Urum language (Urum Dili)

Urum language
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Urum
Урум
Pronunciation
uˈrum
Spoken in
Ukraine, Greece
Total speakers
192,729[1]
Language family
Altaic[2] (controversial) Turkic Kypchak, Oghuz Urum
Writing system
Cyrillic alphabet, Greek alphabet
Language codes
ISO 639-1
None
ISO 639-2
–
ISO 639-3
uum
Note: This page may contain IPA phonetic symbols in Unicode.
Urum is a Turkic language spoken by several thousand people who inhabit a few villages in the Southeastern Ukraine and in diaspora communities world wide. Urum language are often considered variants of Crimean Tatar language.
The name Urum is derived from Rûm ("Rome"), the term for the Byzantine empire in the Muslim world. The Ottoman Empire used it to describe non-Muslims within the empire. The initial vowel in Urum is prosthetic: originally Turkic languages did not have r- in word-initial position, and in borrowed words used to add a vowel before it. The common use of the term Urum appears to have led to some confusion, as most Turkish-speaking Greeks were called Urum. The Turkish-speaking population in Georgia is often confused with the distinct community in the Ukraine.[3][4] (see: Urums)
Contents[hide]
1 Sounds
1.1 Consonants
2 Writing System
3 Publications
4 References
//

[edit] Sounds

[edit] Consonants
Consonant phonemes

Labial
Dental
Alveolar
Postalveolar
Palatal
Velar
Glottal
Plosive
p
b
t
d
c
ɟ
k
ɡ


Affricate




ts¹

tʃ
dʒ






Fricative
f
v
θ
ð ²
s
z
ʃ
ʒ


x
ɣ
h

Nasal
m
n






ŋ


Flap/Tap


ɾ










Lateral


l










Approximant








j




(1) /ts/ is found only in loanwords.
(2) /θ/ and /ð/ are found only in loanwords from Greek.

[edit] Writing System
A few manuscripts are known to be written in Urum using Greek characters.[5] During the period between 1927 and 1937,the Urum language was written in reformed Latin characters, theNew Turkic Alphabet, and used in local schools; at least one primer is known to have been printed. In 1937 the use of written Urum stopped. Alexander Garkavets uses the following alphabet:[6]
А а
Б б
В в
Г г
Ғ ғ
Д д
(Δ δ)
Д′ д′
(Ђ ђ)
Е е
Ж ж
Җ җ
З з
И и
Й й
К к
Л л
М м
Н н
Ң ң
О о
Ӧ ӧ
П п
Р р
С с
Т т
Т′ т′
(Ћ ћ)
У у
Ӱ ӱ
Υ υ
Ф ф
Х х
Һ һ
Ц ц
Ч ч
Ш ш
Щ щ
Ъ ъ
Ы ы
Ь ь
Э э
Ю ю
Я я
Θ θ

[edit] Publications
Very little has been published on the Urum language. There exists a very small lexicon[7], and a small description of the language[8].

[edit] References
^ http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=uum
^ "[1] Ethnologue"
^ Казаков, Алексей (12 2000). "Понтийские греки" (in Russian). http://www.publish.diaspora.ru/magazin/articles/russia026_1.shtml.
^ Gordon, Raymond G. (ed.) (2005). "Ethnologue Report for Urum". Ethnologue: Languages of the World. SIL International. http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=uum.
^ "Urum". Language Museum. http://www.language-museum.com/u/urum.php.
^ Гаркавець, Олександр (2000) (in Ukrainian, Urum) (pdf, html). Урумський словник. p. 632. http://www.unesco.kz/qypchaq/Urum_Dictionary.htm.
^ Podolsky, Baruch (1985). A Tatar - English Glossary. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz. ISBN 3-447-00299-9.
^ Podolsky, Baruch (1986). "Notes on the Urum Language". Mediterranean Language Review 2: 99–112.
[hide]
v • d • eAltaic languages
Turkic · Mongolic · Tungusic · Korean1 · Japonic1
1 Not always recognized as Altaic languages. See also Buyeo languages.
[hide]
v • d • eTurkic languages
Italics indicate extinct languages
Oghur
Bulgar · Chuvash · Hunnic · Khazar · Turkic Avar
Uyghuric
Old Turkic · Aini1 · Chagatai · Ili Turki · Lop · Uyghur · Uzbek
Kypchak
Altay · Baraba · Bashkir · Crimean Tatar2 · Cuman · Ferghana Kypchak · Karachay-Balkar · Karaim · Karakalpak · Kazakh · Kipchak · Krymchak · Kumyk · Kyrgyz · Nogai · Old Tatar · Tatar · Urum2
Oghuz
Afshar · Azerbaijani · Crimean Tatar · Gagauz · Balkan Gagauz Turkish · Khorasani Turkic · Ottoman Turkish · Pecheneg 3 · Qashqai · Salar · Turkish · Turkmen · Urum
Arghu
Khalaj
Siberian
Chulym · Dolgan · Fuyü Gïrgïs · Khakas · Shor · Tofa · Tuvan · Western Yugur · Sakha/Yakut
1 Mixed language. 2 Also Oghuz. 3 Disputed.
[hide]
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Languages
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Peoples
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Studies
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Religions
Islam · Christianity · Buddhism · Shamanism · Tengriism
History of the Turkic peoples
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urum_language"
Categories: Turkic languages Pontic Greeks Languages of Ukraine