; padding-left: 0em; padding-right: 0em; background-image: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: rgb(230, 230, 255); background-position: initial initial; "><div style="padding-top: 0em; padding-right: 0.75em; padding-bottom: 0em; padding-left: 0.75em; ">1200s–1300s</div></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="border-top-color: rgb(253, 253, 253); border-right-color: rgb(253, 253, 253); border-bottom-color: rgb(253, 253, 253); border-left-color: rgb(253, 253, 253); background-image: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: rgb(247, 247, 247); text-align: left; border-left-width: 2px; border-left-style: solid; width: 990px; padding-top: 0.25em; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0.25em; padding-left: 0px; line-height: 1.4em; background-position: initial initial; "><div style="padding-top: 0em; padding-right: 0.25em; padding-bottom: 0em; padding-left: 0.25em; "><span style="white-space: nowrap; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darab_Nama" title="Darab Nama" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Abu Tahir Tarsusi</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap; ">Najm al-din Razi <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awhadi_Maraghai" title="Awhadi Maraghai" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Awhadi Maraghai</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap; ">Shams al-Din Qays Razi <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baha_al-din_Walad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Baha al-din Walad (page does not exist)" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(204, 34, 0); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Baha al-din Walad</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nas%C4%ABr_al-D%C4%ABn_al-T%C5%ABs%C4%AB" title="Nasīr al-Dīn al-Tūsī" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Nasīr al-Dīn al-Tūsī</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap; ">Baba Afdal al-Din Kashani <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap; ">Fakhr al-din Araqi <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahmud_Shabistari" title="Mahmud Shabistari" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Mahmud Shabistari</a> <small>(1288–1320s)</small> <b>·</b></span><span style="white-space: nowrap; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Safina%E2%80%93yi_Tabriz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Safina–yi Tabriz (page does not exist)" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(204, 34, 0); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Abu'l Majd Tabrizi</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amir_Khusro" title="Amir Khusro" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Amīr <u>Kh</u>osrow</a> <small>(1253–1325)</small> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saadi_(poet)" title="Saadi (poet)" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Sa'adī</a> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bostan_(book)" title="Bostan (book)" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Būstān</a> /</span> <span style="white-space: nowrap; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulistan_of_Sa%27di" title="Gulistan of Sa'di" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Golestān</a>) <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahram-e-Pazhdo" title="Bahram-e-Pazhdo" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Bahram-e-Pazhdo</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zartosht_Bahram_e_Pazhdo" title="Zartosht Bahram e Pazhdo" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Zartosht Bahram e Pazhdo</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jalal_ad-Din_Muhammad_Rumi" title="Jalal ad-Din Muhammad Rumi" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Rumi</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homam_Tabrizi" title="Homam Tabrizi" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Homam Tabrizi</a> <small>(1238–1314)</small> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khwaju_Kermani" title="Khwaju Kermani" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Khwaju Kermani</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultan_Walad" title="Sultan Walad" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Sultan Walad</a></span></div></td></tr><tr style="height: 2px; "><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style="white-space: nowrap; text-align: right; font-weight: bold; padding-left: 0em; padding-right: 0em; background-image: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: rgb(230, 230, 255); background-position: initial initial; "><div style="padding-top: 0em; padding-right: 0.75em; padding-bottom: 0em; padding-left: 0.75em; ">1300s–1400s</div></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="border-top-color: rgb(253, 253, 253); border-right-color: rgb(253, 253, 253); border-bottom-color: rgb(253, 253, 253); border-left-color: rgb(253, 253, 253); background-image: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: transparent; text-align: left; border-left-width: 2px; border-left-style: solid; width: 990px; padding-top: 0.25em; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0.25em; padding-left: 0px; line-height: 1.4em; background-position: initial initial; "><div style="padding-top: 0em; padding-right: 0.25em; padding-bottom: 0em; padding-left: 0.25em; "><span style="white-space: nowrap; ">Ibn Yamin <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shah_Nimatullah" title="Shah Nimatullah" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Shah Ni'matullah Wali</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hafez" title="Hafez" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Hāfez (Dīvān)</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abu_Ali_Qalandar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abu Ali Qalandar (page does not exist)" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(204, 34, 0); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Abu Ali Qalandar</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fazlallah_Astarabadi" title="Fazlallah Astarabadi" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Fazlallah Astarabadi</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasimi" title="Nasimi" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Nasimi</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emad_al-Din_Faqih_Kemani&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Emad al-Din Faqih Kemani (page does not exist)" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(204, 34, 0); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Emad al-Din Faqih Kemani</a></span></div></td></tr><tr style="height: 2px; "><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style="white-space: nowrap; text-align: right; font-weight: bold; padding-left: 0em; padding-right: 0em; background-image: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: rgb(230, 230, 255); background-position: initial initial; "><div style="padding-top: 0em; padding-right: 0.75em; padding-bottom: 0em; padding-left: 0.75em; ">1400s–1500s</div></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="border-top-color: rgb(253, 253, 253); border-right-color: rgb(253, 253, 253); border-bottom-color: rgb(253, 253, 253); border-left-color: rgb(253, 253, 253); background-image: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: rgb(247, 247, 247); text-align: left; border-left-width: 2px; border-left-style: solid; width: 990px; padding-top: 0.25em; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0.25em; padding-left: 0px; line-height: 1.4em; background-position: initial initial; "><div style="padding-top: 0em; padding-right: 0.25em; padding-bottom: 0em; padding-left: 0.25em; "><span style="white-space: nowrap; ">Ubayd Zakani <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap; ">Salman Sawaji <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jami" title="Jami" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Jāmī</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap; ">Kamal Khujandi <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ahli_Shirzi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ahli Shirzi (page does not exist)" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(204, 34, 0); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Ahli Shirzi</a> <small>(1454–1535)</small> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuz%C3%BBl%C3%AE" title="Fuzûlî" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Fuzûlî</a> <small>(1483–1556)</small> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap; ">Baba Faghani Shirzani</span></div></td></tr><tr style="height: 2px; "><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style="white-space: nowrap; text-align: right; font-weight: bold; padding-left: 0em; padding-right: 0em; background-image: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: rgb(230, 230, 255); background-position: initial initial; "><div style="padding-top: 0em; padding-right: 0.75em; padding-bottom: 0em; padding-left: 0.75em; ">1500s–1600s</div></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="border-top-color: rgb(253, 253, 253); border-right-color: rgb(253, 253, 253); border-bottom-color: rgb(253, 253, 253); border-left-color: rgb(253, 253, 253); background-image: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: transparent; text-align: left; border-left-width: 2px; border-left-style: solid; width: 990px; padding-top: 0.25em; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0.25em; padding-left: 0px; line-height: 1.4em; background-position: initial initial; "><div style="padding-top: 0em; padding-right: 0.25em; padding-bottom: 0em; padding-left: 0.25em; "><span style="white-space: nowrap; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vahshi_Bafqi" title="Vahshi Bafqi" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Vahshi Bafqi</a> <small>(1523–1583)</small> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap; ">Urfi Shirazi</span></div></td></tr><tr style="height: 2px; "><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style="white-space: nowrap; text-align: right; font-weight: bold; padding-left: 0em; padding-right: 0em; background-image: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: rgb(230, 230, 255); background-position: initial initial; "><div style="padding-top: 0em; padding-right: 0.75em; padding-bottom: 0em; padding-left: 0.75em; ">1600s–1700s</div></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="border-top-color: rgb(253, 253, 253); border-right-color: rgb(253, 253, 253); border-bottom-color: rgb(253, 253, 253); border-left-color: rgb(253, 253, 253); background-image: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: rgb(247, 247, 247); text-align: left; border-left-width: 2px; border-left-style: solid; width: 990px; padding-top: 0.25em; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0.25em; padding-left: 0px; line-height: 1.4em; background-position: initial initial; "><div style="padding-top: 0em; padding-right: 0.25em; padding-bottom: 0em; padding-left: 0.25em; "><span style="white-space: nowrap; ">Sa'eb Tabrizi <small>(1607–1670)</small> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hazin_Lahiji" title="Hazin Lahiji" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Hazin Lāhiji</a> <small>(1692–1766)</small> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap; ">Saba Kashani <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdul-Q%C4%81dir_B%C4%93dil" title="Abdul-Qādir Bēdil" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Bidel Dehlavi</a> <small>(1642–1720)</small></span></div></td></tr><tr style="height: 2px; "><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style="white-space: nowrap; text-align: right; font-weight: bold; padding-left: 0em; padding-right: 0em; background-image: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: rgb(230, 230, 255); background-position: initial initial; "><div style="padding-top: 0em; padding-right: 0.75em; padding-bottom: 0em; padding-left: 0.75em; ">1700s–1800s</div></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="border-top-color: rgb(253, 253, 253); border-right-color: rgb(253, 253, 253); border-bottom-color: rgb(253, 253, 253); border-left-color: rgb(253, 253, 253); background-image: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: transparent; text-align: left; border-left-width: 2px; border-left-style: solid; width: 990px; padding-top: 0.25em; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0.25em; padding-left: 0px; line-height: 1.4em; background-position: initial initial; "><div style="padding-top: 0em; padding-right: 0.25em; padding-bottom: 0em; padding-left: 0.25em; "><span style="white-space: nowrap; ">Neshat Esfahani <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap; ">Forughi Bistami <small>(1798–1857)</small> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap; ">Mahmud Saba Kashani <small>(1813–1893)</small></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr style="height: 2px; "><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="border-top-color: rgb(253, 253, 253); border-right-color: rgb(253, 253, 253); border-bottom-color: rgb(253, 253, 253); border-left-color: rgb(253, 253, 253); background-image: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: rgb(247, 247, 247); width: 1076px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; background-position: initial initial; "><div style="padding-top: 0em; padding-right: 0.25em; padding-bottom: 0em; padding-left: 0.25em; "></div><table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-subgroup" id="collapsibleTable5" style="font-size: 11px; color: black; background-color: rgb(253, 253, 253); background-image: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; width: 1076px; background-position: initial initial; "><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="navbox-title" style="text-align: center; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em; background-image: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: rgb(221, 221, 255); background-position: initial initial; "><span class="collapseButton" style="float: right; font-weight: normal; text-align: right; width: 6em; ">[<a id="collapseButton5" href="javascript:collapseTable(5);" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">hide</a>]</span><div style="float: left; width: 6em; text-align: left; "> </div><span class="" style="font-size: 11px; ">Contemporary</span></th></tr><tr style="height: 2px; "><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="border-top-color: rgb(253, 253, 253); border-right-color: rgb(253, 253, 253); border-bottom-color: rgb(253, 253, 253); border-left-color: rgb(253, 253, 253); background-image: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: transparent; width: 1076px; padding-top: 0.25em; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0.25em; padding-left: 0px; line-height: 1.4em; background-position: initial initial; "><div style="padding-top: 0em; padding-right: 0.25em; padding-bottom: 0em; padding-left: 0.25em; "><span style="white-space: nowrap; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_Kasravi" title="Ahmad Kasravi" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Ahmad Kasravi</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammad-Taqi_Bahar" title="Mohammad-Taqi Bahar" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Mohammad–Taqī Bahār</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sadeq_Hedayat" title="Sadeq Hedayat" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Sādeq Hedāyat</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forough_Farrokhzad" title="Forough Farrokhzad" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Forough Farrokhzad</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_Shamlou" title="Ahmad Shamlou" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Šāmlū</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hushang_Ebtehaj" title="Hushang Ebtehaj" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Hushang Ebtehaj</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khalilullah_Khalili" title="Khalilullah Khalili" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; "><u>Kh</u>alilollāh <u>Kh</u>alilī</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sohrab_Sepehri" title="Sohrab Sepehri" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Sohrāb Sepehri</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammad_Hossein_Shahriar" title="Mohammad Hossein Shahriar" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Shahriar</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loiq_Sherali" title="Loiq Sherali" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Loiq Sherali</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Iqbal" title="Muhammad Iqbal" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Muhammad Iqbal</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parvin_E%27tesami" title="Parvin E'tesami" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Parvin E'tesami</a> <b>·</b></span><span style="white-space: nowrap; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehdi_Akhavan-Sales" title="Mehdi Akhavan-Sales" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Mehdi Akhavan-Sales</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emad_Khorasani&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Emad Khorasani (page does not exist)" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(204, 34, 0); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Emad Khorasani</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap; ">Aref Qazvini <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebrahim_Poordavood" title="Ebrahim Poordavood" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Ebrahim Poordavood</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirzadeh_Eshghi" title="Mirzadeh Eshghi" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Mirzadeh Eshghi</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allameh_Tabatabaei" title="Allameh Tabatabaei" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Allameh Tabatabaei</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Adib_Pishevari&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adib Pishevari (page does not exist)" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(204, 34, 0); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Adib Pishevari</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ashraf_Gilani&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ashraf Gilani (page does not exist)" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(204, 34, 0); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Ashraf Gilani</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javad_Nurbakhsh" title="Javad Nurbakhsh" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Javad Nurbakhsh</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Golchin_Gilani&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Golchin Gilani (page does not exist)" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(204, 34, 0); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Golchin Gilani</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gholam_Hossein_Saedi" title="Gholam Hossein Saedi" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Gholām–Hossein Sā'edi</a> <b>·</b></span><span style="white-space: nowrap; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammad-Hossein_Shahriar" title="Mohammad-Hossein Shahriar" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Mohammad-Hossein Shahriar</a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr style="height: 2px; "><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align: center; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; background-image: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: rgb(230, 230, 250); padding-top: 0.2em; padding-bottom: 0.2em; line-height: 1.2em; background-position: initial initial; ">Contemporary Persian and Classical Persian are the same language, but writers since 1900 are classified as contemporary. At one time, Persian was a common cultural language of much of the non-Arabic Islamic world. Today it is the official language of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran" title="Iran" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Iran</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Tajikistan</a> and one of the two official languages of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; ">Afghanistan</a>.</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table><div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" style="border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); background-color: rgb(249, 249, 249); padding-top: 5px; padding-right: 5px; padding-bottom: 5px; padding-left: 5px; margin-top: 1em; clear: both; "><div id="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Categories" title="Special:Categories" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Categories</a>: <span dir="ltr"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Persian_poets" title="Category:Persian poets" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Persian poets</a></span> | <span dir="ltr"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:10th-century_writers" title="Category:10th-century writers" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">10th-century writers</a></span> | <span dir="ltr"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:11th-century_writers" title="Category:11th-century writers" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">11th-century writers</a></span> | <span dir="ltr"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Medieval_poets" title="Category:Medieval poets" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Medieval poets</a></span> | <span dir="ltr"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Mausoleums" title="Category:Mausoleums" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Mausoleums</a></span> | <span dir="ltr"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:People_from_Tous" title="Category:People from Tous" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">People from Tous</a></span> | <span dir="ltr"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:People_from_Mashhad" title="Category:People from Mashhad" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">People from Mashhad</a></span> | <span dir="ltr"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:935_births" title="Category:935 births" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">935 births</a></span> | <span dir="ltr"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:1020_deaths" title="Category:1020 deaths" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">1020 deaths</a></span></div></div></div></div></div></div></span>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2905918545844906697.post-40329078788255760692009-08-10T23:38:00.000+03:002009-08-10T23:44:53.032+03:00Tus'lu bir Türk alim matematik dehası El-Cabir Ebu Musa Câbir bin Hayyam -Harran üniversitesi rektörü ve atomun gücünü tar<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: -webkit-sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; "><h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading" style="color: black; background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; font-weight: normal; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2em; background-position: initial initial; ">Ebu Musa Câbir bin Hayyam</h1><div id="bodyContent"><h3 id="siteSub" style="color: black; background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; font-weight: normal; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.3em; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-width: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-color: initial; font-size: 13px; display: inline; font-style: italic; background-position: initial initial; ">Vikipedi, özgür ansiklopedi</h3><div id="contentSub" style="font-size: 11px; line-height: 1.2em; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 1.4em; margin-left: 1em; color: rgb(125, 125, 125); width: auto; "></div><div class="thumb tright" style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-top-color: white; border-right-color: white; border-bottom-color: white; border-left-color: white; width: auto; clear: right; float: right; border-top-width: 0.5em; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0.8em; border-left-width: 1.4em; "><div class="thumbinner" style="border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); padding-top: 3px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-bottom: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; background-color: rgb(249, 249, 249); font-size: 12px; text-align: center; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; width: 182px; "><a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dosya:Jabir_ibn_Hayyan.jpg" class="image" title="Avrupa'da çizilmiş 'Geber' (15. yüzyıl)" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Jabir_ibn_Hayyan.jpg/180px-Jabir_ibn_Hayyan.jpg" width="180" height="221" class="thumbimage" style="border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; vertical-align: middle; border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); " /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border-top-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none; border-left-style: none; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; text-align: left; line-height: 1.4em; padding-top: 3px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-bottom: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; font-size: 11px; "><div class="magnify" style="float: right; border-top-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; border-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-repeat: initial !important; background-attachment: initial !important; -webkit-background-clip: initial !important; -webkit-background-origin: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; "><a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dosya:Jabir_ibn_Hayyan.jpg" class="internal" title="Büyüt" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none !important; background-repeat: initial !important; background-attachment: initial !important; -webkit-background-clip: initial !important; -webkit-background-origin: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; display: block; border-top-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; border-color: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; "><img src="http://tr.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" height="11" alt="" style="border-top-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; vertical-align: middle; display: block; border-width: initial !important; border-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-repeat: initial !important; background-attachment: initial !important; -webkit-background-clip: initial !important; -webkit-background-origin: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; " /></a></div>Avrupa'da çizilmiş 'Geber' (15. yüzyıl)</div></div></div><div class="thumb tright" style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-top-color: white; border-right-color: white; border-bottom-color: white; border-left-color: white; width: auto; clear: right; float: right; border-top-width: 0.5em; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0.8em; border-left-width: 1.4em; "><div class="thumbinner" style="border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); padding-top: 3px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-bottom: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; background-color: rgb(249, 249, 249); font-size: 12px; text-align: center; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; width: 182px; "><a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dosya:Alembic.png" class="image" title="İnbik" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Alembic.png/180px-Alembic.png" width="180" height="118" class="thumbimage" style="border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; vertical-align: middle; border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); " /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border-top-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none; border-left-style: none; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; text-align: left; line-height: 1.4em; padding-top: 3px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-bottom: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; font-size: 11px; "><div class="magnify" style="float: right; border-top-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; border-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-repeat: initial !important; background-attachment: initial !important; -webkit-background-clip: initial !important; -webkit-background-origin: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; "><a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dosya:Alembic.png" class="internal" title="Büyüt" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none !important; background-repeat: initial !important; background-attachment: initial !important; -webkit-background-clip: initial !important; -webkit-background-origin: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; display: block; border-top-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; border-color: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; "><img src="http://tr.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" height="11" alt="" style="border-top-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; vertical-align: middle; display: block; border-width: initial !important; border-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-repeat: initial !important; background-attachment: initial !important; -webkit-background-clip: initial !important; -webkit-background-origin: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; " /></a></div><a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%C4%B0nbik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="İnbik (sayfa mevcut değil)" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(204, 34, 0); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">İnbik</a></div></div></div><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "><b>Ebu Musa Câbir bin Hayyam</b> (<a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arap%C3%A7a" title="Arapça" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Arapça</a>: <b>جابر بن حيان</b> Cābir ibn Hayyān; <b>ابو موسی جابربن حیان</b> Ebu Musa Câbir bin Hayyam, <a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latince" title="Latince" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Latince</a>: Geber ya da Geberus; d. <a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/721" title="721" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">721</a> ya da <a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/722" title="722" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">722</a> <a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horasan" title="Horasan" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Horasan</a> - ö. <a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/808" title="808" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">808</a> ya da <a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/815" title="815" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">815</a> <a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kufa" title="Kufa" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Kufa</a>), <a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbasi" title="Abbasi" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Abbasi</a> döneminde yaşamış ve İslam bilimi'nin temelini atan efsanevî Türk asıllı âlimdir. <a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orta_%C3%87a%C4%9F" title="Orta Çağ" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Orta Çağ</a> <a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avrupa" title="Avrupa" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Avrupası</a>'nın <a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simya" title="Simya" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Simya</a> alanına büyük ölçüde etki etmiş ve <a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimya" title="Kimya" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Kimya</a>'nın da esasını oluşturmuştur. Günümüz dünyasında atomla ilgili ilk çalışmaların ingiliz fizikçi john dalton (1766-1844) tarafından yapıldıgı, uranyumun çekirdeğinin parçalanabileceği fikrinin de alman kimyacı Otto Hahn(1779-1868) tarafından ortaya atıldıgı fikri yaygındır. halbuki onlardan 1000 yıl önce yaşamış ve dönemin en büyük ilim merkezlerinden Harran üniversitesinde rektörlük yapmış olan Câbir bin Hayyân , maddelerin atomik yapısını gösteren tespitler yaparak , reaksiyonlarda belirli kütlelerin belirli kütlelerle reaksiyona girdiğini söylemiştir. Atom hakkında , ancak asırlar sonra anlaşılabilecek şu sözleri söylemiştir: "<b>maddenin en küçük parçası olan "el-cüz'ü la yetecezza" da yoğun bir enerji vardır. Yunan bilginlerinin söylediği gibi bunun parçalanamayacağı söylenemez. Atom parçalanabilir. Parçalanınca da öyle büyük bir güç oluşur ki bir anda Bağdat'ın altını üstüne getirebilir. Bu , Allahü tealanın kudret nişanıdır.</b>" Böylelikle görülmektedir ki, Hayyam, Dalton ve Hahn'dan yüzyıllar önce bu buluşları gerçekleştirmiştir.</p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "><a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimyager" title="Kimyager" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Kimyager</a> ve <a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eczac%C4%B1" title="Eczacı" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Eczacı</a> olan babasının oğlu olarak Horasan'da doğmuş ve <a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Yemen</a>'de okuduktan sonra Kufa'ya giderek Abbasi <a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halife" title="Halife" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">halifesi</a> <a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harun_Re%C5%9Fid" title="Harun Reşid" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Harun Reşid</a>'e saray âlimi olarak hizmet etmiştir.</p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">Kimya dışında <a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eczac%C4%B1l%C4%B1k" title="Eczacılık" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Eczacılık</a>, <a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal%C3%BCrji" title="Metalürji" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Metalürji</a>, <a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astroloji" title="Astroloji" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Astroloji</a>, <a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felsefe" title="Felsefe" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Felsefe</a>, <a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fizik" title="Fizik" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Fizik</a> ve <a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BCzik" title="Müzik" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Müzik</a> gibi geniş alanda 400 ü aşan eser bıraktığı söylenirse de ancak 20 civarında eseri bugüne kalmıştır. Bazı eserlerinin aslında öğrencileri tarafından yazıldığı anlaşılmıştır.</p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "><a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrik_asit" title="Nitrik asit" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Nitrik asit</a>, <a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidrojen_klor%C3%BCr" title="Hidrojen klorür" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Hidrojen klorür</a> ve <a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BClf%C3%BCrik_asit" title="Sülfürik asit" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Sülfürik asit</a>'in rafine ve kristalize yöntemlerini bulduğu <a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kral_suyu" title="Kral suyu" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Kral suyu</a>'nu icat ettiği ve <a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sitrik_asit" title="Sitrik asit" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Sitrik asit</a>, <a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asetik_asit" title="Asetik asit" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Asetik asit</a>, <a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tartarik_asid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tartarik asid (sayfa mevcut değil)" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(204, 34, 0); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Tartarik asid</a>'i keşfetiği düşünülmektedir. <a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%C4%B0nbik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="İnbik (sayfa mevcut değil)" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(204, 34, 0); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">İnbik</a> ( <b>الأنبيق</b> al-inbiq) geliştirmiş ve kendisinin ortaya attığı <a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baz" title="Baz" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Baz</a> kavramıyla Kimya'nın gelişmesine katkıda bulunmuştur.</p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">Kendisi o yüzyıldan atomun parçalayacağını görmüş büyük bir bilim adamıdır. Ayrıca daha sonra zehirlilerin zehirlisi olan arsenik tozunu elde eden ilk kişidir.</p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "><a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Agathodaemon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Agathodaemon (sayfa mevcut değil)" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(204, 34, 0); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Agathodaemon</a>, <a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermes-Thot" title="Hermes-Thot" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Hermes-Thot</a>, <a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pisagor" title="Pisagor" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Pisagor</a> ve <a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sokrates" title="Sokrates" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Sokrates</a>'i saydığı ve <a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eski_Yunan" title="Eski Yunan" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Eski Yunan</a>, <a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eski_M%C4%B1s%C4%B1r" title="Eski Mısır" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Eski Mısır</a> ve <a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Eiilik" title="Şiilik" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Şia</a> <a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sufizm" title="Sufizm" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Sufizminden</a> etkilendiği düşünülmektedir.</p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">Eserlerinden <a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/12._y%C3%BCzy%C4%B1l" title="12. yüzyıl" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">12. yüzyılında</a> <a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latince" title="Latince" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Latince</a>'ye çevirilmiş olan <i>Kitab al-Kimya</i> adlı eseri, Simya ve Kimya kelimelerinin kökeni olmuştur.</p><div class="boilerplate metadata" id="stub"><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font-size: 13px; color: black; background-color: transparent; "><tbody><tr><td><a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dosya:Allah-green.svg" class="image" title="Allah-green.svg" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/30px-Allah-green.svg.png" width="30" height="30" style="border-top-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none; border-left-style: none; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; vertical-align: middle; " /></a></td><td><i> <b><a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BCsl%C3%BCman" title="Müslüman" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Müslüman</a></b> ile ilgili bu madde bir <a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taslak" title="Taslak" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">taslaktır</a>. İçeriğini <a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ebu_Musa_C%C3%A2bir_bin_Hayyam&action=edit" class="external text" title="http://tr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ebu_Musa_C%C3%A2bir_bin_Hayyam&action=edit" rel="nofollow" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(51, 102, 187); background-image: url(http://tr.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/monobook/external.png); background-repeat: no-repeat; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; background-position: 100% 50%; ">geliştirerek</a> Vikipedi'ye katkıda bulunabilirsiniz.</i></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" style="border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); background-color: rgb(249, 249, 249); padding-top: 5px; padding-right: 5px; padding-bottom: 5px; padding-left: 5px; margin-top: 1em; clear: both; "><div id="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96zel:Kategoriler" title="Özel:Kategoriler" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Sayfa kategorileri</a>: <span dir="ltr"><a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kategori:M%C3%BCsl%C3%BCman_taslaklar%C4%B1" title="Kategori:Müslüman taslakları" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Müslüman taslakları</a></span> | <span dir="ltr"><a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kategori:Fars_kimyagerler" title="Kategori:Fars kimyagerler" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Fars kimyagerler</a></span> | <span dir="ltr"><a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kategori:Simyac%C4%B1lar" title="Kategori:Simyacılar" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Simyacılar</a></span></div><div id="mw-normal-catlinks"><br /></div><div id="mw-normal-catlinks"><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "><b>Geber</b> is the Latinized form of "Jabir", with the full name of <b>Abu Musa Jābir ibn Hayyān al azdi</b> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_Langauge" title="Arabic Langauge" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Arabic</a>: <b>جابر بن حيان</b>) (born c. 721 in<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tous,_Iran" title="Tous, Iran" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Tus</a>–died c. 815 in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kufa" title="Kufa" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Kufa</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-britannica.com_2-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geber#cite_note-britannica.com-2" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; "><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup> a prominent <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polymath" title="Polymath" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">polymath</a>: a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alchemy_and_chemistry_in_medieval_Islam" title="Alchemy and chemistry in medieval Islam" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">chemist and alchemist</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomy_in_medieval_Islam" title="Astronomy in medieval Islam" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">astronomer</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_astrology" title="Islamic astrology" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">astrologer</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inventions_of_the_Islamic_Golden_Age" title="Inventions of the Islamic Golden Age" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">engineer</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_in_medieval_Islam#Geology.2C_mineralogy.2C_and_paleontology" title="Geography in medieval Islam" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">geologist</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_Islamic_philosophy" title="Early Islamic philosophy" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">philosopher</a>,<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physics_in_medieval_Islam" title="Physics in medieval Islam" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">physicist</a>, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicine_in_medieval_Islam" title="Medicine in medieval Islam" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">pharmacist and physician</a>. He is considered by many to be the "<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_persons_considered_father_or_mother_of_a_scientific_field" title="List of persons considered father or mother of a scientific field" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">father</a> of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemistry" title="Chemistry" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">chemistry</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-Derewenda_3-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geber#cite_note-Derewenda-3" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; "><span>[</span>4<span>]</span></a></sup> His ethnic background is not clear;<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geber#cite_note-4" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; "><span>[</span>5<span>]</span></a></sup> although some sources state that he was an <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab" title="Arab" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Arab</a><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geber#cite_note-5" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; "><span>[</span>6<span>]</span></a></sup>, other sources introduce him as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_people" title="Persian people" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Persian</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geber#cite_note-6" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; "><span>[</span>7<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geber#cite_note-7" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; "><span>[</span>8<span>]</span></a></sup> Geber or Jabir is held to be the first practical alchemist.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geber#cite_note-8" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; "><span>[</span>9<span>]</span></a></sup></p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">As early as the tenth century, the identity of Geber appears to have been disputed.<sup id="cite_ref-Glick2005_9-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geber#cite_note-Glick2005-9" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; "><span>[</span>10<span>]</span></a></sup> Some scholars and historians have maintained that Jabir is the pen name of a group of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ismailism" title="Ismailism" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Ismaili</a> writers in the ninth and tenth centuries, and that he died—if indeed he ever lived—a century before the writings attributed to him were composed (see "The Geber Problem", below).<sup id="cite_ref-Newman1991_10-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geber#cite_note-Newman1991-10" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; "><span>[</span>11<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ede2004_11-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geber#cite_note-Ede2004-11" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; "><span>[</span>12<span>]</span></a></sup></p><table id="toc" class="toc" summary="Contents" style="font-size: 12px; color: black; background-color: rgb(249, 249, 249); border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); padding-top: 5px; padding-right: 5px; padding-bottom: 5px; padding-left: 5px; margin-top: 0.5em; "><tbody><tr><td><div id="toctitle" style="text-align: center; "><h2 style="color: black; background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; font-weight: bold; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 12px; display: inline; border-top-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-left-style: none; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; padding-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Contents</h2> <span class="toctoggle" style="font-size: 11px; ">[<a id="togglelink" class="internal" href="javascript:toggleToc()" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">hide</a>]</span></div><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: none; margin-top: 0.3em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; list-style-image: none; text-align: left; "><li class="toclevel-1" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geber#Life_and_Background" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Life and Background</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geber#Contributions" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Contributions</span></a><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: none; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 2em; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; list-style-image: none; text-align: left; "><li class="toclevel-2" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geber#Chemistry" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Chemistry</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-2" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geber#Alchemy" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Alchemy</span></a></li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geber#Legacy" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Legacy</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geber#Writings_by_Geber" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Writings by Geber</span></a><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: none; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 2em; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; list-style-image: none; text-align: left; "><li class="toclevel-2" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geber#The_Jabirian_corpus" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "><span class="tocnumber">4.1</span> <span class="toctext">The Jabirian corpus</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-2" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geber#The_Geber_corpus" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "><span class="tocnumber">4.2</span> <span class="toctext">The Geber corpus</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-2" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geber#English_Translations_of_Geber.2FJabir" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "><span class="tocnumber">4.3</span> <span class="toctext">English Translations of Geber/Jabir</span></a></li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geber#The_Geber_Problem" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">The Geber Problem</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geber#Popular_culture" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Popular culture</span></a><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: none; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 2em; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; list-style-image: none; text-align: left; "><li class="toclevel-2" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geber#Quote" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "><span class="tocnumber">6.1</span> <span class="toctext">Quote</span></a></li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geber#See_also" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geber#References" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geber#External_links" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li></ul></td></tr></tbody></table><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "><a name="Life_and_Background" id="Life_and_Background" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "></a></p><h2 style="color: black; background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; font-weight: normal; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); font-size: 19px; background-position: initial initial; "><span class="editsection" style="float: right; margin-left: 5px; font-size: 13px; ">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Geber&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Life and Background" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline">Life and Background</span></h2><div class="thumb tright" style="margin-bottom: 0.8em; border-top-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none; border-left-style: none; width: auto; clear: right; float: right; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; margin-top: 0.5em; margin-right: 0px; margin-left: 1.4em; background-color: white; "><div class="thumbinner" style="min-width: 100px; border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); padding-top: 3px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-bottom: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; background-color: rgb(249, 249, 249); font-size: 12px; text-align: center; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; width: 182px; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Geber.jpg" class="image" title="An artistic depiction of Geber" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ea/Geber.jpg/180px-Geber.jpg" width="180" height="214" class="thumbimage" style="border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; vertical-align: middle; border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); " /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border-top-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none; border-left-style: none; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; text-align: left; line-height: 1.4em; padding-top: 3px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-bottom: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; font-size: 11px; "><div class="magnify" style="float: right; border-top-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; border-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-repeat: initial !important; background-attachment: initial !important; -webkit-background-clip: initial !important; -webkit-background-origin: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Geber.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none !important; background-repeat: initial !important; background-attachment: initial !important; -webkit-background-clip: initial !important; -webkit-background-origin: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; display: block; border-top-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; border-color: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; "><img src="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" height="11" alt="" style="border-top-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; vertical-align: middle; display: block; border-width: initial !important; border-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-repeat: initial !important; background-attachment: initial !important; -webkit-background-clip: initial !important; -webkit-background-origin: initial !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); background-position: initial initial !important; " /></a></div>An artistic depiction of Geber</div></div></div><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">According to tradition, Abu Musa (sometimes Abu AbdAllah) Jabir ibn Haiyan al-Azdl (al-Tusl, al-artusl, al-Harram, al-Sufi)Also al-Kufi or al-Tartusi <sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geber#cite_note-12" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; "><span>[</span>13<span>]</span></a></sup> was an alchemist who lived mostly in the 8th century, born in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tus" title="Tus" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(90, 54, 150); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Tus</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Khorasan" title="Greater Khorasan" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(90, 54, 150); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Khorasan</a>, in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran" title="Iran" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Iran</a> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persia" title="Persia" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Persia</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-britannica.com_2-1" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geber#cite_note-britannica.com-2" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; "><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup>, then ruled by the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umayyads" title="Umayyads" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Umayyad Caliphate</a>. In some sources, he is reported to have been the son of Hayyan al-Azdi, a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharmacist" title="Pharmacist" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">pharmacist</a> of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab" title="Arab" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Arabian</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azd" title="Azd" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Azd</a> tribe who emigrated from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Yemen</a> to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kufa" title="Kufa" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Kufa</a> (in present-day <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Iraq</a>) during the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umayyad" title="Umayyad" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Umayyad</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caliphate" title="Caliphate" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Caliphate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Holmyard1997_13-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geber#cite_note-Holmyard1997-13" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; "><span>[</span>14<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hassan_14-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geber#cite_note-Hassan-14" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; "><span>[</span>15<span>]</span></a></sup> Hayyan had supported the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbasid" title="Abbasid" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Abbasid</a> revolt against the Umayyads, and was sent by them to the province of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Khorasan" title="Greater Khorasan" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(90, 54, 150); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Khorasan</a> (in present Iran) to gather support for their cause. He was eventually caught by the Ummayads and executed. His family fled to Yemen,<sup id="cite_ref-Holmyard_15-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geber#cite_note-Holmyard-15" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; "><span>[</span>16<span>]</span></a></sup> where Geber grew up and studied the Koran, mathematics and other subjects under a scholar named <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harbi_al-Himyari" title="Harbi al-Himyari" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Harbi al-Himyari</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Holmyard_15-1" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geber#cite_note-Holmyard-15" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; "><span>[</span>16<span>]</span></a></sup> Geber's father's profession may have contributed greatly to his interest in<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alchemy" title="Alchemy" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">alchemy</a>.</p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">After the Abbasids took power, Geber went back to Kufa. He began his career practicing medicine, under the patronage of a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vizir" title="Vizir" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Vizir</a> (from the Persian noble family <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barmakids" title="Barmakids" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Barmakids</a>) of Caliph <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haroun_al-Rashid" title="Haroun al-Rashid" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Haroun al-Rashid</a>.</p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">Geber may have been a student of the celebrated Islamic teacher and sixth <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imam" title="Imam" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Imam</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ja%27far_al-Sadiq" title="Ja'far al-Sadiq" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Ja'far al-Sadiq</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Glick2005_9-1" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geber#cite_note-Glick2005-9" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; "><span>[</span>10<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geber#cite_note-16" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; "><span>[</span>17<span>]</span></a></sup> His connections to the Barmakid cost him dearly in the end. When that family fell from grace in 803, Geber was placed under house arrest in Kufa, where he remained until his death.</p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "><a name="Contributions" id="Contributions" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "></a></p><h2 style="color: black; background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; font-weight: normal; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); font-size: 19px; background-position: initial initial; "><span class="editsection" style="float: right; margin-left: 5px; font-size: 13px; ">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Geber&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Contributions" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline">Contributions</span></h2><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "><a name="Chemistry" id="Chemistry" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "></a></p><h3 style="color: black; background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; font-weight: bold; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.3em; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-width: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-color: initial; font-size: 17px; background-position: initial initial; "><span class="editsection" style="float: right; margin-left: 5px; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; ">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Geber&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Chemistry" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline">Chemistry</span></h3><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">Jabir is mostly renowned for his contributions to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemistry" title="Chemistry" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">chemistry</a>. He emphasised systematic <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experiment" title="Experiment" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">experimentation</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Koningsveld_17-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geber#cite_note-Koningsveld-17" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; "><span>[</span>18<span>]</span></a></sup> and did much to free alchemy from<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superstition" title="Superstition" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">superstition</a> and turn it into a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science" title="Science" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">science</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kraus_18-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geber#cite_note-Kraus-18" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; "><span>[</span>19<span>]</span></a></sup> He is credited with the invention of over twenty types of now-basic chemical <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laboratory" title="Laboratory" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">laboratory</a> equipment,<sup id="cite_ref-Ansari_19-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geber#cite_note-Ansari-19" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; "><span>[</span>20<span>]</span></a></sup> such as the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alembic" title="Alembic" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">alembic</a><sup id="cite_ref-Durant_20-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geber#cite_note-Durant-20" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; "><span>[</span>21<span>]</span></a></sup> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retort" title="Retort" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">retort</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geber#cite_note-21" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; "><span>[</span>22<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" title="The material in the vicinity of this tag failed verification of its source citation(s) from March 2009" style="line-height: 1em; white-space: nowrap; ">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">not in citation given</a></i>]</sup> and with the discovery and description of many now-commonplace chemical substances and processes – such as the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrochloric_acid" title="Hydrochloric acid" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">hydrochloric</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitric_acid" title="Nitric acid" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">nitric</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid" title="Acid" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">acids</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distillation" title="Distillation" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">distillation</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Hassan_14-1" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geber#cite_note-Hassan-14" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; "><span>[</span>15<span>]</span></a></sup> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystallisation" title="Crystallisation" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">crystallisation</a><sup id="cite_ref-Derewenda_3-1" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geber#cite_note-Derewenda-3" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; "><span>[</span>4<span>]</span></a></sup> – that have become the foundation of today's <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemistry" title="Chemistry" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">chemistry</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_engineering" title="Chemical engineering" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">chemical engineering</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hassan_14-2" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geber#cite_note-Hassan-14" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; "><span>[</span>15<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" title="The material in the vicinity of this tag failed verification of its source citation(s) from March 2009" style="line-height: 1em; white-space: nowrap; ">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">not in citation given</a></i>]</sup> <sup id="cite_ref-meyerhoff_22-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geber#cite_note-meyerhoff-22" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; "><span>[</span>23<span>]</span></a></sup></p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">He also paved the way for most of the later Islamic alchemists, including <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Kindi" title="Al-Kindi" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">al-Kindi</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Razi" title="Al-Razi" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">al-Razi</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Tughrai" title="Al-Tughrai" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">al-Tughrai</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Iraqi" title="Al-Iraqi" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">al-Iraqi</a>, who lived in the 9th-13th centuries. His books strongly influenced the medieval European alchemists<sup id="cite_ref-meyerhoff_22-1" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geber#cite_note-meyerhoff-22" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; "><span>[</span>23<span>]</span></a></sup> and justified their search for the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosopher%27s_stone" title="Philosopher's stone" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">philosopher's stone</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geber#cite_note-23" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; "><span>[</span>24<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geber#cite_note-24" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; "><span>[</span>25<span>]</span></a></sup></p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">He clearly recognized and proclaimed the importance of experimentation. "The first essential in chemistry", he declared, "is that you should perform practical work and conduct experiments, for he who performs not practical work nor makes experiments will never attain the least degree of mastery."<sup id="cite_ref-Koningsveld_17-1" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geber#cite_note-Koningsveld-17" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; "><span>[</span>18<span>]</span></a></sup></p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">Jabir is also credited with the invention and development of a number of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_substance" title="Chemical substance" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">chemical substances</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laboratory_equipment" title="Laboratory equipment" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">instruments</a> that are still used today. He discovered <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfuric_acid" title="Sulfuric acid" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">sulfuric acid</a>, and by distilling it together with various <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt_(chemistry)" title="Salt (chemistry)" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">salts</a>, Jabir discovered <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrochloric_acid" title="Hydrochloric acid" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">hydrochloric acid</a> (from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_chloride" title="Sodium chloride" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">salt</a>) and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitric_acid" title="Nitric acid" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">nitric acid</a> (from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potassium_nitrate" title="Potassium nitrate" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">saltpeter</a>). By combining the two, he invented <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aqua_regia" title="Aqua regia" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">aqua regia</a>, one of the few substances that can dissolve <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold" title="Gold" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">gold</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hassan_14-3" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geber#cite_note-Hassan-14" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; "><span>[</span>15<span>]</span></a></sup> Besides its obvious applications to gold extraction and purification, this discovery would fuel the dreams and despair of alchemists for the next thousand years. He is also credited with the discovery of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citric_acid" title="Citric acid" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">citric acid</a> (the sour component of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lemons" title="Lemons" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">lemons</a> and other unripe fruits),<sup id="cite_ref-Derewenda_3-2" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geber#cite_note-Derewenda-3" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; "><span>[</span>4<span>]</span></a></sup> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetic_acid" title="Acetic acid" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">acetic acid</a> (from vinegar),<sup id="cite_ref-Derewenda_3-3" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geber#cite_note-Derewenda-3" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; "><span>[</span>4<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geber#cite_note-25" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; "><span>[</span>26<span>]</span></a></sup> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tartaric_acid" title="Tartaric acid" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">tartaric acid</a> (from wine-making residues).<sup id="cite_ref-Derewenda_3-4" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geber#cite_note-Derewenda-3" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; "><span>[</span>4<span>]</span></a></sup> Jabir also discovered and isolated several <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_element" title="Chemical element" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">chemical elements</a>, such as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsenic" title="Arsenic" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">arsenic</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antimony" title="Antimony" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">antimony</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bismuth" title="Bismuth" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">bismuth</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ansari_19-1" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geber#cite_note-Ansari-19" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; "><span>[</span>20<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geber#cite_note-26" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; "><span>[</span>27<span>]</span></a></sup> He was also the first to classify <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">sulfur</a> (‘the stone which burns’ that characterized the principle of combustibility) and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">mercury</a> (which contained the idealized principle of metallic properties) as 'elements'.<sup id="cite_ref-r8_27-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geber#cite_note-r8-27" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; "><span>[</span>28<span>]</span></a></sup> He was also the first to purify and isolate sulfur<sup id="cite_ref-r8_27-1" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geber#cite_note-r8-27" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; "><span>[</span>28<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hassan-Chemical_28-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geber#cite_note-Hassan-Chemical-28" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; "><span>[</span>29<span>]</span></a></sup> and mercury<sup id="cite_ref-r8_27-2" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geber#cite_note-r8-27" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; "><span>[</span>28<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Rafael_29-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geber#cite_note-Rafael-29" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; "><span>[</span>30<span>]</span></a></sup> as pure elements.</p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">Jabir <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applied_science" title="Applied science" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">applied</a> his chemical knowledge to the improvement of many manufacturing processes, such as making <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steel" title="Steel" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">steel</a> and other metals, preventing <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rust" title="Rust" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">rust</a>, engraving <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold" title="Gold" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">gold</a>, dyeing and waterproofing cloth, tanning leather, and the chemical analysis of pigments and other substances. He developed the use of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manganese_dioxide" title="Manganese dioxide" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">manganese dioxide</a> in glassmaking, to counteract the green tinge produced by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron" title="Iron" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">iron</a> — a process that is still used today. He noted that boiling <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wine" title="Wine" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">wine</a> released a flammable vapor, thus paving the way for the discovery of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethanol" title="Ethanol" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">ethanol</a> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcohol" title="Alcohol" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">alcohol</a>) by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Kindi" title="Al-Kindi" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Al-Kindi</a> and<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Razi" title="Al-Razi" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Al-Razi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hassan-Alcohol_30-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geber#cite_note-Hassan-Alcohol-30" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; "><span>[</span>31<span>]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ismail_al-Faruqi" title="Ismail al-Faruqi" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Ismail al-Faruqi</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lois_Lamya_al-Faruqi" title="Lois Lamya al-Faruqi" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Lois Lamya al-Faruqi</a>, "In response to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ja%27far_al-Sadiq" title="Ja'far al-Sadiq" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Jafar al-Sadik</a>'s wishes, [Jabir ibn Hayyan] invented a kind of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paper" title="Paper" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">paper</a> that <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fireproofing" title="Fireproofing" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">resisted fire</a>, and an <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ink" title="Ink" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">ink</a> that could be <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glow-in-the-dark" title="Glow-in-the-dark" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">read at night</a>. He invented an additive which, when applied to an <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron" title="Iron" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">iron</a> surface, inhibited <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rust" title="Rust" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">rust</a> and when applied to a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Textile" title="Textile" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">textile</a>, would make it <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterproofing" title="Waterproofing" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">water repellent</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geber#cite_note-31" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; "><span>[</span>32<span>]</span></a></sup></p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">The seeds of the modern classification of elements into <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metals" title="Metals" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">metals</a> and non-metals could be seen in his chemical nomenclature. He proposed three categories:<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geber#cite_note-32" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; "><span>[</span>33<span>]</span></a></sup></p><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: square; margin-top: 0.3em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 1.5em; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; list-style-image: url(http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/monobook/bullet.gif); "><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; ">"Spirits" which vaporise on heating, like <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsenic" title="Arsenic" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">arsenic</a> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Realgar" title="Realgar" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">realgar</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orpiment" title="Orpiment" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">orpiment</a>), <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camphor" title="Camphor" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">camphor</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">mercury</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">sulfur</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sal_ammoniac" title="Sal ammoniac" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">sal ammoniac</a>, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammonium_chloride" title="Ammonium chloride" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">ammonium chloride</a>.</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; ">"<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_metals" title="Classical metals" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Metals</a>", like <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold" title="Gold" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">gold</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver" title="Silver" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">silver</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead" title="Lead" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">lead</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tin" title="Tin" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">tin</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper" title="Copper" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">copper</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron" title="Iron" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">iron</a>, and <i>khar-sini</i>;</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; ">Non-<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malleability" title="Malleability" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">malleable</a> substances, that can be converted into <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powder_(substance)" title="Powder (substance)" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">powders</a>, such as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_(geology)" title="Rock (geology)" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">stones</a>.</li></ul><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">The origins of the idea of chemical <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equivalent_(chemistry)" title="Equivalent (chemistry)" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">equivalents</a> can also be traced back to Jabir, who was the first to recognize that "a certain quantity of acid is necessary in order to neutralize a given amount of base." According to Jabir, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal" title="Metal" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">metals</a> differ because of "different proportions of sulfur and mercury in them."<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geber#cite_note-33" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; "><span>[</span>34<span>]</span></a></sup></p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">In the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Middle Ages</a>, Jabir's treatises on alchemy were <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_translations_of_the_12th_century" title="Latin translations of the 12th century" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">translated into Latin</a> and became standard texts for <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe" title="Europe" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">European</a> alchemists. These include the <i>Kitab al-Kimya</i> (titled <i>Book of the Composition of Alchemy</i> in Europe), translated by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_of_Chester" title="Robert of Chester" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Robert of Chester</a> (1144); and the <i>Kitab al-Sab'een</i> by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerard_of_Cremona" title="Gerard of Cremona" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Gerard of Cremona</a> (before <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1187" title="1187" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">1187</a>). <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcelin_Berthelot" title="Marcelin Berthelot" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Marcelin Berthelot</a> translated some of his books under the fanciful titles <i>Book of the Kingdom</i>, <i>Book of the Balances</i>, and <i>Book of Eastern Mercury</i>. Several technical <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Influence_of_Arabic_on_other_languages" title="Influence of Arabic on other languages" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Arabic terms</a> introduced by Jabir, such as <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkali" title="Alkali" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">alkali</a></i>, have found their way into various European languages and have become part of scientific vocabulary.</p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "><a name="Alchemy" id="Alchemy" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "></a></p><h3 style="color: black; background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; font-weight: bold; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.3em; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-width: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-color: initial; font-size: 17px; background-position: initial initial; "><span class="editsection" style="float: right; margin-left: 5px; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; ">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Geber&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Alchemy" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline">Alchemy</span></h3><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">Geber became an alchemist at the court of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caliph" title="Caliph" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Caliph</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harun_al-Rashid" title="Harun al-Rashid" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Harun al-Rashid</a>, for whom he wrote the <i>Kitab al-Zuhra</i> ("The Book of Venus", on "the noble art of alchemy").</p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">Geber states in his <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Book_of_Stones&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Book of Stones (page does not exist)" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(204, 34, 0); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Book of Stones</a></i> (4:12) that "The purpose is to baffle and lead into error everyone except those whom God loves and provides for". His works seem to have been deliberately written in highly esoteric code (see <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steganography" title="Steganography" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">steganography</a>), so that only those who had been initiated into his alchemical school could understand them. It is therefore difficult at best for the modern reader to discern which aspects of Geber's work are to be read as symbols (and what those symbols mean), and what is to be taken literally. Because his works rarely made overt sense, the term <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibberish" title="Gibberish" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">gibberish</a> is believed to have originally referred to his writings (Hauck, p. 19).</p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">Geber's alchemical investigations ostensibly revolved around the ultimate goal of <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takwin" title="Takwin" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">takwin</a></i> — the artificial creation of life. The <i>Book of Stones</i> includes several recipes for creating creatures such as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scorpion" title="Scorpion" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">scorpions</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snake" title="Snake" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">snakes</a>, and even <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human" title="Human" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">humans</a> in a laboratory environment, which are subject to the control of their creator. What Geber meant by these recipes is today unknown.</p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">Geber's interest in alchemy was probably inspired by his teacher <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ja%27far_al-Sadiq" title="Ja'far al-Sadiq" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Ja'far al-Sadiq</a>. Ibn Hayyan was deeply religious, and repeatedly emphasizes in his works that alchemy is possible only by subjugating oneself completely to the will of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allah" title="Allah" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Allah</a> and becoming a literal instrument of Allah on <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth" title="Earth" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Earth</a>, since the manipulation of reality is possible only for Allah. The <i>Book of Stones</i>prescribes long and elaborate sequences of specific prayers that must be performed without error alone in the desert before one can even consider alchemical experimentation.</p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">In his writings, Geber pays tribute to Egyptian and Greek alchemists <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermes_Trismegistus" title="Hermes Trismegistus" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Hermes Trismegistus</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agathodaimon" title="Agathodaimon" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Agathodaimon</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pythagoras" title="Pythagoras" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Pythagoras</a>, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socrates" title="Socrates" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Socrates</a>.Geber professes to draw his inspiration from earlier writers on the subject.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geber#cite_note-34" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; "><span>[</span>35<span>]</span></a></sup> A huge pseudo-epigraphic literature of alchemical books was composed in Arabic, among which the names of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persians" title="Persians" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Persian</a> authors also appear like <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%81m%C4%81sb" title="Jāmāsb" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Jāmāsb</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostanes" title="Ostanes" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Ostanes</a>,<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mani" title="Mani" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Mani</a>, testifying that alchemy-like operations on metals and other substances were also practiced in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persia" title="Persia" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Persia</a>. The great number of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Persian</a> technical names (zaybaq = mercury, nošāder = sal-ammoniac) also corroborates the idea of an important Iranian roots of medieval alchemy.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geber#cite_note-35" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; "><span>[</span>36<span>]</span></a></sup> Ibn al-Nadim reports a dialogue between <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Aristotle</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostanes" title="Ostanes" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Ostanes</a>, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_people" title="Persian people" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Persian</a> alchemist of<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achaemenid" title="Achaemenid" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Achaemenid</a> era, which is in Jabirian corpus under the title of Kitab Musahhaha Aristutalis.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geber#cite_note-36" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; "><span>[</span>37<span>]</span></a></sup> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruska" title="Ruska" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Ruska</a> had suggested that the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sasanian" title="Sasanian" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Sasanian</a> medical schools played an important role in the spread of interest in alchemy.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geber#cite_note-37" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; "><span>[</span>38<span>]</span></a></sup> He emphasises the long history of alchemy, "whose origin is Arius ... the first man who applied the <i>first</i> experiment on the [philosopher's] stone... and he declares that man possesses the ability to imitate the workings of Nature" (Nasr, Seyyed Hussein, <i>Science and Civilization of Islam</i>).</p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">Geber's alchemical investigations were theoretically grounded in an elaborate <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numerology" title="Numerology" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">numerology</a> related to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pythagoras" title="Pythagoras" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Pythagorean</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoplatonism" title="Neoplatonism" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Neoplatonic</a> systems. The nature and properties of elements was defined through numeric values assigned the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language" title="Arabic language" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Arabic</a> consonants present in their name, ultimately culminating in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Number_17" title="Number 17" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">number 17</a>.</p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">To <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristotelian_physics" title="Aristotelian physics" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Aristotelian physics</a>, Geber added the four properties of hotness, coldness, dryness, and moistness (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Ludwig_Burkhardt" title="Johann Ludwig Burkhardt" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Burkhardt</a>, p. 29). Each <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_element" title="Classical element" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Aristotelian element</a> was characterised by these qualities: Fire was both hot and dry, earth cold and dry, water cold and moist, and air hot and moist. This came from the elementary qualities which are theoretical in nature plus substance. In metals two of these qualities were interior and two were exterior. For example, lead was cold and dry and gold was hot and moist. Thus, Geber theorised, by rearranging the qualities of one metal, based on their sulfur/mercury content, a different metal would result. (Burckhardt, p. 29) This theory appears to have originated the search for <i>al-iksir</i>, the elusive <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elixir" title="Elixir" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">elixir</a> that would make this transformation possible — which in European alchemy became known as the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosopher%27s_stone" title="Philosopher's stone" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">philosopher's stone</a>.</p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">The elemental system used in medieval <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alchemy" title="Alchemy" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">alchemy</a> was developed by Geber. His original system consisted of seven elements, which included the five <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_element" title="Classical element" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">classical elements</a> found in the ancient Greek and Indian traditions (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aether" title="Aether" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">aether</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_(classical_element)" title="Air (classical element)" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">air</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth_(classical_element)" title="Earth (classical element)" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">earth</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire_(classical_element)" title="Fire (classical element)" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">fire</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_(classical_element)" title="Water (classical element)" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">water</a>), in addition to two <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_element" title="Chemical element" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">chemical elements</a> representing the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal" title="Metal" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">metals</a>: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">sulphur</a>, ‘the stone which burns’, which characterized the principle of combustibility, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">mercury</a>, which contained the idealized principle of metallic properties. Shortly thereafter, this evolved into eight elements, with the Arabic concept of the three metallic principles: sulphur giving flammability or combustion, mercury giving volatility and stability, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt_(chemistry)" title="Salt (chemistry)" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">salt</a> giving solidity.<sup id="cite_ref-r8_27-3" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geber#cite_note-r8-27" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; "><span>[</span>28<span>]</span></a></sup></p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">Geber also made important contributions to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicine" title="Medicine" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">medicine</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrology_and_astronomy" title="Astrology and astronomy" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">astronomy/astrology</a>, and other sciences. Only a few of his books have been edited and published, and fewer still are available in translation. The crater <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geber_(crater)" title="Geber (crater)" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Geber</a> on the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moon" title="Moon" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Moon</a> is named after him.</p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">He also paved the way for most of the later Islamic alchemists, including <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Kindi" title="Al-Kindi" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">al-Kindi</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Razi" title="Al-Razi" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">al-Razi</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Tughrai" title="Al-Tughrai" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">al-Tughrai</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Iraqi" title="Al-Iraqi" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">al-Iraqi</a>, who lived in the 9th-13th centuries. His books strongly influenced the medieval European alchemists<sup id="cite_ref-meyerhoff_22-2" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geber#cite_note-meyerhoff-22" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; "><span>[</span>23<span>]</span></a></sup> and justified their search for the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosopher%27s_stone" title="Philosopher's stone" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">philosopher's stone</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geber#cite_note-38" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; "><span>[</span>39<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geber#cite_note-39" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; "><span>[</span>40<span>]</span></a></sup></p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "><a name="Legacy" id="Legacy" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "></a></p><h2 style="color: black; background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; font-weight: normal; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); font-size: 19px; background-position: initial initial; "><span class="editsection" style="float: right; margin-left: 5px; font-size: 13px; ">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Geber&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Legacy" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline">Legacy</span></h2><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">Max Meyerhoff states the following on Jabir ibn Hayyan: "His influence may be traced throughout the whole historic course of European alchemy and chemistry."<sup id="cite_ref-meyerhoff_22-3" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geber#cite_note-meyerhoff-22" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; "><span>[</span>23<span>]</span></a></sup></p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">The historian of chemistry <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_John_Holmyard" title="Eric John Holmyard" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Erick John Holmyard</a> gives credit to Geber for developing alchemy into an experimental science and he writes that Geber's importance to the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_chemistry" title="History of chemistry" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">history of chemistry</a>is equal to that of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Boyle" title="Robert Boyle" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Robert Boyle</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine_Lavoisier" title="Antoine Lavoisier" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Antoine Lavoisier</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geber#cite_note-40" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; "><span>[</span>41<span>]</span></a></sup></p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">The historian Paul Kraus, who had studied most of Geber's extant works in Arabic and Latin, summarized the importance of Geber to the history of chemistry by comparing his experimental and systematic works in chemistry with that of the allegorical and unintelligble works of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">ancient Greek</a> alchemists. <sup id="cite_ref-Kraus_18-1" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geber#cite_note-Kraus-18" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; "><span>[</span>19<span>]</span></a></sup></p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "><a name="Writings_by_Geber" id="Writings_by_Geber" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "></a></p><h2 style="color: black; background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; font-weight: normal; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); font-size: 19px; background-position: initial initial; "><span class="editsection" style="float: right; margin-left: 5px; font-size: 13px; ">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Geber&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Writings by Geber" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline">Writings by Geber</span></h2><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "><a name="The_Jabirian_corpus" id="The_Jabirian_corpus" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "></a></p><h3 style="color: black; background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; font-weight: bold; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.3em; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-width: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-color: initial; font-size: 17px; background-position: initial initial; "><span class="editsection" style="float: right; margin-left: 5px; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; ">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Geber&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: The Jabirian corpus" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline">The Jabirian corpus</span></h3><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">In total, nearly 3,000 treatises and articles are credited to Jabir ibn Hayyan.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geber#cite_note-41" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; "><span>[</span>42<span>]</span></a></sup> Following the pioneering work of Paul Kraus, who demonstrated that a corpus of some several hundred works ascribed to Geber were probably a medley from different hands<sup class="noprint Template-Fact" title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from May 2009" style="line-height: 1em; white-space: nowrap; ">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">citation needed</a></i>]</sup>, mostly dating to the late ninth and early tenth centuries, many scholars believe that many of these works consist of commentaries and additions by his followers<sup class="noprint Template-Fact" title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from May 2009" style="line-height: 1em; white-space: nowrap; ">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">citation needed</a></i>]</sup>, particularly of a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ismaili" title="Ismaili" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Ismaili</a> persuasion.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geber#cite_note-42" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; "><span>[</span>43<span>]</span></a></sup></p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">The Arabic corpus of Jabir Ibn Hayyan can be divided into four categories:</p><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: square; margin-top: 0.3em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 1.5em; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; list-style-image: url(http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/monobook/bullet.gif); "><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><b>The 112 Books</b> dedicated to the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barmakids" title="Barmakids" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Barmakids</a>, viziers of Caliph <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harun_al-Rashid" title="Harun al-Rashid" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Harun al-Rashid</a>. This group includes the Arabic version of the <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emerald_Tablet" title="Emerald Tablet" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Emerald Tablet</a></i>, an ancient work that proved a recurring foundation of and source for alchemical operations. In the Middle Ages it was translated into Latin (<i>Tabula Smaragdina</i>) and widely diffused among European alchemists.</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><b>The Seventy Books</b>, most of which were translated into Latin during the Middle Ages. This group includes the <i>Kitab al-Zuhra</i> ("Book of Venus") and the <i>Kitab Al-Ahjar</i> ("Book of Stones").</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><b>The Ten Books on Rectification</b>, containing descriptions of "alchemists" such as Pythagoras, Socrates, Plato and Aristotle.</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><b>The Books on Balance</b>; this group includes his most famous 'Theory of the balance in Nature'.</li></ul><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "><a name="The_Geber_corpus" id="The_Geber_corpus" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "></a></p><h3 style="color: black; background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; font-weight: bold; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.3em; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-width: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-color: initial; font-size: 17px; background-position: initial initial; "><span class="editsection" style="float: right; margin-left: 5px; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; ">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Geber&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: The Geber corpus" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline">The Geber corpus</span></h3><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">The Latin corpus, dating from about 1310.</p><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: square; margin-top: 0.3em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 1.5em; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; list-style-image: url(http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/monobook/bullet.gif); "><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><b>Summa perfectionis magisterii</b> ("The Height of the Perfection of Mastery"). <sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geber#cite_note-43" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; "><span>[</span>44<span>]</span></a></sup></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><b>Liber fornacum</b> ("Book of Stills"),</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><b>De investigatione perfectionis</b> ("On the Investigation of Perfection"), and</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><b>De inventione veritatis</b> ("On the Discovery of Truth").</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><b>Testamentum gerberi</b></li></ul><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "><a name="English_Translations_of_Geber.2FJabir" id="English_Translations_of_Geber.2FJabir" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "></a></p><h3 style="color: black; background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; font-weight: bold; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.3em; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-width: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-color: initial; font-size: 17px; background-position: initial initial; "><span class="editsection" style="float: right; margin-left: 5px; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; ">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Geber&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: English Translations of Geber/Jabir" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline">English Translations of Geber/Jabir</span></h3><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: square; margin-top: 0.3em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 1.5em; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; list-style-image: url(http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/monobook/bullet.gif); "><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E._J._Holmyard" title="E. J. Holmyard" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">E. J. Holmyard</a> (ed.) <i>The Arabic Works of Jabir ibn Hayyan</i>, translated by Richard Russel in 1678. New York, E. P. Dutton (1928); Also Paris, P. Geuther.</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Syed_Nomanul_Haq&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Syed Nomanul Haq (page does not exist)" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(204, 34, 0); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Syed Nomanul Haq</a>, <i>Names, Natures and Things</i>: <i>The Alchemists Jabir ibn Hayyan and his Kitab al-Ahjar</i> (Book of Stones), [Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science p. 158] (Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1994), <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0792332547" class="internal" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">ISBN 0792332547</a>.</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Donald_R._Hill&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Donald R. Hill (page does not exist)" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(204, 34, 0); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Donald R. Hill</a>, 'The Literature of Arabic Alchemy' in <i>Religion</i>: <i>Learning and Science in the Abbasid Period</i>, ed. by M.J.L. Young, J.D. Latham and R.B. Serjeant (Cambridge University Press, 1990) pp. 328–341, esp. pp 333–5.</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; ">William Newman, <i>New Light on the Identity of Geber</i>, Sudhoffs Archiv, 1985, Vol.69, pp. 76–90.</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; ">Geber and William Newman <i>The Summa Perfectionis of Pseudo-Geber: A Critical Edition, Translation and Study</i> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9004094664" class="internal" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">ISBN 9004094664</a></li></ul><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "><a name="The_Geber_Problem" id="The_Geber_Problem" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "></a></p><h2 style="color: black; background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; font-weight: normal; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); font-size: 19px; background-position: initial initial; "><span class="editsection" style="float: right; margin-left: 5px; font-size: 13px; ">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Geber&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: The Geber Problem" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline">The Geber Problem</span></h2><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">The identity of the author of works attributed to Jabir has long been discussed.<sup id="cite_ref-Glick2005_9-2" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geber#cite_note-Glick2005-9" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; "><span>[</span>10<span>]</span></a></sup> According to a famous controversy<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geber#cite_note-44" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; "><span>[</span>45<span>]</span></a></sup>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudo-Geber" title="Pseudo-Geber" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">pseudo-Geber</a> has been considered as the unknown author of several books in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alchemy" title="Alchemy" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Alchemy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geber#cite_note-45" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; "><span>[</span>46<span>]</span></a></sup> This was first independently suggested, on textual and other grounds, by the nineteenth-century historians <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_Franz_Moritz_Kopp" title="Hermann Franz Moritz Kopp" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Hermann Kopp</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcellin_Berthelot" title="Marcellin Berthelot" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Marcellin Berthelot</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geber#cite_note-46" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; "><span>[</span>47<span>]</span></a></sup></p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">Jabir, by reputation the greatest <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemist" title="Chemist" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">chemist</a> of Islam, has long been familiar to western readers under the name of Geber, which is the medieval rendering of the Arabic Jabir, the Geberu of the<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Middle Ages</a><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geber#cite_note-47" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; "><span>[</span>48<span>]</span></a></sup>.</p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">In 1942, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Kraus_(Arabist)" title="Paul Kraus (Arabist)" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Paul Kraus</a> argued that anonymous members of the so-called <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brethren_of_Purity" title="Brethren of Purity" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Brethren of Purity</a> of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ismailism" title="Ismailism" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Ismaili</a> sect of Shia Islam were the true authors of the works in Arabic that were attributed to Jabir, and that they were writing in the ninth and tenth centuries<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geber#cite_note-48" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; "><span>[</span>49<span>]</span></a></sup>. Syed Haq offers evidence for possible 8<sup style="line-height: 1em; ">th</sup> century origin of one text<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geber#cite_note-49" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; "><span>[</span>50<span>]</span></a></sup>. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_John_Holmyard" title="Eric John Holmyard" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Eric Holmyard</a> argues for at least some Arabic origin but not 8<sup style="line-height: 1em; ">th</sup> century. Newman showed a distant relationship to the Arabic work of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Razi" title="Razi" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Razi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geber#cite_note-50" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; "><span>[</span>51<span>]</span></a></sup> He argued that the true author of the most famous book by the Latin "Geber," the "Summa Perfectionis," was the little-known Paul of Taranto, writing shortly after the year 1300.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geber#cite_note-51" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; "><span>[</span>52<span>]</span></a></sup> The alchemical texts of Jāber (Geber) and Rāzi (Rhazes) which were in Arabic, were translated into Latin in the 12th century.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geber#cite_note-52" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; "><span>[</span>53<span>]</span></a></sup></p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">Geber's identity with Jabir is still on dispute.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geber#cite_note-53" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; "><span>[</span>54<span>]</span></a></sup> It is said that Geber, the Latinized form of "Jabir," was adopted presumably because of the great reputation of a supposed 8th-century alchemist by the name of Jabir ibn Hayyan. About this historical figure, however, there is considerable uncertainty.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geber#cite_note-54" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; "><span>[</span>55<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geber#cite_note-55" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; "><span>[</span>56<span>]</span></a></sup> This is sometimes called as "Geber-Jabir problem".<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geber#cite_note-56" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; "><span>[</span>57<span>]</span></a></sup></p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">It is important to consider that it is impossible to reach definite conclusions until all the Arabic writings ascribed to Jabir have been properly edited and discussed.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geber#cite_note-57" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; "><span>[</span>58<span>]</span></a></sup></p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "><a name="Popular_culture" id="Popular_culture" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "></a></p><h2 style="color: black; background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; font-weight: normal; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); font-size: 19px; background-position: initial initial; "><span class="editsection" style="float: right; margin-left: 5px; font-size: 13px; ">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Geber&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Popular culture" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline">Popular culture</span></h2><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: square; margin-top: 0.3em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 1.5em; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; list-style-image: url(http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/monobook/bullet.gif); "><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; ">The word <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibberish" title="Gibberish" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">gibberish</a> is theorized to be derived from Geber's name,<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geber#cite_note-58" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; "><span>[</span>59<span>]</span></a></sup> in reference to the incomprehensible technical <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jargon" title="Jargon" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">jargon</a> often used by alchemists, the most famous of whom was Geber.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geber#cite_note-59" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; "><span>[</span>60<span>]</span></a></sup> Other sources such as the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Oxford English Dictionary</a> suggest the term stems from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibber" title="Gibber" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">gibber</a>; however, the first known recorded use of the term "gibberish" was before the first known recorded use of the word "gibber" (see <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibberish" title="Gibberish" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Gibberish</a>).</li></ul><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: square; margin-top: 0.3em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 1.5em; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; list-style-image: url(http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/monobook/bullet.gif); "><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; ">Geber is mentioned in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paulo_Coelho" title="Paulo Coelho" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Paulo Coelho</a>'s 1993 bestseller, <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Alchemist_(novel)" title="The Alchemist (novel)" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">The Alchemist</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geber#cite_note-60" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; "><span>[</span>61<span>]</span></a></sup></li></ul><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: square; margin-top: 0.3em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 1.5em; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; list-style-image: url(http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/monobook/bullet.gif); "><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; ">There is a villain in the Japanese <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manga" title="Manga" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">manga</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime" title="Anime" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">anime</a> series <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bio_Booster_Armor_Guyver" title="Bio Booster Armor Guyver" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Bio Booster Armor Guyver</a></i> by the name of Jearvill bun Hiyern (translated in various ways), who is most likely named after ibn Hayyan.</li></ul><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: square; margin-top: 0.3em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 1.5em; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; list-style-image: url(http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/monobook/bullet.gif); "><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; ">Jabbir is said to be the creator of a (fictional) mystical chess set in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katherine_Neville_(author)" title="Katherine Neville (author)" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Katherine Neville</a>'s novels <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Eight_(novel)" title="The Eight (novel)" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">The Eight</a></i> and <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Fire_(novel)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Fire (novel) (page does not exist)" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(204, 34, 0); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">The Fire</a></i></li></ul><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "><a name="Quote" id="Quote" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "></a></p><h3 style="color: black; background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; font-weight: bold; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.3em; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-width: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-color: initial; font-size: 17px; background-position: initial initial; "><span class="editsection" style="float: right; margin-left: 5px; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; ">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Geber&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Quote" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline">Quote</span></h3><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: square; margin-top: 0.3em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 1.5em; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; list-style-image: url(http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/monobook/bullet.gif); "><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; ">"My wealth let sons and brethren part. Some things they cannot share: my work well done, my noble heart — these are mine own to wear."<sup id="cite_ref-quote_61-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geber#cite_note-quote-61" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; "><span>[</span>62<span>]</span></a></sup></li></ul><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "><a name="See_also" id="See_also" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "></a></p><h2 style="color: black; background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; font-weight: normal; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); font-size: 19px; background-position: initial initial; "><span class="editsection" style="float: right; margin-left: 5px; font-size: 13px; ">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Geber&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline">See also</span></h2><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: square; margin-top: 0.3em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 1.5em; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; list-style-image: url(http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/monobook/bullet.gif); "><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alchemy" title="Alchemy" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Alchemy</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alchemy_and_chemistry_in_medieval_Islam" title="Alchemy and chemistry in medieval Islam" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Alchemy and chemistry in medieval Islam</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemistry" title="Chemistry" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Chemistry</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Kindi" title="Al-Kindi" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Al-Kindi</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Arab_scientists_and_scholars" title="List of Arab scientists and scholars" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">List of Arab scientists and scholars</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Iranian_scientists_and_scholars" title="List of Iranian scientists and scholars" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">List of Iranian scientists and scholars</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Shi%27a_Muslims" title="List of Shi'a Muslims" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">List of Shi'a Muslims</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Zakariya_ar-Razi" title="Muhammad ibn Zakariya ar-Razi" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Muhammad ibn Zakariya ar-Razi</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_in_medieval_Islam" title="Science in medieval Islam" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Science in medieval Islam</a></li></ul><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "><a name="References" id="References" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "></a></p><h2 style="color: black; background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; font-weight: normal; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); font-size: 19px; background-position: initial initial; "><span class="editsection" style="float: right; margin-left: 5px; font-size: 13px; ">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Geber&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline">References</span></h2><div class="references-small references-column-count references-column-count-2" style="font-size: 11px; "><ol class="references" style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-top: 0.3em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 3.2em; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; list-style-image: none; "><li id="cite_note-0" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geber#cite_ref-0" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">^</a></b> <cite class="book" id="CITEREFHendersonDyane_N._Sherwood2003" style="font-style: normal; word-wrap: break-word; ">Henderson, Joseph L.; Dyane N. Sherwood (2003). <i><a href="http://books.google.com/books?id=NOcY_p6bz_0C&printsec=frontcover#PPA11,M1" class="external text" title="http://books.google.com/books?id=NOcY_p6bz_0C&printsec=frontcover#PPA11,M1" rel="nofollow" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(51, 102, 187); background-image: url(http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/monobook/external.png); background-repeat: no-repeat; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; background-position: 100% 50%; ">Transformation of the Psyche: The Symbolic Alchemy of the Splendor Solis</a></i>. East Sussex, UK: Psychology Press. pp. 11. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1583919503" class="internal" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">ISBN 1-583-91950-3</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Transformation+of+the+Psyche%3A+The+Symbolic+Alchemy+of+the+Splendor+Solis&rft.aulast=Henderson&rft.aufirst=Joseph+L.&rft.au=Henderson%2C+Joseph+L.&rft.au=Dyane+N.+Sherwood&rft.date=2003&rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B11&rft.place=East+Sussex%2C+UK&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.isbn=1-583-91950-3&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNOcY_p6bz_0C%26printsec%3Dfrontcover%23PPA11%2CM1&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Geber"></span></li><li id="cite_note-1" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geber#cite_ref-1" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">^</a></b> <cite class="book" id="CITEREFHaq1994" style="font-style: normal; word-wrap: break-word; ">Haq, Syed N. (1994). <i><span>Names, Natures and Things</span></i>. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science, Volume 158/ Kluwar Academic Publishers. pp. 14–20. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0792332547" class="internal" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">ISBN 0-7923-3254-7</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Names%2C+Natures+and+Things&rft.aulast=Haq&rft.aufirst=Syed+N.&rft.au=Haq%2C+Syed+N.&rft.date=1994&rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B14%E2%80%9320&rft.place=Dordrecht%2C+The+Netherlands&rft.pub=Boston+Studies+in+the+Philosophy+of+Science%2C+Volume+158%2F+Kluwar+Academic+Publishers&rft.isbn=0-7923-3254-7&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Geber"></span></li><li id="cite_note-britannica.com-2" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; ">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geber#cite_ref-britannica.com_2-0" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "><sup style="line-height: 1em; "><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geber#cite_ref-britannica.com_2-1" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "><sup style="line-height: 1em; "><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <cite class="web" style="font-style: normal; word-wrap: break-word; ">"<a href="http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9043128/Abu-Musa-Jabir-ibn-Hayyan" class="external text" title="http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9043128/Abu-Musa-Jabir-ibn-Hayyan" rel="nofollow" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(51, 102, 187); background-image: url(http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/monobook/external.png); background-repeat: no-repeat; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; background-position: 100% 50%; ">"Abu Musa Jabir ibn Hayyan"</a>". Encyclopædia Britannica Online<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved on 2008-02-11</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=%22Abu+Musa+Jabir+ibn+Hayyan%22&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica+Online&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Feb%2Farticle-9043128%2FAbu-Musa-Jabir-ibn-Hayyan&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Geber"></span></li><li id="cite_note-Derewenda-3" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; ">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geber#cite_ref-Derewenda_3-0" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "><sup style="line-height: 1em; "><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geber#cite_ref-Derewenda_3-1" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "><sup style="line-height: 1em; "><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geber#cite_ref-Derewenda_3-2" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "><sup style="line-height: 1em; "><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geber#cite_ref-Derewenda_3-3" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "><sup style="line-height: 1em; "><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geber#cite_ref-Derewenda_3-4" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "><sup style="line-height: 1em; "><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <cite class="" id="CITEREFDerewenda2007" style="font-style: normal; word-wrap: break-word; ">Derewenda, Zygmunt S. (2007), "On wine, chirality and crystallography", <i>Acta Crystallographica Section A: Foundations of Crystallography</i> <b>64</b>: 246–258 [247], <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">doi</a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1107%2FS0108767307054293" class="external text" title="http://dx.doi.org/10.1107%2FS0108767307054293" rel="nofollow" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(51, 102, 187); background-image: url(http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/monobook/external.png); background-repeat: no-repeat; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; background-position: 100% 50%; ">10.1107/S0108767307054293</a></span></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=On+wine%2C+chirality+and+crystallography&rft.jtitle=Acta+Crystallographica+Section+A%3A+Foundations+of+Crystallography&rft.aulast=Derewenda&rft.aufirst=Zygmunt+S.&rft.au=Derewenda%2C+Zygmunt+S.&rft.date=2007&rft.volume=64&rft.pages=246%E2%80%93258+%5B247%5D&rft_id=info:doi/10.1107%2FS0108767307054293&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Geber"></span></li><li id="cite_note-4" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geber#cite_ref-4" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">^</a></b> SN Nasr, "Life Sciences, Alchemy and Medicine", The Cambridge History of Iran, Cambridge, Volume 4, 1975, p. 412:"Jabir is entitled in the traditional sources as al-Azdi, al-Kufi, al-Tusi, al-Sufi. There is a debate as to whether he was an Arab from Kufa who lived in Khurasan or a Persian from Khorasan who later went to Kufa or whether he was, as some have suggested, of Syrian origin and later lived in Persia and Iraq"</li><li id="cite_note-5" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geber#cite_ref-5" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">^</a></b> and student of Imam <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jafar_al-Sadiq" title="Jafar al-Sadiq" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Jafar al-Sadiq</a><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: square; margin-top: 0.3em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 1.5em; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; list-style-image: url(http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/monobook/bullet.gif); "><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; ">History of Analytical Chemistry By Ferenc Szabadváry,P 11,<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/2881245692" class="internal" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">ISBN 2881245692</a>.</li></ul><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: square; margin-top: 0.3em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 1.5em; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; list-style-image: url(http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/monobook/bullet.gif); "><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; ">The Historical Background of Chemistry By Henry Marshall Leicester,P 63.</li></ul><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: square; margin-top: 0.3em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 1.5em; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; list-style-image: url(http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/monobook/bullet.gif); "><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; ">Alchemy,Eric John Holmyard, P 68.</li></ul><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: square; margin-top: 0.3em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 1.5em; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; list-style-image: url(http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/monobook/bullet.gif); "><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; ">Dragon's Brain Perfume an Historical Geography of Camphor, Robin Arthur Donkin, P 137.</li></ul><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: square; margin-top: 0.3em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 1.5em; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; list-style-image: url(http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/monobook/bullet.gif); "><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; ">The Grand Contraption The World as Myth, Number, and Chance, David Allen Park, P 229.</li></ul><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: square; margin-top: 0.3em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 1.5em; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; list-style-image: url(http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/monobook/bullet.gif); "><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; ">Cosmology in Gauge Field Theory and String Theory, By David Bailin, Alexander Love, P 181.</li></ul><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: square; margin-top: 0.3em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 1.5em; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; list-style-image: url(http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/monobook/bullet.gif); "><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; ">The New Book of Knowledge, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0717205177" class="internal" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">ISBN 0717205177</a>, Page 446.</li></ul><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: square; margin-top: 0.3em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 1.5em; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; list-style-image: url(http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/monobook/bullet.gif); "><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; ">The Biology of Alcoholism, By Benjamin Kissin, Henri Begleiter,P 576.</li></ul><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: square; margin-top: 0.3em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 1.5em; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; list-style-image: url(http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/monobook/bullet.gif); "><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; ">Medieval Science, Technology, and Medicine,By Thomas F. Glick, Steven John Livesey,Faith Wallis, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0415969301" class="internal" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">ISBN 0415969301</a>, P 280</li></ul><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: square; margin-top: 0.3em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 1.5em; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; list-style-image: url(http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/monobook/bullet.gif); "><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; ">A History of Chemistry By Forris Jewett Moore, P 15.</li></ul><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: square; margin-top: 0.3em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 1.5em; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; list-style-image: url(http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/monobook/bullet.gif); "><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; ">E. J. Brill's First Encyclopaedia of Islam, 1913-1936 By M. Th. Houtsma, E. van Donzel, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9004082654" class="internal" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">ISBN 9004082654</a>, P 989.</li></ul><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: square; margin-top: 0.3em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 1.5em; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; list-style-image: url(http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/monobook/bullet.gif); "><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; ">In Old Paris, by Robert W. Berger, P 164, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0934977666" class="internal" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">ISBN 0934977666</a>.</li></ul><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: square; margin-top: 0.3em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 1.5em; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; list-style-image: url(http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/monobook/bullet.gif); "><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; ">Chemical Essays By Richard Watson, P 68</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><a href="http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/people/A0825780.html" class="external text" title="http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/people/A0825780.html" rel="nofollow" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(51, 102, 187); background-image: url(http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/monobook/external.png); background-repeat: no-repeat; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; background-position: 100% 50%; ">Jabir</a>, <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_Encyclopedia" title="Columbia Encyclopedia" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Columbia Encyclopedia</a></i>, Sixth Edition, 2007.</li></ul><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: square; margin-top: 0.3em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 1.5em; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; list-style-image: url(http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/monobook/bullet.gif); "><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_Y_Hassan" title="Ahmad Y Hassan" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Ahmad Y Hassan</a>, <a href="http://www.history-science-technology.com/Articles/articles%2010.htm" class="external text" title="http://www.history-science-technology.com/Articles/articles%2010.htm" rel="nofollow" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(51, 102, 187); background-image: url(http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/monobook/external.png); background-repeat: no-repeat; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; background-position: 100% 50%; ">Arabic Alchemy</a></li></ul></li><li id="cite_note-6" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geber#cite_ref-6" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">^</a></b><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: square; margin-top: 0.3em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 1.5em; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; list-style-image: url(http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/monobook/bullet.gif); "><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; ">A Dictionary of the History of Science by Anton Sebastian - p. 241</li></ul><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: square; margin-top: 0.3em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 1.5em; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; list-style-image: url(http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/monobook/bullet.gif); "><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; ">The Alchemical Body By David Gordon - p. 366</li></ul><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: square; margin-top: 0.3em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 1.5em; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; list-style-image: url(http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/monobook/bullet.gif); "><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; ">The Structure and Properties of Matter by Herman Thompson Briscoe - p. 10</li></ul><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: square; margin-top: 0.3em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 1.5em; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; list-style-image: url(http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/monobook/bullet.gif); "><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; ">The Tincal Trail: A History of Borax by Edward John Cocks, Norman J. Travis - p. 4</li></ul><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: square; margin-top: 0.3em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 1.5em; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; list-style-image: url(http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/monobook/bullet.gif); "><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; ">William Royall Newman, <i>Gehennical Fire: The Lives of George Starkey, an American Alchemist in the Scientific Revolution</i>, Harvard University Press, 1994. pg 94: "According to traditional bio-bibliography of Muslims, Jabir ibn Hayyan was a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persians" title="Persians" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Persian</a> alchemist who lived at some time in the eight century and wrote a wealth of books on virtually every aspect of natural philosophy"</li></ul><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: square; margin-top: 0.3em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 1.5em; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; list-style-image: url(http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/monobook/bullet.gif); "><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; ">William R. Newman, <i>The Occult and Manifest Among the Alchemist", in F. J. Ragep, Sally P Ragep, Steven John Livesey, "Tradition, Transmission, Transformation: Proceedings of Two Conferences on pre-Modern science held at University of Oklahoma", Brill,1996/1997, pg 178:"This language of extracting the hidden nature formed an important lemma for the extensive corpus associated with the Persian alchemist Jabir ibn Hayyan"</i></li></ul><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: square; margin-top: 0.3em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 1.5em; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; list-style-image: url(http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/monobook/bullet.gif); "><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Corbin" title="Henry Corbin" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Henry Corbin</a>, "The Voyage and the Messenger: Iran and Philosophy", Translated by Joseph H. Rowe,North Atlantic Books, 1998. pg 45: "The Nisba al-Azdin certainly does not necessarily indicate Arab origin. Geber seems to have been a client of the Azd tribe established in Kufa</li></ul><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: square; margin-top: 0.3em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 1.5em; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; list-style-image: url(http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/monobook/bullet.gif); "><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; ">Tamara M. Green, "The City of the Moon God: Religious Traditions of Harran (Religions in the Graeco-Roman World) ", Brill, 1992. pg 177: "His most famous student was the Persian Jabir ibn Hayyan (b. circa 721 C.E.), under whose name the vast corpus of alchemical writing circulated in the medieval period in both the east and west, although many of the works attributed to Jabir have been demonstrated to be likely product of later Ismaili' tradition."</li></ul><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: square; margin-top: 0.3em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 1.5em; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; list-style-image: url(http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/monobook/bullet.gif); "><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; ">David Gordon White, "The Alchemical Body: Siddha Traditions in Medieval India", University of Chicago Press, 1996. pg 447</li></ul><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: square; margin-top: 0.3em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 1.5em; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; list-style-image: url(http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/monobook/bullet.gif); "><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; ">William R. Newman, <i>Promethean Ambitions: Alchemy and the Quest to Perfect Nature</i>, University of Chicago Press, 2004. pg 181: "The corpus ascribed to the eight-century Persian sage Jabir ibn Hayyan.."</li></ul><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: square; margin-top: 0.3em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 1.5em; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; list-style-image: url(http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/monobook/bullet.gif); "><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; ">Wilbur Applebaum, <i>The Scientific revolution and the foundation of modern science</i>, Greenwood Press, 1995. pg 44: "The chief source of Arabic alchemy was associated with the name, in its Latinized form, of Geber, an eighth-century Persian."</li></ul><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: square; margin-top: 0.3em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 1.5em; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; list-style-image: url(http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/monobook/bullet.gif); "><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; ">Neil Kamil,<i>Fortress of the Soul: Violence, Metaphysics, and Material Life in the Huguenots New World, 1517-1751 (Early America: History, Context, Culture)</i>, JHU Press, 2005. pg 182: "The ninth-century Persian alchemist Jabir ibn Hay- yan, also known as Geber, is accurately called pseudo-Geber since most of the works published under this name in the West were forgeries"</li></ul><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: square; margin-top: 0.3em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 1.5em; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; list-style-image: url(http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/monobook/bullet.gif); "><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; ">Aleksandr Sergeevich Povarennykh, <i>Crystal Chemical Classification of Minerals</i>, Plenum Press, 1972, v.1, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0306303485" class="internal" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">ISBN 0306303485</a>, page 4: <i>The first to give separate consideration to minerals and other inorganic substances were the following: The Persian alchemist Jabir (721-815)...</i></li></ul><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: square; margin-top: 0.3em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 1.5em; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; list-style-image: url(http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/monobook/bullet.gif); "><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; ">George Sarton, <i>Introduction to the History of Science</i>, Pub. for the Carnegie Institution of Washington, by the Williams & Wilkins Company, 1931, vol.2 pt.1, page 1044: <i>Was Geber, as the name would imply, the Persian alchemist Jabir ibn Haiyan?</i></li></ul><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: square; margin-top: 0.3em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 1.5em; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; list-style-image: url(http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/monobook/bullet.gif); "><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; ">Dan Merkur, in <i>The psychoanalytic study of society</i> (eds. Bryce Boyer, et al.), vol. 18, Routledge, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0881631612" class="internal" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">ISBN 0881631612</a>, page 352: <i>I would note that the Persian alchemist Jabir ibn Hayyan developed the theory that all metals consist of different "balances" ...</i></li></ul><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: square; margin-top: 0.3em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 1.5em; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; list-style-image: url(http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/monobook/bullet.gif); "><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; ">Anthony Gross, <i>The Dissolution of the Lancastrian Kingship: Sir John Fortescue and the Crisis of Monarchy in Fifteenth-century England</i>, Paul Watkins, 1996, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1871615909" class="internal" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">ISBN 1871615909</a>, page 19: <i>Ever since the Seventy Books attributed to the Persian alchemist Jabir Ibn Hayyan had been translated into Latin ....</i></li></ul></li><li id="cite_note-7" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geber#cite_ref-7" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">^</a></b> Sebastian, Anton,<i>A Dictionary of the History of Science</i>, (Casterton Hall: Parthenon Publishing Group Ltd, 2001),241.</li><li id="cite_note-8" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geber#cite_ref-8" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">^</a></b> Julian, Franklyn, <i>Dictionary of the Occult</i>, Kessinger Publishing, 2003, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0766128164" class="internal" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">ISBN 0766128164</a>, 9780766128163, p. 8.</li><li id="cite_note-Glick2005-9" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; ">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geber#cite_ref-Glick2005_9-0" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "><sup style="line-height: 1em; "><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geber#cite_ref-Glick2005_9-1" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "><sup style="line-height: 1em; "><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geber#cite_ref-Glick2005_9-2" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "><sup style="line-height: 1em; "><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <cite class="" id="CITEREFGlickEds2005" style="font-style: normal; word-wrap: break-word; ">Glick, Thomas; Eds (2005), <i><a href="http://books.google.com/books?id=SaJlbWK_-FcC&pg=PA279&vq=&source=gbs_search_s&cad=0#PPA279,M1" class="external text" title="http://books.google.com/books?id=SaJlbWK_-FcC&pg=PA279&vq=&source=gbs_search_s&cad=0#PPA279,M1" rel="nofollow" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(51, 102, 187); background-image: url(http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/monobook/external.png); background-repeat: no-repeat; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; background-position: 100% 50%; ">Medieval science, technology, and medicine : an encyclopedia</a></i>, New York: Routledge, pp. 279, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0415969301" class="internal" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">ISBN 0415969301</a></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medieval+science%2C+technology%2C+and+medicine+%3A+an+encyclopedia&rft.aulast=Glick&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft.au=Glick%2C+Thomas&rft.au=Eds&rft.date=2005&rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B279&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.isbn=0415969301&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSaJlbWK_-FcC%26pg%3DPA279%26vq%3D%26source%3Dgbs_search_s%26cad%3D0%23PPA279%2CM1&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Geber"></span></li><li id="cite_note-Newman1991-10" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geber#cite_ref-Newman1991_10-0" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">^</a></b> <cite class="" id="CITEREFNewman1991" style="font-style: normal; word-wrap: break-word; ">Newman, William R. (1991), <i><span>The Summa perfectionis of Pseudo-Geber : a critical edition, translation and study</span></i>, Leiden: E.J. Brill, pp. 61, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9004094644" class="internal" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">ISBN 9004094644</a></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Summa+perfectionis+of+Pseudo-Geber+%3A+a+critical+edition%2C+translation+and+study&rft.aulast=Newman&rft.aufirst=William+R.&rft.au=Newman%2C+William+R.&rft.date=1991&rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B61&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pub=E.J.+Brill&rft.isbn=9004094644&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Geber"></span></li><li id="cite_note-Ede2004-11" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geber#cite_ref-Ede2004_11-0" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">^</a></b> <cite class="" id="CITEREFEdeCormack2004" style="font-style: normal; word-wrap: break-word; ">Ede, Andrew; Cormack, Lesley B. (2004), <i><span>A history of science in society : from philosophy to utility</span></i>, Peterborough, Ont.: Broadview Press, pp. 67, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1551113325" class="internal" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">ISBN 1551113325</a></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+history+of+science+in+society+%3A+from+philosophy+to+utility&rft.aulast=Ede&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft.au=Ede%2C+Andrew&rft.au=Cormack%2C+Lesley+B.&rft.date=2004&rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B67&rft.place=Peterborough%2C+Ont.&rft.pub=Broadview+Press&rft.isbn=1551113325&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Geber"></span></li><li id="cite_note-12" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geber#cite_ref-12" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">^</a></b> Names, Natures and Things: The Alchemist Jabir Ibn Hayyan and His Kitab Al-Ahjar (Book of Stones) Syed Nomanul Haq Edition: illustrated Published by Springer, 1994 <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0792332547" class="internal" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">ISBN 0792332547</a>, 9780792332541</li><li id="cite_note-Holmyard1997-13" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geber#cite_ref-Holmyard1997_13-0" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">^</a></b> <cite class="book" id="CITEREFHolmyard.2C_E.J.Russell.2C_R.1997" style="font-style: normal; word-wrap: break-word; ">Holmyard, E.J.; Russell, R. (1997). <i><span>The Works of Geber</span></i>. Kessinger Publishing. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0766100154" class="internal" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">ISBN 0-7661-0015-4</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Works+of+Geber&rft.aulast=Holmyard%2C+E.J.&rft.au=Holmyard%2C+E.J.&rft.au=Russell%2C+R.&rft.date=1997&rft.pub=Kessinger+Publishing&rft.isbn=0-7661-0015-4&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Geber"></span></li><li id="cite_note-Hassan-14" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; ">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geber#cite_ref-Hassan_14-0" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "><sup style="line-height: 1em; "><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geber#cite_ref-Hassan_14-1" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "><sup style="line-height: 1em; "><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geber#cite_ref-Hassan_14-2" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "><sup style="line-height: 1em; "><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geber#cite_ref-Hassan_14-3" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "><sup style="line-height: 1em; "><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <cite class="web" id="CITEREFHassan" style="font-style: normal; word-wrap: break-word; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_Y_Hassan" title="Ahmad Y Hassan" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Hassan, Ahmad Y</a>. "<a href="http://www.history-science-technology.com/Articles/articles%2072.htm" class="external text" title="http://www.history-science-technology.com/Articles/articles%2072.htm" rel="nofollow" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(51, 102, 187); background-image: url(http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/monobook/external.png); background-repeat: no-repeat; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; background-position: 100% 50%; ">Technology Transfer in the Chemical Industries</a>". <i><span>History of Science and Technology in Islam</span></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved on 2008-03-29</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Technology+Transfer+in+the+Chemical+Industries&rft.atitle=History+of+Science+and+Technology+in+Islam&rft.aulast=Hassan&rft.aufirst=Ahmad+Y&rft.au=Hassan%2C+Ahmad+Y&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.history-science-technology.com%2FArticles%2Farticles%252072.htm&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Geber"></span></li><li id="cite_note-Holmyard-15" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; ">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geber#cite_ref-Holmyard_15-0" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "><sup style="line-height: 1em; "><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geber#cite_ref-Holmyard_15-1" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "><sup style="line-height: 1em; "><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E._J._Holmyard" title="E. J. Holmyard" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">E. J. Holmyard</a> (ed.) <i>The Arabic Works of Jabir ibn Hayyan</i>, translated by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Russell" title="Richard Russell" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Richard Russell</a> in 1678. New York, E. P. Dutton (1928); Also Paris, P. Geuther.</li><li id="cite_note-16" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geber#cite_ref-16" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">^</a></b> <cite class="book" id="CITEREFHaq1994" style="font-style: normal; word-wrap: break-word; ">Haq, Syed N. (1994). <i><span>Names, Natures and Things</span></i>. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science, Volume 158/ Kluwar Academic Publishers. pp. 14–20. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0792332547" class="internal" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">ISBN 0-7923-3254-7</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Names%2C+Natures+and+Things&rft.aulast=Haq&rft.aufirst=Syed+N.&rft.au=Haq%2C+Syed+N.&rft.date=1994&rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B14%E2%80%9320&rft.place=Dordrecht%2C+The+Netherlands&rft.pub=Boston+Studies+in+the+Philosophy+of+Science%2C+Volume+158%2F+Kluwar+Academic+Publishers&rft.isbn=0-7923-3254-7&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Geber"></span></li><li id="cite_note-Koningsveld-17" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; ">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geber#cite_ref-Koningsveld_17-0" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "><sup style="line-height: 1em; "><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geber#cite_ref-Koningsveld_17-1" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "><sup style="line-height: 1em; "><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <cite class="" id="CITEREFKoningsveldStockmayer2001" style="font-style: normal; word-wrap: break-word; ">Koningsveld, Ronald; Stockmayer, Walter H. (2001), <i><span>Polymer Phase Diagrams: A Textbook</span></i>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Oxford University Press</a>, pp. xii-xiii, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0198556349" class="internal" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">ISBN 0198556349</a></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Polymer+Phase+Diagrams%3A+A+Textbook&rft.aulast=Koningsveld&rft.aufirst=Ronald&rft.au=Koningsveld%2C+Ronald&rft.au=Stockmayer%2C+Walter+H.&rft.date=2001&rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3Bxii-xiii&rft.pub=%5B%5BOxford+University+Press%5D%5D&rft.isbn=0198556349&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Geber"></span></li><li id="cite_note-Kraus-18" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; ">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geber#cite_ref-Kraus_18-0" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "><sup style="line-height: 1em; "><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geber#cite_ref-Kraus_18-1" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "><sup style="line-height: 1em; "><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> Kraus, Paul, Jâbir ibn Hayyân, <i>Contribution à l'histoire des idées scientifiques dans l'Islam. I. Le corpus des écrits jâbiriens. II. Jâbir et la science grecque,</i>. Cairo (1942-1943). Repr. By Fuat Sezgin, (Natural Sciences in Islam. 67-68), Frankfurt. 2002 (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cf." title="Cf." style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">cf.</a> <cite class="web" id="CITEREF.5B.5BAhmad_Y_Hassan.5D.5D" style="font-style: normal; word-wrap: break-word; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_Y_Hassan" title="Ahmad Y Hassan" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Ahmad Y Hassan</a>. "<a href="http://www.history-science-technology.com/Geber/Geber%203.htm" class="external text" title="http://www.history-science-technology.com/Geber/Geber%203.htm" rel="nofollow" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(51, 102, 187); background-image: url(http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/monobook/external.png); background-repeat: no-repeat; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; background-position: 100% 50%; ">A Critical Reassessment of the Geber Problem: Part Three</a>"<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved on 2008-08-09</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=A+Critical+Reassessment+of+the+Geber+Problem%3A+Part+Three&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=%5B%5BAhmad+Y+Hassan%5D%5D&rft.au=%5B%5BAhmad+Y+Hassan%5D%5D&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.history-science-technology.com%2FGeber%2FGeber%25203.htm&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Geber"></span>)</li><li id="cite_note-Ansari-19" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; ">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geber#cite_ref-Ansari_19-0" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "><sup style="line-height: 1em; "><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geber#cite_ref-Ansari_19-1" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "><sup style="line-height: 1em; "><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <cite class="" id="CITEREFAnsariQureshiQureshi1998" style="font-style: normal; word-wrap: break-word; ">Ansari, Farzana Latif; Qureshi, Rumana; Qureshi, Masood Latif (1998), <i><span>Electrocyclic reactions: from fundamentals to research</span></i>, Wiley-VCH, p. 2, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3527297553" class="internal" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">ISBN 3527297553</a></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Electrocyclic+reactions%3A+from+fundamentals+to+research&rft.aulast=Ansari&rft.aufirst=Farzana+Latif&rft.au=Ansari%2C+Farzana+Latif&rft.au=Qureshi%2C+Rumana&rft.au=Qureshi%2C+Masood+Latif&rft.date=1998&rft.pages=p.%26nbsp%3B2&rft.pub=Wiley-VCH&rft.isbn=3527297553&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Geber"></span></li><li id="cite_note-Durant-20" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geber#cite_ref-Durant_20-0" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">^</a></b> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Will_Durant" title="Will Durant" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Will Durant</a> (1980). <i>The Age of Faith (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Story_of_Civilization" title="The Story of Civilization" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">The Story of Civilization</a>, Volume 4)</i>, p. 162-186. Simon & Schuster. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0671012002" class="internal" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">ISBN 0671012002</a>.</li><li id="cite_note-21" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geber#cite_ref-21" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">^</a></b> <a href="http://www.tiscali.co.uk/reference/encyclopaedia/hutchinson/m0031708.html" class="external text" title="http://www.tiscali.co.uk/reference/encyclopaedia/hutchinson/m0031708.html" rel="nofollow" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(51, 102, 187); background-image: url(http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/monobook/external.png); background-repeat: no-repeat; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; background-position: 100% 50%; ">Distillation</a>, <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hutchinson_Encyclopedia" title="Hutchinson Encyclopedia" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Hutchinson Encyclopedia</a></i>, 2007.</li><li id="cite_note-meyerhoff-22" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; ">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geber#cite_ref-meyerhoff_22-0" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "><sup style="line-height: 1em; "><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geber#cite_ref-meyerhoff_22-1" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "><sup style="line-height: 1em; "><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geber#cite_ref-meyerhoff_22-2" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "><sup style="line-height: 1em; "><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geber#cite_ref-meyerhoff_22-3" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "><sup style="line-height: 1em; "><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> Ḥusain, Muẓaffar. <i>Islam's Contribution to Science.</i> Page 94.</li><li id="cite_note-23" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geber#cite_ref-23" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">^</a></b> <cite class="" id="CITEREFRagai1992" style="font-style: normal; word-wrap: break-word; ">Ragai, Jehane (1992), "The Philosopher's Stone: Alchemy and Chemistry", <i>Journal of Comparative Poetics</i> <b>12</b> (Metaphor and Allegory in the Middle Ages): 58–77</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Philosopher%27s+Stone%3A+Alchemy+and+Chemistry&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Comparative+Poetics&rft.aulast=Ragai&rft.aufirst=Jehane&rft.au=Ragai%2C+Jehane&rft.date=1992&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=Metaphor+and+Allegory+in+the+Middle+Ages&rft.pages=58%E2%80%9377&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Geber"></span></li><li id="cite_note-24" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geber#cite_ref-24" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">^</a></b> <cite class="" id="CITEREFHolmyard1924" style="font-style: normal; word-wrap: break-word; ">Holmyard, E. J. (1924), "Maslama al-Majriti and the Rutbatu'l-Hakim", <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isis_(journal)" title="Isis (journal)" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Isis</a></i> <b>6</b> (3): 293–305</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Maslama+al-Majriti+and+the+Rutbatu%27l-Hakim&rft.jtitle=%5B%5BIsis+%28journal%29%7CIsis%5D%5D&rft.aulast=Holmyard&rft.aufirst=E.+J.&rft.au=Holmyard%2C+E.+J.&rft.date=1924&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=293%E2%80%93305&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Geber"></span></li><li id="cite_note-25" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geber#cite_ref-25" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">^</a></b> Olga Pikovskaya, <a href="http://www.businessweek.com/technology/content/mar2005/tc20050329_3316.htm" class="external text" title="http://www.businessweek.com/technology/content/mar2005/tc20050329_3316.htm" rel="nofollow" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(51, 102, 187); background-image: url(http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/monobook/external.png); background-repeat: no-repeat; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; background-position: 100% 50%; ">Repaying the West's Debt to Islam</a>, <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BusinessWeek" title="BusinessWeek" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">BusinessWeek</a></i>, <span class="mw-formatted-date" title="2005-03-29"><span class="mw-formatted-date" title="03-29"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_29" title="March 29" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">March 29</a></span>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005" title="2005" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">2005</a></span>.</li><li id="cite_note-26" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geber#cite_ref-26" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">^</a></b> <cite class="" id="CITEREFThomson1830" style="font-style: normal; word-wrap: break-word; ">Thomson, Thomas (1830), <i><span>The History of Chemistry</span></i>, Colburn and Bentley, pp. 129–30</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Chemistry&rft.aulast=Thomson&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft.au=Thomson%2C+Thomas&rft.date=1830&rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B129%E2%80%9330&rft.pub=Colburn+and+Bentley&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Geber"></span></li><li id="cite_note-r8-27" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; ">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geber#cite_ref-r8_27-0" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "><sup style="line-height: 1em; "><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geber#cite_ref-r8_27-1" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "><sup style="line-height: 1em; "><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geber#cite_ref-r8_27-2" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "><sup style="line-height: 1em; "><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geber#cite_ref-r8_27-3" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "><sup style="line-height: 1em; "><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> Strathern, Paul. (2000). Mendeleyev’s Dream – the Quest for the Elements. New York: Berkley Books.</li><li id="cite_note-Hassan-Chemical-28" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geber#cite_ref-Hassan-Chemical_28-0" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">^</a></b> <cite class="web" id="CITEREFHassan" style="font-style: normal; word-wrap: break-word; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_Y_Hassan" title="Ahmad Y Hassan" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Hassan, Ahmad Y</a>. "<a href="http://www.history-science-technology.com/Articles/articles%2072.htm" class="external text" title="http://www.history-science-technology.com/Articles/articles%2072.htm" rel="nofollow" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(51, 102, 187); background-image: url(http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/monobook/external.png); background-repeat: no-repeat; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; background-position: 100% 50%; ">Transfer Of Islamic Technology To The West, Part III: Technology Transfer in the Chemical Industries</a>". <i><span>History of Science and Technology in Islam</span></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved on 2008-03-29</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Transfer+Of+Islamic+Technology+To+The+West%2C+Part+III%3A+Technology+Transfer+in+the+Chemical+Industries&rft.atitle=History+of+Science+and+Technology+in+Islam&rft.aulast=Hassan&rft.aufirst=Ahmad+Y&rft.au=Hassan%2C+Ahmad+Y&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.history-science-technology.com%2FArticles%2Farticles%252072.htm&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Geber"></span></li><li id="cite_note-Rafael-29" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geber#cite_ref-Rafael_29-0" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">^</a></b> George Rafael, <a href="http://archive.salon.com/books/feature/2002/01/08/alphabet/index.html" class="external text" title="http://archive.salon.com/books/feature/2002/01/08/alphabet/index.html" rel="nofollow" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(51, 102, 187); background-image: url(http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/monobook/external.png); background-repeat: no-repeat; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; background-position: 100% 50%; ">A is for Arabs</a>, <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salon.com" title="Salon.com" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Salon.com</a></i>, January 8, 2002</li><li id="cite_note-Hassan-Alcohol-30" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geber#cite_ref-Hassan-Alcohol_30-0" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">^</a></b> <cite class="web" id="CITEREFHassan" style="font-style: normal; word-wrap: break-word; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_Y_Hassan" title="Ahmad Y Hassan" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Hassan, Ahmad Y</a>. "<a href="http://www.history-science-technology.com/Notes/Notes%207.htm" class="external text" title="http://www.history-science-technology.com/Notes/Notes%207.htm" rel="nofollow" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(51, 102, 187); background-image: url(http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/monobook/external.png); background-repeat: no-repeat; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; background-position: 100% 50%; ">Alcohol and the Distillation of Wine in Arabic Sources</a>". <i><span>History of Science and Technology in Islam</span></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved on 2008-03-29</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Alcohol+and+the+Distillation+of+Wine+in+Arabic+Sources&rft.atitle=History+of+Science+and+Technology+in+Islam&rft.aulast=Hassan&rft.aufirst=Ahmad+Y&rft.au=Hassan%2C+Ahmad+Y&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.history-science-technology.com%2FNotes%2FNotes%25207.htm&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Geber"></span></li><li id="cite_note-31" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geber#cite_ref-31" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">^</a></b> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ismail_al-Faruqi" title="Ismail al-Faruqi" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Ismail al-Faruqi</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lois_Lamya_al-Faruqi" title="Lois Lamya al-Faruqi" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Lois Lamya al-Faruqi</a> (1986), <i>The Cultural Atlas of Islam</i>, p. 328, New York</li><li id="cite_note-32" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geber#cite_ref-32" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">^</a></b> Georges C. Anawati, "Arabic alchemy", in R. Rashed (1996), <i>The Encyclopaedia of the History of Arabic Science</i>, Vol. 3, p. 853-902 [866].</li><li id="cite_note-33" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geber#cite_ref-33" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">^</a></b> <cite class="" id="CITEREFSchufleThomas" style="font-style: normal; word-wrap: break-word; ">Schufle, J. A.; Thomas, George (Winter 1971), "Equivalent Weights from Bergman's Data on Phlogiston Content of Metals", <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isis_(journal)" title="Isis (journal)" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Isis</a></i> <b>62</b> (4): 499–506 [500], <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">doi</a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1086%2F350792" class="external text" title="http://dx.doi.org/10.1086%2F350792" rel="nofollow" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(51, 102, 187); background-image: url(http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/monobook/external.png); background-repeat: no-repeat; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; background-position: 100% 50%; ">10.1086/350792</a></span></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Equivalent+Weights+from+Bergman%27s+Data+on+Phlogiston+Content+of+Metals&rft.jtitle=%5B%5BIsis+%28journal%29%7CIsis%5D%5D&rft.aulast=Schufle&rft.aufirst=J.+A.&rft.au=Schufle%2C+J.+A.&rft.au=Thomas%2C+George&rft.date=Winter+1971&rft.volume=62&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=499%E2%80%93506+%5B500%5D&rft_id=info:doi/10.1086%2F350792&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Geber"></span></li><li id="cite_note-34" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geber#cite_ref-34" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">^</a></b> Julian, Franklyn, <i>Dictionary of the Occult</i>, Kessinger Publishing, 2003, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0766128164" class="internal" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">ISBN 0766128164</a>, 9780766128163, p. 9.</li><li id="cite_note-35" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geber#cite_ref-35" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">^</a></b> <a href="http://www.iranica.com/newsite/index.isc?Article=http://www.encyclopediairanica.com/newsite/articles/unicode/ot_grp13/ot_kimia_20080728.html" class="external text" title="http://www.iranica.com/newsite/index.isc?Article=http://www.encyclopediairanica.com/newsite/articles/unicode/ot_grp13/ot_kimia_20080728.html" rel="nofollow" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(51, 102, 187); background-image: url(http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/monobook/external.png); background-repeat: no-repeat; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; background-position: 100% 50%; ">KIMIĀ (“Alchemy”)</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia_Iranica" title="Encyclopedia Iranica" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">encyclopedia Iranica</a>, Retrieved on 14 February, 2009.</li><li id="cite_note-36" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geber#cite_ref-36" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">^</a></b> <a href="http://www.alchemywebsite.com/islam01.html" class="external text" title="http://www.alchemywebsite.com/islam01.html" rel="nofollow" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(51, 102, 187); background-image: url(http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/monobook/external.png); background-repeat: no-repeat; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; background-position: 100% 50%; ">Alchemy in Islamic Times</a>, <a href="http://www.alchemywebsite.com/" class="external text" title="http://www.alchemywebsite.com" rel="nofollow" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(51, 102, 187); background-image: url(http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/monobook/external.png); background-repeat: no-repeat; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; background-position: 100% 50%; ">alchemywebsite</a>, Retrieved on 14 February, 2009.</li><li id="cite_note-37" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geber#cite_ref-37" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">^</a></b> <a href="http://www.iranica.com/newsite/index.isc?Article=http://www.encyclopediairanica.com/newsite/articles/unicode/ot_grp13/ot_kimia_20080728.html" class="external text" title="http://www.iranica.com/newsite/index.isc?Article=http://www.encyclopediairanica.com/newsite/articles/unicode/ot_grp13/ot_kimia_20080728.html" rel="nofollow" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(51, 102, 187); background-image: url(http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/monobook/external.png); background-repeat: no-repeat; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; background-position: 100% 50%; ">KIMIĀ (“Alchemy”)</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia_Iranica" title="Encyclopedia Iranica" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">encyclopedia Iranica</a>, Retrieved on 14 February, 2009.</li><li id="cite_note-38" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geber#cite_ref-38" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">^</a></b> <cite class="" id="CITEREFRagai1992" style="font-style: normal; word-wrap: break-word; ">Ragai, Jehane (1992), "The Philosopher's Stone: Alchemy and Chemistry", <i>Journal of Comparative Poetics</i> <b>12</b> (Metaphor and Allegory in the Middle Ages): 58–77</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Philosopher%27s+Stone%3A+Alchemy+and+Chemistry&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Comparative+Poetics&rft.aulast=Ragai&rft.aufirst=Jehane&rft.au=Ragai%2C+Jehane&rft.date=1992&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=Metaphor+and+Allegory+in+the+Middle+Ages&rft.pages=58%E2%80%9377&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Geber"></span></li><li id="cite_note-39" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geber#cite_ref-39" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">^</a></b> <cite class="" id="CITEREFHolmyard1924" style="font-style: normal; word-wrap: break-word; ">Holmyard, E. J. (1924), "Maslama al-Majriti and the Rutbatu'l-Hakim", <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isis_(journal)" title="Isis (journal)" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Isis</a></i> <b>6</b> (3): 293–305</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Maslama+al-Majriti+and+the+Rutbatu%27l-Hakim&rft.jtitle=%5B%5BIsis+%28journal%29%7CIsis%5D%5D&rft.aulast=Holmyard&rft.aufirst=E.+J.&rft.au=Holmyard%2C+E.+J.&rft.date=1924&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=293%E2%80%93305&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Geber"></span></li><li id="cite_note-40" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geber#cite_ref-40" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">^</a></b> <cite class="web" id="CITEREF.5B.5BAhmad_Y_Hassan.5D.5D" style="font-style: normal; word-wrap: break-word; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_Y_Hassan" title="Ahmad Y Hassan" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Ahmad Y Hassan</a>. "<a href="http://www.history-science-technology.com/Articles/articles%2010.htm" class="external text" title="http://www.history-science-technology.com/Articles/articles%2010.htm" rel="nofollow" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(51, 102, 187); background-image: url(http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/monobook/external.png); background-repeat: no-repeat; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; background-position: 100% 50%; ">Arabic Alchemy</a>"<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved on 2008-08-17</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Arabic+Alchemy&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=%5B%5BAhmad+Y+Hassan%5D%5D&rft.au=%5B%5BAhmad+Y+Hassan%5D%5D&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.history-science-technology.com%2FArticles%2Farticles%252010.htm&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Geber"></span></li><li id="cite_note-41" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geber#cite_ref-41" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">^</a></b> <cite class="" id="CITEREFJosef_W._Meri2006" style="font-style: normal; word-wrap: break-word; ">Josef W. Meri, Jere L. Bacharach (2006), <i><span>Medieval Islamic Civilization</span></i>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taylor_and_Francis" title="Taylor and Francis" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Taylor and Francis</a>, p. 25, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0415966914" class="internal" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">ISBN 0415966914</a></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medieval+Islamic+Civilization&rft.aulast=Josef+W.+Meri&rft.aufirst=Jere+L.+Bacharach&rft.au=Josef+W.+Meri%2C+Jere+L.+Bacharach&rft.date=2006&rft.pages=p.%26nbsp%3B25&rft.pub=%5B%5BTaylor+and+Francis%5D%5D&rft.isbn=0415966914&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Geber"></span></li><li id="cite_note-42" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geber#cite_ref-42" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">^</a></b> Paul Kraus, <i>Jabir ibn Hayyan: Contribution à l'histoire des idées scientifiques dans l'Islam</i>, cited Robert Irwin, 'The long siesta' in Times Literary Supllement, 25/1/2008 p.8</li><li id="cite_note-43" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geber#cite_ref-43" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">^</a></b> William R. Newman, <i>The Summa Perfectionis of Pseudo-Geber. A Critical Edition, Translation and Study,</i> Leyde : E. J. Brill, 1991 (Collection de travaux de l'Académie Internationale d'Histoire des Sciences, 35).</li><li id="cite_note-44" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geber#cite_ref-44" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">^</a></b> Arthur John Hopkins, <i>Alchemy Child of Greek Philosophy</i>, Published by Kessinger Publishing, LLC, 2007, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0548135479" class="internal" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">ISBN 0548135479</a>, p. 140</li><li id="cite_note-45" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geber#cite_ref-45" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">^</a></b> <cite class="book" style="font-style: normal; word-wrap: break-word; ">"<a href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/227632/Geber" class="external text" title="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/227632/Geber" rel="nofollow" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(51, 102, 187); background-image: url(http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/monobook/external.png); background-repeat: no-repeat; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; background-position: 100% 50%; ">Geber</a>". <i><span>Encyclopædia Britannica Online</span></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved on 2008-12-09</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Geber&rft.atitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica+Online&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F227632%2FGeber&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Geber"></span></li><li id="cite_note-46" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geber#cite_ref-46" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">^</a></b> Openness, Secrecy, Authorship: Technical Arts and the Culture of Knowledge from Antiquity to the Renaissance By Pamela O. Long Edition: illustrated Published by JHU Press, 2001 <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0801866065" class="internal" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">ISBN 0801866065</a>, 9780801866067</li><li id="cite_note-47" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geber#cite_ref-47" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">^</a></b> <a href="http://www.neurolinguistic.com/proxima/articoli/art-49.htm" class="external text" title="http://www.neurolinguistic.com/proxima/articoli/art-49.htm" rel="nofollow" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(51, 102, 187); background-image: url(http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/monobook/external.png); background-repeat: no-repeat; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; background-position: 100% 50%; ">Alchemy on Islamic Times</a>, Retrieved on 14 February, 2009.</li><li id="cite_note-48" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geber#cite_ref-48" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">^</a></b> <cite class="book" id="CITEREFKraus1942" style="font-style: normal; word-wrap: break-word; ">Kraus, Paul (1942). <i><span>Jabir ibn Hayyan: Contribution a l'histoire des idees scientifiques dans l'Islam</span></i>. Institut Francais d'Archeologie Orientale.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jabir+ibn+Hayyan%3A+Contribution+a+l%27histoire+des+idees+scientifiques+dans+l%27Islam&rft.aulast=Kraus&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft.au=Kraus%2C+Paul&rft.date=1942&rft.pub=Institut+Francais+d%27Archeologie+Orientale&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Geber"></span></li><li id="cite_note-49" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geber#cite_ref-49" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">^</a></b> <cite class="book" id="CITEREFHaqJabir_ibn_Hayyan1994" style="font-style: normal; word-wrap: break-word; ">Haq, Syed Nomanul; Jabir ibn Hayyan (1994). <i><span>Names, Natures and Things: Jabir ibn Hayyan and His Kitab Al-Ahjar (Book of Stones)</span></i>. Kluwer Academic Publishers. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0792325877" class="internal" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">ISBN 0792325877</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Names%2C+Natures+and+Things%3A+Jabir+ibn+Hayyan+and+His+Kitab+Al-Ahjar+%28Book+of+Stones%29&rft.aulast=Haq&rft.aufirst=Syed+Nomanul&rft.au=Haq%2C+Syed+Nomanul&rft.au=Jabir+ibn+Hayyan&rft.date=1994&rft.pub=Kluwer+Academic+Publishers&rft.isbn=0792325877&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Geber"></span></li><li id="cite_note-50" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geber#cite_ref-50" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">^</a></b> <cite class="book" id="CITEREFNewman1991" style="font-style: normal; word-wrap: break-word; ">Newman, William (1991). <i><span>The Summa Prefectionis of Pseudo-Geber: A Critical Edition, Translation and Study</span></i>. Brill. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9004094644" class="internal" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">ISBN 9004094644</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Summa+Prefectionis+of+Pseudo-Geber%3A+A+Critical+Edition%2C+Translation+and+Study&rft.aulast=Newman&rft.aufirst=William&rft.au=Newman%2C+William&rft.date=1991&rft.pub=Brill&rft.isbn=9004094644&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Geber"></span></li><li id="cite_note-51" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geber#cite_ref-51" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">^</a></b> <cite class="book" id="CITEREFNewman1985" style="font-style: normal; word-wrap: break-word; ">Newman, William (1985). <i><span>"New Light on the Identity of Geber", Sudhoffs Archiv fuer die Geschichte der Medizin und der Naturwissenschaften</span></i>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%22New+Light+on+the+Identity+of+Geber%22%2C+Sudhoffs+Archiv+fuer+die+Geschichte+der+Medizin+und+der+Naturwissenschaften&rft.aulast=Newman&rft.aufirst=William&rft.au=Newman%2C+William&rft.date=1985&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Geber"></span></li><li id="cite_note-52" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geber#cite_ref-52" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">^</a></b> <a href="http://www.iranica.com/newsite/index.isc?Article=http://www.encyclopediairanica.com/newsite/articles/unicode/ot_grp13/ot_kimia_20080728.html" class="external text" title="http://www.iranica.com/newsite/index.isc?Article=http://www.encyclopediairanica.com/newsite/articles/unicode/ot_grp13/ot_kimia_20080728.html" rel="nofollow" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(51, 102, 187); background-image: url(http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/monobook/external.png); background-repeat: no-repeat; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; background-position: 100% 50%; ">KIMIĀ (“Alchemy”)</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia_Iranica" title="Encyclopedia Iranica" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">encyclopedia Iranica</a>, Retrieved on 14 February, 2009.</li><li id="cite_note-53" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geber#cite_ref-53" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">^</a></b> P. Crosland, Maurice, <i>Historical Studies in the Language of Chemistry</i>, Courier Dover Publications, 2004, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0486438023" class="internal" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">ISBN 0486438023</a>, 9780486438023, p. 15</li><li id="cite_note-54" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geber#cite_ref-54" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">^</a></b> <cite class="book" id="CITEREFHugh_Chisholm1910" style="font-style: normal; word-wrap: break-word; ">Hugh Chisholm, ed (1910). "Geber". <i><span>Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition</span></i> (11th ed.). pp. 545-546.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Geber&rft.atitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica+Eleventh+Edition&rft.date=1910&rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B545-546&rft.edition=11th&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Geber"></span></li><li id="cite_note-55" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geber#cite_ref-55" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">^</a></b> Openness, Secrecy, Authorship: Technical Arts and the Culture of Knowledge from Antiquity to the Renaissance By Pamela O. Long Published by JHU Press, 2001 ISBN 080186606</li><li id="cite_note-56" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geber#cite_ref-56" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">^</a></b> Thomas F. Glick, Steven John Livesey, Faith Wallis, <i>Medieval Science, Technology, and Medicine: An Encyclopedia</i>, Routledge, 2005, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0415969301" class="internal" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">ISBN 0415969301</a>, 9780415969307, p. 279-300</li><li id="cite_note-57" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geber#cite_ref-57" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">^</a></b> <a href="http://www.neurolinguistic.com/proxima/articoli/art-49.htm" class="external text" title="http://www.neurolinguistic.com/proxima/articoli/art-49.htm" rel="nofollow" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(51, 102, 187); background-image: url(http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/monobook/external.png); background-repeat: no-repeat; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; background-position: 100% 50%; ">Alchemy on Islamic Times</a>, Retrieved on 14 February, 2009.</li><li id="cite_note-58" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geber#cite_ref-58" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">^</a></b> <a href="http://www.fromoldbooks.org/Grose-VulgarTongue/g/gibberish.html" class="external text" title="http://www.fromoldbooks.org/Grose-VulgarTongue/g/gibberish.html" rel="nofollow" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(51, 102, 187); background-image: url(http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/monobook/external.png); background-repeat: no-repeat; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; background-position: 100% 50%; ">gibberish</a>, <i>Grose 1811 Dictionary</i></li><li id="cite_note-59" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geber#cite_ref-59" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">^</a></b> <cite class="" id="CITEREFSeaborg1980" style="font-style: normal; word-wrap: break-word; ">Seaborg, Glenn T. (March 1980), "Our heritage of the elements", <i>Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B</i> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springer_Science%2BBusiness_Media" title="Springer Science+Business Media" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Springer Boston</a>) <b>11</b> (1): 5–19</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Our+heritage+of+the+elements&rft.jtitle=Metallurgical+and+Materials+Transactions+B&rft.aulast=Seaborg&rft.aufirst=Glenn+T.&rft.au=Seaborg%2C+Glenn+T.&rft.date=March+1980&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=5%E2%80%9319&rft.pub=%5B%5BSpringer+Science%2BBusiness+Media%7CSpringer+Boston%5D%5D&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Geber"></span></li><li id="cite_note-60" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geber#cite_ref-60" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">^</a></b> Coelho, Paulo. The Alchemist. ISBN 006112416, p. 82.</li><li id="cite_note-quote-61" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geber#cite_ref-quote_61-0" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">^</a></b> Holmyard, Eric John. <i>Alchemy</i>. Page 82</li></ol></div><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "><a name="External_links" id="External_links" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "></a></p><h2 style="color: black; background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; font-weight: normal; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); font-size: 19px; background-position: initial initial; "><span class="editsection" style="float: right; margin-left: 5px; font-size: 13px; ">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Geber&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline">External links</span></h2><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: square; margin-top: 0.3em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 1.5em; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; list-style-image: url(http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/monobook/bullet.gif); "><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><a href="http://wwwa.britannica.com/ebc/article-9036278" class="external text" title="http://wwwa.britannica.com/ebc/article-9036278" rel="nofollow" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(51, 102, 187); background-image: url(http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/monobook/external.png); background-repeat: no-repeat; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; background-position: 100% 50%; ">Britannica</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><a href="http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761556842/Geber.html" class="external text" title="http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761556842/Geber.html" rel="nofollow" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(51, 102, 187); background-image: url(http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/monobook/external.png); background-repeat: no-repeat; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; background-position: 100% 50%; ">Encarta Encyclopedia</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><a href="http://www.bartleby.com/65/ja/Jabir.html" class="external text" title="http://www.bartleby.com/65/ja/Jabir.html" rel="nofollow" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(51, 102, 187); background-image: url(http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/monobook/external.png); background-repeat: no-repeat; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; background-position: 100% 50%; ">Columbia Encyclopedia</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><a href="http://www.chemheritage.org/explore/ancients-hayyan.html" class="external text" title="http://www.chemheritage.org/explore/ancients-hayyan.html" rel="nofollow" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(51, 102, 187); background-image: url(http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/monobook/external.png); background-repeat: no-repeat; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; background-position: 100% 50%; ">Chemical Heritage</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><a href="http://www.islamonline.com/news/newsfull.php?newid=910" class="external text" title="http://www.islamonline.com/news/newsfull.php?newid=910" rel="nofollow" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(51, 102, 187); background-image: url(http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/monobook/external.png); background-repeat: no-repeat; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; background-position: 100% 50%; ">Article at Islam Online</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><a href="http://www.famousmuslims.com/Jabir%20Ibn%20Haiyan.htm" class="external text" title="http://www.famousmuslims.com/Jabir%20Ibn%20Haiyan.htm" rel="nofollow" style="text-decoration: none; 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padding-left: 0px; background-position: 100% 50%; ">Article at Islam Online</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><a href="http://www.alshindagah.com/septoct2004/jabir.html" class="external text" title="http://www.alshindagah.com/septoct2004/jabir.html" rel="nofollow" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(51, 102, 187); background-image: url(http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/monobook/external.png); background-repeat: no-repeat; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; background-position: 100% 50%; ">Article at Al Shindagah</a> (includes an extract of Jabir's <i>The Discovery of secrets</i>)</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><a href="http://www.alchemywebsite.com/islam12.html" class="external text" title="http://www.alchemywebsite.com/islam12.html" rel="nofollow" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(51, 102, 187); 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background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Pharmacologists</a></span> | <span dir="ltr"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Discoverers_of_chemical_elements" title="Category:Discoverers of chemical elements" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; ">Discoverers of chemical elements</a></span></div></div></div></div></div></span>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2905918545844906697.post-9742181694218850202009-08-10T23:31:00.000+03:002009-08-10T23:31:32.198+03:00Gazalinin doğduğu ve Gazal köyünden dolayı gazallı denilen Gazalinin memleketi Tus (Tous)şehri nerdedir?<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_7MOV35TVcQE/SoCDo9r5NwI/AAAAAAAANUA/QqMW9DpQeCA/s1600-h/Tam+ekran+yakalama+10.08.2009+232634.jpg"><img alt="" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_7MOV35TVcQE/SoCDo9r5NwI/AAAAAAAANUA/QqMW9DpQeCA/s400/Tam+ekran+yakalama+10.08.2009+232634.jpg" border="0" /></a><div style='clear:both; text-align:NONE'><a href='http://picasa.google.com/blogger/' target='ext'><img src='http://photos1.blogger.com/pbp.gif' alt='Posted by Picasa' style='border: 0px none ; padding: 0px; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: initial; -moz-background-origin: initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: initial;' align='middle' border='0' /></a></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2905918545844906697.post-67961922932139093612009-08-10T23:08:00.000+03:002009-08-10T23:09:57.026+03:00GAZZÂLÎ’NİN HAYATI VE YAPITLARI<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Verdana; border-collapse: collapse; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 3px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 3px; "><p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif, Arial, Geneva, Helvetica; margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: center; "><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Verdana; letter-spacing: -0.3pt; ">GAZZÂLÎ’NİN HAYATI VE YAPITLARI*</span></p><br /><div align="center"><b><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Verdana; ">Yrd.Doç.Dr. Hasan Aydın</span></b></div><br /><div align="center"><b><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Verdana; "></span></b><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Verdana; "><span></span>OMÜ Sinop Eğitim Fakültesi<span></span></span></div><br /><div align="center"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Verdana; "><span></span><a href="mailto:haydin@omu.edu.tr" style="color: navy; text-decoration: none; ">haydin@omu.edu.tr</a><o:p></o:p></span></div><br /><p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif, Arial, Geneva, Helvetica; margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 12pt; text-align: center; "><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Verdana; letter-spacing: -0.3pt; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><br /><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif, Arial, Geneva, Helvetica; margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 12pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Verdana; letter-spacing: -0.3pt; ">Hüccet el-İslâm, Zeyn ed-Dîn, el-İmâm, Ebû Hâmid gibi künyelerle anılan Gazzâlî’nin gerçek adı, Muhammed b. Muhammed b. Muhammed b. Ahmed’dir<b><sup>1</sup></b><sup> </sup>ve Bağdat’ta Selçuklu idaresinin kurulmasında üç yıl sonra, anılan sorunların yaşandığı ortamda, 1058 yılında doğmuştur. Doğduğu yer, kuzey doğu İran’da bugünkü Meşhed’in yanındaki Tûs kasabasıdır.<b><sup>2</sup></b> Bu nedenle kimi zaman doğduğu kasabaya nispetle et-Tûsî künyesiyle de anılmaktadır. O fıkıhta Şâfi<i>´</i>î mezhebine mensuptur bu yüzden isminin sonuna bazen eş-Şâfi<i>´</i>î künyesi de eklenir. Onun en yaygın olarak kullanılan künyesi Ebû Hâmid, yani ‘<i>Hâmid’in Babası</i>’ olsa da, tarihçiler onun oğlunun bulunduğundan söz etmezler; sadece kızlarının olduğu aktarılan bilgiler arasındadır.<b><sup>3 </sup></b>O, Ebû Hâmid künyesinin yanında en yaygın olarak <i>‘Gazalî</i>’ ya da <i>‘Gazzâlî</i>’ olarak bilinir. Gazzâlî’yi benimseyenlere göre, bu ad baba mesleği olan ‘<i>gazzâl</i>’, yani iplik eğirmekten türetilmiştir. Diğerini, yani Gazâlî’yi benimseyenlere göre ise, Tûs civarında <i>‘Gazâl</i>’ adlı köye nispeti ifade etmektedir ve bu onun doğduğu köye işaret etmektedir.<b><sup>4<o:p></o:p></sup></b></span></p><br /><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif, Arial, Geneva, Helvetica; margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 12pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Verdana; letter-spacing: -0.3pt; ">Gazzâlî’nin ailesiyle ilgili fazla bir bilgi bulunmamaktadır. Bilinen sadece bilgin ve sufi alan Ahmed el-Gazzâlî adında bir erkek ve birkaç tane kız kardeşinin bulunduğudur. Buna, bir de, Tûs kasabasının bilginlerinden birisi olan ve 1043 tarihinde vefat eden Ebû Hâmid el-Gazzâlî diye anılan büyük bir amcası ya da dayısının bulunduğu bilgisini eklemek gerekmektedir.<b><sup>5</sup></b>Gazzâlî, erken yaşlarda babasını yitirmiş ve öksüz yetişmiştir. Aktarılan bilgilere göre, babası onu ve kardeşi Ahmed el-Gazzâlî’yi ölmeden önce sufi bir dostuna biraz parayla emanet etmiştir.<b><sup>6</sup></b> Çocukları yetiştirmek için bırakılan para bittiğinde, sufi dost onları, parasız eğitim verilen medreseye yerleştirmiştir. Gazzâlî’nin çocukluğunun ilk yıllarında sufi eğilimli bir ortamda bulunması, onun ilk çocukluk deneyimlerinde güçlü bir etki bırakmış, onu derinden etkilemiştir. Onun daha sonra sözünü edeceğimiz şüphe krizi, ardından yaşadığı bunalım ve bu bunalımın fizyolojik yansımaları; ve daha sonra Gazzâlî’nin, yaklaşık 11 yıl inziva hayatı sürmesi ve tasavvufa yönelmesi sufilikle yoğrulmuş erken dönem yaşantılarının su üstüne çıkmasının doğurduğu sonuçları ifade etmektedir.<o:p></o:p></span></p><br /><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif, Arial, Geneva, Helvetica; margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 12pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Verdana; letter-spacing: -0.3pt; ">Onun eğitiminin ilk aşaması konusunda, kesin kayıtlar bulunmamakla birlikte, muhtemelen o, İslam eğitim geleneği uyarınca, ‘<i>Kur’an, hadis, tefsîr, fıkıh</i>’ gibi alanlarda belli bir eğitim almış olmalıdır.<b><sup>7</sup></b> Onun, bu döneme ilişkin olarak, Tûs’ta Ahmed er-Rezkânî’den fıkıh dersleri aldığını biliyoruz.<b><sup>8</sup></b> O, bundan sonra, Cürcan’da bulunan Ebû Nasr el-İsmâ‘ilî’nin yanına gitmiş, bütün fıkıh eserlerini şerhleri ve haşiyeleriyle birlikte öğreninceye değin, onun yanında kalmıştır.<b><sup>9</sup></b> Curcan’dan Tûs’a dönerken yaşadığı ilginç bir olay, onun öğrenme anlayışında köklü bir değişime neden olmuştur. Olay, kuşkulu bir rivayet olmakla birlikte oldukça şöhretlidir ve Gazzâlî’nin yaşadığı dönemin ezberci eğitim anlayışını yansıtmaktadır. Olay özetle şöyledir:<o:p></o:p></span></p><br /><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif, Arial, Geneva, Helvetica; margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 12pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Verdana; letter-spacing: -0.3pt; ">Gazzâlî, Curcan’dan dönerken, birlikte hareket ettiği kervanın yolunu eşkıyalar keser, kervanda ne varsa alırlar; Gazzâlî’nin doğal olarak malı mülkü bulunmamakta, sadece ders esnasında tuttuğu notları içine doldurduğu bir çantası bulunmaktadır. Eşkıyalar, o çantayı da alırlar; o, eşkıyaların reisine giderek, çantada maddî değeri bulunan bir şey olmadığı, sadece birtakım ders notların bulunduğunu söyleyerek, onu geri ister. Eşkıyaların reisi ona şöyle der: “<i>Öğrendiğini nasıl iddia ediyorsun ki, ders notların elinden alınınca bildiklerinden de oluyorsun.</i>” <b><sup>10</sup></b><sup><o:p></o:p></sup></span></p><br /><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif, Arial, Geneva, Helvetica; margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 12pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Verdana; letter-spacing: -0.3pt; ">Gazzâlî, bu olaydan sonra, notlardaki bilgileri ezberlemek için, üç yılını harcar ve bundan böyle elde ettiği tüm bilgileri ezberlemeye yönelir. Onun, Tûs ve Cürcan’da aldığı temel eğitimini artırmak için, 1077 yılında Nişabur’a gittiği kaydedilir. <b><sup>11</sup></b><sup> </sup>Nişabur’daki Nizâmiye Medresesinde, o zaman, ünlü Eş‘arî kelâm bilgini İmâm el-Haremeyn el-Cüveynî bulunmaktadır. Cüveynî bilgin bir aileden geliyordu; çünkü babası Rukn el-İslâm lakabıyla anılan, ünlü bir bilgindi.<b><sup>12</sup></b><sup> </sup>Gazzâlî, Cüveynî ile birlikte, kelâm bilimine yönelmiş; bu konuda, öğretmeninin katkılarıyla büyük bir ilerleme kaydetmiştir. O, anlaşıldığı kadarıyla, öğretmeni Cüveynî’ye çok şey borçludur; çünkü İslam filozoflarını reddederken kullandığı argümanların büyük bir bölümünü ondan öğrenmiştir.<b><sup>13</sup></b> Öte yandan, öğretmeninin son yıllarında, ‘<i>ben öncekilerin (selef) söylediklerine aykırı her ne söylemiş isem hepsinden döndüm, okuma-yazma bilmeyenlerin (ümmîlerin) inancına, Nişabur’lu yaşlı kadınların itikadına bağlı olarak ölüyorum</i>’<b><sup>14</sup></b> sözleri de, onun kelâm bilimine ilişkin yargılarını önemli ölçüde etkilediği anlaşılmaktadır. Bu arada, Gazzâlî’nin Nişabur’da el-Farmadî diye bilen birisinden de dersler aldığını kaydetmeliyiz. el-Farmadî ünlü mutasavvıf Kuşeyrî’ye öğrencilik yapmış, tasavvufa eğilimli birisiydi.<b><sup>15 </sup></b>Bu olgu, Ġazzâlî’nin çocukluğundan gelen sufi eğiliminin, Nişabur’daki eğitim yıllarında da sürdüğünü göstermekte; onun tasavvufî bilgisinin kaynaklarını görmemize katkı sağlamaktadır.<o:p></o:p></span></p><br /><p class="MsoBodyTextIndent3" style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif, Arial, Geneva, Helvetica; margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 12pt; line-height: normal; "><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Verdana; letter-spacing: -0.3pt; ">O, 1085 yılında, öğretmeni Cüveynî ölünceye değin, Nişabur’da kalmış ve öğretmeninin son zamanlarında eğitim öğretime yardım etmiştir. Onun bu sıralarda, el-Menfül fî Usûl adlı eserini yazdığı kaydedilmektedir.<b><sup>16 </sup></b>Gazzâlî’nin Cüveynî’nin ölümünden sonra, başkasından ders almadığı kaydedilir. Öğretmeni vefat edince, Nişabur’dan ayrılan Gazzâlî, ordu karargahının bulunduğu ‘<i>el-Asker</i>’ denilen yere gitmiş, orada vezir Nizâm el-Mülk ile karşılaşmıştır.<b><sup>17</sup></b> Gazzâlî, o sıralarda yaklaşık 27 yaşlarındadır ve bilgisi ve maharetiyle vezir tarafından hürmetle karşılanmıştır. O, Bağdat Nizâmiye Medresesine müderris olarak atanıncaya değin, Nizâm el-Mülk’ün yanında kalmış; düzenlenen tartışmalara ve münazaralara katılmıştır.<b><sup>18</sup></b> Nihayet 1091 de, yani 33 yaşlarında, Bâtınîlikle ideolojik anlamda mücadele etmek ve halkı onlardan korumak için kurulan Bağdat Nizâmiye Medresesine müderris olarak atanmıştır.<b><sup>19</sup></b> Böylelikle o, öğretmeni Cüveynî’nin yaptığı görevi üstlenmiştir.<o:p></o:p></span></p><br /><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif, Arial, Geneva, Helvetica; margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 12pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Verdana; letter-spacing: -0.3pt; ">Onun siyasal erki arkasına alıp, medreseye müderris olarak atandığında, Bağdat’a girişini, bir çağdaşı, ‘<i>şehre girerken, onun üzerindeki elbiselerle bineği 500 dinarı buluyordu</i>’<b><sup>20</sup></b>sözleriyle anlatır. Bu sözler, Gazzâlî’nin öksüz olarak, yokluklar içerisinde yetiştiği olgusuyla birlikte düşünüldüğünde, belli bir anlam bulmaktadır. O, Bağdat Nizâmiye Medresesinde, 300 öğrenciye ders vermeye başlayınca,<b><sup>21</sup></b> ünü kısa zamanda yayılmıştır. Kuşkusuz bu olguda, siyasilerden gördüğü teveccüh, halka dönük vaazları, münazaralardaki başarıları, fetvaları ve kendisine Hanbelî bilginlerce yöneltilen eleştirilerin, polemiklerinin, keskin zekası ve engin bilgisinin büyük bir rolü olmuştur. Bunlara bir de, o zamana değin güçlü bir eleştiriyle karşılaşmamış İslam filozofları ile etkin bir propaganda yürüten Bâtınîleri köklü bir eleştiriye tâbi tutmasını da eklemek gerekmektedir.<o:p></o:p></span></p><br /><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif, Arial, Geneva, Helvetica; margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 12pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Verdana; letter-spacing: -0.3pt; ">O, Bağdat Nizâmiye Medresesinde ders vermeye başladıktan bir yıl gibi kısa bir zaman sonra, yani 1092’de, onun en büyük koruyucusu Nizâm el-Mülk bir Bâtinî fedaisince, suikastla öldürülmüştür. Bir ay gibi bir süre sonra da, kimi rivayetlere göre, aynı grup, Melik Şah’ı zehirleyerek hayatına son vermiştir.<b><sup>22</sup> </b>Bu olaylar üzerine, Selçuklu devleti ciddi bir taht kavgasına sahne olmuş ve Gazzâlî, bu taht kavgaları sırasında, kendisini siyasal çekişmelerin içinde bulmuştur. Melik Şah’ın ölümü üzerine, eşi Terken Hâtun, beş yaşındaki Mahmud’u, veliahd Berk Yaruk yerine sultan yapmak isteyince, Gazzâlî, siyasal güdülerle, yaşının küçüklüğü nedeniyle, Mahmud’un sultan olamayacağını ilişkin bir fetva vermiş; Terken Hâtun da, aksi yönde fetva çıkartmıştır.<b><sup>23</sup></b> Terken Hâtun, oğlunun sultanlığını ilan ettikten sonra, Abbasî halifesi el-Muktedir bi Emrillah’tan hutbeyi kendi adına okutmasını istemiştir. el-Muktedir bunu kabul etmeyince, Terken Hâtun’un ısrarı, işleri krize sokmuş; bunun üzerine Gazzâlî, Terken Hâtun’a elçi olarak gönderilmiş ve onu ikna etmiştir.<b><sup>24</sup></b> Onun siyasal olaylarla ne denli ilintili olduğunu gösteren bir diğer olayda, 1094’te el- Muhtazhirî’nin sultanlık yemin töreninde hazır bulunması<b><sup>25</sup></b> ve onun isteğiyle el-Muhtazhirî diye de bilinen, Fedâ’ih el-Bâtiniyye adlı eserini kaleme almasıdır.<b><sup>26</sup></b> Onun siyasal olaylarla içice olan hayatı, devrinin bilginlerinin dilinde önemli bir eleştiri malzemesi olmuş; bu durum, Gazzâlî’yi de etkilemiş olmalı ki, o hem daha sonra sözünü edeceğimiz şüphe krizine ve bir müddet sonra da bunalıma girmiş hem de İhyâ’ Ulûm ed-Dîn, Eyyühâ el-Veled, Hulâsa et-Tasânîf gibi eserlerinde, bilginlerin siyasal olaylardan uzak durmasını salık vermiştir.<o:p></o:p></span></p><br /><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif, Arial, Geneva, Helvetica; margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 12pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Verdana; letter-spacing: -0.3pt; ">Gazzâlî’nin Bağdat Nizâmiye Medresesinde baş müderrislik yaptığı yıllar, siyasal olaylarla iç içe olsa da, onun en verimli yıllarıdır. Otobiyografik eseri el-Munkiz’da anlattığına göre, eğitim öğretimden arta kalan zamanı, kendi bilgisini genişletmeye ayıran Gazzâlî, iki yıl felsefeyi incelemiş,<b><sup>27</sup></b> yaklaşık 1094’lü yıllarda önce filozofların görüşlerini özetleyen Makâsıd el-Felâsife’yi, ardından da onların görüşlerinin eleştirisini içeren Tehâfüt el-Felâsife’yi yazmıştır.<b><sup>28</sup></b> Onun kelâma ilişkin olan, el-İktisâd fi el-İ‘tikâd adlı eseri de aynı yılların ürünüdür ve Tehâfüt el-Felâsife’den sonra kaleme alınmıştır. Çünkü İktisâd’da yer yer Tehâfüt’e göndermeler yapmaktadır.<b><sup>29</sup></b> Tehâfüt’te vaat ettiği Mi‘yâr el-İlm adlı eseri,<b><sup>30</sup></b> büyük bir olasılıkla, 1095-1096 yıllarının ürünüdür. Mi‘yâr el-İlm’de, Mîzân el-Amel’i yazmayı düşündüğünü söylediğine göre,<b><sup>31</sup></b> Mîzân el-Amel ondan sonra kaleme alınmıştır. Yine, Bâtinîlikle ilgili yazdığı, Hüccet el-Hakk da, bu dönemin ürünüdür.<b><sup>32</sup></b><o:p></o:p></span></p><br /><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif, Arial, Geneva, Helvetica; margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 12pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Verdana; letter-spacing: -0.3pt; ">Gazzâlî’nin büyük bir olasılıkla 1091’li yıllardan itibaren felsefeyi incelemeye ve filozofları eleştirmeye yönelirken, felsefe ve mantıkla yakın temasa geçmesi, onu bir şüphe krizine itmiştir. el-Munkiz’in ilk sayfaları bu krizi anlatmaktadır. Ancak oradaki anlatım, daha sonra da irdeleyeceğimiz gibi, çok ussal ve sistematik bir tarzda ifade edildiği ve Gazzâlî’nin amaçlarına hizmet eder bir görünümde sunulduğu için yapıntısal bir durumu ifade ediyor izlenimi doğurur. Gazzâlî’nin hayatının bir döneminde bir kriz yaşadığı kabul edilebilir; ancak bunun el-Munkiz’da dillendirildiği biçimde olduğu konusunda kuşku duyulabilir. Kuşkusuz onun yaşadığını söylediği krizde, az önce sözünü ettiğimiz siyasi ortamın kırılganlığı, kendisine yöneltilen eleştiriler, kuşkucu mizacı ve erken dönem yaşantılarının etkisiyle beliren tasavvufî eğilimlerinin de güçlü bir rolü olduğu söylenebilir. W. Montgomery Watt, Gazzâlî’nin yaşadığını ifade ettiği krizi, özde olası ama şematik açıdan ifade edilişini kuşkulu bulur ve yaşanan krizin felsefe ile ilk temas ettiği yıllarda olmuş olabileceğini söyler. Nitekim W. Montgomery Watt, hem el-Munkiz hem de şüphe kriziyle ilgili şu değerlendirmeyi yapar:<o:p></o:p></span></p><br /><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif, Arial, Geneva, Helvetica; margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 12pt; text-align: justify; "><i><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Verdana; letter-spacing: -0.3pt; ">“…Dalâletten Kurtarıcı adlı yapıtın, otobiyografik olduğu halde, tam manasıyla bir otobiyografi olduğu söylenemez. Bilhassa o, olayların tam bir kronolojik kaydı olarak kabul edilemez… Gazâlî…gerçeği arayanları kelâmcılar, Bâtıniler, filozoflar ve sufiler olmak üzere dört gruba ayrılmış olarak kabul ettiğini söyler ve kendisi için gerçeğe ulaşmak amacıyla her grubun görüşlerini iyice tetkik etmeye başlar. Bu edebî bir hayal, onun ulaştığı sonuçlarla ilgili şematik bir anlatış için uygun bir taslak olmalıdır. Şüphecilik devresinin, Gazâlî’nin kelâm çalışmalarının ilk safhasında vuku bulması ihtimal dışı görünüyor. Gazâlî’nin tanımladığı gibi, şüphecilik nöbetinin, biraz felsefe tetkikiyle mutlaka öne alınmış olması kesin gözüküyor. Gazâlî’nin nispeten erken bir dönemde tasavvufla temas haline gelmiş olduğu da açıktır. Bu bakımdan, el-Munkiz adlı yapıtın planı kronolojik olarak değil, şematik olarak kabul edilmelidir. Bununla beraber, Gazâlî’nin kendisinin ifade ettiği gibi, hakiki bir tecrübeye sahip olduğundan şüphe etmek için bir sebep yoktur. Şüphenin Gazâlî’nin ömründe erken geldiğini söyleyemeyiz. Pekala o, yaklaşık olarak Gazâlî’nin 1091’de Bağdat’a hareket zamanı olmuş olabilir; zira Gazâlî’nin yoğun felsefe çalışmasıyla meşgul olmasının bundan hemen sonra olduğunu biliyoruz. Tecrübesinin, Gazâlî’yi bilgisinin bütün kısımlarını yeniden tam bir değerlendirmeye sevketmesi de muhtemeldir</span></i><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Verdana; letter-spacing: -0.3pt; ">.”<b><sup>33</sup></b><sup><o:p></o:p></sup></span></p><br /><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif, Arial, Geneva, Helvetica; margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 12pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Verdana; letter-spacing: -0.3pt; ">Gazzâlî’nin, anılan şüphe krizinin dışında el-Munòiê’da dile getirdiği diğer bir olgu da, onun eğitim-öğretim faaliyetini yürütürken yaşadığı bunalımdır. Bu bunalım, yaşlılık ve ölüm korkusunun doğurduğu bir bunalım gibi görünür. Ancak kimi ipuçları, bunun ardında yatan önemli nedenlerden birisinin, verdiği derslerle kafasındaki tasavvufa eğilimli yapının çeliştiğini, bu çelişkinin onu çok etkilediğini düşündürmektedir. Gazzâlî bu bunalımı 1095’li yıllarda yaşar<b><sup>34</sup></b> ve bunalım sonrası görevinden ayrılır ve tasavvufî bir yaşam içerisine girer. Bu kararı, nasıl ve niçin aldığını kendi sözlerinden dinleyelim:<o:p></o:p></span></p><br /><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif, Arial, Geneva, Helvetica; margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 12pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Verdana; letter-spacing: -0.3pt; ">“<i>Eğitim ile ilgili niyetimi düşündüm. Gördüm ki Tanrı rızası için değil, makam ve şöhret endişesiyle hareket etmişim. Bu durum karşısında uçurumun kenarında bulunduğuma, eğer durumumu düzeltmezsem ateşe yuvarlanacağıma kanaat getirdim. Bir gün Bağdat’tan çıkmaya ve bu durumu terk etmeye karar veriyor, ertesi gün bu kararı bozuyordum; sabahleyin ahirete meyil ve arzu beliriyor akşamüzeri dünya arzuları onun üzerine saldırıyor ve onu dağıtıyordu. Dünya arzuları zincirleriyle beni makama ve mevkiye doğru çekiyor, iman çağrıcısı ise, göç zamanı gelmiştir, ömründen çok az kaldı, önünde uzun yolculuk var, elde ettiğin bütün eylem ve bilgi bir riya ve gösterişti; ahirete şimdi hazırlanmazsan ne zaman<span> </span>hazırlanırsın, dünyevi alakalarını şimdi kesmezsen ne zaman kesersin, diye sesleniyordu. Bunun üzerine, içimdeki arzu yayılıyor kaçmak ve firar etmek isteği yerleşiyordu. Sonra şeytan geliyor ve bu geçici bir haldir, ona uymaktan sakın, zira o, çabuk kaybolur; ona uyar ve bu yüksek makamı, kimsenin bozamayacağı düzenli hayatı ve düşmanların hücumlarından</i> <i>kurtulup sükunet bulmuş işi bırakırsan, bir gün nefsin arzu eder de, dönüş kolay olmaz, diyordu. Altı ay kadar bir zaman dünya arzularının çekiciliği ile ahiret düşünceleri arasında kararsız kaldım. Bu son ayda, durum seçimli olmaktan çıkmış zorunlu bir hale gelmişti. Zira Tanrı, dilimi eğitim-öğretim yapamayacak denli kilitlemişti. Kendimi bir gün olsun, gelen öğrencilerin hatırı için ders vermeye zorluyor; fakat dilim, bir kelime söylemiyor, buna güç yetiremiyordum. Dilimdeki bu tutukluk sonra kalbimde bir hüzün doğurdu. Bunun etkisiyle hazım kuvveti kalmadı, yemek ve içmek iştahım kesildi. Bedensel kuvvetlerim zayıf düşmüştü. Nihayet doktorlar ilaçtan ümitlerin kestiler ve bu kalbe ilişmiş olan bir haldir, buradan mizaca sirayet etmiştir; kalbe ilişmiş olan hüzün gitmedikçe, ilaçla tedavisine imkan yoktur, dediler</i>.” <b><sup>35</sup></b><sup><o:p></o:p></sup></span></p><br /><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif, Arial, Geneva, Helvetica; margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 12pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Verdana; letter-spacing: -0.3pt; ">Gazzâlî, yaşadığı bu hal nedeniyle, 1095 yılında, kendi deyişiyle mal ve mülkü reddederek, Bağdat’tan ayrılmıştır.<b><sup>36</sup></b> O, Bağdat’tan ayrılırken sufiliğin en doğru yol olduğuna karar vermiş bulunmaktadır. Söylediklerine bakılırsa, İhyâ’ Ulûm ed-Dîn adlı eserini bu anılan olaydan sonra kaleme almaya başlamıştır.<b><sup>37</sup></b> Eser ansiklopedik nitelikte olduğu için yazımı oldukça uzum sürmüş olmalıdır. Faysal et-Tefrika, Cevâhir el-Kur’ân, Maksad el-Esnâ, el-Erba’în fî Usûl ed-Dîn, Mi‘râc es-Sâlikîn, Eyyuhâ el-Veled, el-Hikme fî Mahlûkât, Mişkât el-Envâr, Ravda et-Tâlibîn Umde es-Sâlikîn, er-Risâle el-Ledünniyye, Kimyâ’ es-Sa‘âde, Me‘âric el-Kuds, Hulâsa et-Tasânîf, Mednûn el-Kebîr, Mednûn es-Sâğîr, Mîzân el-Amel gibi eserlerin<b><sup>38</sup></b> ne zaman yazıldıkları tam olarak bilinmese de tasavvufî döneminin ürünüdürler ve büyük bir olasılıkla 1095’deki bunalımdan sonra kaleme alınmışlardır.<o:p></o:p></span></p><br /><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif, Arial, Geneva, Helvetica; margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 12pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Verdana; letter-spacing: -0.3pt; ">Gazzâlî’nin Bağdat’tan ayrılma isteğini Bâtinî terörü korkusuna bağlayanlar da olmuştur.<b><sup>39</sup></b>Çünkü o, Bâtinîliğe açıkça cephe almış; bu konularda Hüccet el-Hakk, Mufassal el-Hilâf, Fedâ’ih el-Bâtiniyye, el-Kıstâs el-Müstakîm gibi eleştirel eserler kaleme almıştır. Ayrıca Bâtinîler, daha önce de söz ettiğimiz gibi, Nizâm el-Mülk ve Melik Şah’ı öldürmüşlerdir. Onun eleştirel tutumu, doğal olarak onu, Bâtinîlerin hedefi haline getirmiştir. Bunun dışında, Bağdat’tan ayrılış nedenini, Selçuklu sultanı Berk Yaruk’la iyi ilişkilerinin olmamasına bağlayanlar da vardır.<b><sup>40</sup></b> Gazzâlî’nin kendi ifadesine bakılırsa, ayrılış nedeni, içsel bunalımlarıdır ve bu bunalımlar, daha çok öznel dinî endişelerinden kaynaklanmaktadır. Ancak bu endişelerde, ölüm vaktinin yaklaştığı düşüncesi önemli yer tutmaktadır. <b><sup>41</sup></b><sup><o:p></o:p></sup></span></p><br /><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif, Arial, Geneva, Helvetica; margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 12pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Verdana; letter-spacing: -0.3pt; ">O, halifenin ve arkadaşlarının, Şam’da kalma kararında olduğunu öğrenmelerinden sakınarak, hac için Mekke’ye gitme kararında olduğunu söyleyerek Bağdat’tan ayrılmıştır.<b><sup>42</sup></b>Bağdat’tan Şam’a geçmiş; Dımeşk camiinde inzivaya çekilip, orada iki yıl kalmıştır.<b><sup>43</sup></b>1096’nın sonlarına doğru, oradan Kudüs’e geçmiş, orada da Sahra adlı makama çekilip uzlet hayatı sürmüştür.<b><sup>44</sup> </b>Bu sırada, yani 1096 yılının sonlarında, Risâle el-Kudsiyye adlı eseri kaleme almıştır.<b><sup>45</sup></b> 1096 yılının sonunda hac için, muhtemelen, İskenderiye üzerinden Hicaz’a geçen Gazzâlî, oradan tekrar Şam’a dönmüştür; en sonunda, Bağdat’a gelmiş; oradan Hamedan’a ve Tûs’a, yani doğduğu yere ulaşmıştır.<b><sup>46</sup></b> O, Kitâb ed-Durc’u Hamedan’da yazdığını kaydetmektedir.<b><sup>47</sup></b> Böylece Gazzâlî’nin, Bağdat’tan ayrılıp geri dönene değin, uzlette geçirdiği süre, yaklaşık 11 yılı bulmuştur.<o:p></o:p></span></p><br /><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif, Arial, Geneva, Helvetica; margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 12pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Verdana; letter-spacing: -0.3pt; ">Onun, uzletten çıkma nedeni, Fahr el-Mülk’ün isteği üzerine, öğrencilik yaptığı Nişabur Nizâmiye Medresesinde yeniden eğitim-öğretim faaliyetine dönme çağrısı ve dostlarının ısrarlarıdır.<b><sup>48</sup></b> Fakat Gazzâlî, hem uzletten çıkışını hem de eğitim-öğretim faaliyetine tekrar dönüşünü gerekçelendirmeyi deneyerek, kendisine yeni bir misyon çizmeye çalışır. Büyük bir olasılıkla, bu, terk ettiği şeye geri dönmesini meşrulaştırma ve kendisine yöneltilebilecek eleştirileri engellemeye dönüktür. O, bu meşrulaştırma işini, toplumsal yozlaşmaya baş vurarak yapmayı dener ve zamanının fetret zamanı olduğunun altını çizer.<b><sup>49</sup> </b>Bu toplumsal eleştiriye, erdemli insanların, Tanrı’nın bu yüzyılın başında, dinini ihya edecek bir müceddit göndereceği düşüncesi ve buna işaret eden rüyaları da eklenince<b><sup>50</sup></b> Gazzâlî, mücedditin kendisi olduğu zannına kapılarak işe koyulur. Böylece, uzletten ayrılıp eğitim-öğretim hayatına geri döner; ancak Gazzâlî, yeni misyonuna bağlı olarak, verdiği eğitimin öncekinden farklı olduğunu da vurgulamayı ihmal etmez. Bu bağlamda o şöyle der:<o:p></o:p></span></p><br /><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif, Arial, Geneva, Helvetica; margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 12pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Verdana; letter-spacing: -0.3pt; ">“<i>Fakat şimdi makam ve rütbeyi terk ettiren bilgiye davet ediyorum. Şimdiki niyet, amaç ve arzum budur. Tanrı bu halimi bilir. Ben nefsimi ve diğerlerini ıslah etmek istiyorum; amacıma erişir mi, yoksa mahrum mu kalırım bilmem; fakat ben, kesin (yakîn) ve içsel aydınlanmaya (müşâhede) dayalı bir imanla bir halin değişmesinin, bir işi yapma gücünün, ancak Tanrı sayesinde olabileceğine inanıyorum. Ben hareket etmedim, O beni hareket ettirdi, ben bir şey yapmadım, O bana yaptırdı</i>.” <b><sup>51</sup></b><sup><o:p></o:p></sup></span></p><br /><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif, Arial, Geneva, Helvetica; margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 12pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Verdana; letter-spacing: -0.3pt; ">Gazzâlî’nin 1106’da başladığı, Nişabur Nizâmiye Medresesindeki görevi, 1109’da biter; çünkü onu oraya davet eden Fahr el-Mülk, bir Bâtinî suikastıyla, kısa süre sonra öldürülür. Gazzâlî de doğduğu yer olan Tûs’a döner; evinin yanı başına, bilgi öğrenmek isteyenler için bir tekke kurar ve orada ihya misyonunu sürdürür.<b><sup>52</sup></b> Bu arada, bir süre sonra vezir olan, Nizâm el-Mülk’ün oğlu, Ziyâ el-Mülk, 1110 yılında Gazzâlî’yi, Bağdat Nizâmiye Medresesine eğitim-öğretime dönmesi için çağırır. Gazzâlî bir mektupla görevden affını ister ve teklifi nazikçe reddeder.<b><sup>53</sup></b><sup><o:p></o:p></sup></span></p><br /><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif, Arial, Geneva, Helvetica; margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 12pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Verdana; letter-spacing: -0.3pt; ">O, Nizâmiye Medresesinden ayrıldıktın sonra, geri kalan ömrünü, öğrendiklerini paylaşmaya, eksik hissettiği hadis alanındaki bilgisini<b><sup>54</sup></b> artırmaya ve yazmaya ayırır. Onun hayatının sonlarına doğru, Sahîh-i Buharî’yi ezberlemeye ve Sünen-i Ebû Dâvud’u incelemeye çalışması,<b><sup>55</sup></b> çalışkanlığının önemli belgeleridir. O anılan süreçte, 1108’de el-Munkiz, 1109’da el-Mustasfâ,<b><sup>56</sup></b> 1110’da da Minhâc el-Âbidîn adlı eserleri kaleme alır.<b><sup>57</sup></b>Onun kaleme aldığı son eser, 1111 yılında, ölümünden kısa bir süre önce bitirdiği İlcâm el-Avâmm an İlm el-Kelâm adlı yapıttır.<b><sup>58</sup></b> Gazzâlî, 18 Aralık 1111’de ardında geniş bir kitap koleksiyonu bırakarak, genç sayılabilecek bir yaşta, 55 yaşında hayata gözlerini yummuştur. Memleketi Tûs’ta ünlü İranlı şair Firdevsî’nin yakınına gömülen Gazzâlî’nin son anlarını, kardeşi Ahmed el-Gazzâlî şöyle anlatır:<o:p></o:p></span></p><br /><p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif, Arial, Geneva, Helvetica; margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 12pt; line-height: normal; "><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Verdana; "><em><span></span>“Pazartesi günün sabah vakti olunca, kardeşim Ebû Hâmid, abdest alıp namaz kıldı. Sonra kefeninin getirilmesini istedi; onu aldı, öptü ve alnı üzerine koyarak, ‘mülk sahibinin huzuruna çıkmak başım ve gözüm üstüne’ dedi. Sonra ayaklarını uzattı, kıbleye döndü ve şafak sökmeden vefat etti.” </em></span><b><sup><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-family: Verdana; ">59</span></sup></b><sup><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Verdana; letter-spacing: -0.3pt; "><o:p></o:p></span></sup></p><div style="text-indent: 16px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:130%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"><b><br /></b></span></span></div><div style="text-indent: 16px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:130%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 15px; line-height: normal;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; line-height: 18px; "><p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif, Arial, Geneva, Helvetica; margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 12pt; text-indent: -12pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt; "><span style="font-size: 12px; "><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; ">*Hasan Aydın<b>,<span> </span>Gazzâlî, Felsefesi ve İslam Modernizmine Etkileri</b>, Naturel yayınları, Ankara 2006, ss. 17 28.<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p><br /><p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif, Arial, Geneva, Helvetica; margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -18pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt; "><span><span style="font-size: 12px; ">1.</span><span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman'; "> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12px; "><span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt; ">Bkz. İbn el-İmâd, <b>Şezerât e</b></span><b><span style="font-family: 'AiD Times New Roman Trans'; letter-spacing: -0.3pt; ">z</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt; ">-</span></b><b><span style="font-family: 'AiD Times New Roman Trans'; letter-spacing: -0.3pt; ">Z</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt; ">eheb</span></b><span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt; ">, cilt: IV, </span><span style="font-family: 'AiD Times New Roman Trans'; letter-spacing: -0.3pt; ">K</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt; ">âhire 1350, s. 10; Sabri Orman, <b>Gazâlî (Hakikat Araştırması, Felsefe Eleştirisi, Etkisi)</b>, İnsan Yayınları, İstanbul 1986, s. 31.<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p><br /><p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif, Arial, Geneva, Helvetica; margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -18pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt; "><span><span style="font-size: 12px; ">2.</span><span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman'; "> </span></span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt; "><span style="font-size: 12px; ">Bkz. Şiblî Nûmânî, <b>Bütün Cepheleriyle Gazâlî</b>, çeviren: Yusuf Karaca, Baytan Kitabevi, İstanbul 1972, s. 12<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></span></span></p><br /><p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif, Arial, Geneva, Helvetica; margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -18pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt; "><span><span style="font-size: 12px; ">3.</span><span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman'; "> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12px; "><span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt; ">Bkz.W. Montgomery Watt,<b> </b></span><b><span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt; ">Müslüman Aydın (Gazâlî Hakkında Bir Araştırma)</span></b><i><span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt; ">,</span></i><span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt; "> çeviren: Hanefi Özcan, DEÜ Yayınları, İzmir 1989, </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt; ">s. 15.<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p><br /><p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif, Arial, Geneva, Helvetica; margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -18pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt; "><span><span style="font-size: 12px; ">4.</span><span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman'; "> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12px; "><span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt; ">Bkz. e</span><span style="font-family: 'AiD Times New Roman Trans'; letter-spacing: -0.3pt; ">z</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt; ">-</span><span style="font-family: 'AiD Times New Roman Trans'; letter-spacing: -0.3pt; ">Z</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt; ">ebîdî, <b>İt</b></span><b><span style="font-family: 'AiD Times New Roman Trans'; letter-spacing: -0.3pt; ">h</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt; ">âf es-Sâde el-Mutte</span></b><b><span style="font-family: 'AiD Times New Roman Trans'; letter-spacing: -0.3pt; ">k</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt; ">în bi Şerh Esrâr İ</span></b><b><span style="font-family: 'AiD Times New Roman Trans'; letter-spacing: -0.3pt; ">h</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt; ">yâ’ Ulûm ed-Dîn</span></b><span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt; ">, Mı</span><span style="font-family: 'AiD Times New Roman Trans'; letter-spacing: -0.3pt; ">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt; ">ır 1311, s. 18; W. Montgomery Watt,<b> Gazâlî Hakkında Bir Araştırma</b>,<b> </b>ss. 136-137.<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p><br /><p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif, Arial, Geneva, Helvetica; margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -18pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt; "><span><span style="font-size: 12px; ">5.</span><span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman'; "> </span></span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt; "><span style="font-size: 12px; ">Bkz. W. Montgomery Watt,<b> Gazâlî Hakkında Bir Araştırma</b>,<b> </b>s. 15.<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p><br /><p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif, Arial, Geneva, Helvetica; margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -18pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt; "><span><span style="font-size: 12px; ">6.</span><span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman'; "> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12px; "><span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt; ">Bkz. e</span><span style="font-family: 'AiD Times New Roman Trans'; letter-spacing: -0.3pt; ">ë</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt; ">-</span><span style="font-family: 'AiD Times New Roman Trans'; letter-spacing: -0.3pt; ">Ê</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt; ">ebîdî, <b>age</b>., s. 7;<span> </span>W. Montgomery Watt,<b> Gazâlî Hakkında Bir Araştırma</b>, s. 15-16.<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p><br /><p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif, Arial, Geneva, Helvetica; margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -18pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt; "><span><span style="font-size: 12px; ">7.</span><span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman'; "> </span></span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt; "><span style="font-size: 12px; ">Bkz. W. Montgomery Watt,<b> Gazâlî Hakkında Bir Araştırma</b>, s. 16.<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p><br /><p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif, Arial, Geneva, Helvetica; margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -18pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt; "><span><span style="font-size: 12px; ">8.</span><span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman'; "> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12px; "><span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt; ">Bkz. İbn </span><span style="font-family: 'AiD Times New Roman Trans'; letter-spacing: -0.3pt; ">H</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt; ">allikân, <b>Vefeyât el-A’yân</b>, tahkik: M. A. </span><span style="font-family: 'AiD Times New Roman Trans'; letter-spacing: -0.3pt; ">H</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt; ">âmid, cilt: IV, </span><span style="font-family: 'AiD Times New Roman Trans'; letter-spacing: -0.3pt; ">K</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt; ">âhire 1367, s. 217; Sabri Orman, <b>age</b>., s. 32.<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p><br /><p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif, Arial, Geneva, Helvetica; margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -18pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt; "><span><span style="font-size: 12px; ">9.</span><span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman'; "> </span></span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt; "><span style="font-size: 12px; ">Bkz. Mahmut Mustafa<span> </span>Halavî, <b>İmam Gazâlî’nin Hayatı</b>,<span> </span>Cennete Doğru Yedi Geçit içinde, çeviren: Ali Kaya, Semerkant Yayınları, İstanbul 2001, s. 4.<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p><br /><p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif, Arial, Geneva, Helvetica; margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -18pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt; "><span><span style="font-size: 12px; ">10.</span><span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman'; "> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12px; "><span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt; ">e</span><span style="font-family: 'AiD Times New Roman Trans'; letter-spacing: -0.3pt; ">z</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt; ">-</span><span style="font-family: 'AiD Times New Roman Trans'; letter-spacing: -0.3pt; ">Z</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt; ">ebîdî, <b>age</b>., s. 7.<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p><br /><p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif, Arial, Geneva, Helvetica; margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -18pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt; "><span><span style="font-size: 12px; ">11.</span><span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman'; "> </span></span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt; "><span style="font-size: 12px; ">Bkz. İbn el-İmâd , <b>age</b>., cilt: IV, s. 11; W. Montgomery Watt,<b> Gazâlî Hakkında Bir Araştırma</b>, s. 16.<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p><br /><p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif, Arial, Geneva, Helvetica; margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -18pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt; "><span><span style="font-size: 12px; ">12.</span><span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman'; "> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12px; "><span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt; ">Bkz. İbn </span><span style="font-family: 'AiD Times New Roman Trans'; letter-spacing: -0.3pt; ">H</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt; ">allikân, <b>age</b>., cilt: II, s. 250.<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p><br /><p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif, Arial, Geneva, Helvetica; margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -18pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt; "><span><span style="font-size: 12px; ">13.</span><span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman'; "> </span></span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt; "><span style="font-size: 12px; ">Bu konuda geniş bilgi için krş. Mehmet Dağ, <b>İmâm el-Haremeyn el-Cüveynî’nin Âlem ve Allah Görüşü</b>, Doçentlik Tezi, Ankara 1976, ss. 11 vdd..<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p><br /><p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif, Arial, Geneva, Helvetica; margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -18pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt; "><span><span style="font-size: 12px; ">14.</span><span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman'; "> </span></span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt; "><span style="font-size: 12px; ">İbn el-İmâd, <b>age</b>., cilt: III, ss. 361-362.<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p><br /><p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif, Arial, Geneva, Helvetica; margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -18pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt; "><span><span style="font-size: 12px; ">15.</span><span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman'; "> </span></span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt; "><span style="font-size: 12px; ">Bkz. Sabri Orman, <b>age</b>., s. 32.<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p><br /><p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif, Arial, Geneva, Helvetica; margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -18pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt; "><span><span style="font-size: 12px; ">16.</span><span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman'; "> </span></span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt; "><span style="font-size: 12px; ">Bkz. Sabri Orman, <b>age</b>., s.s. 56-57.<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p><br /><p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif, Arial, Geneva, Helvetica; margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -18pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt; "><span><span style="font-size: 12px; ">17.</span><span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman'; "> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12px; "><span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt; ">Bkz. İbn </span><span style="font-family: 'AiD Times New Roman Trans'; letter-spacing: -0.3pt; ">H</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt; ">allikân, <b>age</b>., cilt: IV, </span><span style="font-family: 'AiD Times New Roman Trans'; letter-spacing: -0.3pt; ">K</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt; ">âhire 1367, s. 217.<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p><br /><p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif, Arial, Geneva, Helvetica; margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -18pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt; "><span><span style="font-size: 12px; ">18.</span><span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman'; "> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12px; "><span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt; ">Bkz. İbn </span><span style="font-family: 'AiD Times New Roman Trans'; letter-spacing: -0.3pt; ">H</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt; ">allikân, <b>age</b>., cilt: IV, s. 217.<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p><br /><p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif, Arial, Geneva, Helvetica; margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -18pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt; "><span><span style="font-size: 12px; ">19.</span><span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman'; "> </span></span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt; "><span style="font-size: 12px; ">Bkz. İbn el-İmâd, <b>age</b>.,Cilt:IV, s. 12.<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p><br /><p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif, Arial, Geneva, Helvetica; margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -18pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt; "><span><span style="font-size: 12px; ">20.</span><span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman'; "> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12px; "><span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt; ">Mu</span><span style="font-family: 'AiD Times New Roman Trans'; letter-spacing: -0.3pt; ">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt; ">tafâ Cevad, <b>A</b></span><b><span style="font-family: 'AiD Times New Roman Trans'; letter-spacing: -0.3pt; ">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt; ">r el-İmâm el-</span></b><b><span style="font-family: 'AiD Times New Roman Trans'; letter-spacing: -0.3pt; ">G</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt; ">azzâlî</span></b><span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt; ">, </span><span style="font-family: 'AiD Times New Roman Trans'; letter-spacing: -0.3pt; ">K</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt; ">âhire 1962, ss. 506-507.<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p><br /><p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif, Arial, Geneva, Helvetica; margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -18pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt; "><span><span style="font-size: 12px; ">21.</span><span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman'; "> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12px; "><span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt; ">Bkz. </span><span style="font-family: 'AiD Times New Roman Trans'; letter-spacing: -0.3pt; ">G</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt; ">azzâlî, <b>el-Mun</b></span><b><span style="font-family: 'AiD Times New Roman Trans'; letter-spacing: -0.3pt; ">k</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt; ">i</span></b><b><span style="font-family: 'AiD Times New Roman Trans'; letter-spacing: -0.3pt; ">z</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt; "> min e</span></b><b><span style="font-family: 'AiD Times New Roman Trans'; letter-spacing: -0.3pt; ">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt; ">-</span></b><b><span style="font-family: 'AiD Times New Roman Trans'; letter-spacing: -0.3pt; ">D</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt; ">alâl</span></b><span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt; ">, Hakikat Kitabevi, İstanbul 1984, s. 10.<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p><br /><p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif, Arial, Geneva, Helvetica; margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -18pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt; "><span><span style="font-size: 12px; ">22.</span><span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman'; "> </span></span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt; "><span style="font-size: 12px; ">Bkz. Sabri Orman, <b>age</b>., s. 20.<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p><br /><p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif, Arial, Geneva, Helvetica; margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -18pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt; "><span><span style="font-size: 12px; ">23.</span><span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman'; "> </span></span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt; "><span style="font-size: 12px; ">Bkz. Osman Turan, <b>Selçuklular Tarihi ve Türk-İslam Medeniyeti</b>, Turan Neşriyat, İstanbul 1969, s.177.<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p><br /><p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif, Arial, Geneva, Helvetica; margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -18pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt; "><span><span style="font-size: 12px; ">24.</span><span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman'; "> </span></span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt; "><span style="font-size: 12px; ">Bkz. Şiblî Nûmânî, <b>age</b>., s. 21.<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p><br /><p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif, Arial, Geneva, Helvetica; margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -18pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt; "><span><span style="font-size: 12px; ">25.</span><span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman'; "> </span></span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt; "><span style="font-size: 12px; ">Bkz. W. Montgomery Watt,<b> Gazâlî Hakkında Bir Araştırma</b>, s. 87.<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p><br /><p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif, Arial, Geneva, Helvetica; margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -18pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt; "><span><span style="font-size: 12px; ">26.</span><span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman'; "> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12px; "><span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt; ">Bkz. </span><span style="font-family: 'AiD Times New Roman Trans'; letter-spacing: -0.3pt; ">G</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt; ">azzâlî, <b>el-Mun</b></span><b><span style="font-family: 'AiD Times New Roman Trans'; letter-spacing: -0.3pt; ">kiz</span></b><span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt; ">., s. 21.<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p><br /><p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif, Arial, Geneva, Helvetica; margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -18pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt; "><span><span style="font-size: 12px; ">27.</span><span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman'; "> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12px; "><span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt; ">Bkz. </span><span style="font-family: 'AiD Times New Roman Trans'; letter-spacing: -0.3pt; ">G</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt; ">azzâlî, <b>el-Mun</b></span><b><span style="font-family: 'AiD Times New Roman Trans'; letter-spacing: -0.3pt; ">kiz</span></b><span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt; ">., ss. 11-12.<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p><br /><p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif, Arial, Geneva, Helvetica; margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -18pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt; "><span><span style="font-size: 12px; ">28.</span><span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman'; "> </span></span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt; "><span style="font-size: 12px; ">Bkz. W. Montgomery Watt,<b> Gazâlî Hakkında Bir Araştırma</b>, ss. 44-45.<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p><br /><p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif, Arial, Geneva, Helvetica; margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -18pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt; "><span><span style="font-size: 12px; ">29.</span><span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman'; "> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12px; "><span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt; ">Bkz. </span><span style="font-family: 'AiD Times New Roman Trans'; letter-spacing: -0.3pt; ">G</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt; ">azzâlî, <b>el-İ</b></span><b><span style="font-family: 'AiD Times New Roman Trans'; letter-spacing: -0.3pt; ">k</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt; ">ti</span></b><b><span style="font-family: 'AiD Times New Roman Trans'; letter-spacing: -0.3pt; ">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt; ">âd fî el-İ‘ti</span></b><b><span style="font-family: 'AiD Times New Roman Trans'; letter-spacing: -0.3pt; ">k</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt; ">âd</span></b><span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt; ">, tahkik: İ. Agah Çubukçu ve Hüseyin Atay, Nur Matbaası, Ankara 1962, ss. 104-105 ve 215.<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p><br /><p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif, Arial, Geneva, Helvetica; margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -18pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt; "><span><span style="font-size: 12px; ">30.</span><span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman'; "> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12px; "><span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt; ">Bkz. </span><span style="font-family: 'AiD Times New Roman Trans'; letter-spacing: -0.3pt; ">G</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt; ">azzâlî, <b>Tehâfüt el-Felâsife</b>, tahkik: Maurice Bouyges, Beyrût 1927, s. 45.<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p><br /><p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif, Arial, Geneva, Helvetica; margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -18pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt; "><span><span style="font-size: 12px; ">31.</span><span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman'; "> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12px; "><span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt; ">Bkz. </span><span style="font-family: 'AiD Times New Roman Trans'; letter-spacing: -0.3pt; ">G</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt; ">azzâlî, <b>Mi‘yâr el-İlm fî Fenn el-Man</b></span><b><span style="font-family: 'AiD Times New Roman Trans'; letter-spacing: -0.3pt; ">t</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt; ">ı</span></b><b><span style="font-family: 'AiD Times New Roman Trans'; letter-spacing: -0.3pt; ">k</span></b><span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt; ">, Beyrût , tarihsiz, s. 202.<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p><br /><p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif, Arial, Geneva, Helvetica; margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -18pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt; "><span><span style="font-size: 12px; ">32.</span><span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman'; "> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12px; "><span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt; ">Bkz. </span><span style="font-family: 'AiD Times New Roman Trans'; letter-spacing: -0.3pt; ">G</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt; ">azzâlî, <b>el-Mun</b></span><b><span style="font-family: 'AiD Times New Roman Trans'; letter-spacing: -0.3pt; ">kiz</span></b><span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt; ">., s. 26.<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p><br /><p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif, Arial, Geneva, Helvetica; margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -18pt; "><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt; "><span><span style="font-size: 12px; ">33.</span><span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman'; "> </span></span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt; "><span style="font-size: 12px; ">W. Montgomery Watt,<b> Gazâlî Hakkında Bir Araştırma</b>, s. 39.<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p><br /><p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif, Arial, Geneva, Helvetica; margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -18pt; "><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt; "><span><span style="font-size: 12px; ">34.</span><span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman'; "> </span></span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt; "><span style="font-size: 12px; ">Bkz. W. Montgomery Watt,<b> Gazâlî Hakkında Bir Araştırma</b>, ss. 100 vdd..<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p><br /><p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif, Arial, Geneva, Helvetica; margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -18pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt; "><span><span style="font-size: 12px; ">35.</span><span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman'; "> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12px; "><span style="font-family: 'AiD Times New Roman Trans'; letter-spacing: -0.3pt; ">G</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt; ">azzâlî, <b>el-Mun</b></span><b><span style="font-family: 'AiD Times New Roman Trans'; letter-spacing: -0.3pt; ">kiz</span></b><span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt; ">., ss. 29-30. </span><span style="font-family: 'AiD Times New Roman Trans'; letter-spacing: -0.3pt; ">G</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt; ">azzâlî’nin eserlerinin hemen hepsi Türkçe’ye kazandırılmıştır. Biz, kuşkusuz ulaştığımız</span><span style="font-family: 'AiD Times New Roman Trans'; letter-spacing: -0.3pt; ">G</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt; ">azzâlî çevirilerini dikkate almaya çalıştık ve göz ardı etmedik. Bu arada ulaşamadığımız çevirilerin de olduğunu anımsatmalıyız. Ancak ulaştığımız çevirilerde karşılaştığımız kimi sorunlar bizi, hemen her dipnota onları da verip vermeme konusunda kuşkuya itti. Burada </span><span style="font-family: 'AiD Times New Roman Trans'; letter-spacing: -0.3pt; ">G</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt; ">azzâlî’ye ait kimi yapıtların çevirilerinin çok sağlıklı olmadığını, onların hala bilimsel bir tutumla Türkçe’ye kazandırılmaya gereksinimlerinin olduğunu belirtmemiz gerekiyor. Ancak Arapça’dan yapılan çevirilerin büyük ölçüde bize ait olduğunu göstermek ve karşılaştırma zahmetinde bulunanlara çevirilerdeki bilimsel olmayan tutumları görmelerini sağlamak için, ulaştığımız çevirileri de, en azından doğrudan aktarımlarda bulunduğumuz yerde dipnotta vermenin yararlı olduğu anlayışını benimsedik. Umudumuz yapılan çevirilerin daha sağlıklı olmasına katkı sağlamaktır. Anılan pasajın Türkçe’si için bkz. Gazzâlî, <b>Dalâletten Hidayete</b>, çeviren: A. S. Furat Şamil Yayınları, İstanbul 1978, ss. 71-73. Bundan böyle Türkçe çevirilere işaret etmek için <i>Tr.</i>; Arapça metinlere işaret için <i>Ar.</i> işaretleri kullanılacaktır.<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p><br /><p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif, Arial, Geneva, Helvetica; margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -18pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt; "><span><span style="font-size: 12px; ">36.</span><span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman'; "> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12px; "><span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt; ">Bkz.</span><span style="font-family: 'AiD Times New Roman Trans'; letter-spacing: -0.3pt; "> G</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt; ">azzâlî, <b>el-Mun</b></span><b><span style="font-family: 'AiD Times New Roman Trans'; letter-spacing: -0.3pt; ">kiz</span></b><span style="font-family: 'AiD Times New Roman Trans'; letter-spacing: -0.3pt; ">.,</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt; "> s.29.<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p><br /><p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif, Arial, Geneva, Helvetica; margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -18pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt; "><span><span style="font-size: 12px; ">37.</span><span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman'; "> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12px; "><span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt; ">Bkz.</span><span style="font-family: 'AiD Times New Roman Trans'; letter-spacing: -0.3pt; "> G</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt; ">azzâlî, <b>el-Mun</b></span><b><span style="font-family: 'AiD Times New Roman Trans'; letter-spacing: -0.3pt; ">kiz</span></b><span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt; ">., s. 33.<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p><br /><p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif, Arial, Geneva, Helvetica; margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -18pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt; "><span><span style="font-size: 12px; ">38.</span><span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman'; "> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12px; "><span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt; ">Anılan eserlerden, <b>Mişkât el-Envâr</b>, <b>Me‘âric el-</b></span><b><span style="font-family: 'AiD Times New Roman Trans'; letter-spacing: -0.3pt; ">K</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt; ">uds</span></b><span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt; ">, <b>Mi‘râc es-Sâlikîn</b>,<b>Me</b></span><b><span style="font-family: 'AiD Times New Roman Trans'; letter-spacing: -0.3pt; ">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt; ">nûn el-Kebîr</span></b><span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt; "> ve <b>Me</b></span><b><span style="font-family: 'AiD Times New Roman Trans'; letter-spacing: -0.3pt; ">d</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt; ">nûn es-</span></b><b><span style="font-family: 'AiD Times New Roman Trans'; letter-spacing: -0.3pt; ">S</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt; ">a</span></b><b><span style="font-family: 'AiD Times New Roman Trans'; letter-spacing: -0.3pt; ">ğ</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt; ">îr</span></b><span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt; "> gibi kimi yapıtların </span><span style="font-family: 'AiD Times New Roman Trans'; letter-spacing: -0.3pt; ">G</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt; ">azzâlî’ye ait olmadığı ileri sürülmüştür. Bu savın, </span><span style="font-family: 'AiD Times New Roman Trans'; letter-spacing: -0.3pt; ">G</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt; ">azzâlî’nin tüm eserleri okunduğunda ve biçemleri karşılaştırıldığında yersiz olduğu görülür. Bu eserler özde Tanrı’ya yükseliş motifini ele alır ve </span><span style="font-family: 'AiD Times New Roman Trans'; letter-spacing: -0.3pt; ">G</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt; ">azzâlî’nin <b>Kimya’ es-Sa</b></span><b><span style="font-family: 'AiD Times New Roman Trans'; letter-spacing: -0.3pt; ">‘</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt; ">âde</span></b><span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt; ">ve <b>İ</b></span><b><span style="font-family: 'AiD Times New Roman Trans'; letter-spacing: -0.3pt; ">h</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt; ">yâ</span></b><span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt; ">’nın <b>Acâ’ib el-</b></span><b><span style="font-family: 'AiD Times New Roman Trans'; letter-spacing: -0.3pt; ">K</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt; ">ulûb</span></b><span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt; "> adlı bölümlerindeki bilgilerin bazen ayrıntılı bazen de özlü bir tekrarı niteliğindedir. Öte yandan bu eserlerden kimilerine </span><span style="font-family: 'AiD Times New Roman Trans'; letter-spacing: -0.3pt; ">G</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt; ">azzâlî kendisinin olduğundan kuşku duyulmayan kimi eserlerinde gönderme de yapmaktadır. Örneğin bkz. </span><span style="font-family: 'AiD Times New Roman Trans'; letter-spacing: -0.3pt; ">G</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt; ">azzâlî, </span><b><span style="font-family: 'AiD Times New Roman Trans'; letter-spacing: -0.3pt; ">H</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt; ">ulâ</span></b><b><span style="font-family: 'AiD Times New Roman Trans'; letter-spacing: -0.3pt; ">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt; ">a et-Ta</span></b><b><span style="font-family: 'AiD Times New Roman Trans'; letter-spacing: -0.3pt; ">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt; ">ânîf</span></b><span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt; ">, Mecmu</span><span style="font-family: 'AiD Times New Roman Trans'; letter-spacing: -0.3pt; ">‘</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt; ">a Resâ’il el-İmâm el-</span><span style="font-family: 'AiD Times New Roman Trans'; letter-spacing: -0.3pt; ">G</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt; ">azzâlî, cilt: IV, Beyrût 1986, s. 131.<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p><br /><p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif, Arial, Geneva, Helvetica; margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -18pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt; "><span><span style="font-size: 12px; ">39.</span><span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman'; "> </span></span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt; "><span style="font-size: 12px; ">Bkz. Sabri Orman, <b>age</b>., s. 35-36<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p><br /><p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif, Arial, Geneva, Helvetica; margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -18pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt; "><span><span style="font-size: 12px; ">40.</span><span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman'; "> </span></span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt; "><span style="font-size: 12px; ">Bkz. Sabri Orman, <b>age</b>., s. 36.<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p><br /><p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif, Arial, Geneva, Helvetica; margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -18pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt; "><span><span style="font-size: 12px; ">41.</span><span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman'; "> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12px; "><span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt; ">Bkz.</span><span style="font-family: 'AiD Times New Roman Trans'; letter-spacing: -0.3pt; "> G</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt; ">azzâlî, <b>el-Mun</b></span><b><span style="font-family: 'AiD Times New Roman Trans'; letter-spacing: -0.3pt; ">kiz</span></b><span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt; ">., s. 30.<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p><br /><p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif, Arial, Geneva, Helvetica; margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -18pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt; "><span><span style="font-size: 12px; ">42.</span><span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman'; "> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12px; "><span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt; ">Bkz.</span><span style="font-family: 'AiD Times New Roman Trans'; letter-spacing: -0.3pt; "> G</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt; ">azzâlî, <b>el-Mun</b></span><b><span style="font-family: 'AiD Times New Roman Trans'; letter-spacing: -0.3pt; ">kiz</span></b><span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt; ">., s. 31.<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p><br /><p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif, Arial, Geneva, Helvetica; margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -18pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt; "><span><span style="font-size: 12px; ">43.</span><span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman'; "> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12px; "><span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt; ">Bkz.</span><span style="font-family: 'AiD Times New Roman Trans'; letter-spacing: -0.3pt; "> G</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt; ">azzâlî, <b>el-Mun</b></span><b><span style="font-family: 'AiD Times New Roman Trans'; letter-spacing: -0.3pt; ">kiz</span></b><span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt; ">., s. 31.<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p><br /><p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif, Arial, Geneva, Helvetica; margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -18pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt; "><span><span style="font-size: 12px; ">44.</span><span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman'; "> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12px; "><span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt; ">Bkz.</span><span style="font-family: 'AiD Times New Roman Trans'; letter-spacing: -0.3pt; "> G</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt; ">azzâlî, <b>el-Mun</b></span><b><span style="font-family: 'AiD Times New Roman Trans'; letter-spacing: -0.3pt; ">kiz</span></b><span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt; ">., s. 32.<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p><br /><p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif, Arial, Geneva, Helvetica; margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -18pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt; "><span><span style="font-size: 12px; ">45.</span><span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman'; "> </span></span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt; "><span style="font-size: 12px; ">Bkz. Sabri Orman, <b>age</b>., s. 57.<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p><br /><p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif, Arial, Geneva, Helvetica; margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -18pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt; "><span><span style="font-size: 12px; ">46.</span><span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman'; "> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12px; "><span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt; ">Bkz.</span><span style="font-family: 'AiD Times New Roman Trans'; letter-spacing: -0.3pt; "> G</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt; ">azzâlî, <b>el-Mun</b></span><b><span style="font-family: 'AiD Times New Roman Trans'; letter-spacing: -0.3pt; ">kiz</span></b><span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt; ">., s. 32.<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p><br /><p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif, Arial, Geneva, Helvetica; margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -18pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt; "><span><span style="font-size: 12px; ">47.</span><span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman'; "> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12px; "><span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt; ">Bkz.</span><span style="font-family: 'AiD Times New Roman Trans'; letter-spacing: -0.3pt; "> G</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt; ">azzâlî, <b>el-Mun</b></span><b><span style="font-family: 'AiD Times New Roman Trans'; letter-spacing: -0.3pt; ">kiz</span></b><span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt; ">., s. 27.<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p><br /><p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif, Arial, Geneva, Helvetica; margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -18pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt; "><span><span style="font-size: 12px; ">48.</span><span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman'; "> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12px; "><span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt; ">Bkz.</span><span style="font-family: 'AiD Times New Roman Trans'; letter-spacing: -0.3pt; "> G</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt; ">azzâlî, <b>el-Mun</b></span><b><span style="font-family: 'AiD Times New Roman Trans'; letter-spacing: -0.3pt; ">kiz</span></b><span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt; ">., ss. 42-43.<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p><br /><p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif, Arial, Geneva, Helvetica; margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -18pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt; "><span><span style="font-size: 12px; ">49.</span><span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman'; "> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12px; "><span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt; ">Bkz.</span><span style="font-family: 'AiD Times New Roman Trans'; letter-spacing: -0.3pt; "> G</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt; ">azzâlî, <b>el-Mun</b></span><b><span style="font-family: 'AiD Times New Roman Trans'; letter-spacing: -0.3pt; ">kiz</span></b><span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt; ">., s. 42.<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p><br /><p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif, Arial, Geneva, Helvetica; margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -18pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt; "><span><span style="font-size: 12px; ">50.</span><span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman'; "> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12px; "><span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt; ">Bkz.</span><span style="font-family: 'AiD Times New Roman Trans'; letter-spacing: -0.3pt; "> G</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt; ">azzâlî, <b>el-Mun</b></span><b><span style="font-family: 'AiD Times New Roman Trans'; letter-spacing: -0.3pt; ">kiz</span></b><span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt; ">., s. 43.<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p><br /><p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif, Arial, Geneva, Helvetica; margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -18pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt; "><span><span style="font-size: 12px; ">51.</span><span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman'; "> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12px; "><span style="font-family: 'AiD Times New Roman Trans'; letter-spacing: -0.3pt; ">G</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt; ">azzâlî, <b>el-Mun</b></span><b><span style="font-family: 'AiD Times New Roman Trans'; letter-spacing: -0.3pt; ">kiz</span></b><span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt; ">., ss. Ar., 43-44; Tr., s. 88.<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p><br /><p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif, Arial, Geneva, Helvetica; margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -18pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt; "><span><span style="font-size: 12px; ">52.</span><span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman'; "> </span></span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt; "><span style="font-size: 12px; ">Bkz. Sabri Orman, <b>age</b>., ss. 46 vd..<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p><br /><p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif, Arial, Geneva, Helvetica; margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -18pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt; "><span><span style="font-size: 12px; ">53.</span><span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman'; "> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12px; "><span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt; ">Bkz. </span><span style="font-family: 'AiD Times New Roman Trans'; letter-spacing: -0.3pt; ">H</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt; ">üseyin Emîn, <b>el-</b></span><b><span style="font-family: 'AiD Times New Roman Trans'; letter-spacing: -0.3pt; ">Ġ</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt; ">azzâlî: Fâ</span></b><b><span style="font-family: 'AiD Times New Roman Trans'; letter-spacing: -0.3pt; ">k</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt; ">ihen ve Feylesûfen ve Muta</span></b><b><span style="font-family: 'AiD Times New Roman Trans'; letter-spacing: -0.3pt; ">s</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt; ">avvufen</span></b><span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt; ">, Ba</span><span style="font-family: 'AiD Times New Roman Trans'; letter-spacing: -0.3pt; ">ğ</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt; ">dâd 1963, s. 81.<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p><br /><p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif, Arial, Geneva, Helvetica; margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -18pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt; "><span><span style="font-size: 12px; ">54.</span><span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman'; "> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12px; "><span style="font-family: 'AiD Times New Roman Trans'; letter-spacing: -0.3pt; ">G</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt; ">azzâlî hadis alanındaki bilgisinin eksikliğinin farkındadır ve şöyle der: “<i>Benim hadis sahasındaki bilgim az ve kabule şayan değildir.</i>” Gazzâlî, <b>el-Kanûn el-Küllî fî et-Te’vîl</b>, İslâmda Müsâmaha içinde, hazırlayan: Süleyman Uludağ, Marifet Yayınları, İstanbul 1990, s. 96.<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p><br /><p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif, Arial, Geneva, Helvetica; margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -18pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt; "><span><span style="font-size: 12px; ">55.</span><span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman'; "> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12px; "><span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt; ">Bkz. e</span><span style="font-family: 'AiD Times New Roman Trans'; letter-spacing: -0.3pt; ">z</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt; ">-</span><span style="font-family: 'AiD Times New Roman Trans'; letter-spacing: -0.3pt; ">Z</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt; ">ehebî, <b>age</b>., cilt: IV,<span> </span>s. 12<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p><br /><p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif, Arial, Geneva, Helvetica; margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -18pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt; "><span><span style="font-size: 12px; ">56.</span><span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman'; "> </span></span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt; "><span style="font-size: 12px; ">Bkz. Sabri Orman, <b>age</b>., s. 47.<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p><br /><p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif, Arial, Geneva, Helvetica; margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -18pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt; "><span><span style="font-size: 12px; ">57.</span><span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman'; "> </span></span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt; "><span style="font-size: 12px; ">Bkz. Sabri Orman, <b>age</b>., s. 58.<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p><br /><p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif, Arial, Geneva, Helvetica; margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -18pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt; "><span><span style="font-size: 12px; ">58.</span><span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman'; "> </span></span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt; "><span style="font-size: 12px; ">Bkz. Sabri Orman, <b>age</b>., s. 58.<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p><br /><p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif, Arial, Geneva, Helvetica; margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -18pt; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt; "><span><span style="font-size: 12px; ">59.</span><span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman'; "> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12px; "><span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt; ">Zekî el-Mubârek, <b>el-A</b></span><b><span style="font-family: 'AiD Times New Roman Trans'; letter-spacing: -0.3pt; ">h</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt; ">lâk İnde’l-</span></b><b><span style="font-family: 'AiD Times New Roman Trans'; letter-spacing: -0.3pt; ">G</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt; ">azzâlî</span></b><span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt; ">, </span><span style="font-family: 'AiD Times New Roman Trans'; letter-spacing: -0.3pt; ">K</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt; ">âhire 1971, s. 66.</span></span></span></p></span></b></span></span></div></span>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0